2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题与解析
2015年1月31日雅思真题答案
2015年1月31日雅思真题答案
2015年1月31日雅思真题答案下载：
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2015年1月31日雅思真题答案经过小马过河老师团队的精心整理已经全面发布了，考生可以复制链接进入免费下载使用。
回忆7
沈师room1 考官是一个和蔼的老爷爷而且据蹲题说第一考场基本都是新题part1 work or study star weekend part2 在网上学到了什么part3 谈论一堆堆学生该不该上网上网的好处坏处还有social networking 求考到6就好第一时间分享攒人品
回忆8
天津外国语room1 白人男考官超nice p1 全名专业住哪teacher nature p2 something you borrowed p3 关于借东西的一系列问题
回忆9
part1 住的地方，邮件还是信件，有无超市part2 想重温的旅行part3关于旅行的
回忆10
哭着来攒人品沈阳师范r5 p1 work or study，collect sth，museum p2 help stranger p3 works that people help people 准备的话题都没考museum一点没看啊
回忆14
电子科大R7 爬1 major Where you from 是否长期和家人住在一个地方家长景点爬2 A project/homework U did Part3 应不应该布置作业怎样看待给小孩布置作业布置作业的方式
2015年1月31日雅思真题答案下载：
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2015年1月31日雅思真题回忆
2015年1月31日雅思真题回忆
2015年1月31日雅思真题回忆下载：
/20150201/yszh-fsy-020104.html?seo=wenku2023
2015年1月31日雅思考试已经结束了，考生对于自己的考试是否还算满意呢，小马过河团队老师总结了2015年1月31日雅思真题回忆，考生可以辅助连接免费下载，供考生们使用。
回忆22
武汉省实验rm3,印裔中年女,p1工资，鞋子,休息, p2 有趣的谈话,p3男性女性谈的话题等等不记得了。
面无表情时间紧凑,part3很刁难,连续打断连并问了不下10题,我都懵了,感觉她是不是没听到想听的内容?求6.5，上次都有6.5的只是听力失手被迫重考
回忆23
上外room308 一白人不太笑求好运啊part1. 专业housework. cooking. Part2 想做现在还做不了part3 父母没时间教小孩技能对不对学习电脑是不是一步一步求人品啊~传说拜雅思哥有好运
回忆24
首经贸rm4，老题，趴1，学习，假期，自然，趴2浪费时间，趴3时间管理，英国小哥长得有点像悲惨世界的男主，求过6!
回忆25
合肥中澳210 part1房子或公寓，博物馆，天空。
趴兔好消息趴3广告，什么年龄喜欢了解信息，现在的信息好还是过去的好。
，高考完
回忆26
郑州轻工room2 男考官看起来friendly 有些观点他也点头p1 apartment/house enjoy否P2 advice P3 give young people advice
2015年1月31日雅思真题回忆下载：
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2015年01月31日雅思考试口语考题回顾
雅思考试口语考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心吴微微考试日期 2015年1月31日Part 1考题总结考题总结Self-introduction and personal informationWhat’s your name? What does it mean to you?What names are popular in your culture?Are there many people who have the same name as yours?What name would you like to give to your own child in future?Are you a student or worker? Do you like your student life?Study & WorkDo you work or are you a student?What's your major? Have you ever communicated about your major with your friends?Will you study with others in the future? Why?What is your plan for your future study?When you study, do you feel happy?What’s your favorite subject? What do like most about it?Do you enjoy your school life? What are the benefits of being a student?What do you usually do after class?JobWhat’s your job?Have you ever changed your job?What’s your routine job? / What do you do in the office every day? What’s your responsibility in your company?Do you satisfy with your job? /What aspects do you like or dislike about your job?What job do you like to do in the future?HometownWhich part of China are you from?Who do you like to stay with when you are in the hometown?What is the weather like in your hometown?What do you like best about your hometown?Do you think your hometown is a good place for children to grow up? Are there many places of interest in your hometown?What are the changes of your hometown? What makes them happen?Watching skyDo you like watching sky?Do you often take time to watch the sky?Do you like the sky during the day or night?Have you learned any courses about stars and planets?LanguagesWhat languages do you speak?How did you learn English?Do you think that English is difficult?Do you think learning languages is important?Do you think there is any need for people to learn another language? What other languages would you like to learn?TransportDo you like traveling by train?How often do you travel by train?Is traveling by train very popular in China?Do you prefer traveling by train or traveling by air?Do you have a bike?How important are bikes in your country?Will it become less popular in the future?MuseumsAre there many (or, any) museums in your hometown?Do you think museums are useful for visitors to yourhometown/country?Do you often visit a museum?Did you go to any museums when you were a child?When was the last time you visited a museum?Do you think museums are important?Do you think it’s suitable for museums to sell things to visitors?Food and cookingWhat foods do you usually eat?Do you often eat in the restaurant? / Do you like to eat outside? What food did you like to eat when you were a child? Do you still like that food now?If you had children, What food would you cook for your child in the future?Do you think it's good to take children to restaurants?Do you cook? If not, will you cook in the future?Who cooks in your family?What kind of meat do you like to eat? Do you like vegetables? Which do you prefer, eat more times a day and have little a time or eat less times a day but have more a time?What do you think of the whole family eating together?Taking PhotographsDo you like taking photos?Do you prefer to take photos of scenery or of people?Is taking photos popular in your country?Do you like taking photos when you go traveling?Do Chinese people like to visit photograph exhibitions? What kind of photos do they like to look at?Why do some people (do not) like taking photographs?What factors make a good photograph?Do you think being a photographer would be a good job?When did you take family photos last time?Electronic products/InternetDo you often use the internet/computer?When do you often use the computer? Do you often send e-mails? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the computer?How important is the computer/internet to your family?What time did you use the internet for the first time?Do your family members use it too?Do you use the mobile phone? When did you start using it?How important is it to you? How do you often use it?Do you prefer to send messages or emails? Why?Do you prefer to make phone calls or send messages?What are the disadvantages of the cell phone?Household ChoresDo you often do household chores?What household chores did you do in your childhood?Is it good for children to do household chores?What sorts of household chores do you dislike?Do you like cooking?Do you like it is important to know how to cook?What is the importance of cooking to children?BirthdayHow do you celebrate your birthday?How was your birthday in your childhood?What do Chinese people often do on their birthdays?Do you think it is important for people to celebrate birthdays?Are there any differences between youngsters and elders on celebrating birthdays?Whose birthday do you think is more meaningful? The older or the children?Map & DictionaryDo you often use the map?When will you use the map?Who taught you to use it?Which one do you prefer, the paper maps or the e-maps?Do you use dictionary?What kind of dictionaries do you prefer to use? Paper dictionary or electronic ones?Do you think the dictionary is useful?Do you want to receive a dictionary as the gift?TelevisionHow much TV do you (usually) watch?What’s your favorite TV program?Did you watch much TV when you were a child? (How much?) What (types of) programs did you watch when you were a child? Do you think television has changed in the past few decades? (Possibly) Do you think television has changed since you were a child?Has television changed your life in any way?ParksDoes your hometown have many parks?Do you often visit public parks?What do you usually do there?Do you like parks?What kind of parks do you like?What do you like most about (going to) a park?Did you go to parks when you were a child?What did you do there?Do you think it’s good to have parks and public gardens in cities? (Why?)Do you think there should be more of them?Do you think you will go to parks more often in the future?Part 2&3考题总结考题总结人物类A person you know who is beautiful or handsomeA person who is a good leaderA person who is a good cookA person you do not like but have to be friendly toYour favorite famous peopleAn old person you respectA singer or bandA famous athlete or sportsman who has good performance物件类An ambition you have not achieved yetA surprise that made you happyA subject you did not like before but interested in now Something interesting that you get from the website Something you would not learn but want to in the future Something you did with a group of people you enjoyedA childhood toyA handmade gift for your friendA meal you invited friends or family媒体类A useful APPA TV program you would like to talk with friends or familyA movie you would like to watch againA book you recently readA song you heard when you were a childA piece of good news you saw on television or Internet地点类A place that is full of colorA short trip you would like to visit againA historic buildingA place you want to have a home in the futureA long trip you d like to do it again事件类A time you got lost in a strange place you weren’t familiar with A family event when you were a childA project you have ever joinedA time you were caught into a traffic jamA situation that you waste time本次考试考题精选范例解析1. Do you like watching sky?Analysis: 最近频率相对高的新考题。
2015年1月29日雅思考试回忆及考情分析(阅读)
2015年1月29日雅思考试回忆及考情分析第一篇阅读Bovids，剑桥雅思第一篇阅读之前我们启扬留学中心和大家分享过这篇文章，以及详细解释了这篇考题所有的题目，认真关注我们公众平台的同学们今天这篇文章应该全对了吧。
答案如下1.D2.D3.C4.C5.B6.D7.A8.B9.royal antelope10.the auroch11.long, splayed hooves12.arid deserts13.pronghorn原文如下题目如下解析如下注释：解析中的“ = ”表示同意替换难度系数从一星（★）至五星（★★★★★）★一星最容易★★★★★五星最困难1.四选一难度系数★★题干定位词the biggest range; bovids to be found定位到第二段第一句bovids to be found = 原文 bovids are well represented地点是在most parts of Eurasia and Southeast Asian islands看到这里，答案选择 B. Eurasia 和 D. South-east Asia两个当中选第三行 but they are by far the most numerous and diverse in the latter the most numerous and diverse = the biggest rangethe latter 就是指代并列的后者，也就是 Southeast Asian islands Southeast Asian islands = D. South-east Asia答案选D2.四选一难度系数★★★★题干定位词preference，也可以利用选项去定位，四个选项的共同部分是地点定位到原文第二段第十一行preference = favour原文第二段第十一行此题难在这个定位上，定位词和原文发生了同意替换地点是原文open grassland, scrub or desertD wide open spaces = open grassland, scrub or desert答案选择 D3.四选一难度系数★★题干定位词 features, all bovids, common定位到原文第三段第一句…bovids are united by the possession of certain common features. 作为总起句，common features在下文中。
2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题与解析
2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题与解析Passage 1 (旧题)题材：历史文化类题目：Tattoo on Tikopia题型：判断4+图表填空5+表格填空4文章大意：本文研究的是毛利人的传统纹身，先介绍背景(定义、历史)，科学家喜欢研究这种纹身，然后介绍纹身的制作工艺，最后说了纹身的含义。
A There are still debates about the originsof Polynesian culture, but one thing we can ensure is that Polynesia is not asingle tribe but a complex one. Polynesians which includes Marquesans，Samoans, Niueans, Tongans, Cook Islanders, Hawaiians, Tahitians, andMaori, arc genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Southeast Asia.It s a sub-region of Occania, comprising of a large grouping of over 1 ,000islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean, within atriangle that has New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island as its corners.B Polynesian history has fascinated thewestern world since Pacific cultures were first contacted by European explorersin the late 18th century. The small island of Tikopia, for many people - evenfor many Solomon Islanders-- is so far away that it seems like a mythical land;a place like Namia that magical land in C. S. Lewis, classic, …The Chronicles of Namia.” Maybe because of it — Tikopia, its people, and their cultures have long fascinatedscholars, travelers, and casual observers. Like the pioneers Peter Dillion,Dumoni D' Urville and John Colleridge Patterson who visited and wrote about theisland in the 1800s, Raymond Firth is one of those people captured by thealluring attraction of Tikopia. As a result, he had made a number of trips tothe island since 1920s and recorded his experiences, observations and reflectionson Tikopia, its people, cultures and the changes that have occurred.C While engaged in study of the kinship andreligious life of the people of Tikopia, Firth made a few observations on theirtattooing. Brief though these notes are they may be worth putting on record asan indication of the sociological setting of the practice in this primitivePolynesian community. The origin of the English word …tattoo' actually comesfrom the Tikopia word 'tatau1. The word for tattoo marks in general is tau,and the operation of tattooing is known as ta tau, ta being thegeneric term for the act of striking.D The technique oftattooing was similar throughout Polynesia. Traditional tattoo artists createtheir indelible tattoos using pigment made from the candlenut or kukui nut.First, they bum the nut inside a bowl made of half a coconut shell. They thenscrape out the soot and use a pestle to mix it with liquid. Bluing is sometimesadded to counteract the reddish hue of the carbon-basedpigment. It also makesthe outline of the inscribed designs bolder on the dark skin of tattooingsubjects.E For the instrumentsused when tattooing, specialists used a range of chisels made from albatrosswing bone which were hafted onto a handle which was made from the heart wood ofthe bush and struck with a mallet. The tattooer began by sketching withcharcoal a design on the supine subject, whose skin at that location wasstretched taut by one more apprentices. The tattooer then dipped the appropriatepoints - either a single one or a whole comb into the ink (usually contained ina coconut-shell cup) and tapped it into the subject's skin, holding the bladehandle in one hand and tapping it with the other. The blood that usuallytrickled from the punctures was wiped away either by the tattooer or hisapprentice, the latter having also served by restraining a pain-wracked subjectfrom moving, for the operation was inevitably painful a test of fortitude thattattooers sought to shorten by working as fast as possible. In fact, tattoosnearly always festered and often led to sickness - and in some cases death.F In ancient Polynesian society, nearlyeveryone was tattooed. It was an integral part of ancient culture and was muchmore than a body ornament. Tattooing indicated ones genealogyand/or rank insociety. It was a sign of wealth, of strength and of the ability to endurepain. Those who went without them were seen as persons of lower social status.As such, chiefs and warriors generally had the most elaborate tattoos.Tattooing was generally begun at adolescence，and would often not be completed for a number of years. Receivingtattoo constituted an important milestone between childhood and adulthood, andwas accompanied by many rites and rituals. Apart from signaling status andrank, another reason for the practice in traditional times was to make a personmore attractive to the opposite sex.G The male facial tattoo is generallydivided into eight sections of the face. The center of the forehead designateda person's general rank. The area around the brows designated his position. Thearea around the eyes and the nose designated his hapu, or sub-tribe rank. Thearea around the temples served to detail ms marital status, like the number ofmarriages. The area under the nose displayed his signature. This signature wasonce memorized by tribal chiefs who used it when buying property, signingdeeds, and officiating orders. The cheek area designated the nature of theperson's work. The chin area showed the person's mana. Lastly, the jaw areadesignated a person's birth status.H A person's ancestry is indicated on eachside of the face. The left side is generally the father's side，and the right side was the mother's. The manutahi design is workedon the men‟s back. It consists of two vertical lines drawn down the spine, withshort vertical lines between them. When a man had the manutahi on his back, he took pride in himself. At gatherings of the peoplehe could stand forth in their midst and display histattoo designs with songs. And rows of triangles design on the men's chestindicate his bravery.I Tattoo was a way delivering informationof its owner. It‟s also a traditional method to fetch spiritual power,protection and strength. The Polynesians use this as a sign of character,position and levels in a hierarchy. Polynesian peoples believe that a person‟smana, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo.部分答案：判断题1. Scientists like to do research in Tikopiabecause this tiny place is of great remoteness.2. Firth was the first scholar to study noTikopia.3. Firth studied the culture differences onTikopia as well as on some other islands of Pacific.4. The English word “tattoo” is evolved fromthe local language of the island.答案：1. Y 2. N 3 NG 4 Y答案：5 coconut shell6 soot 7 liquid 8 heart wood 9 wing bone表格填空题答案：10(the)forehead 11 chin (area)12 mother‟s ancestry13vertical lines 14 triangles参考阅读：C9T4P3 The Developmentof MuseumPassage 2题材：科技类题目：Cultureand thought题型：段落信息配对题5 (NB)+人名观点配对题4+句子填空4文章大意：研究不同地区、不同文化的人对事物认知的差异性。
2015年1月31日托福真题答案
2015年1月31日托福真题答案2015年1月31日托福真题答案下载：/20150131/347835.html?seo=wenku20272015年1月31日托福真题答案已经发布了，历经小马过河老师团队精心准备，考生可以凭此看看自己的考试情况，准确估分。
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版本2：mercial革命的影响2.欧洲context的scientific resolution3.地球能量循环有三种版本3：1. Urban cities developmentCommercial support by kingCurrency2. Energy balanceThree sources shortwave 1Ray sunlight 2internal rocks earthquake volcano3. Ressenance 文艺复兴 15th science development造纸术帮助...Task 3letter to college newspaperStudents need snack shop on campus1 help work experience which helpful in real work especially opening up own business2 convenient, campus cafe too long line to wait, stores in town half an hour round trip cost timeTask 4task portioningDivided into different periods, order and sequenceLeaf cutter ants3 groups to carry food to nest1 climb up trees and cut leaves then fall down2 cut leaves into small pieces and carry partway to nest3 bring leaves into nest2015年1月31日托福真题答案下载：/20150131/347835.html?seo=wenku2027。
2015考研英语阅读真题及答案完整版.doc
2015年考研英语一真题及答案Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ―kings don‘t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.‖ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ―mere‖ politics and ―embody‖ a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs‘ continuing popularit y polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy‘s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‘s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats‘ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility‘s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals ―have most to fear‖ because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California‘s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California‘s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect‘s purse. The court has ruled that police don‘t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exp loring one‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee‘s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of ―cloud computing,‖ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private do cuments to remain private and protected by the Constitution‘s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn‘t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California‘s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applicat ions of the Constitution‘s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects‘ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author‘s attitude toward California‘s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one‘s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one‘s historical records.[C] scanning one‘s correspondences.[D] going through one‘s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr‘s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California‘s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.―Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,‖ writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‘s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Ask ed whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: ―The creation of the ‗statistics board‘ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science‘s overall dr ive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.‖Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to ―play primarily an advisory role.‖ He agreed to join because he ―found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.‖John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is ―a most welcome step forward‖ and ―long overdue.‖ ―Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,‖ he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line,―engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process‖. Vaux says that Science‘s idea to pass some papers to statisticians ―has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‗the papers that need scrutiny‘ in the first place‖.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase ―flagged up‖ (Para. 2) is the clos est in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science‘s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers‘ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors‘ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‘s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the ―unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions‖ Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only ―sorting mechanism ‖in society should be profit and the market .But ―it‘s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ‖.Driving her point home, she continued: ―It‘s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.‖ This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today‘s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies‘ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] GlemMulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books‘s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.2015年考研英语二真题及答案Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ”writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1,most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives[B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands[D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills[B] energy[C] earnings[D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox”in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close”ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’and take advantage of college resources,”they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage anddisadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,”said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision,values, passion, and purpose,”said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars”of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,”you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.”In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked.There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent)above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people , especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance。
托福考试写作真题及答案2015年1月31日
托福考试写作真题及答案2015年1月31日
Independent Writing:
The rules that the society today requires young people to follow and obey are too strict
It is not always easy for young people to make a living in society, not only because they are confronted with the mounting pressure brought by an expanding population, but also they are confined to all kinds of written or unwritten social rules. But some people claim that with the rapid progress of society, the rules that the young people have to follow are not as strict as they were in the past. As for me, I am in agreement with the viewpoint above, and my reasons and examples are given below.
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2015雅思模拟试题及答案：阅读
2015雅思模拟试题及答案：阅读1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold. 2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. 3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour's pioneering techniques. 4. One of the country's leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you've got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said. 5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body's local immune system. "If a cancer doesn't do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer's Achilles' heel." 6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour. 7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It's an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we've had before." 8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body. 9. Prof Seymour's innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body's immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body's immune system destroying them on the way. 10. "What we've done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it's a stealth virus when you inject it," he said. 11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body's immune system. 12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There's an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour. 13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. 14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers. Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage 1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects. 2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy. 3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again. 4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate. 5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor. 6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors. Question 7-9 Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer. rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found (A) on TV (B) in magazines (C) on internet (D) in newspapers 8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to (A) change the body’ immune system (B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream. (C) increase the amount of injection (D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors. 9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies (A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out. (B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system. (C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers. (D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out. Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once. NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all. In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once. NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all. In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers List of Words dosage responding smallpox virus disable natural ones inject directed treatment cold-like illness kill patients examined Answers Keys:。
月日雅思阅读真题与解析
2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题与解析Passage 1 (旧题)题材：历史文化类题目：Tattoo on Tikopia题型：判断4+图表填空5+表格填空4文章大意：本文研究的是毛利人的传统纹身，先介绍背景(定义、历史)，科学家喜欢研究这种纹身，然后介绍纹身的制作工艺，最后说了纹身的含义。
A There are still debates about the originsof Polynesian culture, but one thing we can ensure is that Polynesia is not asingle tribe but a complex one. Polynesians which includes Marquesans，Samoans, Niueans, Tongans, Cook Islanders, Hawaiians, Tahitians, andMaori, arc genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Southeast Asia.It s a sub-region of Occania, comprising of a large grouping of over 1 ,000islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean, within atriangle that has New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island as its corners.B Polynesian history has fascinated thewestern world since Pacific cultures were first contacted by European explorersin the late 18th century. The small island of Tikopia, for many people - evenfor many Solomon Islanders-- is so far away that it seems like a mythical land;a place like Namia that magi cal land in C. S. Lewis, classic, ‘The Chronicles of Namia.” Maybe because of it — Tikopia, its people, and their cultures have long fascinatedscholars, travelers, and casual observers. Like the pioneers Peter Dillion,Dumoni D' Urville and John Colleridge Patterson who visited and wrote about theisland in the 1800s, Raymond Firth is one of those people captured by thealluring attraction of Tikopia. As a result, he had made a number of trips tothe island since 1920s and recorded his experiences, observations and reflectionson Tikopia, its people, cultures and the changes that have occurred.C While engaged in study of the kinship andreligious life of the people of Tikopia, Firth made a few observations on theirtattooing. Brief though these notes are they may be worth putting on record asan indication of the sociological setting of the practice in this primitivePolynesian community. The origin of the English word ‘tattoo' actually comesfrom the Tikopia word 'tatau1. The word for tattoo marks in general is tau,and the operation of tattooing is known as ta tau, ta being thegeneric term for the act of striking.D The technique oftattooing was similar throughout Polynesia. Traditional tattoo artists createtheir indelible tattoos using pigment made from the candlenut or kukui nut.First, they bum the nut inside a bowl made of half a coconut shell. They thenscrape out the soot and use a pestle to mix it with liquid. Bluing is sometimesadded to counteract the reddish hue of the carbon-basedpigment. It also makesthe outline of the inscribed designs bolder on the dark skin of tattooingsubjects.E For the instrumentsused when tattooing, specialists used a range of chisels made from albatrosswing bone which were hafted onto a handle which was made from the heart wood ofthe bush and struck with a mallet. The tattooer began by sketching withcharcoal a design on the supine subject, whose skin at that location wasstretched taut by one more apprentices. The tattooer then dipped the appropriatepoints - either a single one or a whole comb into the ink (usually contained ina coconut-shell cup) and tapped it into the subject's skin, holding the bladehandle in one hand and tapping it with the other. The blood that usuallytrickled from the punctures was wiped away either by the tattooer or hisapprentice, the latter having also served by restraining a pain-wracked subjectfrom moving, for the operation was inevitably painful a test of fortitude thattattooers sought to shorten by working as fast as possible. In fact, tattoosnearly always festered and often led to sickness - and in some cases death.F In ancient Polynesian society, nearlyeveryone was tattooed. It was an integral part of ancient culture and was muchmore than a body ornament. Tattooing indicated ones genealogyand/or rank insociety. It was a sign of wealth, of strength and of the ability to endurepain. Those who went without them were seen as persons of lower social status.As such, chiefs and warriors generally had the most elaborate tattoos.Tattooing was generally begun at adolescence，and would often not be completed for a number of years. Receivingtattoo constituted an important milestone between childhood and adulthood, andwas accompanied by many rites and rituals. Apart from signaling status andrank, another reason for the practice in traditional times was to make a personmore attractive to the opposite sex.G The male facial tattoo is generallydivided into eight sections of the face. The center of the forehead designateda person's general rank. The area around the brows designated his position. Thearea around the eyes and the nose designated his hapu, or sub-tribe rank. Thearea around the temples served to detail ms marital status, like the number ofmarriages. The area under the nose displayed his signature. This signature wasonce memorized by tribal chiefs who used it when buying property, signingdeeds, and officiating orders. The cheek area designated the nature of theperson's work. The chin area showed the person's mana. Lastly, the jaw areadesignated a person's birth status.H A person's ancestry is indicated on eachside of the face. The left side is generally the father's side，and the right side was the mother's. The manutahi design is workedon the men’s back. It consists of two vertical lines drawn down the spine, withshort vertical lines between them. When a man had the manutahi on his back, he took pride in himself. At gatherings of the peoplehe could stand forth in their midst and display histattoo designs with songs. And rows of triangles design on the men's chestindicate his bravery.I Tattoo was a way delivering informationof its owner. It’s also a traditional method to fetch spiritual power,protection and strength. The Polynesians use this as a sign of character,position and levels in a hierarchy. Polyne sian peoples believe that a person’smana, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo.部分答案：判断题1. Scientists like to do research in Tikopiabecause this tiny place is of great remoteness.2. Firth was the first scholar to study noTikopia.3. Firth studied the culture differences onTikopia as well as on some other islands of Pacific.4. The English word “tattoo” is evolved fromthe local language of the island.答案：1. Y 2. N 3 NG 4 Y答案：5 coconut shell6 soot 7 liquid 8 heart wood 9 wing bone表格填空题答案：10(the)forehead 11 chin (area)12 mother’s ancestry13vertical lines 14 triangles参考阅读：C9T4P3 The Developmentof MuseumPassage 2题材：科技类题目：Cultureand thought题型：段落信息配对题5 (NB)+人名观点配对题4+句子填空4文章大意：研究不同地区、不同文化的人对事物认知的差异性。
2015年1雅思阅读真题回忆
Passage 1 ： 题⽬：Seed Hunting 内容：濒危种⼦ 题型：填空概括题4+判断题6+多选题2 题号：旧题 ⽂章参考： Seed Hunting With quarter of the world's plants set to vanish within the next 50 years, Alexander reports on the scientists working against the clock the preserve the Earth's botanical heritage. They travel the four comers of the globe, scouringjungles，forests and savannas. But they‘re not looking for ancient artefacts，lost treasure or undiscovered tombs. Just pods. It may lack the romantic allure of archaeology, or the whiff of danger that accompanies going after big game, but seed hunting is an increasingly serious business. Some seek seeds for profit hunters in the employ of biotechnologyfirms，pharmaceutical companies and private corporations on the lookout for species that will yield the drugs or crops of the future. Others collect to conserve, working to halt the sad slide into extinction facing so many plant species. Among the pioneers of this botanical treasure hunt was John Trade scant, an English royal gardener who brought back plants and seeds from his journeys abroad in the early 1600s. Later， the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks-who was the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and travelled with Captain James Cook on his voyages near the end of the 18th century—was so driven to expand his collections that he sent botanists around the world at his own expense. Those heady days of exploration and discovery may be over, but they have been replaced by a pressing need to preserve our natural history for the future. This modem mission drives hunters such as Dr Michiel van Slageren，a good-natured Dutchman who often sports a wide-brimmed hat in the field⼀he could easily be mistaken for the cinematic hero Indiana Jones. He and three other seed hunters work at the Millennium Seed Bank，an 80 million [pounds sterling] international conservation project that aims to protect the world's most endangered wild plant species. The group's headquarters are in a modem glass-and-concrete structure on a 200-hectare Estate at Wakehurst Place in the West Sussex countryside. Within its underground vaults are 260 million dried seeds from 122 countries, all stored at -20 Celsius to survive for centuries. Among the 5，100 species represented are virtually all of Britain's 1,400 native seed-bearing plants, the most complete such collection of any country‘s flora. Overseen by the Royal botanic gardens, the Millennium Seed Bank is the world's largest wild-plant depository. It aims to collect 24,000 species by 2010. The reason is simple: thanks to humanity’s efforts，an estimated 25 percent of the world's plants are on the verge of extinction and may vanish within 50 years. We're currently responsible for habitat destruction on an unprecedented scale，and during the past 400 years，plant species extinction rates have been about 70 times greater than those indicated by the geological record as being ‘normal’. Experts predict that during the next 50 years a further one billion hectares of wilderness will be converted to farmland in developing countries alone. The implications of this loss are enormous. Besides providing staple food crops，plants are a source of many machines and the principal supply of fuel and building materials in many parts of the world. They also protect soil and help regulate the climate. Yet，across the globe，plant species are being driven to extinction before their potential benefits are discovered. The world Conservation Union has listed 5,714 threatened species is sure to be much higher. In the UK alone, 300 wild plant species are classified as endangered. The Millennium Seed Bank aims to ensure that even if a plant becomes extinct in the wild，it won‘t be lost forever. Stored seeds can be used the help restore damaged or destroyed environment or in scientific research to find new benefits for society- in medicine, agriculture or local industry- that would otherwise be Seed banks are an insurance policy to protect the world’s plant heritage for the future, explains Dr Paul Smith，another Kew seed hunter. "Seed conservation techniques were originally developed by farmers，" he says. "Storage is the basis what we do，conserving seeds until you can use them-just as in farming." Smith says there's no reason why any plant species should become extinct，given today’s technology. But he admits that the biggest challenge is finding，naming and categorising all the world's plants. And someone has to gather these seeds before it’s too late. "There aren't a lot of people out there doing this，" he says." The key is to know the flora from a particular area, and that knowledge takes years to acquire." There are about 1,470 seed banks scattered around the globe，with a combined total of 5.4 million samples，of which perhaps two million are distinct non-duplicates. Most preserve genetic material for agriculture use in order to ensure cropdiversity; others aim to conserve wild species，although only 15 per cent of all banked plants are wild. Many seed banks are themselves under threat due to a lack of funds. Last year, Imperial College, London，examined crop collections from 151 countries and found that while the number of plant samples had increased in two thirds of the countries，budget had been cut in a quarter and remained static in another 35 per cent. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has since set up the Global Conservation Trust，which aims to raise US $260 million to protect seed banks in perpetuity. 题⽬参考： Question 14-19 TRUE/FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 14. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. True 15. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. Not given 16. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. True 17. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. True 18. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. False 19. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. True Question 20-24 Summary Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 20 extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 21 drugs，crops. They are called seed hunters. The 22 pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 23 Sir Joseph Banks，who financially supported collectors out of his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks，one of which is the famous millennium seed bank，where seeds are all stored in the 24 underground vaults at a low temperature. Question 25-26 Multiple choice Which TWO of the following are provided by plants to the human? AB A food B fuels C clothes D energy E commercial products (顺序可能有误，仅供参考) Passage 2 : 题⽬：Implication of False Belief Experiments 内容：错误信念实验 题型：段落信息配对题7+概括题7 参考⽂章：(⽂章为部分回忆贫选，仅供参考) Implication of False Belief Experiments A A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has been termed children’s theory of mind. This involves children’s ability to understand that people can have different beliefs and representations of the world -a capacity that is shown by four years of age. Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism. The ability to work out what another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of both cognitive and social development. Furthermore, one important explanation for autism is that children suffering from this condition do not have a theory of mind (TOM). Consequently, the development of children’s TOM has attracted considerable attention. B Wimmer and Pemer devised a 'false belief task5 to address this question. They used some toys to act out the followingstory. Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he went out. When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard. Children were asked to predict where Maxi will look for his chocolate when he returns. Most children under four years gave the incorrect answer，that Maxi will look in the green cupboard. Those over four years tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in the blue cupboard. The incorrect answers indicated that the younger children did not understand that Maxi’s beliefs and representations no longer matched the actual state of the world, and they failed to appreciate that Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather than the way that the world is actually organised. C A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baron-Cohen to take account of criticisms that younger children may have been affected by the complexity and too much information of the story in the task described above. For example, the child is shown two dolls， Sally and Anne, who have a basket and a box，respectively. Sally also has a marble，which she places in her basket，and then leaves to take a walk. While she is out of the room，Anne takes the marble from the basket, eventually putting it in the box. Sally returns, and the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket，where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the box，where the child knows the marble is hidden，even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the task，the child must be able to understand that another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own，and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding. The results of research using false-belief tasks have been fairly consistent: most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four. D Leslie argues that，before 18 months，children treat the world in a literal way and rarely demonstrate pretence. He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system to distinguish between what is pretend and what is real. If children were not able to do this, they would not be able to distinguish between imagination and reality. Leslie suggested that this pretend play becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler that copies primary representations to secondary representations. For example, children，when pretending a banana is a telephone, would make a secondary representation of a banana. They would manipulate this representation and they would use their stored knowledge of 'telephone5 to build on this pretence. E There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM. Meins and her colleagues have found that what they term mindmindedness in maternal speech to six-month old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities. Mindmindedness involves speech that discusses infants5 feelings and explains their behaviour in terms of mental states (e. g. < you’re feeling hungry’).。
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析一
Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviourNew evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours， including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences， including sleepwalking， amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders， they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved，” according to the report.The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries， including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become less active during deep sleep， the body can still move， making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger，” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection， a US network that advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug，the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects，”says sleep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder， US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects， points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School， director of the SleepDisorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence， Rhode Island， US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained： some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possible rare adverse event，” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann， adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.Question 7-9 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia？A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem？A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares， hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established？A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain？11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients？12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups？13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects？Answer keys and explanations：1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning： Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolve d”…3. Not GivenSee para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)4. TrueSee para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.5. FalseSee para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.6. Not GivenSee para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained：some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. (No patients as office workers are mentioned in the passage.)7. CSee para.4 from the beginning： A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strange sleepwalking by people taking the medication.8. BSee the sentence in para.2 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects” (The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.) and the sentence in para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested” (Doctors “not the product information” stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.)9. BSee para.5 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann … says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”.10. 674，500 (times)See para.3 from the beginning： Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.11. (a) benzodiazepine-like (hypnotic)See para.1 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic (类苯二氮催眠药)that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid.12. risky consequencesSee para.3 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： Patient advocacy groups …stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.13. Food & Drug (Administration)See para.4 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.。
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FInancientPolynesiansociety,nearlyeveryonewastattooed.Itwasanintegralpartofancientcultureandwasmuchmorethanabodyornament.Tattooingindicatedonesgenealogyand/orrankinsociety.Itwasasignofwealth,ofstrengthandoftheabilitytoendurepain.Thosewhowentwithoutthemwereseenaspersonsoflowersocialstatus.Assuch,chiefsandwarriorsgenerallyhadthemostelaboratetattoos.Tattooingwasgenerallybegunatadolescence，andwouldoftennotbecompletedforanumberofyears.Receivingtattooconstitutedanimportantmilestonebetweenchildhoodandadulthood,andwasaccompaniedbymanyritesandrituals.Apartfromsignalingstatusandrank,anotherreasonforthepracticeintraditionaltimeswastomakeapersonmoreattractivetotheoppositesex.
DThetechniqueoftattooingwassimilarthroughoutPolynesia.Traditionaltattooartistscreatetheirindelibletattoosusingpigmentmadefromthecandlenutorkukuinut.First,theybumthenutinsideabowlmadeofhalfacoconutshell.Theythenscrapeoutthesootanduseapestletomixitwithliquid.Bluingissometimesaddedtocounteractthereddishhueofthecarbon-basedpigment.Italsomakestheoutlineoftheinscribeddesignsbolderonthedarkskinoftattooingsubjects.
CWhileengagedinstudyofthekinshipandreligiouslifeofthepeopleofTikopia,Firthmadeafewobservationsontheirtattooing.BriefthoughthesenotesaretheymaybeworthputtingonrecordasanindicationofthesociologicalsettingofthepracticeinthisprimitivePolynesiancommunity.TheoriginoftheEnglishword‘tattoo'actuallycomesfromtheTikopiaword'tatau1.Thewordfortattoomarksingeneralistau,andtheoperationoftattooingisknownastatau,tabeingthegenerictermfortheactofstriking.
GThemalefacialtattooisgenerallydividedintoeightsectionsoftheface.Thecenteroftheforeheaddesignatedaperson'sgeneralrank.Theareaaroundthebrowsdesignatedhisposition.Theareaaroundtheeyesandthenosedesignatedhishapu,orsub-triberank.Theareaaroundthetemplesservedtodetailmsmaritalstatus,likethenumberofmarriages.Theareaunderthenosedisplayedhissignature.Thissignaturewasoncememorizedbytribalchiefswhouseditwhenbuyingproperty,signingdeeds,andofficiatingorders.Thecheekareadesignatedthenatureoftheperson'swork.Thechinareashowedtheperson'stly,thejawareadesignatedaperson'sbirthstatus.
2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题与解析
Passage1(旧题)
题材：历史文化类
题目：TattooonTikopia
题型：判断4+图表填空5+表格填空4
文章大意：
本文研究的是毛利人的传统纹身，先介绍背景(定义、历史)，科学家喜欢研究这种纹身，然后介绍纹身的制作工艺，最后说了纹身的含义。
ATherearestilldebatesabouttheoriginsofPolynesianculture,butonethingwecanensureisthatPolynesiaisnotasingletribebutacomplexone.PolynesianswhichincludesMarquesans，Samoans,Niueans,Tongans,CookIslanders,Hawaiians,Tahitians,andMaori,arcgeneticallylinkedtoindigenouspeoplesofpartsofSoutheastAsia.Itsasub-regionofOccania,comprisingofalargegroupingofover1,000islandsscatteredoverthecentralandsouthernPacificOcean,withinatrianglethathasNewZealand,HawaiiandEasterIslandasitscorners.
BPolynesianhistoryhasfascinatedthewesternworldsincePacificcultureswerefirstcontactedbyEuropeanexplorersinthelate18thcentury.ThesmallislandofTikopia,formanypeople-evenformanySolomonIslanders--issofarawaythatitseemslikeamythicalland;aplacelikeNamiathatmagicallandinC.S.Lewis,classic,‘TheChroniclesofNamia.”Maybebecauseofit—Tikopia,itspeople,andtheircultureshavelongfascinatedscholars,travelers,andcasualobservers.LikethepioneersPeterDillion,DumoniD'UrvilleandJohnColleridgePattersonwhovisitedandwroteabouttheislandinthe1800s,RaymondFirthisoneofthosepeoplecapturedbythealluringattractionofTikopia.Asaresult,hehadmadeanumberoftripstotheislandsince1920sandrecordedhisexperiences,observationsandreflectionsonTikopia,itspeople,culturesandthechangesthathaveoccurred.
EFortheinstrumentsusedwhentattooing,specialistsusedarangeofchiselsmadefromalbatrosswingbonewhichwerehaftedontoahandlewhichwasmadefromtheheartwoodofthebushandstruckwithamallet.Thetattooerbeganbysketchingwithcharcoaladesignonthesupinesubjeautbyonemoreapprentices.Thetattooerthendippedtheappropriatepoints-eitherasingleoneorawholecombintotheink(usuallycontainedinacoconut-shellcup)andtappeditintothesubject'sskin,holdingthebladehandleinonehandandtappingitwiththeother.Thebloodthatusuallytrickledfromthepunctureswaswipedawayeitherbythetattooerorhisapprentice,thelatterhavingalsoservedbyrestrainingapain-wrackedsubjectfrommoving,fortheoperationwasinevitablypainfulatestoffortitudethattattooerssoughttoshortenbyworkingasfastaspossible.Infact,tattoosnearlyalwaysfesteredandoftenledtosickness-andinsomecasesdeath.