简单易学英语语法点

英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。

1、不定冠词a / an的用法：不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音音素开头的词前面; an用在元音音素开头的词的前面。

(1)表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)（就

近原则）

(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：An elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)

2、定冠词the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。

(1)表示特指的人或事物。

如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)

(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)

(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)

(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)

(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。)

(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the

earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)

(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)

(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山) THE

YANGZE RIVER the Yellow River

(9)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)

(10)用在姓氏复数之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)

(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)

(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一

下),on the way(在路上)等等。

3、零冠词的情况：

(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air

and water.(人类需要空气和水)

(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多

了)

(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They

usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)

(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示一类人或事物时不用,如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.人比猴子聪明

(5)三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)

(6)节、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父

母的礼物)

(7)球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.孩子们星期六下午踢足球

(8)（8）一些习惯用语中不用。go to school, by bus…

只能用whether不能用if的情况

1.在不定式的前面只能用whether，不能用if。

I don’t know whether to get married now. (我不知道是否现在就成家。)

2.在whether…or结构中，不能用if来取代whether。

We don’t know whether he will succeed or fail. (我们不知道他会成功，还是会失败。)

3.在whether…or not和whether or not结构中，不可用if来替代。

I don’t care whether your car breaks down or not. (我不管你的车是否坏了。)

I wonder whether or not we should tell her. (我想知道我们是否应该告诉她。)

4.whether可以引导主语从句，而if则不能。

Whether I can stay with my mother is another thing.

(我是不是能和我母亲住在一起，则是另一回事。)

5.whether可以引导表语从句，而if则不能。

What’s troubling me is whether I can finish the work by tomorrow evening.

(使我苦恼的是我是否能在明天晚上之前完成这项工作。)

6.whether可以引导同位语从句，而if则不能。

The question whether he will attend the meeting is not settled. (他是否来开会，这个问题还没有确定下来。)

7.当宾语从句放在句首时，只能用whether来引导，不能用if。

Whether this is true, I cannot say. (我说不准这是否是真的。)

定语从句（限制性定语从句）

如果一个句子所起的作用相当于一个形容词，那么我们称它为定语从句。定语从句可修饰人，物或事件。定于从句常被翻译为“...的”。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词为关系词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。关系词无论做什么成分都始终位于定语从句的句首，关系词的形式不受先行词人称，性别和单复数的约束。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。当关系代词在从句作宾语时常可省去。

定语从句三步：第一找出先行词(先行词是主句和从句所共有的,先行词所在的句子是主句)；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。

一、关系代词有who，whom，which，that，whose等

who，whom，whose指人。who是主格，在从句中作主语（在非正式英语中也可作宾语）; whom是宾格，在从句中作宾语；whose是属格，在从句中作定语，whose 后面一定要加一个名词（有时也可指物）; which 指物，在从句中可做主语也可作宾语; that既可指人又可指物, 在从句中即可做主语也可作宾语。

指人的关系代词有：who(m), that ，whose 指物的关系代词有：which，that

eg：The girl who/that likes me is very kind. The girl [who(m)/that] I like is very kind.

The book which is on that table is interesting. The book (which/that) I like is missing.

Is this the money (that/which) you lost? He is a writer whose books are seldom read.

The man who/that is smoking there is really handsome.

Don't be a person [who(m)/that] everyone dislikes! I don’t like the man who/that smokes.

Students who don’t work hard are not good students.

A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.失去父母的孩子叫孤儿。

The house whose windows are broken is mine. 窗户破了的那个房子是我的。

注意：先行词如果用only，序数词，形容词最高级修饰，其后边的关系词通常只用that (在从句中作宾语时也可省略) ①The only games (that) I always play are football and basketball. She’s the only girl (that) I love.②He was the first person that bought Iphone 4. ③He is the tallest student that is in our class.

二、关系副词有when，where，why等

（1）when的先行词为表示时间的名词,在从句中作时间状语。Eg: I’ll never forget the day when I met her.

That’s the time when I met her.

（2）Wehre的先行词为表示地点的名词,在从句中作地点状语。Eg: I’ll never forget the place where we met.

Hanzhong is the place where I was born.

（3）Why的先行词只有reason（理由，原因）Eg：That’s the reason why I was late。

I don’t know the reason why she doesn’t like me.

扩展知识：关系代词放在介词后时作宾语时（固定的动词短语除外，如look for寻找，不能把look与介词for拆开，而把for放于关系代词之前），不能用who或that，只能用whom或which，此时不能省略关系代词，但介词位于句尾时关系代词可省略。

She is the girl. I stayed with her. She is the girl with whom I stayed.

She is the girl （who/whom/that）I stayed with.

That is the house. I live in the house.

That is the house in which I live. That is the house (which) I live in.

This is the hotel （which）we are staying at. This is the hotel at which we are staying.

She is the type of girl I am looking for. 不能说She is the type of girl for whom I am looking.

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句在句中对其先行词起修饰、限定的作用，不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。我们往往将其作定语翻译，翻译在被修饰词的前面，翻译为‘…的’。

非限制性定语从句用它来对全句进行补充、说明，这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去也不致于影响主句的意思。非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们不把它作定语翻译，而是往往被译成另一个独立的句子

The old man has a son , who is in the army .这位老人有个儿子，他在部队工作。（这位老人只有一个儿子）The old man has a son who is in the army .这位老人有个在军队当兵的儿子。(这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作)

This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非）限制性定语从句定语的先行词常为名词或代词，关系代词有who(m), which, whose, that;关系副词有where, when, why. 关系代词在从句中作宾语常可省略。

非限制性定语从句除了用名词或代词作先行词外，还能将整个主句作为先行词。先行词为整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词在从句中作宾语不能省略。

例如：Our neighbour, whoes name is Jackie, will sail tomorrow.（新二L12, Page58）

His boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous.（新二L12, Page58）

George ,who is my classmate, has won a scholarship.乔治获得了奖学金，他是我的同学。

Dr. Li , whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow.李大夫明天来这儿，我跟他很熟悉。

I gave him a New Year card ,which he enjoyed very much. 我给他一张贺年卡，他很喜欢它。

He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .

他年轻时在校学习努力，这导致了他后来生活中的成功。

He can’t understand what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他不懂我的意思，这使我心烦。

He was quickly taken to hospital，where a doctor wanted to examine Mr King's legs．金先生很快被送去住院，在那里一个医生要检查他的腿。

I still remembered January 10，when he came to see me．我仍然记得1月10日，那一天他来看我了。

关系代词as和which的选择关系代词as和which的选择是指它们引导非限制性定语从句的区别。尽管都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句的意思，但两者的用法上是有区别的。

一、as引导的非限制性定语从句常用来表示说话人关于某事的依据、态度、解释或评论等，含有“正如…”

as 在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语.。如：As we all know , they are thieves. She is working hard, as everyone can see. 或：As everyone can see, she is working hard. John was admitted into the college, as we had expected.约翰被大学录取了，这是我们期待的。

The earth ,as is known to all ,is round. 人人皆知，地球是圆的。

二、which引导的非限制性定语从句，She married him, which was natural. 但不能说：Which was natural, she married him.

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。

如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。

含if的真实条件句和虚拟条件句

在英语中，语气是动词的一种形式，用来表示说话人的意图或态度。

英语的语气有三种：陈述语气（表示所说的话是事实），祈使语气（表示所说的话是请求或命令）和虚拟语气（表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望或假设或建议等）。

如果所表示的条件是真实的，或者完全有可能实现的，叫真实条件句，主句和从句的谓语都用陈述语气。如：If she doesn’t hurry up, she will miss the first bus.

如果所表示的条件不可能实现或实现的可能性很小或与事实相反时，叫非真实条件句，主句和从句的谓语要

If I were you, I would not let out the secret. （与现在事实相反）

如果我是你的话，我不会泄露这个秘密的。

If I knew his new address, I would tell you.（与现在事实相反

如果我知道他的新地址，我会告诉你的。

If he studied harder, he would pass the exam. （与现在事实相反）

如果他学习再努力点的话，他会通过考试的。

If we had made fuller preparation, we should have won the game. （过去）

如果我们做了更充分的准备的话，我们肯定就赢了这场比赛。

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have been late for the meeting.

如果你听了我的建议，你开会就不会迟到了。

If she were to/should come, I would tell her the secret.（将来）

万一她来的话，我会告诉她这个秘密。

省略if的虚拟条件句

在含有were, had, 或者should 等词的虚拟条件句中，可以省略if, 将were, had或者should这些助动词放在句首。如：

Were I you, I would not let out the secret.

Had we made fuller preparation, we should have won the game.

Had you taken my advice, you would have succeeded..

Should she come, I would tell her the secret.

一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句，它一般跟在某些抽象名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。

同位语从句和定语从句的区别：

1、从句所修饰词的不同

定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等。

同位语从句所修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，如news，idea，fact，promise承诺，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility等。

I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。

I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。

2、从句作用的不同

定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点，对先行词起修饰、限定作用，描述先行词的性质或特征，与先行词之间是所属关系。

同位语从句具有名词的特点，是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号。

The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。

（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）

The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。

（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？

We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句)

3、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that，whether，连接副词how, when, where,why等。（注：if, which 不能引导同位语从句。）定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个：that，when，where，why

①I will never forget the day when I joined the army．

②We have no idea when she was born．

③This is the house where I lived two years ago．

④He put forward the question where the meeting would be held．

⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting．

⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent．

抽象名词+从句

被修饰词和引导词不一致

that在从句中不作成分

with的复合结构

一、with如果跟在名词之后，是用来修饰限定该名词，常作后置定语。

结构：被修饰名词+with+ n. +adj./adv./介词短语

-- The teacher with a book under his arm is handsome.

-- The room with the windows open is my classroom. （open -- adj.）

-- The man with a hat on is a thief .（on是副词）

--Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle.(新二，22课第3行。简把写有她姓名和地址的一张纸条装进了一只瓶子)

二、with用于句首或句尾，常表示行为方式（方式状语）、原因（原因状语）、伴随状况（伴随状语）等。

伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生，它的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。

1>如果宾语和应该采用现在分词形式作宾补。with + n. + v-ing 她坐在那，泪流满面。

-- She stood there with her hands resting on her hips

2>应该采用过去分词形式作宾补。with + n. + v-ed

with tears.

3>如果是说明当时的情况，常用形容词、副词、介词短语表明宾语的状态；

with + n + adj./adv./介词短语

-- He used to sleep with all the windows open.（open adj.开着的）

-- He went out with his hat on.（on是副词）

-- He came in with a knife in his hand.（in his hand --介词短语）

V-ing到底是现在分词还是动名词？

现在分词可作成分：定语状语补语表语

动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、定语、宾语、表语等。

现在分词作状语：He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper.（伴随状语）他坐在扶手椅里读报。

All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. （伴随状语）他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。

现在分词作补语I saw a thief picking a women’s pocket.

动名词作主语Swimming is a good sport in summer.

My favourite sport is fishing.

动名词作宾语I like swimming.

现在分词（短语）作定语：单个现在分词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语时放在后并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系，常可已转化为对应的定语从句 {现在分词（短语）作定语表主动，动作正在进行}

某些现在分词作定语时已不再表示动作已经从分词变为了形容词词性The story is interesting/ exciting.

e.g. a running boy = a boy who is running

the girl standing there = the girl who is standing there

动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：

a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking

a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing

a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading

a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring

sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词, 表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。

Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)

My favourite sport is fishing.

引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。

间接引语（除祈使句变的间接引语外，所有的间接引语都为宾语从句，宾语从句中要用陈述句语序）

常见的引述动词，A say (to sb )that…A(向某人)说… A tell sb that…A告诉某人…如果直接引语是问句，变为间接引语时，主句不说say ,而用ask

一、主从一致：主句和从句的时态一致

1.主句的动词为一般现在时，间接引语（宾语从句）与直接引语时态保持一致

2.主句的动词为一般过去时，从句为相对应的过去时态

一般现在时——一般过去时现在进行时——过去进行时

现在完成时——过去完成时一般过去时——过去完成时

过去进行时——过去进行时过去完成时——过去完成时

二、人称的变化：人称代词主要是依语境的不同而进行相应的变换

三、其他一些词的变化this-that，these-those，now-then，today-that day，this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, last week-the week before, two days ago-2 days before, tomorrow-the next/following day, next week-the next week, here-there

注意:在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。

1、直接引语是客观真理。

The teacher said the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。

2、如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to应该， had better, used to)或已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如： Peter said. "You had better come here today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。

四、如何变句型：

1、直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句(that可省)。如：①She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. ②He said, “It is nine o’clock. Now.”→ He said that it w as nine O’clock then.

2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句，引述动词常用ask。.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.

3、直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问词引导的宾语从句，引述动词常用ask。① She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner. ②He asked me,"What are you doing? "→He asked me what I was doing.

4、直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：

①"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. ②"Bring me a cup of tea, please," she said.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. ③He told Tom, "Be good. "→He told Tom to be good.

被动语态

如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动语态强调动作的执行者，而被动语态则强调动作的对象或动作的承受者。英文表达方式习惯用被动语态, 以事件、结果、影响、效果为主语，强调对客观事实的陈述，而中文则善于运用动作的执行者。

1. 何时使用被动语态：

(1) 强调动作的接受者：America was discovered by Columbus.

(2) 不知谁是动作的执行者：You are wanted on the phone.

(3) 作客观说明：A man was killed in the accident.

2. 主动变被动的基本语法：(不及物动词因为没有宾语所以没有被动语态)

(1) 主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

(2) 谓语动词变为由“be + 过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应变化。

(3) 主动语态主语置于介词by之后，构成的by短语厂房在被动语态的谓语之后，如无必需，则省略。

3. 各种时态中被动语态的形式：

(1)一般现在时：do (does) →am/is/are + done

We keep the piano in the living-room. →The piano is kept in the living-room.

(2)一般过去时：did →was/were + done

They built the bridge in 1980. →The bridge was built in 1980.

(3)一般将来时：will do →will + be + done

He will read the book tomorrow. →The book will be read tomorrow.

(4)现在完成时：has done →has + been + done

We have delivered the newspaper.→The newspapers have been delivered (by us).

(5)过去完成：had done →had been done

She had seen the film before she came here.→The film had been seen before she came here. (6)现在进行：am/is/are doing →am/is/are + being + done

They are drawing the picture.→The picture is being drawn by them.

(7)过去进行：was/were doing →was/were + being + done

He was reviewing their lessons at this moment yesterday.

→Their lessons were being reviewed at this moment yesterday.

含有情态动词的被动语态may/can/must→may/can/must + be + done

You must write an article on the subject. →An article must be written on the subject.