《看不见的人》之存在主义解读

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荒谬的极限处境与自我追寻——《看不见的人》之存在主义解读

年代后期到５０年代达到了高潮。６年代后，Ｏ存
在主义思潮被其它新的流派所代替，荒诞派戏剧、“ 色幽默 ”就是存在主义文学的变种。埃黑里森在存在主义文学盛行的年代历时五年完成
（ｎｉｂａ，９２，Ｉｖｉｅｎ１５）被称为 “ ｓｌＭ划时代的小说，可以说是现代美国黑人生活的史诗 ” ¨ 。引该
一
、
法国的萨特（ｅｎＰｕＳｒｅ９５１８Ｊａａｌａｔ，１０— ９０）ｒ
美文坛，主要表现在战后的法国文学中，从４Ｏ
是当代著名存在主义哲学家兼文学家，也是第二
收稿日期：０９—１２０２—０６作者简介：陈晓菊（９９一）１６，女，浙江象山人，宁波大学外语学院副教授。
荒谬的极限处境与自我追寻
— —
看不见的人之存在主义解读
陈晓菊
（宁波大学外语学院，浙江宁波３５１）１２１
摘要：《看不见的人》是美国著名黑人作家拉尔夫・埃里森的代表作。文章运用萨特的存在主义理论，指
出《看不见的人》凸显了存在主义文学特质，从两部分—— 小说主人公所处的荒谬的极限处境和自我追寻对《看不见的人》进行全新的解读。关键词：《看不见的人》；存在主义；荒谬的极限处境；自我追寻
书曾获得美国国家图书奖、芝加哥保卫者 ”奖。 “ 作家本人在１６年因该书获美国自由奖章，９９１７９０年获法国文学艺术骑士勋章，１８获美９５年国国家艺术奖章等。《不见的人》以第一人称看自叙的形式描写了一个年轻黑人（者始终没有作给出他的姓名）在美国南部和北部遭遇种种不幸的同时不断追寻自我并思索自己的存在价值，表现了西方社会中人与人之间的不正常的、理性无的关系。国内外学术界以埃里森《不见的人》看为题的研究论文数量可观，内容涉及作品主题、艺术手法、象征主义、身份追寻、互文性、二元对立等。是，但鉴于小说所揭示的关于自我和生存的问题，笔者认为，《不见的人》体现了明看显的存在主义文学特质。在主义文学是存在主存义哲学在文学上的反映，体现存在主义哲学的基本概念，即人，存在，自由，处境，选择。存在主义文学在第二次世界大战之后流行于欧

浅析《看不见的人》中的矛盾形象与仪式象征

－４２超现实主义特色。在这部小说中，里森大量运用了矛盾意象眼睛看世界的。Ｃ埃
和象征手法，正是这些形象和象征的内在矛盾性成为作家用来反映复杂模糊的人类心理的理想工具。ＩＬ
１矛盾意象（０ｔａｉ０ｙＩａｅ．Ｃｎｒｄｃｒｍｇ）ｔ
巴比牧师不小心摔了一跤・这时大家才正如小说题目《看不见的人》所指出的，“ 看不见 ”是当循奠基人的足迹之后．
时美国黑人的生存状态．也是这部小说的主题。在小说的序言发现他原来是个盲人这种滑稽、刺的效果令人深思，而且讽
和尾声中，无名主人公住在黑人区哈莱姆和白人区交界地区视线或视觉的象征以～种复杂的形式交织在一起，体现了社的一座大楼的地下室里，象征着他的边缘人身份和地下生活会现实中各种各样不同程度的失明。
拉尔夫
埃里森是著名的美国当代作家。９２出版的存在，赋予了他的形式。“ １５年没有灯光，我不仅是看不见的。而
直我才真正地活了。［整，２『］他唯一的一部长篇小说《看不见的人》以其深刻独特的思想意且是无形的。到我发现自己的隐形，
状态那里他回顾了近２年来的生活。人公以 “ 是一个在０主我当主人公回顾过去时，他想起了原来学校里奠基人的铜
铜像的手伸出去要揭开面前跪着的奴隶脸上的面具。好像暂不见的人 ” 为自己叙述的开始。作强调 “ 看不见 ”就是他生像
［关键词］
《看不见的人》；矛盾意象｝象征

论《看不见的人》在黑人文学中的独特性

第２５卷第３期２０１２年３月
长春理工大学学报（社会科学版）
ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ（ＳｏｃｉａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓＥｄｉｔｉｏｎ）
Ｖｏ１．２５Ｎｏ．３Ｍａｒ．２０１２
拉尔夫 ·埃里森是美国著名的黑人小说家，其作品《看不见的人》也是美国黑人小说的典型代表，并被誉为美国文学中的名著。小说的主人公是一个无名无姓的美国黑人，从小说对主人公生活经历的描述中，读者不难感受到黑人生活状况的窘迫和当时社会种族矛盾的激化，但作者关注的重点并非停留在此，小说的作者从存在主义的角度抒写和刻画了一个被现实社会所忽略的黑人个体的精神内核以及主人公失去自我和力图寻找自我的艰难思想历程，以此来暗示和隐喻现代社会中个人的社会异化和自身的精神异化。正是这一点凸显了存在主义的文学特征，使作品具有了存在主义的特色。此外，作为２Ｏ世纪５０年代的一名黑人作家，拉尔夫并没有完全继承前辈作家的现实主义和自然主义的写作手法，而是在文学走向后现代主义的大背景下，从存在主义的角度，运用现实主义、表现主义和超现实主义相结合的手法，努力创作出了一部超越种族、阶级和宗教信仰的作品，向读者展现了当时美国社会政治、经济、文化的真实画面，揭示了现代社会人类的多元化生存境遇，这正是后现代语境下的作品所共同关注的问题，使小说具有了一定的后现代性。通观整篇文章，小说采用第一人称的叙事方式，让人物自己来讲述自己的故事，通过娓娓道来的故事表现他的成长经历和人生感悟，反映出主人公思想从不成熟到成熟的变化过程。这样的叙事方式，很容易使读者把此篇小说理解为是一部自传体小说，这也是许多其他的黑人作家通常使用的一种写作手法，但其实不然。小说的作者出生在美国中南部的俄克拉何马州，而小说的主人公却是美国南方人，当然这并不是最重要的原因，最重要的原因是作者的意图并不是仅仅抒发一个个体的自我感受，而是通过个体来代表整个美国社会乃至整个人类社会总体的精神困境和生存境遇。因此，从传统的美国成长小说的角度来讲，此篇小说也具有超越时代、空间、种族和文化的文学艺术价值，这在美国黑人小说中可以说是独一无二的。

存在主义是一种人道主义的文化解读

萨特否定上帝的存在，反对有预定的普遍人性规定，就在于他能证明有一种存在物是 “ 存在先于本质 ”的，这种
Ｌ东省农业管理干部学院学报ｌＪｌ
２０在０９
第２卷第６３期
存在主义是一种人道主义的文化解读
时统君
（徐州医学院社会科学部，江苏徐州２１０）２４０
摘要：让一尔・保萨特基于存在主义的人道主义思想而在西方伦理思想史上独树一帜。 “ 存在先于本质 ”是萨特存
思维，实际上是技术制作思维，对于物来说是毫无疑义的。譬如对于裁纸刀来说，它的本质先于它的存在，因为在它
存在之前，它的本质早已出现在造裁纸刀的工匠的头脑中
了。
三、人道主义的重建：什么是存在主义的人道主义（）主张个体的存在是第一位的一从黑格尔的理性、本质主义出发，必然推出整体大于存在物就是人。“ 在先于本质，或者，至少对人来说是部分、本质决定存在的结论，但在萨特看来，这些都是人存
文本解读：“ 存在先于本质 ”究竟意昧着什么萨特存在主义的人道主义是以他的存在主义本体论—— “ 人学本体论 ”为理论出发点的。萨特的本体论通过对存在主义的基本命题 “ 存在先于本质 ”的描述，推演出存在主义的其他命题。也正是 “ 存在先于本质 ”这个命题使得存在主义的人道主义与传统人道主义区别开来，传统的人道主义都是从 “ 本质先于存在 ”出发的，而存在主义的人道主义却是从 “ 在先于本质 ”生成而来。存 “ 存在先于本质 ”是针对传统哲学中 “ 本质先于存在 ” 提出来的。“ 本质先于存在 ”是传统哲学中关于人性讨论的一个重要的理论命题。这种思想最早在柏拉图关于理念的 “ 有说 ” 中开始出现，即任何具体的存在都是对理念的分分有，这也就意味着本质（念）先于具体存在。在后理来的近代哲学发展中，特别是在德国古典哲学发展过程中，这种哲学路径表现得最为明显：为了将人从传统神学中解放出来，针对上帝的先验存在，人们将理性置于哲学的中心

解读现代文学中的存在主义思想

解读现代文学中的存在主义思想现代文学中的存在主义思想现代文学作为一种表达个体内心世界的艺术形式，常常涉及到人类存在的意义和价值的探索。

而存在主义思想则是一种强调个体自由、责任和孤独的哲学观点，对于现代文学的发展产生了深远的影响。

本文将解读现代文学中存在主义思想的体现，并探讨其对于文学创作的意义。

一、个体自由与责任的探索存在主义强调个体的自由和责任，认为人的存在优先于其本质。

在现代文学中，这种思想常常通过对人物的塑造和故事情节的展开来体现。

例如，法国作家加缪的小说《局外人》中的主人公梅尔索是一个漠视社会规范、独立思考的人物。

他对于传统道德和价值观持怀疑态度，拒绝顺从社会的期望，坚持追求自己内心的真实。

小说通过梅尔索的行为和思想，呈现了现代人对于传统道德观念的质疑和对个体自由的追求。

同时，存在主义也强调个体对于自己行为的责任。

法国作家萨特的戏剧《蠢货》中，主人公克劳德通过对自己的行为负责，最终意识到自己的存在是自由的，并且承担起了自己的责任。

这种对于责任的强调在现代文学中经常出现，通过对人物的内心独白和行为的描写，展示了个体在面对自由和责任时的种种困惑和挣扎。

二、孤独与存在的焦虑存在主义思想认为人是孤独的存在，注定与他人之间存在隔阂。

现代文学中常常通过对孤独和存在的焦虑的描写来表达这种思想。

美国作家海明威的小说《老人与海》中，老渔夫桑地亚哥在大海中孤独奋斗，与自然和命运抗争。

他的孤独和对于存在的焦虑在小说中得到了深刻的描绘，通过对桑地亚哥内心的独白和对自然的描写，展示了人类在孤独中寻找存在意义的努力。

法国作家加缪的小说《鼠疫》中，人们被隔离在一个被瘟疫笼罩的城市中，面临生死的抉择。

小说通过对人物的描写和对城市的描绘，展示了人类在孤独和死亡的威胁下寻找存在意义的种种努力。

这种对于孤独和存在焦虑的描写，使读者更加深入地思考人类存在的意义和价值。

三、对于真实与虚无的思考存在主义思想认为人类生活在一个没有绝对真理和意义的世界中，注定要面对虚无。

从新历史主义视角解读《看不见的人》

摘要该文从新历史主义视角出发，以“文本的历史性”和“历史的文本性”为导向，剖析了小说《看不见的人》中文本和历史的相关性。

通过分析小说对边缘化人物的描写、小说叙述的零碎历史片段，对历史事件进行重建，从再现文本历史和重建历史文本两个方面揭示了文本与历史之间的互动关系。

《看不见的人》完成了对历史的审视与重建，展现了作者对改善种族歧视现状的期待以及对重建黑人个人意志和文化自信的呼唤。

关键词新历史主义；文本的历史性；历史的文本性；《看不见的人》On “Invisible Man ”from the Perspective of New Histori⁃cism //GUO Hong,DU HuijunAbstract From the perspective of new historicism,this paper analyzes the relevance of text and history in“Invisible Man”under the guidance of“historicity of text”and“textuality of history”.By analyzing the description of marginalized characters in the novel and the historical fragments narrated in the novel that reflect and reconstruct the overall historical event,the in‐teractive relationship between text and history is revealed from the two aspects of reproducing the textual history and recon‐structing the historical text.As a text that reflects and repro‐duces history,“Invisible Man”achieves the purpose of exam‐ining and reconstructing history,showing the author’s desire to eliminate racial discrimination and call for the reconstruction of black people’s personal will and cultural self-confidence.Key words new historicism;historicity of text;textuality of his‐tory;Invisible Man1引言拉尔夫•埃里森（Ralph Ellison）是当代著名非裔美国作家，也是20世纪最具影响力的美国小说家之一。

《看不见的人》遮蔽与祛蔽间

外国文学研究55看不见的人6:遮蔽与祛蔽间季惠杰曲绍明拉尔夫#艾里森的长篇小说5看不见的人6几乎处处隐藏着寓意,段段包蕴着深刻的内涵。

文章仿佛一个丰富的矿藏,吸引人们去探索,去挖掘,去做益心益智的游戏。

可见,/怎么说0使平凡普通的/说什么0具有无穷的魅力。

读小说、品人物、看世象、悟人生,小说带领我们在文本世界与现实世界中穿梭,在遮蔽与祛敝间穿行,引领我们探问生存的本质。

伟大的文学作品都有共同的品质)))耐读,耐品。

一、/说什么0的恒常存在一个民族的文学理论批评,大致体现为/说什么0和/怎么说0。

文学创作也沿着理论的路径观念创造丰富多彩的文学世界。

现代文学理论中,人们已经普遍地把文学文本视为一个开放的结构,强调是作者与读者共同创造了文学作品。

正像萨特所认识到的,/作为文学活动的总体乃是对作者和读者的自由的双重肯定:读者的自由通过作品得到承认,而作者的自由也在读者的阅读中被肯定。

阅读活动同时肯定了作者和读者的自由,因而构成了整个文学活动必不可少的重要环节。

0作为一种阅读活动,英美新批评形成了自己独特的方式和方法。

细读法体现了英美新批评派的基本理论和原则,/含混0/张力0/反讽0/悖论0/隐喻0成为他们进行文学批评的有效的关键词。

新批评派的流行与生命力一定程度上证明了细读法操作性,用细读法来解读小说5看不见的人6,我们可以从中发现很多有趣的东西。

5看不见的人6深刻透辟地为我们展现了/种族歧视是恒常存在的0这一母题。

主人公从出生就怀有远大理想:受教育)))努力)))成功)))为社会做贡献,这是人类共同的梦想。

但因为他生在美国,生在白人与黑人尖锐冲突的社会,他的人生理想的实现就变成了子虚乌有的幻景。

作品中,白人给予黑人美妙的人生幻景,继而不动声色残酷地粉碎了这个梦想,从而维持整个社会的/纯净0。

这是白人对黑人的永久性欺骗,是黑人与生俱来的宿命。

白人的遮蔽使得主人公的/看不见0的命运带有了必然性。

一般来说,语词只有被人们利用时才具有意义,文学文本中的语词因为蕴涵着思想而变得扑朔迷离。

看不见的人 Invisible Man

毕业论文题目The Pathetic Negro —Analysis ofProtagonist’s Mentality in Invisible Man 专业英语语言文学___年级2011级_ 学生姓名Hyleehom学号******** __ 指导教师周云川2013-12可怜的黑人——《看不见的人》中主人公的心理分析专业：英语语言文学姓名：hyleehom指导教师：周云川摘要：美国黑人作家拉尔夫·艾里森的小说《看不见的人》出版于1952年，它讲述了一位在白人主宰的社会里,没有任何的社会地位，没有人承认他的存在的黑人青年，在自我探索的过程中遭遇各种挫折的悲惨故事。

本文以黑人时代的背景和小说《看不见的人》的创作背景为前提，将主人公自我探索的心理状态分为积极、挣扎和绝望三个阶段，通过分析每个阶段主人公成长经历中的心理状态的表现，以及主人公对于自我认识的阶段性心理变化的原因，揭露出当时社会，黑人境况的困惑与命运的悲哀。

关键字：《看不见的人》，黑人，困境，自我，探索The Pathetic Negro——Analysis of Protagonist’s M entality in Invisible ManMajor: English Language and Literature Name: hyleehomSupervisor: Zhou YunchuanAbstract:American Negro writer, Ralph Ellison's novel Invisible Man, published in 1952, tells a story that a black youngster, who is ignored by society in the white-dominated society, searches for who he is. And in his self-exploring, he encounters so many troubles. This paper, premised on Negro background and creating background of the novel, divides the process of the protagonist’s mentality into 3 stages —hope, struggle and desperation, and then analyzes the protagonist’s mental behaviors in his growing experiences and reasons why he shows the mental behaviors so as to draw a conclusion about the plight of Negro and the misery of their fate.Key words:Invisible Man; Negro; Plight; Self; ExplorationCONTENTSIntroduction (1)Chapter 1 Background (2)1.1 Introduction of Negro (2)1.2 Creation Background of the Novel (2)Chapter 2 Stage with Hope (4)2.1 Behaviors with Hope (4)2.2 Reasons for His Behaviors (5)2.3 Conclusion of This Stage (6)Chapter 3 Stage in Struggle (8)3.1 Struggling Behaviors (8)3.2 Reasons for His Behaviors (9)3.2.1 Social Phenomenon (9)3.2.2 The Efforts and the Result (9)Chapter 4 Stage in Desperation (11)4.1 Desperate Behaviors (11)4.2 Reasons for His Behaviors (12)Conclusion (14)The Pathetic Negro——Analysis of Protagonist’s M entality in Invisible ManIntroductionRalph Ellison (1914 - 1994), is known as one of the most distinguished Black writers in the history of American literature. He is among the list of the most influential and successful writers, in the contemporary United States of America. In 1992, Ellison was awarded a special achievement award from the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards. Ellison was also an accomplished sculptor, musician, photographer and college professor. He taught at Bard College, Rutgers University, the University of Chicago, and New York University. Ellison was also a charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. Professor Margolies considers Invisible Man a recapitulation of the entire history of the Negro, presenting a view of life described by Ellison himself as blues. [1]Invisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison, published by Random House in 1952. It addresses many of the social and intellectual issues facing African-Americans early in the twentieth century, including black nationalism, the relationship between black identity and Marxism, and the reformist racial policies of Booker T. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity.Invisible Man won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction in 1953.[2]In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Invisible Man nineteenth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[3]Time magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005. [4]This paper will analyze the protagonist’s mentality in self-exploring to discuss the main reasons why the Negro is pathetic.Chapter 1Background1.1 Introduction of NegroSince the 16th century, blacks had been sold as commodity from Africa to America and treated as slaves, which treaded their rights underfoot and was also a sad tragedy to all human. The blacks are considered as poor, lazy, dirty criminals and violent in the white’s eyes. And they are enslaved, oppressed and discriminated in the society. Firstly, the majority of blacks are deprived of the right to vote. Besides, they have to be normally engaged in the heavy and the most despised job, while their average wage is only one third or half of the white’s and they have the highest unemployment rate. In many states, they can not study in the same school with the white, not have meals in the same table with the white and not travel by the same bus or train. Moreover, the United States government, the Ku Klux Klan and other racists often arrest, torture and kill the blacks at will. There, the eleven states in southern United States, gathers about fifty percent blacks and their life being discriminated and persecuted is particularly appalling.Invisible Man is just one of the black classic literatures in contemporary American which reflects the Negro issues.1.2 Creation Background of the NovelPublished in 1952, Invisible Man explores the theme of man's search for his identity and place in society, as seen from the perspective of an unnamed black man in the New York City of the 1930s. In contrast to his contemporaries such as Richard Wright and James Baldwin, Ralph Ellison created characters that are dispassionate, educated, articulate, and self-aware. Through the protagonist, Ralph Ellison explores the contrasts between the Northern and Southern varieties of racism and their alienating effect. The narrator is "invisible" in a figurative sense, in that "people refuse to see" him, and also experiences a kind of dissociation. The novel, with itstreatment of taboo issues such as incest and the controversial subject of communism, won the 1953 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction. [1]Ralph Ellison says in his introduction to the 30th Anniversary Edition, that he started to write what would eventually become Invisible Man in a barn in Waitsfield, Vermont in the summer of 1945 while on sick leave from the Merchant Marine. The letters he wrote to fellow novelist Richard Wright as he started working on the novel provide evidence for its political context: the disillusion with the Communist Party that he and Wright shared. In a letter to Wright August 18, 1945, Ellison poured out his anger toward party leaders for betraying African Americans and Marxist class politics during the war years. "If they want to play ball with the bourgeoisie they needn't think they can get away with it.... Maybe we can't smash the atom, but we can, with a few well chosen, well written words, smash all that crummy filth to hell." [5] In the wake of this disillusion, Ellison began writing Invisible Man, a novel that was, in part, his response to the party's betrayal.Chapter 2Stage with Hope2.1 Behaviors with HopeThe protagonist, a docile slave, has neither the name nor the identity at that time, because he is an American Negro. At the beginning, he is seventeen or eighteen years old. And for his successfully speech at high school’s commencement, the protagonist is invited to atten d to prominent figures party. In fact, it is the informal men’s social assembly. To grab the chance to have a speech again, the protagonist joins in a Negro’s game — he and other Negro kids have to fight with each other. Putting up with the sufferings, he wins a briefcase as a prize. After that, he takes pride in the game. Furthermore, he believes he can succeed as long as he is hard-working. “I wanted to deliver my speech more than anything else in the world, because I felt that only these men could judge truly my ability, and now this stupid clown was ruining my chances.”[6] Obviously, his behavior tells that his ignorant hope comes from what he believes — obedience to the white.When entering the Negro college, the protagonist wins recognition from Bledsoe, the headmaster, which seems perfect as he wishes. One day, the protagonist drives a car to Black area with a member of the white board of trustees of the college. On the way to the Black of the slave-quarter section, the protagonist takes the guest to a bar, where there is full of prostitutes and madmen. Owing to the ignominious side in Black of the slave-quarter section to be seen by the respected guest, unfortunately, the protagonist is expelled for disobeying school rules. Before Bledsoe expels him, the protagonist believes in the principles of the Founder with all his heart and soul, and that he believes in Bledsoe’s goodness and kindness in extending the hand of benevolence to helping poor, ignorant people out of the mire and darkness.[7] Bledsoe persuades him to find a job in North and writes a recommendation for him. And the protagonist appreciates what Bledsoe does for him. He even gives himself a reason that he should be punished to comfort himself. Then the protagonist does all whatBledsoe tells him. However, all he gets is the rejection. When he knows the fact of the recommendation letter in which Bledsoe writes — not to give the Negro any chance to get a job, he is fully confused and hurt. In short, his obedience to White and his humility show his ignorant hope; he sees the good in people and has too beautiful and unreal dream.2.2 Reasons for His BehaviorsIn Invisible Man，the American Dream has been a crucial factor leading to the protagonist’s psych ological conflicts and his initiation．Although the blacks’ actual social status is low and living conditions are miserable, after they have been announced to be free, most of the African Americans still hold that they can rank among the mainstream society through their humiliation and diligence.[8] As an intelligent, deeply introspective and highly gifted young man, the protagonist, without exception, surely has his own ideals and ambitions — he wants to be another“ Booker T．Washington” in the educational circle. He has been occupied with the dream throughout every stage of his initiation. Thus, all his behaviors and efforts are aiming at this target, which leads up to his habitual thinking and final disillusionment. At the beginning of the story, he and other black children are stripped their coats and blindfolded, picking up the coins in an electrified blanket. Thereafter, he will get a scholarship to a black school. As he imagines that his humility and hard-working will make him stand out in the crowd，he seems to have deeply devoted himself to a myth or a fairy tale. So he just obeys the rules the white set for his American dream.The Negro's grandfather is a former slave, usually with humility and obedience. And his grandfather is respected by the black and appreciated by the white. The protagonist is also affected by his grandfather. At first, he wins the so-called “success”through his humility and obedience. After a series of events, he is always lost in thought about himself admitting his original nature and his grandfa ther’s last wor ds about silent enduring. Besides, the cruelty of the reality prompts him to remember hisgrandfather’s admonition. Though he does not know the real intention of his grandfather, he decides to take some actions and test his advice. “I’d overcome them with yeses, undermine them with grins. I’d agre e them to death and destruction (I)would hide my anger and lull them to sleep; assure them that the community was in full agreement with their program…”[6]2.3 Conclusion of This StageAs a black man, it is the invisible man who has been thinking about the problem how to find his own identity in the white dominated society. As the offspring of the former slaves，when he begins to relate his story, the protagonist concludes: “ I am not ashamed of my grandparents for having been slaves. I am only ashamed of myself for having at one time been ashamed.’’[6]Obviously, the protagonist has realized the importance of his race and its tradition after he has experienced so much. As early as those pre-invisible days, the protagonist has visualized himself as a potential Booker T. Washington, so unconsciously he is ashamed of his race and the past. There is no doubt that in the Battle Royal episode, he “felt superior to them(other Black boys) in my wa y, and I didn’t like the manner in which we were all crowded together into the servants’ elevator.” [6]At the beginning of the story, the protagonist even has no independent personality. His confusions are caused by his naive and ignorance. Under the infl uence of the White’s education, he always considers to cater for the White’s taste. Besides, he rejects to his own national culture. In the southern United States, at that time, the protagonist resigns himself to adversity. He accepts all insults and humiliations silently, in order to find a space for one person living in the existing social. The protagonist says:“I was naive. I was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself questions which I, and only I, could answer. It took me a long time and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to achieve a realization everyone else appear to have been born with: That I am nobody but myself”[6] Since suffering from much pain, he has to initiate to consider his own fate. Why is he whohas such a terrible life? When he knows who Bledsoe really is, he makes a decision that he no longer depends on anybody. He feels the whole world neglect him and his life is filled with lies. This stage is his first step to his self-searching — he makes a decision that he will prove himself in his future job on his own.Chapter 3Stage in Struggle3.1 Struggling BehaviorsFortunately, the protagonist finds his first job in a paint factory by using another one’s name. There he is sent to make the paint whiter by putting ten drops of ‘black drop’ into white paint. However, the protagonist makes a mistake by adding the wrong black liquid. It is in the factory that the protagonist has learnt something about the reality:“ I had a feeling that something had gone wrong…either I had played a trick on Kimbro, my boss or he, like the trustees and Bledsoe, was playing one on me…”[6] It all goes to show that the invisible man is not ready to fight against the society, for he has not been awakened completely yet. After that, he goes to the furnace room. There he is wrongly guided for some reason, which leads to a boiler explosion. Later, the protagonist is sent to a hospital and a doctor carries an operation on his brain, which marks a turning point actually. When he wakes up, he remembers nothing. Moreover, he does not know who he is.While the protagonist recovers from his operation, he lodges in a friendly Negro lady Mary’s home. The lady lives in New York, however, she still insists on who she is and keeps her own nature. What Mary does and what Mary says make the protagonist recall his life in South. Happily, he gets rid of the sense of disgust towards Negro’s life and he does not need to cater to the White. Gradually, he begins to realize and accept himself. Once a time, he witnesses the eviction of an old Black couple．For his experiences in the Harlem district, it seems to see himself evicted. Using his power of speech，he makes a passionate speech，which starts a small demonstration and a full-scale riot. Subsequently, a political organization, the Brotherhood, employs him as a spokesman for the Harlem district. The protagonist needs to live a life on his own, not the Negro lady, so he accepts the offer in the end, which means he abandons the real him he just finds.The Brotherhood gives him a new identity, pays off his rental and provides hima new accommodation. These treatments make him overjoyed and he takes the organization as his new dreamful place. Because he is becoming another person and he is gaining recognition. In fact, The Brotherhood is an organization which stresses absolute obedience. What the protagonist will do must follow the rules the white boss has set with no doubt. He has not realized that he is just their tool. The protagonist has worked so hard that gradually he has established his fame as a spokesman. But as we all know life never goes as we wish. The protagonist is faced with undeserved accusation who declares that the protagonist is an opportunist and wants to use the Brotherhood movement to advance his own interest. Later, he is forced to give up his assignment in Harlem district.[9]3.2 Reasons for His Behaviors3.2.1 Social PhenomenonAfter being forced to the United States with suffering from the oppression and exploitation more than two hundred years, blacks gradually lost the independent character and the spirit of resistance. In order to survive in the harsh living conditions under brutal and inhuman oppression, they have to resign themselves to adversity —not to fight and be grateful after suffering from pains. For a long time, Negro struggle between assimilation and keeping self, as Dubois said: In the American society, every black man can feel his own duality as an American and Negro — every slave has two souls, two thoughts, two competitions to reconcile and two ideological struggles in one black body. Despite the end of the civil war gains "free" status for black, this freedom does not means the blacks get rid of the oppressed, discriminated fate. Most different, their being oppressed and discriminated is no longer as slavery period as the physical torture, but a kind of spiritual maltreatment and penetrates into all aspects of their life.3.2.2 The Efforts and the ResultThe second stage is his self-struggling. From the paint factory, Mary’s home tothe Brotherhood, the protagonist does his best to make himself visible. We can easily see that every time he has a dream, he has troubles. Then he begins to think about his present life. No matter how to adapt his attitude towards his life, he just cannot get what he wants.In the paint factory, the protagonist only needs to work fast but carefully because “the least thing done incorrectly would cause trouble”[10] Later, the protagonist is sent to the furnace room in the basement to assist a Black engineer. He gradually comes to realize the frustrating fact that coming to the North — the land of freedom — fails to make him gain his individuality. The boiler explodes and the protagonist falls unconsciously under a pile of machinery. He is not only physically injured, but also psychologically. He has overlooked the fact that the road of initiation is full of ordeals and even blacks can betray blacks, even though they are all negligible in the minds of the white people. When he becomes one member of the Brotherhood, he seems to find a new opportunity and begins to work for the Brotherhood with the same single-minded faith that he has brought to the college and to New York. This period of experience, again implies his unquestioning willingness to do what is required of him by others as a way to success.[11] The protagonist has subtly sensed that his own past experiences might teach him about the present condition: “ I knew of some things he didn’t know. Let him find someone else. He only wanted to use me for something. Everybody wanted to use you for some purpose. Why should he want me as a speaker? Let him make his own speeches. I headed for home, feeling a growing satisfaction that I has dismissed him so completely.”[6]It is clear to see that he has suspected the Brotherhood’s ideals at the very beginning, but ultimately is seduced by the Brotherhood because it provides him with a system of belief which makes him significant. He cannot resist the seducement of finding some meaning in the world. Indeed, he initially sees through the tricks of the organization, yet he consciously prevents him from looking at the organization with any skepticism, and his self-deception makes himself vulnerable once again to the betrayal.[12]Chapter 4Stage in Desperation4.1 Desperate BehaviorsIt is not long before the protagonist is ordered to be back in Harlem district. Because Clifton, another spokesman and leader before just like him, is missing. The protagonist holds members related together to look for Clifton. In fact, after the invisible man leaves Harlem district, Clifton is not willing to be a doll controlled by the White and he chooses to get rid of the Brotherhood. The protagonist feels quite ashamed of what he does, so he sells black dolls in street. It symbolizes not only his self taunt, but a reminder to others. On the way to looking for Clifton, the invisible man witnesses the scene that Clifton is shot by a white cop in the daylight. On seeing the miserable death of Clifton, the protagonist realizes that he can never deny his responsibility for his race any more. For the first time, the protagonist realizes the significance and necessity of his struggle: “We have got to fight…We must remember now that we are fighters, and in such incidents we must see the meaning of our struggle. We must strike back.”[6]The protagonist then plans a public funeral for Clifton in the hope of organizing the Black community, which differs strikingly from the Brotherhood’s decision, because he places such a premium on individuality and race. In the organization, one has to act by following the discipline and discipline is sacrifice. Yes, and blindness.[13] Within the Brotherhood, he is as invisible as he used to be. He is only a tool and a doll which is used and manipulated by the organization. The protagonist realizes that he will find no purpose or meaning for his life by upholding the Brotherhood's ideology. It is Clifton’s death that shocks him into stimulating his inner struggle and considering his own condition.He finally resolves to undercut the ga me(the Brotherhood’s)by pretending to play it. His betrayals have made him believe that no ideology and no institution are completely reliable. Therefore, the protagonist disguises him as Rinehart to circumvent the problems of being himself and to enjoy the benefits of being others.The protagonist believes that he will protect himself from further deception and frustration by feigning compliance. This strategy works for a spell of time. He tells the leaders only those things which they wish to hear and reinstates himself in the Brotherhood. During the Harlem riot，however, he is astonished to find that his false compliance has made things worse. Unknowingly, he has been implicated in a conspiracy. In the riot, he is caught up in a plan to bum down a tenement building, only to realize that the Brotherhood has designed the racial riots all the way. He has intended to organize the Black community; however, he has been involved in the Brotherhood’s conspiracy of the racial fratricide:‘‘ I could see it now, see it clearly and in growing magnitude. It was not suicide, but murder. The committee had planned it. And I had helped, had been a tool. A tool just at the very moment I thought myself flee. By pretending to agree I had indeed agreed，had made myself responsible for that huddled form⋯”[6] Then, in the course of his escape from the police, the protagonist accidentally falls into a coal cellar. Staying in the underground coal cellar, he breaks away from his past by burning all the items in his briefcase. He also illuminates the hole by tapping electricity from Monopolated Light and Power Company.4.2 Reasons for His BehaviorsAmerica has been a White-dominated country since its establishment due to its economical，political，historical and social reasons．African Americans are usually in an inferior state compared with the white. Although there have been some advances after protesting for the civil rights, the Blacks still feel alienated in the White-dominated societ.The identity of the blacks is stipulated by white. Under the sin of slavery, the blacks suffer all kinds of hardships. They are seen as ignorant and barbaric, uncivilized inferior people. Standard to measure the value of blacks is set by the white and slavery makes the black lost free citizenship and become "the other". It is all white’s sense of superiority that leads to the result.Obviously, all the ordeals and pains are necessary and inevitable for theprotagonist to recognize the absurdity of the world，and now he is able to recognize himself by recalling what he has experienced:“It was a joke, an absurd joke. And now I looked around a corner of my mind and saw Jack and Norton and Emerson merge into one single white figure. They were very much the same, each attempting to force his picture of reality upon me. 1 was simply a material, a natural resource to be use…I now recognized my invisibility.”[6]After being fooled and deceived for such a long time, the protagonist comes to realize the full complexity of the society and the hardship of initiation. The protagonist has always been thinking that he has moved from blindness to sight, but now comes to realize that what he has gained is only half-sighted.The illumination stands for the enlightenment he has finally gained. At this stage, his maturity has not been completely achieved yet. Only when his face turns toward the society once again, will he probably achieve his decisive maturity and reborn. The protagonist neither chooses to cut himself away from the society nor plunge out of the history．He only hibernates in the cellar and it is in the cellar that he has shaped his own perception:“My problem was that I always tried to go in everyone’s way but m own…and a man shouldn’t accept (the values of) any other…Life is to be lived, not controlled；and humanity is won by continuing to play in face of certain defeat.”[6]Besides，he comes to the realization that the world is full of infinite possibilities before a mall finds himself first. He says:“In going underground, I whipped it all except the mind, the mind,”[6] therefore, he decides to be “up”. According to him, the world has set a ridiculous role to play for the black. Up to now, the protagonist’s desperation has been formed.ConclusionThis paper firstly presents the background about Negro and the creation background of the novel. And secondly, this paper mainly analyzes the protagonist’s mentality in Invisible Man by his attitude towards his life. In the analysis, it pays attention to the behaviors at different stages and analyzes the reasons why he behaves in that way.Undoubtedly, the aim of this paper is to disclose the accusation against the inhuman life where the pathetic Negro live.In America, the racial discrimination is everywhere. The racial conflicts often happen and the black people are treated as slaves by white people; at least, they are considered inferior. The black often have the lowest salary, poor insurance and many unfair treatments. Nowadays, the racial discrimination is not just between the white and the black, many other races in American are discriminated by the local people and they do not have right to protect themselves. Although many people do constant efforts, racial discrimination is still a hard and long-lasting task for humans.Bibliography[1] Rusby,Mark．Invisible Man．Boston：Twayne Publishers，1991．[2] Li Yanfang. “Perplexity, Struggle and Initiation in an Invisible World-A PsychologicalApproach to Initiation in Invisible Man” [ph D].Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2010. [3] Callahan，John，ed．Ratph Ellison’s Invisible Man：a casebook．New York：Oxford UniversityPress，2004．[4] Howe，Irving．“A Negro in America”．The Critical Response to Ralph Ellison．Ed．RobertJ. Butler．Connecticut：Greenwood Press，2000．[5] O’Meally, Robert，ed．New Essays On Invisible Man．New York：Cambridge UniversityPress，1988．[6] Ellison Ralph．Invisible Man[M]．Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2000．[7] Bellow,Saul．“Man Undergroun d—Review of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man”.[8] 陈晓菊: 《荒谬的极限处境与自我追寻—＜看不见的人＞之存在主义解读》，《宁波大学学报》( 人文科学版) 2010 年第5 期.[9] 赵丽丽．“《麦田里的守望者》和《看不见的人》中的成长过程的比较”.哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文，2005．[10] 李加莉．“《看不见的人》：一曲为黑人生存境遇呐喊的爵士乐”．华中师范大学硕士学位论文．2004．[11] 庄庆法．“评《看不见的人》中土人公的身份危机”．山东大学硕士学位论文。

invisible man 题目含义

invisible man 题目含义《看不见的人》（InvisibleMan，1952）。

着重探讨的是“寻找自我”这样一个具有普遍意义的命题。

“我一直在寻找自我，曾有过许多只有我自己才能够回答的问题。

我不问自己，却老是去问别人。

只是在经过漫长的时间，体验过种种期望遭到毁灭的痛苦以后，我才获得别人与生俱有的认识：我就是我自己。

《看不见的人》中，作者想表达的是，在一个失去人性和理性的世界中，科学的成果非但不会造福于人，反而可能危害社会，并且人性中的自私和罪恶可能会使一个有才华的科学家走上堕落和毁灭。

这篇小说在神秘惊险的氛围之中，表现了一个学者对科学发明的狂热追求，令人信服地描述了资本主义社会怎样一步步毁掉了一个“全世界空前的天才物理学家”。

作者毫不隐讳地谴责了格里芬的种种罪恶，但从字里行问又处处流露出对他的同情。

作品旨在告诉读者，格里芬不过是一个受害者，罪恶的根源在于社会制度。

作者对看不见的人格里芬的态度是双重的。

既揭露他唯己主义、凶狠残忍的狂妄心理，又赞叹他的聪明绝顶的才智。

同时，又将他放在发明隐身术前后的困境之中，似告诉人们，一个青年走上某种道路，是出于无奈，是被迫选择的结果。

小说中的中的主人公格里芬在进行隐身实验和实验成功后，与社会完全的格格不入，而且公然与社会发生冲突，妄图建立一个属于自己的恐怖王朝。

这说明了威尔斯已从描写人类对自然规律的违背转变到直接对社会规律的宣战。

这隐喻了个人与社会之间紧张的关系已达到不可调节、鱼死网破的地步了。

看不见的人发明的隐身术除非他死，否则他根本无法真正回到社会中去，这个情节暗示了一个人一旦选择跟这个社会对着干，便没有回头路，即使他某天发现了这样做的沉重代价他承受不起，他也已经深陷泥沼之中而无法自拔。

这部作品虽然也批判了普通民众由于无知而不能给予看不见的人以合理的同情最终导致了他与社会决裂的悲剧，但它最主要说明的主题还是：社会伦理道德不能出现权力的真空，否则便会产生严重的混乱和罪恶；科学技术如若运用不当非但不能给人类带来幸福，反而会导致人性的扭曲，把人类变成一种没有感情，冷酷自私的研究机器。

[试论《看不见的人》的自我寻求与抗争]看不见的人

[试论《看不见的人》的自我寻求与抗争]看不见的人《看不见的人》发表于1952年，出自美国作家拉尔夫·埃里森之手。

埃里森在1938年到1942年加入了联盟作家项目，他的这段与诸多类型的人打交道的经历使他积累了现实主义的素材，为创作《看不见的人》打下了良好的基础。

在二战期间，埃里森阅读了大量关于非洲裔美国人的作品，进而开始认真思索美国黑人的生活经历。

这些准备为小说的成功奠定了基础。

《看不见的人》发表后，即引起了诸多评论家的注意，并赢得了诸多声誉，还被称为“划时代的小说，可以说是现代美国黑人生活的史诗”。

小说描述了一位不知道姓名的美国年轻黑人，他出生在美国南部，梦想着通过自己的勤奋工作和谦虚谨慎的态度提高自己的社会地位。

在生活中，他认真践行南方文化中诸多规章制度的要求。

此时的这位看不见的人代表着美国的一代黑人。

然而，后来他所在的那所大学的校长故意陷害他，把他逐出了大学校园，使他失去了接受教育的机会。

他在内心渴望美国纽约的自由，梦想在当时的工业化社会中找到自己合适的位置。

经过认真考虑，他加入了兄弟会，尝试着做每一件能够使他被美国白人能够看到的事情，但是他没有达到自己理想的境界。

最终，他选择呆在地下室里，做一名地下人。

小说发表时期正值美国经济高速发展的时期，社会贫富差距扩大，种族矛盾加剧。

经济上的富足并没有给美国人带来精神上的充盈，而美国黑人在这一时期更难逃种族歧视的厄运。

因为美国的种族歧视现象从来就没有断过，而且在这一时期也没有改善的迹象。

埃里森的小说以看不见的人为主人公展现了一代美国黑人的生存困境，其小说的目的是希望美国白人承认黑人的社会地位和价值，希望减少白人和黑人之间的冲突。

小说《看不见的人》全书共分25章，序言是了解这部小说的前提。

作者在序言中交代了叙述者的悲观状态，他在整篇小说中无名无姓。

他自己宣称：“自己是一位看不见的人，因为美国白人拒绝接受他。

他就像马戏团里表演的无头的傀儡。

当别人接近他时，也不过是他们想象中的虚构之物。

论《看不见的人》中的成长主题

论《看不见的人》中的成长主题【摘要】拉尔夫·埃里森是二十世纪最优秀最有影响力的美国作家之一，他的唯一一部长篇小说《看不见的人》使他成为了美国文学界举足轻重的人物。

本篇论文将试从“成长小说”的视角来展现小说中主人公艰难的成长过程，从而阐释小说中深刻的成长主题。

【关键词】拉尔夫·埃里森；《看不见的人》；成长小说1.引言拉尔夫·埃里森（1914-1994）是当代著名美国黑人小说家、文学评论家，是二十世纪最有影响力的美国作家之一，他的唯一一部长篇小说《看不见的人》成就了他在美国文学界的重要地位。

在我国，对于《看不见的人》的研究主要集中在黑人如何努力实现人生价值并寻找自己的身份；从存在主义的角度研究；从小说主人翁的黑人身份角度出发，而从成长小说角度的研究却不多。

本文试以此为切入点解析小说中主人翁的成长过程，探索小说中的成长主题。

2.《看不见的人》中的成长主题“成长小说展示的是年轻主人公经历了某种切肤之痛的事件之后，改变了原有的世界观，这种改变使他摆脱了童年的天真，并最终把他引向了一个真实而复杂的成人世界”（chris 2000）。

回顾一下美国文学史中大部分的成长小说，大体上都是按照以下的结构叙述，开始是主人翁由对美好事物的诱惑到离开自己熟悉的地方，后来对自己未知的事情感到迷惘，最后由于一些事件的刺激而产生顿悟，从而了解自己的处境，变得成熟。

《看不见的人》主要是关于一个无名无姓的美国青年在一个地下室里回顾反思他二十多年的艰难历程，以第一人称讲述的他由南方到北方、从混沌状态到自我意识觉醒的成长过程。

下面根据“诱惑—出走—迷惘—顿悟”的结构分析小说主人翁的成长历程。

2.1诱惑在此小说中，黑人主人翁无名无姓，没有任何的社会地位，总是被人使唤来使唤去，可是在他的人生道路上，诱惑总是陪伴在他的左右。

起初无名主人翁绝对是一个艰苦奋斗、任劳任怨的模范黑人青年，他深信通过艰苦好学与容忍谦卑就可以实现自己的梦想。

存在主义哲学的基本观点

存在主义哲学的基本观点存在主义哲学的基本观点：存在先于本质、自我意识、自由和责任、死亡。

1、在先于本质“存在先于本质”为萨特所提出，代表了存在主义的形而上学。

这种形而上学同西方传统的形而上学有着本质的不同。

传统的形而上学一般给“本质”赋予了普遍的、抽象的以及形式的特征，而且一般认为在时间上来说，本质先于存在。

2、自我意识自我意识是使得存在先于本质的核心。

机器和物是没有自我意识的，因此他们是完全被定义的，一块石头无法做出任何不同的选择，向日葵无法选择跟着月亮前行，织布机无法用来缝线，物的本质是可以被规定的。

人与物的区分就在于人是有自我意识的，于是他对那些选择就不能视而不见。

我们不会责怪一个机器没有把事情做好，我们只会责怪设计机器的人。

一个喝醉酒而去伤害别人的人，我们就有理由责怪他，因为他当初可以选择喝或者是不喝酒，因为他是有自我意识的，他是可以做出不同的选择的。

自我意识是自由的开端。

在一群奴隶中，如果他们之中有一个发现了我们本来可以去推翻奴隶主的统治，我们生来为人而不是奴隶，他们才会有去推翻统治的选择。

首先意识到了选择的存在，于是便有了选择的权利。

3、自由和责任萨特对于自由有这样一个观点：“we are condemned to be free.”，我们被判处自由。

判处本来是用于罪人身上的词汇，我们被判处意味着我们一定是要为某件事负责任。

萨特在这里的意思就是我们身而为人，就是自由的，而拥有了自由之后，我们就拥有了责任。

我们自己可以选择自己成为什么样的人，所以我们要为自己的选择负责。

如果我们逃避了责任，或者选择不做任何选择，我们就会体验到存在主义式的愧疚（Existential guilt）。

这种愧疚总在我们不去做任何选择，而去逃避我们面临的情况时发生。

它也会在允许别人替我们做选择或者决定我们要成为什么样的人的时候发生。

4、死亡“既然我最终都要死亡，我现在所做的一切又有什么意义呢？”，死亡和意义问题可以看成是存在主义的核心问题，Gerald Corey在他的书中用一句很准确的话描述了这种感觉：“我的一生感觉就像是书中的任意一页，被很快的翻过，而没有人会在意这页书的内容。

从存在主义视角解读《看不见的人》

从存在主义视角解读《看不见的人》阴王姝辽宁师范大学外国语学院[摘要]《看不见的人》是非裔美国作家拉尔夫·埃里森的一部充满智慧与激情的杰作。

小说讲述了南方黑人青年追寻自我的心路历程。

笔者主要运用萨特的存在主义理论，分别从存在、自由、责任等角度，对小说进行简要的分析，展现了主人公在充满社会矛盾的环境下，勇对恶劣的条件，超越情感的束缚，勇于承担责任，最终获得自由，并找到了自我价值与本己的真正存在。

[关键词]看不见的人；存在主义；自由；责任[中图分类号]I106[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-6167（2021）12-0009-031研究背景拉尔夫·埃里森是20世纪非裔美国作家的杰出代表，也是20世纪美国文学研究的重要开拓者之一。

他花了7年时间创作了《看不见的人》，该书于1952年出版时，立即轰动美国文坛，并于1953年获得国家图书奖和“国家奖章”。

小说的主人公是个无名无姓的黑人青年，为了得到上层社会的认可并获得一席之位而竭尽全力。

小说主要讲述了黑人青年的一些经历：在南方黑人大学的生活、在纽约自由油漆厂的遭遇、在哈雷姆区加入兄弟会。

无论何时，他都恭顺谦卑，只为挤入饱享功名利禄的上流社会。

但得到上流社会的认可似乎虚无缥缈，因为上流社会的人们拒绝看见（陈晓菊，2010）。

最后，主人公明白了这些事情没有一件能使他进入理想的精神文明中，所以他后来选择在地下蛰伏，做个看不见的人，从而获得真正意义上的自由。

存在主义是第一次世界大战以来盛行于欧洲的当代哲学思潮。

它主要关注的是外部世界的非理性、人在外部世界的异化、人的个性和人的本质上的自由。

显然，《看不见的人》在很多方面都符合存在主义的思想。

因此，本文旨在发现和探索小说与存在主义之间的密切关系。

2萨特的存在主义萨特是西方存在主义哲学的集大成者，本文主要从他的存在理论、自由选择理论和责任理论这三大理论进行探讨。

首先，存在问题作为一个哲学的基本问题有其现实意义。

基于《看不见的人》主人公的个体危机的后殖民主义解读

基于《看不见的人》主人公的个体危机的后殖民主义解读作者简介：岳剑锋，上海交通大学硕士研究生在读，研究方向英美文学。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2015）-06--01拉夫尔?沃尔多?埃里森（1914-1944）是美国著名小说家，作品内容主要为美国黑人努力尝试融入白人社会的艰辛历程，埃里森最为著名的作品《看不见的人》于1952年首次出版，并于1953年获国家图书奖。

《看不见的人》是基于当时黑人生活的现实主义刻画，讲述了一位普通的黑人小伙子在白人主导社会所受到的巨大创伤，该作品以自传式口吻阐述了黑人青年寻找自我的艰辛，以体现该作品关于个人危机的主题，并揭示了即便美国社会已终止一切种族剥削行为之后，黑人群体仍感到一种隐形的压力，无形的剥削。

因而，后殖民主义理论能够为此主题提供详尽深入的解释。

在当今后殖民主义研究界，爱德华?赛德以其对后殖民主义文化的研究大受盛誉，赛德的著作《东方主义》（Orientalism）在1978年出版后，迅速成为后殖民主义研究道路上的里程碑。

赛德在《东方主义》一书中清晰描绘了压迫者与被压迫者的形象。

“在任何年龄阶段，任何社会阶级，个体的构建都要受到他者的影响”后殖民主义理论体系中的“他者”指一定社会阶级结构下，上层阶级对下层阶级心照不宣式的暴力压迫。

此处的暴力压迫并非是指身体的武力攻击和压迫，而是一种无形的心理压抑。

因此，这所谓的冷暴力对人们生活的方方面面乃至整个世界格局产生了很大影响。

在美国社会中，作为“他者”的美国黑人，他们集深重的低人一等的自卑心理和强烈成为美国社会的真正组成于一体，强大的矛盾集中于一身使得他们无法正确地认识自己，在他们找寻自我的道路上，也受到强有力的“他者”力量的影响。

《看不见的人》一书中非常清晰地体现出白人主导文化的绝对统治地位，并且白人主导文化为大部分美国人所接受，所欢迎，且大部分教育机构所传授的也是此种理念，置身于白人主流文化且失去自己本种族文化的黑人主人公“我”因此经受了强大的个体危机。

好莱坞电影中的英雄主义与反英雄主义形象

好莱坞电影中的英雄主义与反英雄主义形象一、导言反英雄主义的原型，最早源自荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中的瑟赛蒂兹（Thersites），他长相丑陋，然而确是最会挑衅对方的希腊士兵，后来在特洛伊战争中因为嘲笑阿喀琉斯（Achilles）被杀。

反英雄形象在19世纪早期的存在主义作家的作品中扮演着重要的角色，例如卡夫卡的《变形记》，萨特的《恶心》等。

这几部小说的主人公一身历经坎坷，身上都被贴上了无聊、忧虑和疏离的标签。

自19世纪50年代出现在美国文学开始，到19世界60年代中期，一提起反英雄人们依然会联想到一个孤独也从不和外人交流的身影，这一时期的代表作有凯鲁亚克（Jack Kerouac的）的《Dean Moriarty》。

反英雄可以分为两大类型：第一种反英雄以拉尔夫·艾利森的《看不见的人》中的主人公为代表，他们经常感到无助，始终处于局外人的地位。

第二种反英雄以索尔·贝娄的《奥吉·马奇历险记》中的主人公为代表。

他们总是在都市中飘泊，从生命中的一个失望走向另一个失望。

偶尔的成功也是转瞬即逝。

但他们坚持不改变目标，以获得英雄式的成功。

二、英雄主义的电影角色形象在好莱坞电影中的体现蜘蛛侠、蝙蝠侠、超人等都是大家所熟知的超级英雄。

超级英雄是伴随着每一个美国人成长的精神力量。

他们的原型人物来自于漫画，所以就更具有神话色彩。

这些超人往往戴着面具，穿着自己标志性的服装，自由穿行于城市和世界的每一个角落，这就愈发增加了他们的神秘色彩。

在和安宁的日子里，他们是平常百姓，忙于自己的工作，有烦恼也有快乐；在需要他们的时候，他们就会挺身而出为正义和平而战。

这种平民与超级英雄的双重身份正符合人们心中的英雄梦。

英雄情结也是好莱坞史诗电影中永恒的主题。

《角斗士》、《亚瑟王》、《特洛伊》等影片是史诗电影的代表之作。

这些影片的场面设计往往是气势恢宏，古罗马的决斗场，惨烈的战争场面，加上令人震撼的视听效果，让观众沉浸于对英雄的敬慕之中。

寻找迷失的自我——论《看不见的人》的身份追寻

寻找迷失的自我——论《看不见的人》的身份追寻易立君;杨红【摘要】美国黑人作家拉尔夫·埃里森的小说《看不见的人》展现了主人公寻找黑人民族文化,确立自我身份的过程.主人公对文化身份的探寻经历了迷惘、觉醒、顿悟三个阶段,他对黑人文化的态度从排斥、逃离到最终接受并融入其中.这一艰辛的身份追寻之旅充分说明建构黑人文化身份的关键在于接受本民族文化,自我身份认证的本质就寓于本民族的历史文化中.【期刊名称】《常熟理工学院学报》【年(卷),期】2007(021)005【总页数】4页(P91-93,116)【关键词】拉尔夫·埃里森;《看不见的人》;自我身份;民族文化【作者】易立君;杨红【作者单位】湖南理工学院,外语系,湖南,岳阳,414006;怀化医学高等专科学校,湖南,怀化,418000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I106.4过去两百多年里，进行身份寻证一直是非裔美国黑人文学作品的主题。

从奴隶叙事、诗歌、小说到文学评论，黑人作家寻找自我身份的叙事贯穿于文学史。

从这个意义上来讲，黑人文学不只是艺术的表现形式，更重要的是黑人群体表露心声、构建自我身份的话语。

黑人作家的文化身份建构经历了一个过程：初期(美国内战前期)，寻求自由人身份；获得解放后，由于受主流文化的影响，相当一部分黑人期望融入主流社会。

这一时期，惠特莉(Phillis Wheatley)“试图融入主流文化，以‘求同’谋取黑人的立足之地。

十九世纪中期的弗雷德里克·道格拉斯(Frederic Douglas)则突出黑人的异质身份，开创奴隶叙事先河，在对抗中试图修正主流文化，以此来构建黑人独立的文化身份。

”[1]92到了20世纪，经过激进运动的洗礼，黑人再次觉醒，积极回归本民族文化传统，汲取传统文化给养。

拉尔夫·埃里森就是这个时期的突出代表。

他突破理查德·赖特的抗议小说，注重挖掘弘扬黑人民族文化，肯定其在美国文化中不可或缺的地位，在此基础上构建黑人的文化身份。

三部黑人文学作品中的存在主义哲学

三部黑人文学作品中的存在主义哲学
谭跃越
（阳大学外国语学院，辽宁沈阳１０４）沈１０４
摘
要：通过对三部里程碑式的黑人文学作品——《土生子》看不见的人》所罗门之歌》《《 —— 中的存在
主义哲学思想的分析，比较三部作品中黑人为寻求自我本质所作出的努力，揭示存在主义哲学对黑人文学的
深刻影响。
关
键
词：黑人文学；存在主义；土生子》《《；看不见的人》《罗门之歌》；所
文献标识码：Ａ
中图分类号：Ｉ１６４０．
存在主义（ｘｓｎｉｌｍ）称生存主义，Ｅｉｅｔｉ又ｔａｓ于
２０世纪３０年代末兴起于法国。存在主义基本上分为两大派：以魏尔、马赛尔为代表的基督教存在主义和以萨特、加缪、瓦尔为代表的无神论的存博
这是存在主义哲学对人与人之间关系的解释。第
、
存在主义在《土生子》中的萌芽
《土生子》是美国黑人作家理查德・赖特的成
名作，也是美国文学史上划时代的文学作品。欧文・尔说：土生子》生的那天起，国文化豪自《诞美
在主义。
学又是存在主义文学的思想核心。因此，明的鲜
哲理性就成为存在主义文学的最大特点。美国黑人文学三位里程碑式的作家理查德・
赖特、尔夫・里森和托妮・里森的代表作《拉埃莫土

论《看不见的人》中权力的性规劝与主体的性反抗

校董和黑人校长的遗弃被逐出校门。来到北方仍无法摆脱被歧视的命运，曾受工厂的工头辱骂和工友的排斥，医他在院被当作新医疗器械的试验品，哈莱姆区亲眼目睹了白人在
警察强迫黑人老夫妇搬迁的暴行及黑人进步组织和黑人民族主义者的暴力冲突。所有这一切都使 “ 深思，我究竟我” “ 是谁？最后在地下室中我终于领悟到 “ 是一个看不见的 ” 我
但在小说的结尾处151第4期论看不见的人中权力的性规劝与主体的性反抗他和白人女郎西比尔睡在一起虽然西比尔只是利用我来满足自己对黑人男子的性需求但是对我来说这是一种对权力的反抗通过对女人身体的凝视来反抗少年时权力对其的规训使我确认了自己作为男人的生理特征并确立了作为独立个体的自信心从而使我因此获得了新的身份认同克服了因肤色而带来的自卑心理和对权力构建的传统的知识体系的畏惧
人的压迫这些表层现象出发，而对真正产生这种现象的深层
深蒂固的南方来到工业发达的北方大都市，了寻求自我反为而失去自我的经过，抒发了２０多年淤积在心头的郁闷和感触，同时也揭示了存在于资本主义美国的人与人，人与社会
以及种族之间的种种不正常的关系。小说中的无名黑人青年在南方受到白人上层人士的愚弄和取笑，在大学又经历了
关键词：力的规劝；罚；无能；主体的性反抗权惩性
摘
要：性作为文学作品的母题之一，自古以来就备受人们的关注，在真正提及这一话题时人们常常是遮遮但
掩掩。《看不见的人》作为美国黑人文学的代表性著作，我们在读这部作品的时候会发现，这一母体在这部作品中具体表述并不多。文章试图通过运用福柯的权力理论，另辟蹊径。通过对小说中隐约闪现的性描写的分

荒谬的极限处境与自我追寻——《看不见的人》之存在主义解读

荒谬的极限处境与自我追寻——《看不见的人》之存在主义解读陈晓菊【摘要】<看不见的人>是美国著名黑人作家拉尔夫·埃里森的代表作.文章运用萨特的存在主义理论,指出<看不见的人>凸显了存在主义文学特质,从两部分--小说主人公所处的荒谬的极限处境和自我追寻对<看不见的人>进行全新的解读.【期刊名称】《宁波大学学报（人文科学版）》【年(卷),期】2010(023)005【总页数】5页(P21-25)【关键词】《看不见的人》;存在主义;荒谬的极限处境;自我追寻【作者】陈晓菊【作者单位】宁波大学外语学院,浙江,宁波,315211【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I106.4美国著名黑人作家拉尔夫·埃里森（1914-1994）的长篇小说《看不见的人》（Invisible Man，1952），被称为“划时代的小说，可以说是现代美国黑人生活的史诗”。

[1]（前言）该书曾获得美国国家图书奖、“芝加哥保卫者”奖。

作家本人在 1969年因该书获美国自由奖章，1970年获法国文学艺术骑士勋章，1985年获美国国家艺术奖章等。

《看不见的人》以第一人称自叙的形式描写了一个年轻黑人（作者始终没有给出他的姓名）在美国南部和北部遭遇种种不幸的同时不断追寻自我并思索自己的存在价值，表现了西方社会中人与人之间的不正常的、无理性的关系。

国内外学术界以埃里森《看不见的人》为题的研究论文数量可观，内容涉及作品主题、艺术手法、象征主义、身份追寻、互文性、二元对立等。

但是，鉴于小说所揭示的关于自我和生存的问题，笔者认为，《看不见的人》体现了明显的存在主义文学特质。

存在主义文学是存在主义哲学在文学上的反映，体现存在主义哲学的基本概念，即人，存在，自由，处境，选择。

[2]（186）存在主义文学在第二次世界大战之后流行于欧美文坛，主要表现在战后的法国文学中，从 40年代后期到50年代达到了高潮。

60年代后，存在主义思潮被其它新的流派所代替，荒诞派戏剧、“黑色幽默”就是存在主义文学的变种。

埃利森《看不见的人》主要内容概要及赏析

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