金融机构管理第八章答案中文版
米什金货币金融学第八章银行业与金融机构管理
⑵ 可转让支付命令账户（Negotiable Order of Withdrawal Account，NOW账户）
是一种可使用支付命令进行支付和提现 的储蓄存款账户。
其基本特点是：一是以支付命令书代替 支票，转账次数没有限制；二是存款人可 以依据存款平均余额获取利息收入；三是 账户开立人限定为个人和非盈利机构，盈 利机构不得开设。这种账户集中了支票账 户和储蓄存款的优点。
②持有者可以获得较高利息收入；
③银行签发的定期存单一般不能转让，但可以作 为抵押品使用。
⑶ 储蓄存款（savings deposits）
是指居民个人和家庭为积蓄货币、取得 利息收益而存入的款项。经营此项业务的 金融机构资格要求较严，一般由商业银行 的储蓄部门或专门的储蓄机构来经营。其 基本特点是：
名称（英文）
传统 型存
款
活期存款 定期存款 储蓄存款
Demand Deposits time deposits savings deposits
存
大额可转让定期存单 Negotiable Certificate of Deposit
可转让支付命令账户 Negotiable Order of Withdrawal
与电话转账服务相类似，客户可以在
银行开立两个账户，一个是储蓄存款账户 ，一个是活期存款账户，并同时保证在活 期存款账户上的余额在一美元或以上。存 款客户平日将款项存在储蓄存款账户上， 而当客户开出支票准备提现或转账时，银 行自动将必要的数额从储蓄存款账户转到 活期存款账户上以进行付款。
因此，自动转账服务账户结合了储蓄存 款账户和活期存款账户的优点，可以保证 客户在未使用支票支付款项之前从储蓄存 款账户获得相应的利息。当然，使用该账 户的客户需要向银行支付一定的服务费。
风险管理与金融机构(第4版)第8章答案
Chapter 8: How Traders Manage Their Risks8.1交易组合价值减少10500美元。
8.2 当波动率变化2%时，交易组合价格增长200×2＝400美元。
8.3 两种情形均为0.5*30*4=60美元8.4 1000 份期权短头寸的Delta 等于-700，可以通过买入700 份股票的形式使交易组合达到Delta 中性。
8.5 Theta为-100的含义是指在股价与波动率没有变化的情况下，期权价格每天下降100美元。
假如交易员认为股价及隐含波动率在将来不会改变，交易员可以卖出期权，并且Theta值越高越好。
8.6当一个期权承约人的Gamma绝对值较大，Gamma本身为负，并且Delta等于0，在市场变化率较大的情况下，期权承约人会有较大损失。
8.8看涨及看跌期权的多头头寸都具备正的Gamma，由图6.9可以看出，当Gamma为正时，对冲人在股票价格变化较大时会有收益,而在股票价格变化较小时会有损失，因此对冲人在（b）情形收益更好，当交易组合包含期权的空头头寸时，对冲人在（a）情形收益会更好。
8.9 Delta的数值说明当欧元汇率增长0.01时，银行交易价格会增加0.01*30000=300美元，Gamma的数值说明，当欧元价格增长0.01时，银行交易组合的Delta会下降0.01*80000=800美元；为了做到Delta中性，我们应该卖出30000欧元；当汇率增长到0.93时，我们期望交易组合的Delta下降为（0.93-0.9）*80000=24000，组合价值变为27600。
为了维持Delta中性，银行应该对2400数量欧元空头头寸进行平仓，这样可以保证欧元净空头头寸为27600。
当一个交易组合的Delta为中性，同时Gamma为负时资产价格有一个较大变动时会引起损失。
因此银行可能会蒙受损失。
8.15.The gamma and vega of a delta-neutral portfolio are 50 per $ per $ and 25 per %, respectively. Estimate what happens to the value of the portfolio when there is a shock to the market causing the underlying asset price to decrease by $3 and its volatility to increase by 4%.With the notation of the text, the increase in the value of the portfolio isSgamma2)(σ⨯vega5.0∆⨯⨯+∆This is0.5 × 50 × 32 + 25 × 4 = 325The result should be an increase in the value of the portfolio of $325.8.16.Consider a one-year European call option on a stock when the stock price is $30, the strike price is $30, the risk-free rate is 5%, and the volatility is 25% per annum. Use the DerivaGem software to calculate the price, delta, gamma, vega, theta, and rho of the option. Verify that delta is correct by changing the stock price to $30.1 and recomputing the option price. Verify that gamma is correct by recomputing the delta for the situation where the stock price is $30.1. Carryout similar calculations to verify that vega, theta, and rho are correct.The price, delta, gamma, vega, theta, and rho of the option are 3.7008, 0.6274, 0.050, 0.1135, −0.00596, and 0.1512. When the stock price increases to 30.1, the option price increases to 3.7638. The change in the option price is 3.7638 − 3.7008 = 0.0630. Delta predicts a change in the option price of 0.6274 × 0.1 = 0.0627 which is very close. When the stock price increases to 30.1, delta increases to 0.6324. The size of the increase in delta is 0.6324 − 0.6274 = 0.005. Gamma predicts an increase of 0.050 × 0.1 = 0.005 which is (to three decimal places) the same. When the volatility increases from 25% to 26%, the option price increases by 0.1136 from 3.7008 to3.8144. This is consistent with the vega value of 0.1135. When the time to maturity is changed from 1 to 1−1/365 the option price reduces by 0.006 from 3.7008 to 3.6948. This is consistent with a theta of −0.00596. Finally, when the interest rate increases from 5% to 6%, the value of the option increases by 0.1527 from 3.7008 to 3.8535. This is consistent with a rho of 0.1512.8.17.A financial institution has the following portfolio of over-the-counter optionson sterling:A traded option is available with a delta of 0.6, a gamma of 1.5, and a vegaof 0.8.(a) What position in the traded option and in sterling would make the portfolioboth gamma neutral and delta neutral?(b) What position in the traded option and in sterling would make the portfolioboth vega neutral and delta neutral?The delta of the portfolio is−1, 000 × 0.50 − 500 × 0.80 − 2,000 × (−0.40) − 500 × 0.70 = −450The gamma of the portfolio is−1, 000 × 2.2 − 500 × 0.6 − 2,000 × 1.3 − 500 × 1.8 = −6,000The vega of the portfolio is−1, 000 × 1.8 − 500 × 0.2 − 2,000 × 0.7 − 500 × 1.4 = −4,000(a) A long position in 4,000 traded options will give a gamma-neutral portfolio since the long position has a gamma of 4, 000 × 1.5 = +6,000. The delta of the whole portfolio (including traded options) is then:4, 000 × 0.6 − 450 = 1, 950Hence, in addition to the 4,000 traded options, a short position in £1,950 is necessary so that the portfolio is both gamma and delta neutral.(b) A long position in 5,000 traded options will give a vega-neutral portfolio since the long position has a vega of 5, 000 × 0.8 = +4,000. The delta of the whole portfolio (including traded options) is then5, 000 × 0.6 − 450 = 2, 550Hence, in addition to the 5,000 traded options, a short position in £2,550 is necessary so that the portfolio is both vega and delta neutral.8.18.Consider again the situation in Problem 8.17. Suppose that a second traded option with a delta of 0.1, a gamma of 0.5, and a vega of 0.6 is available. How could the portfolio be made delta, gamma, and vega neutral?Let w1 be the position in the first traded option and w2 be the position in the second traded option. We require:6, 000 = 1.5w1 + 0.5w24, 000 = 0.8w1 + 0.6w2The solution to these equations can easily be seen to be w1 = 3,200, w2 = 2,400. The whole portfolio then has a delta of−450 + 3,200 × 0.6 + 2,400 × 0.1 = 1,710Therefore the portfolio can be made delta, gamma and vega neutral by taking a long position in 3,200 of the first traded option, a long position in 2,400 of the second traded option and a short position in £1,710.8.19. (Spreadsheet Provided)Reproduce Table 8.2. (In Table 8.2, the stock position is rounded to the nearest 100 shares.) Calculate the gamma and theta of the position each week. Using the DerivaGem Applications Builders to calculate the change in the value of theportfolio each week (before the rebalancing at the end of the week) and check whether equation (8.2) is approximately satisfied. (Note: DerivaGem produces a value of theta “per calendar day.” The theta in equation 8.2 is “per year.”) Consider the first week. The portfolio consists of a short position in 100,000 options and a long position in 52,200 shares. The value of the option changes from $240,053 at the beginning of the week to $188,760 at the end of the week for a gain of $51,293. The value of the shares change from 52,200 × 49 = $2,557, 800 to 52,200 × 48.12 = $2,511,864 for a loss of $45,936. The net gain is 51,293 − 45,936 = $5,357. The gamma and theta (per year) of the portfolio are −6,554.4 and 430,533 so that equation (8.2) predicts the gain as430,533 ×1/52 + 0.5 × 6,554.4 × (48.12 − 49)2 = 5,742The results for all 20 weeks are shown in the following table.。
风险管理与金融机构课后习题8-9章答案
第八章8.1 VaR 是指在一定的知心水平下损失不能超过的数量；预期亏损是在损失超过VaR 的条件下损失的期望值，预期亏损永远满足次可加性（风险分散总会带来收益）条件。
8.2 一个风险度量可以被理解为损失分布的分位数的某种加权平均。
VaR 对于第x 个分位数设定了100%的权重，而对于其它分位数设定了0权重，预期亏损对于高于x%的分位数的所有分位数设定了相同比重，而对于低于x%的分位数的分位数设定了0比重。
我们可以对分布中的其它分位数设定不同的比重，并以此定义出所谓的光谱型风险度量。
当光谱型风险度量对于第q 个分位数的权重为q 的非递减函数时，这一光谱型风险度量一定满足一致性条件。
8.3有5%的机会你会在今后一个月损失6000美元或更多。
8.4在一个不好的月份你的预期亏损为60000美元，不好的月份食指最坏的5%的月份8.5 (1)由于99.1%的可能触发损失为100万美元，故在99%的置信水平下，任意一项损失的VaR 为100万美元。
（2）选定99%的置信水平时，在1%的尾部分布中，有0.9%的概率损失1000万美元，0.1%的概率损失100万美元，因此，任一项投资的预期亏损是（3）将两项投资迭加在一起所产生的投资组合中有0.009⨯0.009=0.000081的概率损失为2000万美元，有0.991⨯0.991=0.982081的概率损失为200万美元，有2⨯0.009⨯0.991=0.017838的概率损失为1100万美元，由于99%=98.2081%+0.7919%，因此将两项投资迭加在一起所产生的投资组合对应于99%的置信水平的VaR 是1100万美元。
（4）选定99%的置信水平时，在1%的尾部分布中,有0.0081%的概率损失2000万美元，有0.9919%的概率损失1100万美元，因此两项投资迭加在一起所产生0.1%0.9%10010009101%1%⨯+⨯=万美元的投资组合对应于99%的置信水平的预期亏损是（5）由于1100>100⨯2=200，因此VaR 不满足次可加性条件，1107<910⨯2=1820，因此预期亏损满足次可加性条件。
Chap002金融机构管理课后题答案
Chapter TwoThe Financial Services Industry: Depository InstitutionsChapter OutlineIntroductionCommercial Banks∙Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry∙Balance Sheet and Recent Trends∙Other Fee-Generating Activities∙Regulation∙Industry PerformanceSavings Institutions∙Savings Associations (SAs)∙Savings Banks∙Recent Performance of Savings Associations and Savings BanksCredit Unions∙Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry and Recent Trends∙Balance Sheets∙Regulation∙Industry PerformanceGlobal Issues: Japan, China, and GermanySummaryAppendix 2A: Financial Statement Analysis Using a Return on Equity (ROE) Framework Appendix 2B: Depository Institutions and Their RegulatorsAppendix 3B: Technology in Commercial BankingSolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Two1.What are the differences between community banks, regional banks, and money-centerbanks? Contrast the business activities, location, and markets of each of these bank groups. Community banks typically have assets under $1 billion and serve consumer and small business customers in local markets. In 2003, 94.5 percent of the banks in the United States were classified as community banks. However, these banks held only 14.6 percent of the assets of the banking industry. In comparison with regional and money-center banks, community banks typically hold a larger percentage of assets in consumer and real estate loans and a smaller percentage of assets in commercial and industrial loans. These banks also rely more heavily on local deposits and less heavily on borrowed and international funds.Regional banks range in size from several billion dollars to several hundred billion dollars in assets. The banks normally are headquartered in larger regional cities and often have offices and branches in locations throughout large portions of the United States. Although these banks provide lending products to large corporate customers, many of the regional banks have developed sophisticated electronic and branching services to consumer and residential customers. Regional banks utilize retail deposit bases for funding, but also develop relationships with large corporate customers and international money centers.Money center banks rely heavily on nondeposit or borrowed sources of funds. Some of these banks have no retail branch systems, and most regional banks are major participants in foreign currency markets. These banks compete with the larger regional banks for large commercial loans and with international banks for international commercial loans. Most money center banks have headquarters in New York City.e the data in Table 2-4 for the banks in the two asset size groups (a) $100 million-$1billion and (b) over $10 billion to answer the following questions.a. Why have the ratios for ROA and ROE tended to increase for both groups over the1990-2003 period? Identify and discuss the primary variables that affect ROA andROE as they relate to these two size groups.The primary reason for the improvements in ROA and ROE in the late 1990s may berelated to the continued strength of the macroeconomy that allowed banks to operate with a reduced regard for bad debts, or loan charge-off problems. In addition, the continued low interest rate environment has provided relatively low-cost sources of funds, and a shifttoward growth in fee income has provided additional sources of revenue in many product lines. Finally, a growing secondary market for loans has allowed banks to control the size of the balance sheet by securitizing many assets. You will note some variance inperformance in the last three years as the effects of a softer economy were felt in thefinancial industry.b. Why is ROA for the smaller banks generally larger than ROA for the large banks?Small banks historically have benefited from a larger spread between the cost rate of funds and the earning rate on assets, each of which is caused by the less severe competition in the localized markets. In addition, small banks have been able to control credit risk moreefficiently and to operate with less overhead expense than large banks.c. Why is the ratio for ROE consistently larger for the large bank group?ROE is defined as net income divided by total equity, or ROA times the ratio of assets to equity. Because large banks typically operate with less equity per dollar of assets, netincome per dollar of equity is larger.d. Using the information on ROE decomposition in Appendix 2A, calculate the ratio ofequity-to-total-assets for each of the two bank groups for the period 1990-2003. Whyhas there been such dramatic change in the values over this time period, and why isthere a difference in the size of the ratio for the two groups?ROE = ROA x (Total Assets/Equity)Therefore, (Equity/Total Assets) = ROA/ROE$100 million - $1 Billion Over $10 BillionYear ROE ROA TA/Equity Equity/TA ROE ROA TA/Equity Equity/TA1990 9.95% 0.78% 12.76 7.84% 6.68% 0.38% 17.58 5.69%1995 13.48% 1.25% 10.78 9.27% 15.60% 1.10% 14.18 7.05%1996 13.63% 1.29% 10.57 9.46% 14.93% 1.10% 13.57 7.37%1997 14.50% 1.39% 10.43 9.59% 15.32% 1.18% 12.98 7.70%1998 13.57% 1.31% 10.36 9.65% 13.82% 1.08% 12.80 7.81%1999 14.24% 1.34% 10.63 9.41% 15.97% 1.28% 12.48 8.02%2000 13.56% 1.28% 10.59 9.44% 14.42% 1.16% 12.43 8.04%2001 12.24% 1.20% 10.20 9.80% 13.43% 1.13% 11.88 8.41%2002 12.85% 1.26% 10.20 9.81% 15.06% 1.32% 11.41 8.76%2003 12.80% 1.27% 10.08 9.92% 16.32% 1.42% 11.49 8.70% The growth in the equity to total assets ratio has occurred primarily because of theincreased profitability of the entire banking industry and the encouragement of theregulators to increase the amount of equity financing in the banks. Increased fee income, reduced loan loss reserves, and a low, stable interest rate environment have produced the increased profitability which in turn has allowed banks to increase equity through retained earnings.Smaller banks tend to have a higher equity ratio because they have more limited assetgrowth opportunities, generally have less diverse sources of funds, and historically have had greater profitability than larger banks.3.What factors have caused the decrease in loan volume relative to other assets on thebalance sheets of commercial banks? How has each of these factors been related to the change and development of the financial services industry during the 1990s and early2000s? What strategic changes have banks implemented to deal with changes in thefinancial services environment?Corporations have utilized the commercial paper markets with increased frequency rather than borrow from banks. In addition, many banks have sold loan packages directly into the capital markets (securitization) as a method to reduce balance sheet risks and to improve liquidity. Finally, the decrease in loan volume during the early 1990s and early 2000s was due in part to the recession in the economy.As deregulation of the financial services industry continued during the 1990s, the position of banks as the primary financial services provider continued to erode. Banks of all sizes have increased the use of off-balance sheet activities in an effort to generate additional fee income. Letters of credit, futures, options, swaps and other derivative products are not reflected on the balance sheet, but do provide fee income for the banks.4.What are the major uses of funds for commercial banks in the United States? What are theprimary risks to the bank caused by each use of funds? Which of the risks is most critical to the continuing operation of the bank?Loans and investment securities continue to be the primary assets of the banking industry. Commercial loans are relatively more important for the larger banks, while consumer, small business loans, and residential mortgages are more important for small banks. Each of these types of loans creates credit, and to varying extents, liquidity risks for the banks. The security portfolio normally is a source of liquidity and interest rate risk, especially with the increased use of various types of mortgage backed securities and structured notes. In certain environments, each of these risks can create operational and performance problems for a bank.5.What are the major sources of funds for commercial banks in the United States? How isthe landscape for these funds changing and why?The primary sources of funds are deposits and borrowed funds. Small banks rely more heavily on transaction, savings, and retail time deposits, while large banks tend to utilize large, negotiable time deposits and nondeposit liabilities such as federal funds and repurchase agreements. The supply of nontransaction deposits is shrinking, because of the increased use by small savers of higher-yielding money market mutual funds,6. What are the three major segments of deposit funding? How are these segments changingover time? Why? What strategic impact do these changes have on the profitable operation of a bank?Transaction accounts include deposits that do not pay interest and NOW accounts that pay interest. Retail savings accounts include passbook savings accounts and small, nonnegotiable time deposits. Large time deposits include negotiable certificates of deposits that can be resold in the secondary market. The importance of transaction and retail accounts is shrinking due to the direct investment in money market assets by individual investors. The changes in the deposit markets coincide with the efforts to constrain the growth on the asset side of the balance sheet.7. How does the liability maturity structure of a bank’s balance sheet compare with thematurity structure of the asset portfolio? What risks are created or intensified by thesedifferences?Deposit and nondeposit liabilities tend to have shorter maturities than assets such as loans. The maturity mismatch creates varying degrees of interest rate risk and liquidity risk.8. The following balance sheet accounts have been taken from the annual report for a U.S.bank. Arrange the accounts in balance sheet order and determine the value of total assets.Based on the balance sheet structure, would you classify this bank as a community bank, regional bank, or a money center bank?Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $ 2,660 Demand deposits $ 5,939Fed funds sold $ 110 NOW accounts $12,816Investment securities $ 5,334 Savings deposits $ 3,292Net loans $29,981 Certificates of deposit $ 9,853Intangible assets $ 758 Other time deposits $ 2,333Other assets $ 1,633 Short-term Borrowing $ 2,080Premises $ 1,078 Other liabilities $ 778Total assets $41,554 Long-term debt $ 1,191Equity $ 3,272Total liab. and equity $41,554This bank has funded the assets primarily with transaction and savings deposits. The certificates of deposit could be either retail or corporate (negotiable). The bank has very little ( 5 percent) borrowed funds. On the asset side, about 72 percent of total assets is in the loan portfolio, but there is no information about the type of loans. The bank actually is a small regional bank with $41.5 billion in assets, but the asset structure could easily be a community bank with $41.5 million in assets.9.What types of activities normally are classified as off-balance-sheet (OBS) activities?Off-balance-sheet activities include the issuance of guarantees that may be called into play at a future time, and the commitment to lend at a future time if the borrower desires.a. How does an OBS activity move onto the balance sheet as an asset or liability?The activity becomes an asset or a liability upon the occurrence of a contingent event,which may not be in the control of the bank. In most cases the other party involved with the original agreement will call upon the bank to honor its original commitment.b.What are the benefits of OBS activities to a bank?The initial benefit is the fee that the bank charges when making the commitment. If the bank is required to honor the commitment, the normal interest rate structure will apply to the commitment as it moves onto the balance sheet. Since the initial commitment does notappear on the balance sheet, the bank avoids the need to fund the asset with either deposits or equity. Thus the bank avoids possible additional reserve requirement balances anddeposit insurance premiums while improving the earnings stream of the bank.c.What are the risks of OBS activities to a bank?The primary risk to OBS activities on the asset side of the bank involves the credit risk of the borrower. In many cases the borrower will not utilize the commitment of the bank until the borrower faces a financial problem that may alter the credit worthiness of the borrower.Moving the OBS activity to the balance sheet may have an additional impact on the interest rate and foreign exchange risk of the bank.e the data in Table 2-6 to answer the following questions.a.What was the average annual growth rate in OBS total commitments over the periodfrom 1992-2003?$78,035.6 = $10,200.3(1+g)11 g = 20.32 percentb.Which categories of contingencies have had the highest annual growth rates?Category of Contingency or Commitment Growth RateCommitments to lend 14.04%Future and forward contracts 15.13%Notional amount of credit derivatives 52.57%Standby contracts and other option contracts 56.39%Commitments to buy FX, spot, and forward 3.39%Standby LCs and foreign office guarantees 7.19%Commercial LCs -1.35%Participations in acceptances -6.11%Securities borrowed 20.74%Notional value of all outstanding swaps 31.76%Standby contracts and other option contracts have grown at the fastest rate of 56.39 percent, and they have an outstanding balance of $214,605.3 billion. The rate of growth in thecredit derivatives area has been the second strongest at 52.57 percent, the dollar volumeremains fairly low at $1,001.2 billion at year-end 2003. Interest rate swaps grew at anannual rate of 31.76 percent with a change in dollar value of $41,960.7 billion. Clearly the strongest growth involves derivative areas.c.What factors are credited for the significant growth in derivative securities activities bybanks?The primary use of derivative products has been in the areas of interest rate, credit, andforeign exchange risk management. As banks and other financial institutions have pursuedthe use of these instruments, the international financial markets have responded byextending the variations of the products available to the institutions.11. For each of the following banking organizations, identify which regulatory agencies (OCC,FRB, FDIC, or state banking commission) may have some regulatory supervisionresponsibility.(a) State-chartered, nonmember, nonholding-company bank.(b)State-chartered, nonmember holding-company bank(c) State-chartered member bank(d)Nationally chartered nonholding-company bank.(e)Nationally chartered holding-company bankBank Type OCC FRB FDIC SBCom.(a) Yes Yes(b) Yes Yes Yes(c) Yes Yes Yes(d) Yes Yes Yes(e) Yes Yes Yes12. What factors normally are given credit for the revitalization of the banking industry duringthe decade of the 1990s? How is Internet banking expected to provide benefits in thefuture?The most prominent reason was the lengthy economic expansion in both the U.S. and many global economies during the entire decade of the 1990s. This expansion was assisted in the U.S. by low and falling interest rates during the entire period.The extent of the impact of Internet banking remains unknown. However, the existence of this technology is allowing banks to open markets and develop products that did not exist prior to the Internet. Initial efforts have focused on retail customers more than corporate customers. The trend should continue with the advent of faster, more customer friendly products and services, and the continued technology education of customers.13. What factors are given credit for the strong performance of commercial banks in the early2000s?The lowest interest rates in many decades helped bank performance on both sides of the balance sheet. On the asset side, many consumers continued to refinance homes and purchase new homes, an activity that caused fee income from mortgage lending to increase and remain strong. Meanwhile, the rates banks paid on deposits shrunk to all-time lows. In addition, the development and more comfortable use of new financial instruments such as credit derivatives and mortgage backed securities helped banks ease credit risk off the balance sheets. Finally, information technology has helped banks manage their risk more efficiently.14. What are the main features of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching EfficiencyAct of 1994? What major impact on commercial banking activity is expected from this legislation?The main feature of the Riegle-Neal Act of 1994 was the removal of barriers to inter-state banking. In September 1995 bank holding companies were allowed to acquire banks in other states. In 1997, banks were allowed to convert out-of-state subsidiaries into branches of a single interstate bank. As a result, consolidations and acquisitions have allowed for the emergence of very large banks with branches across the country.15. What happened in 1979 to cause the failure of many savings associations during the early1980s? What was the effect of this change on the operating statements of savingsassociations?The Federal Reserve changed its reserve management policy to combat the effects of inflation, a change which caused the interest rates on short-term deposits to increase dramatically more than the rates on long-term mortgages. As a result, the marginal cost of funds exceeded the average yield on assets that caused a negative interest spread for the savings associations. Further, because savings associations were constrained by Regulation Q on the amount of interest which could be paid on deposits, they suffered disintermediation, or deposit withdrawals, which led to severe liquidity pressures on the balance sheets.16. How did the two pieces of regulatory legislation, the DIDMCA in 1980 and the DIA in1982, change the operating profitability of savings associations in the early 1980s? What impact did these pieces of legislation ultimately have on the risk posture of the savingsassociation industry? How did the FSLIC react to this change in operating performance and risk?The two pieces of legislation allowed savings associations to offer new deposit accounts, such as NOW accounts and money market deposit accounts, in an effort to reduce the net withdrawal flow of deposits from the institutions. In effect this action was an attempt to reduce the liquidity problem. In addition, the savings associations were allowed to offer adjustable-rate mortgages and a limited amount of commercial and consumer loans in an attempt to improve the profitability performance of the industry. Although many savings associations were safer, more diversified, and more profitable, the FSLIC did not foreclose many of the savings associations which were insolvent. Nor did the FSLIC change its policy of assessing higher insurance premiums on companies that remained in high risk categories. Thus many savings associations failed, which caused the FSLIC to eventually become insolvent.17. How do the asset and liability structures of a savings association compare with the assetand liability structures of a commercial bank? How do these structural differences affect the risks and operating performance of a savings association? What is the QTL test?The savings association industry relies on mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities as the primary assets, while the commercial banking industry has a variety of loan products, including mortgage products. The large amount of longer-term fixed rate assets continues to cause interestrate risk, while the lack of asset diversity exposes the savings association to credit risk. Savings associations hold considerably less cash and U.S. Treasury securities than do commercial banks. On the liability side, small time and saving deposits remain as the predominant source of funds for savings associations, with some reliance on FHLB borrowing. The inability to nurture relationships with the capital markets also creates potential liquidity risk for the savings association industry.The acronym QTL stands for Qualified Thrift Lender. The QTL test refers to a minimum amount of mortgage-related assets that a savings association must hold. The amount currently is 65 percent of total assets.18. How do savings banks differ from savings and loan associations? Differentiate in terms ofrisk, operating performance, balance sheet structure, and regulatory responsibility.The asset structure of savings banks is similar to the asset structure of savings associations with the exception that savings banks are allowed to diversify by holding a larger proportion of corporate stocks and bonds. Savings banks rely more heavily on deposits and thus have a lower level of borrowed funds. The banks are regulated at both the state and federal level, with deposits insured by t he FDIC’s BIF.19. How did the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) of1989 and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 reversesome of the key features of earlier legislation?FIRREA rescinded some of the expanded thrift lending powers of the DIDMCA of 1980 and the Garn-St Germain Act of 1982 by instituting the qualified thrift lender (QTL) test that requires that all thrifts must hold portfolios that are comprised primarily of mortgages or mortgage products such as mortgage-backed securities. The act also required thrifts to divest their portfolios of junk bonds by 1994, and it replaced the FSLIC with a new thrift deposit insurance fund, the Savings Association Insurance Fund, which was managed by the FDIC.The FDICA of 1991 amended the DIDMCA of 1980 by introducing risk-based deposit insurance premiums in 1993 to reduce excess risk-taking. FDICA also provided for the implementation of a policy of prompt corrective actions (PCA) that allows regulators to close banks more quickly in cases where insolvency is imminent. Thus the ill-advised policy of regulatory forbearance should be curbed. Finally, the act amended the International Banking Act of 1978 by expanding the regulatory oversight powers over foreign banks.20. What is the “common bond” membership qualification under which credit unions havebeen formed and operated? How does this qualification affect the operational objective ofa credit union?The common bond policy allows any one who meets a specific membership requirement to become a member of the credit union. The requirement normally is tied to a place of employment. Because the common bond policy has been loosely interpreted, implementation has allowed credit union membership and assets to grow at a rate that exceeds similar growth inthe commercial banking industry. Since credit unions are mutual organizations where the members are owners, employees essentially use saving deposits to make loans to other employees who need funds.21. What are the operating advantages of credit unions that have caused concern bycommercial bankers? What has been the response of the Credit Union NationalAssociation to the bank criticisms?Credit unions are tax-exempt organizations that often are provided office space by employers at no cost. As a result, because non-interest operating costs are very low, credit unions can lend money at lower rates and pay higher rates on savings deposits than can commercial banks. CUNA has responded that the cost to tax payers from the tax-exempt status is replaced by the additional social good created by the benefits to the members.22. How does the asset structure of credit unions compare with the asset structure ofcommercial banks and savings and loan associations? Refer to Tables 2-5, 2-9, and 2-12 to formulate your answer.The relative proportions of credit union assets are more similar to commercial banks than savings associations, with 20 percent in investment securities and 63 percent in loans. However, nonmortgage loans of credit unions are predominantly consumer loans. On the liability side of the balance sheet, credit unions differ from banks in that they have less reliance on large time deposits, and they differ from savings associations in that they have virtually no borrowings from any source. The primary sources of funds for credit unions are transaction and small time and savings accounts.23. Compare and contrast the performance of the U.S. depository institution industry withthose of Japan, China, and Germany.The entire Japanese financial system was under increasing pressure from the early 1990s as the economy suffered from real estate and other commercial industry pressures. The Japanese government has used several financial aid packages in attempts to avert a collapse of the Japanese financial system. Most attempts have not been successful.The deterioration in the banking industry in China in the early 2000s was caused by nonperforming loans and credits. The remedies include the opportunity for more foreign bank ownership in the Chinese banking environment primarily via larger ownership positions, less restrictive capital requirements for branches, and increased geographic presence.German banks also had difficulties in the early 2000s, but the problems were not universal. The large banks suffered from credit problems, but the small banks enjoyed high credit ratings and low cast of funds because of government guarantees on their borrowing. Thus while small banks benefited from growth in small business lending, the large banks became reliant on fee and trading income.。
金融学第五章至第八章课后答案
第五章外汇与汇率1．比较外汇与本币的异同。
一国居民持有的外汇在本国境内是否具有货币的各种职能? 答：（1）一般地，可以将外汇定义为一切外国货币。
现代经济生活中的外汇，主要是指以外币标示的债权债务证明。
现代的经济是由债权债务网络全面覆盖的经济——任何经济行为主体都是在这个网络下活动的；相应地，任何货币的流通与信用的活动都变成了同一的过程，任何货币都不过体现着债权债务关系，任何货币的支付都不过反映着债权债务的消长、转移。
就一个国家和地区来说是这样，就联系着全球经济体的国际经济关系来说也是如此。
非常明显，外汇的流转，不过是应收应付的债权债务关系产生、转移和结清。
外汇作为货币，与本币都是债权债务证明，这是没有区别的。
如果要加以区分，那就是外汇还包括股票这类所有权证。
而在论及国内货币时，所有权证则不包括在货币之内。
债务凭证和所有权证，统称为金融资产。
所以，更确切地，应将外汇界定为是以外币表示的金融资产，它可用作国际间结算的支付手段，并能兑换成其他形式的外币资产和支付手段。
（2）应当注意的是，尽管理论上外汇与本币的职能并无实质性的区别，但事实上居民持有外汇在本国境内能否行使如同本币一般的职能，还要取决于本币是否已经实现了完全可兑换。
而即使是实现了完全可兑换，也只是允许本币及外汇的自由进出境和相互自由兑换，并未赋予任何外汇在境内日常交易中充当价值尺度、交易媒介或支付手段的职能。
这些职能只有本币才能执行，这是国家主权赋予本币的特殊权力。
目前，国际金融体系的发展，美元化、欧元的出现使得外汇取得了在本国境内货币的各种职能，但这只是局部现象。
2．了解我国目前的外汇管理制度。
为什么说，人民币还不是完全可兑换货币?答：（1）自2005年7月21日起，我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。
这次人民币汇率形成机制改革的内容是，人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元，而是按照我国对外经济发展的实际情况，选择若干种主要货币，赋予相应的权重，组成一个货币篮子。
金融机构管理 课后习题答案
Chapter OneWhy Are Financial Intermediaries Special?Chapter OutlineIntroductionFinancial Intermediaries’ Specialness•Information Costs•Liquidity and Price Risk•Other Special ServicesOther Aspects of Specialness•The Transmission of Monetary Policy•Credit Allocation•Intergenerational Wealth Transfers or Time Intermediation •Payment Services•Denomination IntermediationSpecialness and Regulation•Safety and Soundness Regulation•Monetary Policy Regulation•Credit Allocation Regulation•Consumer Protection Regulation•Investor Protection Regulation•Entry RegulationThe Changing Dynamics of Specialness•Trends in the United States•Future Trends•Global IssuesSummarySolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter One1. Identify and briefly explain the five risks common to financial institutions.Default or credit risk of assets, interest rate risk caused by maturity mismatches between assets and liabilities, liability withdrawal or liquidity risk, underwriting risk, and operating cost risks.2. Explain how economic transactions between household savers of funds and corporate users of funds would occur in a world without financial intermediaries (FIs).In a world without FIs the users of corporate funds in the economy would have to approach directly the household savers of funds in order to satisfy their borrowing needs. This process would be extremely costly because of the up-front information costs faced by potential lenders. Cost inefficiencies would arise with the identification of potential borrowers, the pooling of small savings into loans of sufficient size to finance corporate activities, and the assessment of risk and investment opportunities. Moreover, lenders would have to monitor the activities of borrowers over each loan's life span. The net result would be an imperfect allocation of resources in an economy.3. Identify and explain three economic disincentives that probably would dampen the flow offunds between household savers of funds and corporate users of funds in an economic world without financial intermediaries.Investors generally are averse to purchasing securities directly because of (a) monitoring costs, (b) liquidity costs, and (c) price risk. Monitoring the activities of borrowers requires extensive time, expense, and expertise. As a result, households would prefer to leave this activity to others, and by definition, the resulting lack of monitoring would increase the riskiness of investing in corporate debt and equity markets. The long-term nature of corporate equity and debt would likely eliminate at least a portion of those households willing to lend money, as the preference of many for near-cash liquidity would dominate the extra returns which may be available. Third, the price risk of transactions on the secondary markets would increase without the information flows and services generated by high volume.4. Identify and explain the two functions in which FIs may specialize that enable the smoothflow of funds from household savers to corporate users.FIs serve as conduits between users and savers of funds by providing a brokerage function and by engaging in the asset transformation function. The brokerage function can benefit both savers and users of funds and can vary according to the firm. FIs may provide only transaction services, such as discount brokerages, or they also may offer advisory services which help reduce information costs, such as full-line firms like Merrill Lynch. The asset transformation function is accomplished by issuing their own securities, such as deposits and insurance policies that are more attractive to household savers, and using the proceeds to purchase the primary securities ofcorporations. Thus, FIs take on the costs associated with the purchase of securities.5. In what sense are the financial claims of FIs considered secondary securities, while thefinancial claims of commercial corporations are considered primary securities? How does the transformation process, or intermediation, reduce the risk, or economic disincentives, to the savers?The funds raised by the financial claims issued by commercial corporations are used to invest in real assets. These financial claims, which are considered primary securities, are purchased by FIs whose financial claims therefore are considered secondary securities. Savers who invest in the financial claims of FIs are indirectly investing in the primary securities of commercial corporations. However, the information gathering and evaluation expenses, monitoring expenses, liquidity costs, and price risk of placing the investments directly with the commercial corporation are reduced because of the efficiencies of the FI.6. Explain how financial institutions act as delegated monitors. What secondary benefitsoften accrue to the entire financial system because of this monitoring process?By putting excess funds into financial institutions, individual investors give to the FIs the responsibility of deciding who should receive the money and of ensuring that the money is utilized properly by the borrower. In this sense the depositors have delegated the FI to act as a monitor on their behalf. The FI can collect information more efficiently than individual investors. Further, the FI can utilize this information to create new products, such as commercial loans, that continually update the information pool. This more frequent monitoring process sends important informational signals to other participants in the market, a process that reduces information imperfection and asymmetry between the ultimate sources and users of funds in the economy.7. What are five general areas of FI specialness that are caused by providing various servicesto sectors of the economy?First, FIs collect and process information more efficiently than individual savers. Second, FIs provide secondary claims to household savers which often have better liquidity characteristics than primary securities such as equities and bonds. Third, by diversifying the asset base FIs provide secondary securities with lower price-risk conditions than primary securities. Fourth, FIs provide economies of scale in transaction costs because assets are purchased in larger amounts. Finally, FIs provide maturity intermediation to the economy which allows the introduction of additional types of investment contracts, such as mortgage loans, that are financed with short-term deposits.8. How do FIs solve the information and related agency costs when household savers investdirectly in securities issued by corporations? What are agency costs?Agency costs occur when owners or managers take actions that are not in the best interests of the equity investor or lender. These costs typically result from the failure to adequately monitor theactivities of the borrower. If no other lender performs these tasks, the lender is subject to agency costs as the firm may not satisfy the covenants in the lending agreement. Because the FI invests the funds of many small savers, the FI has a greater incentive to collect information and monitor the activities of the borrower.9. What often is the benefit to the lenders, borrowers, and financial markets in general of thesolution to the information problem provided by the large financial institutions?One benefit to the solution process is the development of new secondary securities that allow even further improvements in the monitoring process. An example is the bank loan that is renewed more quickly than long-term debt. The renewal process updates the financial and operating information of the firm more frequently, thereby reducing the need for restrictive bond covenants that may be difficult and costly to implement.10. How do FIs alleviate the problem of liquidity risk faced by investors who wish to invest inthe securities of corporations?Liquidity risk occurs when savers are not able to sell their securities on demand. Commercial banks, for example, offer deposits that can be withdrawn at any time. Yet the banks make long-term loans or invest in illiquid assets because they are able to diversify their portfolios and better monitor the performance of firms that have borrowed or issued securities. Thus individual investors are able to realize the benefits of investing in primary assets without accepting the liquidity risk of direct investment.11. How do financial institutions help individual savers diversify their portfolio risks? Whichtype of financial institution is best able to achieve this goal?Money placed in any financial institution will result in a claim on a more diversified portfolio. Banks lend money to many different types of corporate, consumer, and government customers, and insurance companies have investments in many different types of assets. Investment in a mutual fund may generate the greatest diversification benefit because of the fund’s investment in a wide array of stocks and fixed income securities.12. How can financial institutions invest in high-risk assets with funding provided by low-riskliabilities from savers?Diversification of risk occurs with investments in assets that are not perfectly positively correlated. One result of extensive diversification is that the average risk of the asset base of an FI will be less than the average risk of the individual assets in which it has invested. Thus individual investors realize some of the returns of high-risk assets without accepting the corresponding risk characteristics.13. How can individual savers use financial institutions to reduce the transaction costs ofinvesting in financial assets?By pooling the assets of many small investors, FIs can gain economies of scale in transaction costs. This benefit occurs whether the FI is lending to a corporate or retail customer, or purchasing assets in the money and capital markets. In either case, operating activities that are designed to deal in large volumes typically are more efficient than those activities designed for small volumes.14. What is maturity intermediation? What are some of the ways in which the risks ofmaturity intermediation are managed by financial intermediaries?If net borrowers and net lenders have different optimal time horizons, FIs can service both sectors by matching their asset and liability maturities through on- and off-balance sheet hedging activities and flexible access to the financial markets. For example, the FI can offer the relatively short-term liabilities desired by households and also satisfy the demand for long-term loans such as home mortgages. By investing in a portfolio of long-and short-term assets that have variable- and fixed-rate components, the FI can reduce maturity risk exposure by utilizing liabilities that have similar variable- and fixed-rate characteristics, or by using futures, options, swaps, and other derivative products.15. What are five areas of institution-specific FI specialness, and which types of institutions aremost likely to be the service providers?First, commercial banks and other depository institutions are key players for the transmission of monetary policy from the central bank to the rest of the economy. Second, specific FIs often are identified as the major source of finance for certain sectors of the economy. For example, S&Ls and savings banks traditionally serve the credit needs of the residential real estate market. Third, life insurance and pension funds commonly are encouraged to provide mechanisms to transfer wealth across generations. Fourth, depository institutions efficiently provide payment services to benefit the economy. Finally, mutual funds provide denomination intermediation by allowing small investors to purchase pieces of assets with large minimum sizes such as negotiable CDs and commercial paper issues.16. How do depository institutions such as commercial banks assist in the implementation andtransmission of monetary policy?The Federal Reserve Board can involve directly the commercial banks in the implementation of monetary policy through changes in the reserve requirements and the discount rate. The open market sale and purchase of Treasury securities by the Fed involves the banks in the implementation of monetary policy in a less direct manner.17. What is meant by credit allocation regulation? What social benefit is this type ofregulation intended to provide?Credit allocation regulation refers to the requirement faced by FIs to lend to certain sectors of the economy, which are considered to be socially important. These may include housing and farming. Presumably the provision of credit to make houses more affordable or farms moreviable leads to a more stable and productive society.18. Which intermediaries best fulfill the intergenerational wealth transfer function? What isthis wealth transfer process?Life insurance and pension funds often receive special taxation relief and other subsidies to assist in the transfer of wealth from one generation to another. In effect, the wealth transfer process allows the accumulation of wealth by one generation to be transferred directly to one or more younger generations by establishing life insurance policies and trust provisions in pension plans. Often this wealth transfer process avoids the full marginal tax treatment that a direct payment would incur.19. What are two of the most important payment services provided by financial institutions?To what extent do these services efficiently provide benefits to the economy?The two most important payment services are check clearing and wire transfer services. Any breakdown in these systems would produce gridlock in the payment system with resulting harmful effects to the economy at both the domestic and potentially the international level.20. What is denomination intermediation? How do FIs assist in this process?Denomination intermediation is the process whereby small investors are able to purchase pieces of assets that normally are sold only in large denominations. Individual savers often invest small amounts in mutual funds. The mutual funds pool these small amounts and purchase negotiable CDs which can only be sold in minimum increments of $100,000, but which often are sold in million dollar packages. Similarly, commercial paper often is sold only in minimum amounts of $250,000. Therefore small investors can benefit in the returns and low risk which these assets typically offer.21. What is negative externality? In what ways do the existence of negative externalities justifythe extra regulatory attention received by financial institutions?A negative externality refers to the action by one party that has an adverse affect on some third party who is not part of the original transaction. For example, in an industrial setting, smoke from a factory that lowers surrounding property values may be viewed as a negative externality. For financial institutions, one concern is the contagion effect that can arise when the failure of one FI can cast doubt on the solvency of other institutions in that industry.22. If financial markets operated perfectly and costlessly, would there be a need forfinancial intermediaries?To a certain extent, financial intermediation exists because of financial market imperfections. If information is available costlessly to all participants, savers would not need intermediaries to act as either their brokers or their delegated monitors. However, if there are social benefits tointermediation, such as the transmission of monetary policy or credit allocation, then FIs would exist even in the absence of financial market imperfections.23. What is mortgage redlining?Mortgage redlining occurs when a lender specifically defines a geographic area in which it refuses to make any loans. The term arose because of the area often was outlined on a map with a red pencil.24. Why are FIs among the most regulated sectors in the world? When is netregulatory burden positive?FIs are required to enhance the efficient operation of the economy. Successful financial intermediaries provide sources of financing that fund economic growth opportunity that ultimately raises the overall level of economic activity. Moreover, successful financial intermediaries provide transaction services to the economy that facilitate trade and wealth accumulation.Conversely, distressed FIs create negative externalities for the entire economy. That is, the adverse impact of an FI failure is greater than just the loss to shareholders and other private claimants on the FI's assets. For example, the local market suffers if an FI fails and other FIs also may be thrown into financial distress by a contagion effect. Therefore, since some of the costs of the failure of an FI are generally borne by society at large, the government intervenes in the management of these institutions to protect society's interests. This intervention takes the form of regulation.However, the need for regulation to minimize social costs may impose private costs to the firms that would not exist without regulation. This additional private cost is defined as a net regulatory burden. Examples include the cost of holding excess capital and/or excess reserves and the extra costs of providing information. Although they may be socially beneficial, these costs add to private operating costs. To the extent that these additional costs help to avoid negative externalities and to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the economy, the net regulatory burden is positive.25. What forms of protection and regulation do regulators of FIs impose to ensuretheir safety and soundness?Regulators have issued several guidelines to insure the safety and soundness of FIs:a. FIs are required to diversify their assets. For example, banks cannot lend morethan 10 percent of their equity to a single borrower.b. FIs are required to maintain minimum amounts of capital to cushion anyunexpected losses. In the case of banks, the Basle standards require a minimum core and supplementary capital of 8 percent of their risk-adjusted assets.c. Regulators have set up guaranty funds such as BIF for commercial banks, SIPCfor securities firms, and state guaranty funds for insurance firms to protectindividual investors.d. Regulators also engage in periodic monitoring and surveillance, such as on-siteexaminations, and request periodic information from the FIs.26. In the transmission of monetary policy, what is the difference between insidemoney and outside money? How does the Federal Reserve Board try to control the amount of inside money? How can this regulatory position create a cost for the depository financial institutions?Outside money is that part of the money supply directly produced and controlled by the Fed, for example, coins and currency. Inside money refers to bank deposits not directly controlled by the Fed. The Fed can influence this amount of money by reserve requirement and discount rate policies. In cases where the level of required reserves exceeds the level considered optimal by the FI, the inability to use the excess reserves to generate revenue may be considered a tax or cost of providing intermediation.27. What are some examples of credit allocation regulation? How can this attemptto create social benefits create costs to the private institution?The qualified thrift lender test (QTL) requires thrifts to hold 65 percent of their assets in residential mortgage-related assets to retain the thrift charter. Some states have enacted usury laws that place maximum restrictions on the interest rates that can be charged on mortgages and/or consumer loans. These types of restrictions often create additional operating costs to the FI and almost certainly reduce the amount of profit that could be realized without such regulation.28. What is the purpose of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act? What are thesocial benefits desired from the legislation? How does the implementation of this legislation create a net regulatory burden on financial institutions?The HMDA was passed by Congress to prevent discrimination in mortgage lending. The social benefit is to ensure that everyone who qualifies financially is provided the opportunity to purchase a house should they so desire. The regulatory burden has been to require a written statement indicating the reasons why credit was or was not granted. Since 1990, the federal regulators have examined millions of mortgage transactions from more than 7,700 institutions each calendar quarter.29. What legislation has been passed specifically to protect investors who use investment banksdirectly or indirectly to purchase securities? Give some examples of the types of abuses for which protection is provided.The Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940 were passed byCongress to protect investors against possible abuses such as insider trading, lack of disclosure, outright malfeasance, and breach of fiduciary responsibilities.30. How do regulations regarding barriers to entry and the scope of permitted activities affectthe charter value of financial institutions?The profitability of existing firms will be increased as the direct and indirect costs of establishing competition increase. Direct costs include the actual physical and financial costs of establishing a business. In the case of FIs, the financial costs include raising the necessary minimum capital to receive a charter. Indirect costs include permission from regulatory authorities to receive a charter. Again in the case of FIs this cost involves acceptable leadership to the regulators. As these barriers to entry are stronger, the charter value for existing firms will be higher.31. What reasons have been given for the growth of investment companies at the expense of“traditional” banks and insurance companies?The recent growth of investment companies can be attributed to two major factors: a. Investors have demanded increased access to direct securities markets.Investment companies and pension funds allow investors to take positions indirect securities markets while still obtaining the risk diversification, monitoring, and transactional efficiency benefits of financial intermediation. Some experts would argue that this growth is the result of increased sophistication on the part of investors; others would argue that the ability to use these markets has caused the increased investor awareness. The growth in these assets is inarguable.b. Recent episodes of financial distress in both the banking and insuranceindustries have led to an increase in regulation and governmental oversight,thereby increasing the net regulatory burden of “traditional” companies. Assuch, the costs of intermediation have increased, which increases the cost ofproviding services to customers.32. What are some of the methods which banking organizations have employed to reduce thenet regulatory burden? What has been the effect on profitability?Through regulatory changes, FIs have begun changing the mix of business products offered to individual users and providers of funds. For example, banks have acquired mutual funds, have expanded their asset and pension fund management businesses, and have increased the security underwriting activities. In addition, legislation that allows banks to establish branches anywhere in the United States has caused a wave of mergers. As the size of banks has grown, an expansion of possible product offerings has created the potential for lower service costs. Finally, the emphasis in recent years has been on products that generate increases in fee income, and the entire banking industry has benefited from increased profitability in recent years.33. What characteristics of financial products are necessary for financial markets to becomeefficient alternatives to financial intermediaries? Can you give some examples of the commoditization of products which were previously the sole property of financial institutions?Financial markets can replace FIs in the delivery of products that (1) have standardized terms, (2) serve a large number of customers, and (3) are sufficiently understood for investors to be comfortable in assessing their prices. When these three characteristics are met, the products often can be treated as commodities. One example of this process is the migration of over-the-counter options to the publicly traded option markets as trading volume grows and trading terms become standardized.34. In what way has Regulation 144A of the Securities and Exchange Commission provided anincentive to the process of financial disintermediation?Changing technology and a reduction in information costs are rapidly changing the nature of financial transactions, enabling savers to access issuers of securities directly. Section 144A of the SEC is a recent regulatory change that will facilitate the process of disintermediation. The private placement of bonds and equities directly by the issuing firm is an example of a product that historically has been the domain of investment bankers. Although historically private placement assets had restrictions against trading, regulators have given permission for these assets to trade among large investors who have assets of more than $100 million. As the market grows, this minimum asset size restriction may be reduced.Chapter TwoThe Financial Services Industry: Depository InstitutionsChapter OutlineIntroductionCommercial Banks•Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry•Balance Sheet and Recent Trends•Other Fee-Generating Activities•Regulation•Industry PerformanceSavings Institutions•Savings Associations (SAs)•Savings Banks•Recent Performance of Savings Associations and Savings BanksCredit Unions•Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry and Recent Trends•Balance Sheets•Regulation•Industry PerformanceGlobal Issues: Japan, China, and GermanySummaryAppendix 2A: Financial Statement Analysis Using a Return on Equity (ROE) FrameworkAppendix 2B: Depository Institutions and Their RegulatorsAppendix 3B: Technology in Commercial BankingSolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Two1.What are the differences between community banks, regional banks, andmoney-center banks? Contrast the business activities, location, and markets of each of these bank groups.Community banks typically have assets under $1 billion and serve consumer and small business customers in local markets. In 2003, 94.5 percent of the banks in the United States were classified as community banks. However, these banks held only 14.6 percent of the assets of the banking industry. In comparison with regional and money-center banks, community banks typically hold a larger percentage of assets in consumer and real estate loans and a smaller percentage of assets in commercial and industrial loans. These banks also rely more heavily on local deposits and less heavily on borrowed and international funds.Regional banks range in size from several billion dollars to several hundred billion dollars in assets. The banks normally are headquartered in larger regional cities and often have offices and branches in locations throughout large portions of the United States. Although these banks provide lending products to large corporate customers, many of the regional banks have developed sophisticated electronic and branching services to consumer and residential customers. Regional banks utilize retail deposit bases for funding, but also develop relationships with large corporate customers and international money centers.Money center banks rely heavily on nondeposit or borrowed sources of funds. Some of these banks have no retail branch systems, and most regional banks are major participants in foreign currency markets. These banks compete with the larger regional banks for large commercial loans and with international banks for international commercial loans. Most money center banks have headquarters in New York City.e the data in Table 2-4 for the banks in the two asset size groups (a) $100million-$1 billion and (b) over $10 billion to answer the following questions.a. Why have the ratios for ROA and ROE tended to increase for both groupsover the 1990-2003 period? Identify and discuss the primary variables thataffect ROA and ROE as they relate to these two size groups.The primary reason for the improvements in ROA and ROE in the late 1990smay be related to the continued strength of the macroeconomy that allowedbanks to operate with a reduced regard for bad debts, or loan charge-offproblems. In addition, the continued low interest rate environment hasprovided relatively low-cost sources of funds, and a shift toward growth in fee income has provided additional sources of revenue in many product lines.。
《金融风险管理》课后习题答案
《金融风险管理》课后习题答案第一章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 C B D A A 6-10 C A C C C 11-15 D A B D A 16-20 B C D D D21-25 B B B B三、多项选择1. BCD2. ACDE3. ADE4. ABCDE5. ABDE6. BCDE7. AD8. ABCE9. ABCDE 10. ACDE11. ACE 12. ABCDE 13. ACDE 14. AB 15.ABC16. ACE 17. ABC 18.ABCDE四、判断题1-5 ××××√ 6-10 ×√×××11-15 √√××× 16-20 ×√√×√五、简答题答案略第二章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 A C C AD 6-10 C B D D B 11-15 A A C C D 16-18 A DA三、多项选择1. A B C D2. A B C DE3. ABCDE4. ABCD5. ABCDE6. ABCDE7. ABCD8. ADE9. ACDE 10. ACE四、判断题1-5 ×√××× 6-8 ×√×五、简答题答案略第三章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 ACBBB 6-10 ADBCD 11-15 DBBAC 16-21 DDABAB三、多项选择1. ABCE2. AD3. BCDE4. BDE5. BE6. CD7. BCDE8. ABCDE9. BDE 10. ABDE11. BCE 12. ABCE 13. ABCDE 14. ACE四、判断题1-5 √××√√ 6-10 ×√××× 11-15 ××××× 16-17 √×五、简答题答案略第四章课后习题答案二、单选1-5DCCAD 6-10AAABA 11-15DDCCB 15-20A ABBD三、多选1-5BCDE/CD / ABDE /ABCE /ABCDE 6-10ABCD/ ABCDE/ ABDE/CD/AC11-15ABCDE /ABCE/ACD/ABC/ABCD16-20ABCE/ABE/ABCDE/ABCDE/BCDE四、判断题1-5 错错错错错 6-10对对错对对 11-15对对对错对 16-18错错对第五章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 ACCBB 6-10 ADDCD 11-15 CCBCD 16-20 ACDCC 21-25 CDBAC 26-30 DABBD 31-35 ABCAB 36-40 DACAB 41-45 CDAAC 46-48 AAD三、多项选择1. ABC2. ABD3. BCE4. AC5. BC6. BCE7. DE8. ADE9. ABCD 10. ABCD11. ABD 12. ABCD 13. ABC 14. ABCD 15. BC16. AB 17. ABCD 18. AC 19. AD 20. BCD21. CD 22. CD 23. AB四、判断题1-5 √×××√ 6-10 ××√×× 11-15 ××××√ 16-20 √×××× 21-25 √×√×× 26-30 ×√××× 31-35 ×√×××36-40 √×√√√ 41-45 ××√√√ 46-47 ×√五、简答题答案略第六章课后习题答案二、单选1-5DCCAD 6-10AAABA 11-15DDCCB 15-20A ABBD四、多选1-5BCDE/CD / ABDE /ABCE /ABCDE 6-10ABCD/ ABCDE/ ABDE/CD/AC11-15ABCDE /ABCE/ACD/ABC/ABCD16-20ABCE/ABE/ABCDE/ABCDE/BCDE五、判断题1-5 错错错错错 6-10对对错对对 11-15对对对错对 16-18错错对第七章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 BCDCA 6-10 BBDDD 11-15 CADCC三、多项选择1. ABCDE2. CDE3. ABCDE4. ABCDE5. BCE6. BDE7. ABCE8. BCE9. ABC 10. ABDE11. ABCDE 12. ABD 13. ABCD四、判断题1-10√××√××√×√五、案例分析题案例1：内部欺诈（未经授权交易导致资金损失）案例2：失职违规案例3：核心雇员流失案例4：违反用工发六、简答题答案略第八章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 CDCCB 6-10 DCDAB 11-15 CADAA 16-20 DACCC三、多项选择1. ACE2. ABE3. ABCE4. ADE5. ABE6. ABCD7. ABCDE8.ABCD9. ABCD 10. ABC四、判断题1-11××√××√××√√五、简答题答案略第九章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 ABDDD 6-10 AABBD 11-16 CCDDAB三、多项选择1. ABCD2. ABCD3. AC4. BCD5. ABCD6. ABCDE7. ACD8. ABCDE9. ABCDE 10.ABCDE四、判断题1-5 ×√××√ 6-10 √×√×× 11-14 √√√√五、简答题答案略第十章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 ABBCB 6-10 CCBDA三、多项选择1. CD2. ADE3. AC4. BCDE5. CDE6.ABC7. ACE8. ABC9. ACDE 10.ABC四、判断题1-5 ×××√×五、简答题答案略第十一章课后习题答案二、单选题1-5DABCB 6-10DABDC 11-15DBAAB 16-20DCCAA三、多选题1-5ABD/ACD/AC/ABC/ACD 6-10 ABCD/ABD/ABCDE/ABCDE/ABCDE11-15ABCDE/ABCDE/ABCD/ABCDE/ABCDE16-20ACD/ ABCDE/ABCDE/ ACE/ADE四、1-5对错错对对 6-10对错对对错 11-15对对对对错 16-20对错对错对。
第八章 金融风险管理-真题及解析
第八章 金融风险管理1.（ ）是指金融市场参与者无法以合理成本及时获得充足资金，以偿付到期债务、履行其他支付义务和满足正常业务发展的资金需求的风险。
A.流动性风险B.操作风险C.经营风险D.信用风险【答案】 A】【解析 流动性风险是指金融市场参与者无法以合理成本及时获得充足资金，以偿付到期债务、履行其他支付义务和满足正常业务发展的资金需求的风险。
2.按照风险因素不同划分，金融风险不包括（ ）。
A.投机风险B.市场风险C.信用风险D.流动性风险【答案】 A】【解析 按照风险因素不同，分为流动性风险、市场风险、信用风险、操作风险和声誉风险。
3.（ ）是指债务人或交易对手未能履行合约所规定的义务，或信用质量发生变化而且影响金融资产价值，从而给债权人或金融资产持有人造成经济损失的风险。
A.汇率风险B.信用风险C.流动性风险D.操作风险【答案】 B】【解析 信用风险是指债务人或交易对手未能履行合约所规定的义务，或信用质量发生变化而且影响金融资产价值，从而给债权人或金融资产持有人造成经济损失的风险。
4.在金融风险管理领域，（ ）是指在金融活动中存在金融风险的部位以及受金融风险影响的程度。
A.风险源B.风险敞口C.风险事件D.风险损失【答案】 B【解析 本题考查风险敞口的相关内容。
风险敞口也被称为风险暴露，一般指未被对冲或未加】保护的风险。
在金融风险管理领域，风险敞口是指在金融活动中存在金融风险的部位以及受金融风险影响的程度。
5.运用组合投资策略，可以降低甚至消除（ ）。
A.市场风险B.非系统性风险C.系统性风险D.政策风险【答案】 B【解析 本题考查非系统性风险的相关内容。
非系统性金融风险是指可以通过分散投资组合在】一定程度上能够规避的风险。
6.（ ）也被称为市场流动性风险，它是指对特定金融资产而言，如果二级市场深度不足，交易不活跃，或者因特殊原因转让无法进行，则持有该资产的投资者面临无法变现的局面，或无法以合理价格出售资产而遭受较大损失。
Chap008金融机构管理课后题答案
Chapter EightInterest Rate Risk IChapter OutlineIntroductionThe Central Bank and Interest Rate RiskThe Repricing ModelRate-Sensitive AssetsRate-Sensitive LiabilitiesEqual Changes in Rates on RSAs and RSLsUnequal Changes in Rates on RSAs and RSLsWeaknesses of the Repricing ModelMarket Value EffectsOveraggregationThe Problem of RunoffsCash Flows from Off-Balance Sheet ActivitiesThe Maturity ModelThe Maturity Model with a Portfolio of Assets and Liabilities Weakness of the Maturity ModelSummaryAppendix 8A: Term Structure of Interest RatesUnbiased Expectations TheoryLiquidity Premium Theory Market Segmentation TheorySolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Eight1. What was the impact on interest rates of the borrowed reserves targetingregime used by the Federal Reserve from 1982 to 1993The volatility of interest rates was significantly lower than under the nonborrowed reserves target regime used in the three years immediately prior to 1982. Figure 8-1 indicates that both the level and volatility of interest rates declined even further after 1993 when the Fed decided that it would target primarily the fed funds rate as a guide for monetary policy.2. How has the increased level of financial market integration affectedinterest ratesIncreased financial market integration, or globalization, increases the speed with which interest rate changes and volatility are transmitted among countries. The result of this quickening of global economic adjustment is to increase the difficulty and uncertainty faced by the Federal Reserve as it attempts to manage economic activity within the U.S. Further, because FIs have become increasingly more global in their activities, any change in interest rate levels or volatility caused by Federal Reserve actions more quickly creates additional interest rate risk issues for these companies.3. What is the repricing gap In using this model to evaluate interest raterisk, what is meant by rate sensitivity On what financial performance variable does the repricing model focus Explain.The repricing gap is a measure of the difference between the dollar value of assets that will reprice and the dollar value of liabilities that will reprice within a specific time period, where reprice means the potential to receive a new interest rate. Rate sensitivity represents the time interval where repricing can occur. The model focuses on the potential changes in the net interest income variable. In effect, if interest rates change, interest income and interest expense will change as the various assets and liabilities are repriced, that is, receive new interest rates.4. What is a maturity bucket in the repricing model Why is the length oftime selected for repricing assets and liabilities important when using the repricing modelThe maturity bucket is the time window over which the dollar amounts of assets and liabilities are measured. The length of the repricing period determines which of the securities in a portfolio are rate-sensitive. The longer the repricing period, the more securities either mature or need to be repriced, and, therefore, the more the interest rate exposure. An excessively short repricing period omits consideration of the interest rate risk exposure of assets and liabilities are that repriced in the period immediately following the end of the repricing period. That is, it understates the rate sensitivity of the balance sheet. An excessively long repricing period includes many securities that are repriced at different times within the repricing period, thereby overstating the rate sensitivity of the balance sheet.5. Calculate the repricing gap and the impact on net interest income of a 1percent increase in interest rates for each of the following positions:Rate-sensitive assets = $200 million. Rate-sensitive liabilities =$100 million.Repricing gap = RSA - RSL = $200 - $100 million = +$100 million.NII = ($100 million)(.01) = +$ million, or $1,000,000.Rate-sensitive assets = $100 million. Rate-sensitive liabilities =$150 million.Repricing gap = RSA - RSL = $100 - $150 million = -$50 million.NII = (-$50 million)(.01) = -$ million, or -$500,000.Rate-sensitive assets = $150 million. Rate-sensitive liabilities =$140 million.Repricing gap = RSA - RSL = $150 - $140 million = +$10 million.NII = ($10 million)(.01) = +$ million, or $100,000.a. Calculate the impact on net interest income on each of the abovesituations assuming a 1 percent decrease in interest rates.NII = ($100 million) = -$ million, or -$1,000,000.NII = (-$50 million) = +$ million, or $500,000.NII = ($10 million) = -$ million, or -$100,000.b. What conclusion can you draw about the repricing model from theseresultsThe FIs in parts (1) and (3) are exposed to interest rate declines(positive repricing gap) while the FI in part (2) is exposed to interest rate increases. The FI in part (3) has the lowest interest rate riskexposure since the absolute value of the repricing gap is the lowest,while the opposite is true for part (1).6. What are the reasons for not including demand deposits as rate-sensitiveliabilities in the repricing analysis for a commercial bank What is the subtle, but potentially strong, reason for including demand deposits inthe total of rate-sensitive liabilities Can the same argument be madefor passbook savings accountsThe regulatory rate available on demand deposit accounts is zero. Although many banks are able to offer NOW accounts on which interest can be paid, this interest rate seldom is changed and thus the accounts are not really sensitive. However, demand deposit accounts do pay implicit interest in the form of not charging fully for checking and other services. Further, when market interest rates rise, customers draw down their DDAs, which may cause the bank to use higher cost sources of funds. The same or similar arguments can be made for passbook savings accounts.7. What is the gap ratio What is the value of this ratio to interest raterisk managers and regulatorsThe gap ratio is the ratio of the cumulative gap position to the total assets of the bank. The cumulative gap position is the sum of the individual gaps over several time buckets. The value of this ratio is that it tells the direction of the interest rate exposure and the scale of that exposure relative to the size of the bank.8. Which of the following assets or liabilities fit the one-year rate or repricing sensitivity test91-day . Treasury bills Yes1-year . Treasury notes Yes20-year . Treasury bonds No20-year floating-rate corporate bonds with annual repricing Yes30-year floating-rate mortgages with repricing every two years No30-year floating-rate mortgages with repricing every six months YesOvernight fed funds Yes9-month fixed rate CDs Yes1-year fixed-rate CDs Yes5-year floating-rate CDs with annual repricing YesCommon stock No9. Consider the following balance sheet for WatchoverU Savings, Inc. (in millions):Assets Liabilities and EquityFloating-rate mortgages Demand deposits(currently 10% annually) $50 (currently 6% annually) $7030-year fixed-rate loans Time deposits(currently 7% annually) $50 (currently 6% annually $20Equity $10 Total Assets $100 Total Liabilities & Equity$100a. What is WatchoverU’s expected net interest income at year-endCurrent expected interest income:$5m + $3.5m = $8.5m.Expected interest expense: $4.2m + $1.2m = $5.4m.Expected net interest income: $8.5m - $5.4m = $3.1m.b. What will be the net interest income at year-end if interest ratesrise by 2 percentAfter the 200 basis point interest rate increase, net interest incomedeclines to:50 + 50 - 70 - 20(.06) = $9.5m - $6.8m = $2.7m, a decline of $0.4m.c. Using the cumulative repricing gap model, what is the expected netinterest income for a 2 percent increase in interest rates Wachovia’s' repricing or funding gap is $50m - $70m = -$20m. The change in net interest income using the funding gap model is (-$20m) = -$.4m.d.What will be the net interest income at year-end if interest ratesincrease 200 basis points on assets, but only 100 basis points onliabilities Is it reasonable for changes in interest rates to affectbalance sheet in an uneven manner WhyAfter the unbalanced rate increase, net interest income will be 50 +50 - 70 - 20(.06) = $9.5m - $6.1m = $3.4m, an increase of $0.3m. It isnot uncommon for interest rates to adjust in an uneven manner over two sides of the balance sheet because interest rates often do not adjust solely because of market pressures. In many cases the changes areaffected by decisions of management. Thus you can see the difference between this answer and the answer for part a.10. What are some of the weakness of the repricing model How have largebanks solved the problem of choosing the optimal time period forrepricing What is runoff cash flow, and how does this amount affect the repricing model’s analysisThe repricing model has four general weaknesses:(1) It ignores market value effects.(2) It does not take into account the fact that the dollar value of ratesensitive assets and liabilities within a bucket are not similar. Thus, if assets, on average, are repriced earlier in the bucket thanliabilities, and if interest rates fall, FIs are subject to reinvestment risks.(3) It ignores the problem of runoffs, that is, that some assets are prepaidand some liabilities are withdrawn before the maturity date.(4) It ignores income generated from off-balance-sheet activities.Large banks are able to reprice securities every day using their own internal models so reinvestment and repricing risks can be estimated for each day ofthe year.Runoff cash flow reflects the assets that are repaid before maturity and the liabilities that are withdrawn unsuspectedly. To the extent that either of these amounts is significantly greater than expected, the estimated interest rate sensitivity of the bank will be in error.11. Use the following information about a hypothetical government securitydealer named . Jorgan. Market yields are in parenthesis, and amounts are in millions.Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $10 Overnight Repos $1701 month T-bills %) 75 Subordinated debt3 month T-bills %) 75 7-year fixed rate % 1502 year T-notes %) 508 year T-notes %) 1005 year munis (floating rate)% reset every 6 months) 25 Equity 15 Total Assets $335 Total Liabilities & Equity$335a. What is the funding or repricing gap if the planning period is 30 days91 days 2 years Recall that cash is a noninterest-earning asset.Funding or repricing gap using a 30-day planning period = 75 - 170 = -$95 million.Funding gap using a 91-day planning period = (75 + 75) - 170 = -$20 million.Funding gap using a two-year planning period = (75 + 75 + 50 + 25) - 170 = +$55 million.b. What is the impact over the next 30 days on net interest income if allinterest rates rise 50 basis points Decrease 75 basis pointsNet interest income will decline by $475,000. NII = FG(R) = -95(.005) = $0.475m.Net interest income will increase by $712,500. NII = FG(R)= -95(.0075) = $0.7125m.c.The following one-year runoffs are expected: $10 million for two-yearT-notes, and $20 million for eight-year T-notes. What is the one-year repricing gapFunding or repricing gap over the 1-year planning period = (75 + 75 + 10 + 20 + 25) - 170 = +$35 million.d. If runoffs are considered, what is the effect on net interest incomeat year-end if interest rates rise 50 basis points Decrease 75 basispointsNet interest income will increase by $175,000. NII = FG(R) = 35 = $0.175m.Net interest income will decrease by $262,500, NII = FG(R) = 35 = -$0.2625m.12. What is the difference between book value accounting and market valueaccounting How do interest rate changes affect the value of bank assets and liabilities under the two methods What is marking to marketBook value accounting reports assets and liabilities at the original issue values. Current market values may be different from book values because they reflect current market conditions, such as interest rates or prices. This is especially a problem if an asset or liability has to be liquidated immediately. If the asset or liability is held until maturity, then the reporting of book values does not pose a problem.For an FI, a major factor affecting asset and liability values is interestrate changes. If interest rates increase, the value of both loans (assets) and deposits and debt (liabilities) fall. If assets and liabilities are held until maturity, it does not affect the book valuation of the FI. However, ifdeposits or loans have to be refinanced, then market value accounting presents a better picture of the condition of the FI.The process by which changes in the economic value of assets and liabilities are accounted is called marking to market. The changes can be beneficial as well as detrimental to the total economic health of the FI.13. Why is it important to use market values as opposed to book values whenevaluating the net worth of an FI What are some of the advantages ofusing book values as opposed to market valuesBook values represent historical costs of securities purchased, loans made, and liabilities sold. They do not reflect current values as determined by market values. Effective financial decision-making requires up-to-date information that incorporates current expectations about future events. Market values provide the best estimate of the present condition of an FI and serve as an effective signal to managers for future strategies.Book values are clearly measured and not subject to valuation errors, unlike market values. Moreover, if the FI intends to hold the security until maturity, then the security's current liquidation value will not be relevant. That is, the paper gains and losses resulting from market value changes will never be realized if the FI holds the security until maturity. Thus, the changes in market value will not impact the FI's profitability unless the security is sold prior to maturity.14. Consider a $1,000 bond with a fixed-rate 10 percent annual coupon (Cpn %)and a maturity (N) of 10 years. The bond currently is trading to amarket yield to maturity (YTM) of 10 percent. Complete the followingtable.From Par, $ From Par, %N Cpn % YTM Price Change in Price Change in Price8 10% 9% $1, $ %9 10% 9% $1, $ %10 10% 9% $1, $ %10 10% 10% $1,10 10% 11% $ -$ %11 10% 11% $ -$ %12 10% 11% $ -$ %Use this information to verify the principles of interest rate-pricerelationships for fixed-rate financial assets.Rule One: Interest rates and prices of fixed-rate financial assets move inversely. See the change in price from $1,000 to $ for the change in interest rates from 10 percent to 11 percent, or from $1,000 to $1, when rates change from 10 percent to 9 percent.Rule Two: The longer is the maturity of a fixed-income financial asset, the greater is the change in price for a given change in interest rates.A change in rates from 10 percent to 11 percent has caused the 10-yearbond to decrease in value $, but the 11-year bond will decrease in value $, and the 12-year bond will decrease $.Rule Three: The change in value of longer-term fixed-rate financialassets increases at a decreasing rate. For the increase in rates from 10 percent to 11 percent, the difference in the change in price between the 10-year and 11-year assets is $, while the difference in the change in price between the 11-year and 12-year assets is $.Rule Four: Although not mentioned in the text, for a given percentage () change in interest rates, the increase in price for a decrease in ratesis greater than the decrease in value for an increase in rates. Thus for rates decreasing from 10 percent to 9 percent, the 10-year bond increases $. But for rates increasing from 10 percent to 11 percent, the 10-year bond decreases $.15. Consider a 12-year, 12 percent annual coupon bond with a required returnof 10 percent. The bond has a face value of $1,000.a. What is the price of the bondPV = $120*PVIFAi=10%,n=12 + $1,000*PVIFi=10%,n=12= $1,b. If interest rates rise to 11 percent, what is the price of the bondPV = $120*PVIFAi=11%,n=12 + $1,000*PVIFi=11%,n=12= $1,c. What has been the percentage change in priceP = ($1, - $1,/$1, = or – percent.d. Repeat parts (a), (b), and (c) for a 16-year bond.PV = $120*PVIFAi=10%,n=16 + $1,000*PVIFi=10%,n=16= $1,PV = $120*PVIFAi=11%,n=16 + $1,000*PVIFi=11%,n=16= $1,P = ($1, - $1,/$1, = or – percent.e. What do the respective changes in bond prices indicateFor the same change in interest rates, longer-term fixed-rate assets have a greater change in price.16. Consider a five-year, 15 percent annual coupon bond with a face value of$1,000. The bond is trading at a market yield to maturity of 12 percent.a. What is the price of the bondPV = $150*PVIFAi=12%,n=5 + $1,000*PVIFi=12%,n=5= $1,b. If the market yield to maturity increases 1 percent, what will be thebond’s new pricePV = $150*PVIFAi=13%,n=5 + $1,000*PVIFi=13%,n=5= $1,c. Using your answers to parts (a) and (b), what is the percentage changein the bond’s price as a result of the 1 percent increase in interest ratesP = ($1, - $1,/$1, = or – percent.d. Repeat parts (b) and (c) assuming a 1 percent decrease in interestrates.PV = $150*PVIFAi=11%,n=5 + $1,000*PVIFi=11%,n=5= $1,P = ($1, - $1,/$1, = or percente. What do the differences in your answers indicate about the rate-pricerelationships of fixed-rate assetsFor a given percentage change in interest rates, the absolute value of the increase in price caused by a decrease in rates is greater than the absolute value of the decrease in price caused by an increase in rates.17. What is maturity gap How can the maturity model be used to immunize anFI’s portfolio What is the critical requirement to allow maturitymatching to have some success in immunizing the balance sheet of an FIMaturity gap is the difference between the average maturity of assets and liabilities. If the maturity gap is zero, it is possible to immunize the portfolio, so that changes in interest rates will result in equal but offsetting changes in the value of assets and liabilities and net interest income. Thus, if interest rates increase (decrease), the fall (rise) in the value of the assets will be offset by a perfect fall (rise) in the value of the liabilities. The critical assumption is that the timing of the cash flows on the assets and liabilities must be the same.18. Nearby Bank has the following balance sheet (in millions):Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $60 Demand deposits $1405-year treasury notes $60 1-year Certificates of Deposit $160 30-year mortgages $200 Equity $20Total Assets $320 Total Liabilities and Equity$320What is the maturity gap for Nearby Bank Is Nearby Bank more exposed to an increase or decrease in interest rates Explain whyM A = [0*60 + 5*60 + 200*30]/320 = years, and ML= [0*140 + 1*160]/300 = .Therefore the maturity gap = MGAP = – = years. Nearby bank is exposed toan increase in interest rates. If rates rise, the value of assets will decrease much more than the value of liabilities.19. County Bank has the following market value balance sheet (in millions,annual rates):Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $20 Demand deposits $10015-year commercial loan @ 10% 5-year CDs @ 6% interest,interest, balloon payment $160 balloon payment $21030-year Mortgages @ 8% interest, 20-year debentures @ 7% interest$120monthly amortizing $300 Equity $50Total Assets $480 Total Liabilities & Equity $480a. What is the maturity gap for County BankMA= [0*20 + 15*160 + 30*300]/480 = years.ML= [0*100 + 5*210 + 20*120]/430 = years.MGAP = – = years.b. What will be the maturity gap if the interest rates on all assets andliabilities increase by 1 percentIf interest rates increase one percent, the value and average maturity of the assets will be:Cash = $20Commercial loans = $16*PVIFAn=15, i=11% + $160*PVIFn=15,i=11%= $Mortgages = $,294*PVIFAn=360,i=9%= $MA= [0*20 + *15 + *30]/(20 + + = yearsThe value and average maturity of the liabilities will be: Demand deposits = $100CDs = $*PVIFAn=5,i=7% + $210*PVIFn=5,i=7%= $Debentures = $*PVIFAn=20,i=8% + $120*PVIFn=20,i=8%= $ML= [0*100 + 5* + 20*]/(100 + + = yearsThe maturity gap = MGAP = – = years. The maturity gap increased because the average maturity of the liabilities decreased more than the average maturity of the assets. This result occurred primarily because of the differences in the cash flow streams for the mortgages and the debentures.c. What will happen to the market value of the equityThe market value of the assets has decreased from $480 to $, or $. The market value of the liabilities has decreased from $430 to $, or $. Therefore the market value of the equity will decrease by $ - $ = $, or percent.d. If interest rates increased by 2 percent, would the bank be solvent The value of the assets would decrease to $, and the value of the liabilities would decrease to $. Therefore the value of the equity would be $. Although the bank remains solvent, nearly 65 percent of the equity has eroded because of the increase in interest rates.20. Given that bank balance sheets typically are accounted in book valueterms, why should the regulators or anyone else be concerned about howinterest rates affect the market values of assets and liabilitiesThe solvency of the balance sheet is an important variable to creditors of the bank. If the capital position of the bank decreases to near zero, creditors may not be willing to provide funding for the bank, and the bank may need assistance from the regulators, or may even fail. Thus any change in the market value of assets or liabilities that is caused by changes in the level of interest rate changes is of concern to regulators.21. If a bank manager is certain that interest rates were going to increasewithin the next six months, how should the bank manager adjust thebank’s maturity gap to take advantage of this antici pated increase What if the manager believed rates would fall Would your suggestedadjustments be difficult or easy to achieveWhen rates rise, the value of the longer-lived assets will fall by more the shorter-lived liabilities. If the maturity gap (or duration gap) is positive, the bank manager will want to shorten the maturity gap. If the repricing gap is negative, the manager will want to move it towards zero or positive. If rates are expected to decrease, the manager should reverse these strategies. Changing the maturity, duration, or funding gaps on the balance sheet often involves changing the mix of assets and liabilities. Attempts to make these changes may involve changes in financial strategy for the bank which may notbe easy to accomplish. Later in the text, methods of achieving the same results using derivatives will be explored.22. Consumer Bank has $20 million in cash and a $180 million loan portfolio.The assets are funded with demand deposits of $18 million, a $162 million CD and $20 million in equity. The loan portfolio has a maturity of 2years, earns interest at the annual rate of 7 percent, and is amortized monthly. The bank pays 7 percent annual interest on the CD, but theinterest will not be paid until the CD matures at the end of 2 years.a. What is the maturity gap for Consumer Bank= [0*$20 + 2*$180]/$200 = yearsMA= [0*$18 + 2*$162]/$180 = yearsMLMGAP = – = 0 years.b. Is Consumer Bank immunized or protected against changes in interestrates Why or why notIt is tempting to conclude that the bank is immunized because thematurity gap is zero. However, the cash flow stream for the loan and the cash flow stream for the CD are different because the loan amortizesmonthly and the CD pays annual interest on the CD. Thus any change in interest rates will affect the earning power of the loan more than the interest cost of the CD.c. Does Consumer Bank face interest rate risk That is, if marketinterest rates increase or decrease 1 percent, what happens to thevalue of the equityThe bank does face interest rate risk. If market rates increase 1percent, the value of the cash and demand deposits does not change.However, the value of the loan will decrease to $, and the value of the CD will fall to $. Thus the value of the equity will be ($ + $20 - $18 - $ = $. In this case the increase in interest rates causes the marketvalue of equity to increase because of the reinvestment opportunities on the loan payments.If market rates decrease 1 percent, the value of the loan increases to $, and the value of the CD increases to $. Thus the value of the equitydecreases to $.d. How can a decrease in interest rates create interest rate riskThe amortized loan payments would be reinvested at lower rates. Thuseven though interest rates have decreased, the different cash flowpatterns of the loan and the CD have caused interest rate risk.23. FI International holds seven-year Acme International bonds and two-yearBeta Corporation bonds. The Acme bonds are yielding 12 percent and the Beta bonds are yielding 14 percent under current market conditions.a. What is the weighted-average maturity of FI’s bond portfolio if 40percent is in Acme bonds and 60 percent is in Beta bondsAverage maturity = x 7 years + x 2 years = 4 yearsb. What proportion of Acme and Beta bonds should be held to have aweighted-average yield of percentLet X* + (1 - X)* = . Solving for X, we get 25 percent. In order to get an average yield of percent, we need to hold 25 percent of Acme and 75 percent of Beta.c. What will be the weighted-average maturity of the bond portfolio ifthe weighted-average yield is realizedThe average maturity of the portfolio will decrease to x 7 + x 2 = years.24. An insurance company has invested in the following fixed-incomesecurities: (a) $10,000,000 of 5-year Treasury notes paying 5 percentinterest and selling at par value, (b) $5,800,000 of 10-year bonds paying7 percent interest with a par value of $6,000,000, and (c) $6,200,000 of20-year subordinated debentures paying 9 percent interest with a parvalue of $6,000,000.a. What is the weighted-average maturity of this portfolio of assets= [5*$10 + 10*$ + 20*$]/$22 = 232/22 = yearsMAb. If interest rates change so that the yields on all of the securitiesdecrease 1 percent, how does the weighted-average maturity of theportfolio changeTo determine the weighted-average maturity of the portfolio for a rate decrease of 1 percent, the new value of each security must be determined. This calculation will require knowing the YTM of each security before the rate change.T-notes are selling at par, so the YTM = 5 percent. Therefore, the new value will bePV = $500,000*PVIFAn=5,i=4% + $10,000,000*PVIFn=5,i=4%= $10,445,182.10-year bonds: Par = $6,000,000, PV = $5,800,000, Cpn = 7 percent YTM= %. The new PV = $420,000*PVIFAn=10,i=% + $6,000,000*PVIFn=10,i=%= $6,222,290.Debentures: Par = $6,000,000, PV = $6,200,000, Cpn = 9 percentpercent. The new PV = $540,000*PVIFAn=20,i=% + $6,000,000*PVIFn=20,i==$6,820,418.The total value of the assets after the change in rates will be$23,487,890, and the weighted-average maturity will be [5*10,445,182 +10*6,222,290 + 20*6,820,418]/23,487,890 = 250,857,170/23,487,890 = years.c. Explain the changes in the maturity values if the yields increase by 1 percent.。
国际公司金融习题答案--第八章
国际公司金融习题答案第八章课后习题参考答案1．什么是会计风险，会计风险是如何产生的？会计风险也叫折算风险，指未预期的汇率变化对国际公司的合并财务报表产生的影响。
对于国际公司而言，国外子公司的财务报表通常是由子公司采用当地货币计算、编制的，所以在编制合并报表以前，母公司首先要将外国子公司用外币编制的财务报表转换为用母公司的记账货币编制的财务报表。
在编制合并财务报表时，如果子公司所有账户都采用同一折算汇率，则折算后子公司会计报表将不存在不平衡的情况，反之，如果用不同的汇率折算不同的会计科目，则折算后子公司财务报表可能出现不平衡。
2．列出流动/非流动法折算外币会计报表的规则。
流动资产和流动负债应按现行汇率进行折算，非流动资产与非流动负债应按历史汇率折算，大多数收益项目要按照会计期内的平均汇率进行折算，但是对于收益表中那些与非流动资产与非流动负债相关的收入和费用项目（如折旧费用），则需按照相应的资产负债表项目的历史汇率进行折算。
3．时态法和货币/非货币法折算外币会计报表有何区别?时态法是针对货币/非货币法的缺陷提出的。
货币/非货币法要求折算汇率必须依据资产负债的类型进行选择，即货币性资产负债项目使用现行汇率，非货币性资产负债项目使用历史汇率，而时态法中折算汇率是依据成本计价基础（历史还是市场）的不同进行选择的。
4．1982年美国财务会计准则委员会颁布了第52号公告，代替第8号公告作为外币会计报表的折算标准，这是否提高了公司盈余的质量？该如何判别？确实提高了公司盈余的质量。
8号公告要求：美国的国际公司将外国子公司财务报表折算成美元时必须使用时态法，要与公认会计准则保持一致。
52号公告规定：美国公司必须采用现行汇率法将以外币表示的资产负债折算成以美元表示的资产和负债，收益上的所有外币收入和费用项目以会计期间的加权平均汇率折算。
FASB-52中最重要的一点是允许汇兑损益从母公司资产负债表中作为一个单独的权益账户进行累计，不再影响当期损益，进行累计的独立账户成为“累积折算调整”（CTA）。
公司金融第八版中文课后习题答案
第一章 1.在所有权形式的公司中,股东是公司的所有者。
股东选举公司的董事会,董事会任命该公司的管理层。
企业的所有权和控制权分离的组织形式是导致的代理关系存在的主要原因。
管理者可能追求自身或别人的利益最大化,而不是股东的利益最大化。
在这种环境下,他们可能因为目标不一致而存在代理问题。
2.非营利公司经常追求社会或政治任务等各种目标。
非营利公司财务管理的目标是获取并有效使用资金以最大限度地实现组织的社会使命。
3.这句话是不正确的。
管理者实施财务管理的目标就是最大化现有股票的每股价值，当前的股票价值反映了短期和长期的风险、时间以及未来现金流量。
4.有两种结论。
一种极端,在市场经济中所有的东西都被定价。
因此所有目标都有一个最优水平，包括避免不道德或非法的行为，股票价值最大化。
另一种极端,我们可以认为这是非经济现象,最好的处理方式是通过政治手段。
一个经典的思考问题给出了这种争论的答案:公司估计提高某种产品安全性的成本是30美元万。
然而,该公司认为提高产品的安全性只会节省20美元万。
请问公司应该怎么做呢?” 5.财务管理的目标都是相同的,但实现目标的最好方式可能是不同的,因为不同的国家有不同的社会、政治环境和经济制度。
6.管理层的目标是最大化股东现有股票的每股价值。
如果管理层认为能提高公司利润，使股价超过35美元,那么他们应该展开对恶意收购的斗争。
如果管理层认为该投标人或其它未知的投标人将支付超过每股35美元的价格收购公司,那么他们也应该展开斗争。
然而,如果管理层不能增加企业的价值,并且没有其他更高的投标价格,那么管理层不是在为股东的最大化权益行事。
现在的管理层经常在公司面临这些恶意收购的情况时迷失自己的方向。
7.其他国家的代理问题并不严重,主要取决于其他国家的私人投资者占比重较小。
较少的私人投资者能减少不同的企业目标。
高比重的机构所有权导致高学历的股东和管理层讨论决策风险项目。
此外,机构投资者比私人投资者可以根据自己的资源和经验更好地对管理层实施有效的监督机制。
金融机构管理习题答案
Chapter NineInterest Rate Risk IIChapter Outline IntroductionDurationA General Formula for Duration•The Duration of Interest Bearing Bonds•The Duration of a Zero-Coupon Bond•The Duration of a Consol Bond (Perpetuities)Features of Duration•Duration and Maturity•Duration and Yield•Duration and Coupon InterestThe Economic Meaning of Duration•Semiannual Coupon BondsDuration and Immunization•Duration and Immunizing Future Payments•Immunizing the Whole Balance Sheet of an FI Immunization and Regulatory ConsiderationsDifficulties in Applying the Duration Model•Duration Matching can be Costly•Immunization is a Dynamic Problem•Large Interest Rate Changes and ConvexitySummaryAppendix 9A: Incorporating Convexity into the Duration Model •The Problem of the Flat Term Structure•The Problem of Default Risk•Floating-Rate Loans and Bonds•Demand Deposits and Passbook Savings•Mortgages and Mortgage-Backed Securities•Futures, Options, Swaps, Caps, and Other Contingent ClaimsSolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Nine1. What are the two different general interpretations of the concept of duration, and what isthe technical definition of this term? How does duration differ from maturity?Duration measures the average life of an asset or liability in economic terms. As such, duration has economic meaning as the interest sensitivity (or interest elasticity) of an asset’s value to changes in the interest rate. Duration differs from maturity as a measure of interest ratesensitivity because duration takes into account the time of arrival and the rate of reinvestment ofall cash flows during the assets life. Technically, duration is the weighted-average time to maturity using the relative present values of the cash flows as the weights.2. Two bonds are available for purchase in the financial markets. The first bond is a 2-year,$1,000 bond that pays an annual coupon of 10 percent. The second bond is a 2-year,$1,000, zero-coupon bond.a. What is the duration of the coupon bond if the current yield-to-maturity (YTM) is 8percent? 10 percent? 12 percent? (Hint: You may wish to create a spreadsheetprogram to assist in the calculations.)Coupon BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Annual payments YTM = 0.08 Maturity = 2Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $100.00 0.92593 $92.59 $92.592 $1,100.00 0.85734 $943.07 $1,886.15Price = $1,035.67Numerator = $1,978.74 Duration = 1.9106 = Numerator/Price YTM = 0.10Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $100.00 0.90909 $90.91 $90.912 $1,100.00 0.82645 $909.09 $1,818.18Price = $1,000.00Numerator = $1,909.09 Duration = 1.9091 = Numerator/Price YTM = 0.12Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $100.00 0.89286 $89.29 $89.292 $1,100.00 0.79719 $876.91 $1,753.83Price = $966.20Numerator = $1,843.11 Duration = 1.9076 = Numerator/Priceb. How does the change in the current YTM affect the duration of this coupon bond?Increasing the yield-to-maturity decreases the duration of the bond.c. Calculate the duration of the zero-coupon bond with a YTM of 8 percent, 10 percent,and 12 percent.Zero Coupon BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.00YTM = 0.08 Maturity = 2Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $0.00 0.92593 $0.00 $0.002 $1,000.00 0.85734 $857.34 $1,714.68Price = $857.34Numerator = $1,714.68 Duration = 2.0000 = Numerator/Price YTM = 0.10Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $0.00 0.90909 $0.00 $0.002 $1,000.00 0.82645 $826.45 $1,652.89Price = $826.45Numerator = $1,652.89 Duration = 2.0000 = Numerator/Price YTM = 0.12Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $0.00 0.89286 $0.00 $0.002 $1,000.00 0.79719 $797.19 $1,594.39Price = $797.19Numerator = $1,594.39 Duration = 2.0000 = Numerator/Priced. How does the change in the current YTM affect the duration of the zero-coupon bond?Changing the yield-to-maturity does not affect the duration of the zero coupon bond.e. Why does the change in the YTM affect the coupon bond differently than the zero-coupon bond?Increasing the YTM on the coupon bond allows for a higher reinvestment income that more quickly recovers the initial investment. The zero-coupon bond has no cash flow untilmaturity.3. A one-year, $100,000 loan carries a market interest rate of 12 percent. The loan requires payment of accrued interest and one-half of the principal at the end of six months. The remaining principal and accrued interest are due at the end of the year. a. What is the duration of this loan?Cash flow in 6 months = $100,000 x .12 x .5 + $50,000 = $56,000 interest and principal. Cash flow in 1 year = $50,000 x 1.06 = $53,000 interest and principal. Time Cash Flow PVIF CF*PVIF T*CF*CVIF1 $56,000 0.943396 $52,830.19 $52,830.192 $53,000 0.889996 $47,169.81 $94,339.62Price = $100,000.00 $147,169.81 = Numerator735849.02100.000,100$81.169,147$==x D yearsb. What will be the cash flows at the end of 6 months and at the end of the year? Cash flow in 6 months = $100,000 x .12 x .5 + $50,000 = $56,000 interest and principal. Cash flow in 1 year = $50,000 x 1.06 = $53,000 interest and principal.c. What is the present value of each cash flow discounted at the market rate? What is the total present value? $56,000 ÷ 1.06 = $52,830.19 = PVCF 1$53,000 ÷ (1.06)2 = $47,169.81 = PVCF 2=$100,000.00 = PV Total CFd. What proportion of the total present value of cash flows occurs at the end of 6 months? What proportion occurs at the end of the year? Proportion t=.5 = $52,830.19 ÷ $100,000 x 100 = 52.830 percent. Proportion t=1 = $47,169.81 ÷ $100,000 x 100 = 47.169 percent.e. What is the weighted-average life of the cash flows on the loan?D = 0.5283 x 0.5 years + 0.47169 x 1.0 years = 0.26415 + 0.47169 = 0.73584 years. f. How does this weighted-average life compare to the duration calculated in part (a) above? The two values are the same.4. What is the duration of a five-year, $1,000 Treasury bond with a 10 percent semiannualcoupon selling at par? Selling with a YTM of 12 percent? 14 percent? What can youconclude about the relationship between duration and yield to maturity? Plot therelationship. Why does this relationship exist?Five-year Treasury BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Semiannual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T0.5 $50.00 0.95238 $47.62 $23.81 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM/2)^(Time*2)1 $50.00 0.90703 $45.35 $45.351.5 $50.00 0.86384 $43.19 $64.792 $50.00 0.8227 $41.14 $82.272.5 $50.00 0.78353 $39.18 $97.943 $50.00 0.74622 $37.31 $111.933.5$50.00 0.71068 $35.53 $124.374$50.00 0.67684 $33.84 $135.374.5 $50.00 0.64461 $32.23 $145.045 $1,050.00 0.61391 $644.61 $3,223.04Price = $1,000.00Numerator = $4,053.91 Duration = 4.0539 = Numerator/Price Five-year Treasury BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Semiannual payments YTM = 0.12 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T0.5 $50.00 0.9434 $47.17 $23.58 Duration YTM1 $50.00 0.89 $44.50 $44.50 4.0539 0.101.5 $50.00 0.83962 $41.98 $62.97 4.0113 0.122 $50.00 0.79209 $39.60 $79.21 3.9676 0.142.5 $50.00 0.74726 $37.36 $93.413 $50.00 0.70496 $35.25 $105.743.5$50.00 0.66506 $33.25 $116.384$50.00 0.62741 $31.37 $125.484.5 $50.00 0.5919 $29.59 $133.185 $1,050.00 0.55839 $586.31 $2,931.57 .Price = $926.40Numerator = $3,716.03 Duration = 4.0113 = Numerator/PriceFive-year Treasury Bond Par value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Semiannual payments YTM = 0.14 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 0.5 $50.00 0.93458 $46.73 $23.36 1 $50.00 0.87344 $43.67 $43.67 1.5 $50.00 0.8163 $40.81 $61.22 2 $50.00 0.7629 $38.14 $76.29 2.5 $50.00 0.71299 $35.65 $89.12 3 $50.00 0.66634 $33.32 $99.95 3.5 $50.00 0.62275 $31.14 $108.98 4 $50.00 0.58201 $29.10 $116.40 4.5 $50.00 0.54393 $27.20 $122.39 5 $1,050.00 0.50835 $533.77 $2,668.83 Price = $859.53Numerator = $3,410.22 Duration = 3.9676 = Numerator/Price5. Consider three Treasury bonds each of which has a 10 percent semiannual coupon and trades at par.a. Calculate the duration for a bond that has a maturity of 4 years, 3 years, and 2 years? Please see the calculations on the next page.a. Four-year Treasury BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Semiannual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 4Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T0.5 $50.00 0.952381 $47.62 $23.81 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM/2)^(Time*2)1 $50.00 0.907029 $45.35 $45.351.5 $50.00 0.863838 $43.19 $64.792 $50.00 0.822702 $41.14 $82.272.5 $50.00 0.783526 $39.18 $97.943 $50.00 0.746215 $37.31 $111.933.5$50.00 0.710681 $35.53 $124.374$1,050.00 0.676839 $710.68 $2,842.73Price = $1,000.00Numerator = $3,393.19 Duration = 3.3932 = Numerator/Price Three-year Treasury BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Semiannual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 3Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T0.5 $50.00 0.952381 $47.62 $23.81 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM/2)^(Time*2)1 $50.00 0.907029 $45.35 $45.351.5 $50.00 0.863838 $43.19 $64.792 $50.00 0.822702 $41.14 $82.272.5 $50.00 0.783526 $39.18 $97.943 $1,050.00 0.746215 $783.53 $2,350.58Price = $1,000.00Numerator = $2,664.74 Duration = 2.6647 = Numerator/Price Two-year Treasury BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Semiannual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 2Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T0.5 $50.00 0.952381 $47.62 $23.81 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM/2)^(Time*2)1 $50.00 0.907029 $45.35 $45.351.5 $50.00 0.863838 $43.19 $64.792 $1,050.00 0.822702 $863.84 $1,727.68Price = $1,000.00Numerator = $1,861.62 Duration = 1.8616 = Numerator/Priceb. What conclusions can you reach about the relationship of duration and the time tomaturity? Plot the relationship.As maturity decreases, duration decreases at a decreasing rate. Although the graph below does not illustrate with great precision, the change in duration is less than the change in time to maturity.6. A six-year, $10,000 CD pays 6 percent interest annually. What is the duration of the CD? What would be the duration if interest were paid semiannually? What is the relationship of duration to the relative frequency of interest payments?Six-year CDPar value = $10,000 Coupon = 0.06 Annual payments YTM = 0.06 Maturity = 6 Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 1 $600.00 0.94340 $566.04 $566.04 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time) 2 $600.00 0.89000 $534.00 $1,068.00 3 $600.00 0.83962 $503.77 $1,511.31 4 $600.00 0.79209 $475.26 $1,901.02 5 $600.00 0.74726 $448.35 $2,241.77 6 $10,600 0.70496 $7,472.58 $44,835.49Price = $10,000.00Numerator = $52,123.64 Duration = 5.2124 = Numerator/PriceSix-year CDPar value = $10,000 Coupon = 0.06 Semiannual payments YTM = 0.06 Maturity = 6Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 0.5 $300.00 0.970874 $291.26 $145.63 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM/2)^(Time*2) 1 $300.00 0.942596 $282.78 $282.78 1.5 $300.00 0.915142 $274.54$411.812 $300.00 0.888487 $266.55 $533.092.5 $300.00 0.862609 $258.78 $646.963 $300.00 0.837484 $251.25 $753.743.5$300.00 0.813092 $243.93 $853.754$300.00 0.789409 $236.82 $947.294.5 $300.00 0.766417 $229.93 $1,034.665 $300.00 0.744094 $223.23 $1,116.145.5 $300.00 0.722421 $216.73 $1,192.006 $10,300 0.701380 $7,224.21 $43,345.28Price = $10,000.00Numerator = $51,263.12 Duration = 5.1263 = Numerator/Price Duration decreases as the frequency of payments increases. This relationship occurs because (a) cash is being received more quickly, and (b) reinvestment income will occur more quickly from the earlier cash flows.7. What is the duration of a consol bond that sells at a YTM of 8 percent? 10 percent? 12percent? What is a consol bond? Would a consol trading at a YTM of 10 percent have agreater duration than a 20-year zero-coupon bond trading at the same YTM? Why?A consol is a bond that pays a fixed coupon each year forever. A consol Consol Bond trading at a YTM of 10 percent has a duration of 11 years, while a zero- YTM D = 1 + 1/R coupon bond trading at a YTM of 10 percent, or any other YTM, has a 0.08 13.50 years duration of 20 years because no cash flows occur before the twentieth 0.10 11.00 years year. 0.12 9.33 years 8. Maximum Pension Fund is attempting to balance one of the bond portfolios under itsmanagement. The fund has identified three bonds which have five-year maturities andwhich trade at a YTM of 9 percent. The bonds differ only in that the coupons are 7 percent,9 percent, and 11 percent.a. What is the duration for each bond?Five-year BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.07 Annual payments YTM = 0.09 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $70.00 0.917431 $64.22 $64.22 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time)2 $70.00 0.841680 $58.92 $117.843 $70.00 0.772183 $54.05 $162.164 $70.00 0.708425 $49.59 $198.365 $1,070.00 0.649931 $695.43 $3,477.13Price = $922.21Numerator = $4,019.71 Duration = 4.3588 = Numerator/PriceFive-year BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.09 Annual payments YTM = 0.09 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $90.00 0.917431 $82.57 $82.57 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time)2 $90.00 0.841680 $75.75 $151.503 $90.00 0.772183 $69.50 $208.494 $90.00 0.708425 $63.76 $255.035 $1,090.00 0.649931 $708.43 $3,542.13Price = $1,000.00Numerator = $4,239.72 Duration = 4.2397 = Numerator/Price Five-year BondPar value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.11 Annual payments YTM = 0.09 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $110.00 0.917431 $100.92 $100.92 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time)2 $110.00 0.841680 $92.58 $185.173 $110.00 0.772183 $84.94 $254.824 $110.00 0.708425 $77.93 $311.715 $1,110.00 0.649931 $721.42 $3,607.12Price = $1,077.79Numerator = $4,459.73 Duration = 4.1378 = Numerator/Priceb. What is the relationship between duration and the amount of coupon interest that is paid?Plot the relationship.9. An insurance company is analyzing three bonds and is using duration as the measure ofinterest rate risk. All three bonds trade at a YTM of 10 percent and have $10,000 parvalues. The bonds differ only in the amount of annual coupon interest that they pay: 8, 10, or 12 percent.a. What is the duration for each five-year bond?Five-year BondPar value = $10,000 Coupon = 0.08 Annual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $800.00 0.909091 $727.27 $727.27 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time)2 $800.00 0.826446 $661.16 $1,322.313 $800.00 0.751315 $601.05 $1,803.164 $800.00 0.683013 $546.41 $2,185.645 $10,800.00 0.620921 $6,705.95 $33,529.75Price = $9,241.84Numerator = $39,568.14 Duration = 4.2814 = Numerator/Price Five-year BondPar value = $10,000 Coupon = 0.10 Annual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $1,000.00 0.909091 $909.09 $909.09 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time)2 $1,000.00 0.826446 $826.45 $1,652.893 $1,000.00 0.751315 $751.31 $2,253.944 $1,000.00 0.683013 $683.01 $2,732.055 $11,000.00 0.620921 $6,830.13 $34,150.67Price = $10,000.00Numerator = $41,698.65 Duration = 4.1699 = Numerator/Price Five-year BondPar value = $10,000 Coupon = 0.12 Annual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $1,200.00 0.909091 $1,090.91 $1,090.91 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time)2 $1,200.00 0.826446 $991.74 $1,983.473 $1,200.00 0.751315 $901.58 $2,704.734 $1,200.00 0.683013 $819.62 $3,278.465 $11,200.00 0.620921 $6,954.32 $34,771.59Price = $10,758.16Numerator = $43,829.17 Duration = 4.0740 = Numerator/Priceb. What is the relationship between duration and the amount of coupon interest that is paid?10. You can obtain a loan for $100,000 at a rate of 10 percent for two years. You have a choiceof either paying the principal at the end of the second year or amortizing the loan, that is, paying interest and principal in equal payments each year. The loan is priced at par. a. What is the duration of the loan under both methods of payment?Two-year loan: Principal and interest at end of year two. Par value = 100,000 Coupon = 0.00 No annual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 2Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 1 $0.00 0.90909 $0.00 $0.00 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time) 2 $121,000 0.82645 $100,000.0 200,000.00 Price = $100,000.0 Numerator = 200,000.00 Duration = 2.0000 = Numerator/Price Two-year loan: Interest at end of year one, P & I at end of year two. Par value = 100,000 Coupon = 0.10 Annual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 2 Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 1 $10,000 0.909091 $9,090.91 $9,090.91 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time) 2 $110,000 0.826446 $90,909.09 181,818.18 Price = $100,000.0 Numerator = 190,909.09 Duration = 1.9091 = Numerator/Price Two-year loan: Amortized over two years. Amortized payment of $57.619.05 Par value = 100,000 Coupon = 0.10 YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 2 Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 1 $57,619.05 0.909091 $52,380.95 $52,380.95 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time) 2 $57,619.05 0.826446 $47,619.05 $95,238.10 Price = $100,000.0Numerator = 147,619.05 Duration = 1.4762 = Numerator/Priceb. Explain the difference in the two results?11. How is duration related to the interest elasticity of a fixed-income security? What is therelationship between duration and the price of the fixed-income security?Taking the first derivative of a bond’s (or any fixed -income security) price (P) with respect to the yield to maturity (R) provides the following:D R dR P dP-=+)1( The economic interpretation is that D is a measure of the percentage change in price of a bond for a given percentage change in yield to maturity (interest elasticity). This equation can be rewritten to provide a practical application:P R dR D dP ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+-=1 In other words, if duration is known, then the change in the price of a bond due to small changes in interest rates, R, can be estimated using the above formula.12. You have discovered that the price of a bond rose from $975 to $995 when the YTM fellfrom 9.75 percent to 9.25 percent. What is the duration of the bond?We know years D years R R P PD 5.45.40975.1005.97520)1(=⇒-=-=+∆∆=-13. Calculate the duration of a 2-year, $1,000 bond that pays an annual coupon of 10 percentand trades at a yield of 14 percent. What is the expected change in the price of the bond if interest rates decline by 0.50 percent (50 basis points)?Two-year Bond Par value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Annual payments YTM = 0.14 Maturity = 2Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 1 $100.00 0.87719 $87.72 $87.72 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time) 2 $1,100.00 0.76947 $846.41 $1,692.83 Price = $934.13Numerator = $1,780.55 Duration = 1.9061 = Numerator/PriceExpected change in price = 81.7$13.934$14.1005.9061.11=--=+∆-P R R D . This implies a newprice of $941.94. The actual price using conventional bond price discounting would be $941.99. The difference of $0.05 is due to convexity, which was not considered in this solution.14. The duration of an 11-year, $1,000 Treasury bond paying a 10 percent semiannual couponand selling at par has been estimated at 6.9 years. a. What is the modified duration of the bond (Modified Duration = D/(1 + R))? MD = 6.9/(1 + .10/2) = 6.57 years b. What will be the estimated price change of the bond if market interest rates increase0.10 percent (10 basis points)? If rates decrease 0.20 percent (20 basis points)?Estimated change in price = -MD x ∆R x P = -6.57 x 0.001 x $1,000 = -$6.57. Estimated change in price = -MD x ∆R x P = -6.57 x -0.002 x $1,000 = $13.14. c. What would be the actual price of the bond under each rate change situation in part (b)using the traditional present value bond pricing techniques? What is the amount of error in each case?Rate Price Actual Change Estimated Price Error + 0.001 $993.43 $993.45 $0.02 - 0.002 $1,013.14 $1,013.28 -$0.1415. Suppose you purchase a five-year, 13.76 percent bond that is priced to yield 10 percent. a. Show that the duration of this annual payment bond is equal to four years.Five-year Bond Par value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.1376 Annual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 5Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $137.60 0.909091 $125.09 $125.09 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time)2 $137.60 0.826446 $113.72 $227.443 $137.60 0.751315 $103.38 $310.144 $137.60 0.683013 $93.98 $375.935 $1,137.60 0.620921 $706.36 $3,531.80Price = $1,142.53Numerator = $4,570.40 Duration = 4.0002 = Numerator/Priceb. Show that, if interest rates rise to 11 percent within the next year and that if yourinvestment horizon is four years from today, you will still earn a 10 percent yield onyour investment.Value of bond at end of year four: PV = ($137.60 + $1,000) ÷ 1.11 = $1,024.86.Future value of interest payments at end of year four: $137.60*FVIF n=4, i=11% = $648.06.Future value of all cash flows at n = 4:Coupon interest payments over four years $550.40Interest on interest at 11 percent 97.66Value of bond at end of year four $1,024.86Total future value of investment $1,672.92Yield on purchase of asset at $1,142.53 = $1,672.92*PVIV n=4, i=?% ⇒ i = 10.002332%.c. Show that a 10 percent yield also will be earned if interest rates fall next year to 9percent.Value of bond at end of year four: PV = ($137.60 + $1,000) ÷ 1.09 = $1,043.67.Future value of interest payments at end of year four: $137.60*FVIF n=4, i=9% = $629.26.Future value of all cash flows at n = 4:Coupon interest payments over four years $550.40Interest on interest at 9 percent 78.86Value of bond at end of year four $1,043.67Total future value of investment $1,672.93Yield on purchase of asset at $1,142.53 = $1,672.93*PVIV n=4, i=?% ⇒ i = 10.0025 percent. 16. Consider the case where an investor holds a bond for a period of time longer than theduration of the bond, that is, longer than the original investment horizon.a. If market interest rates rise, will the return that is earned exceed or fall short of theoriginal required rate of return? Explain.In this case the actual return earned would exceed the yield expected at the time ofpurchase. The benefits from a higher reinvestment rate would exceed the price reductioneffect if the investor holds the bond for a sufficient length of time.b. What will happen to the realized return if market interest rates decrease? Explain.If market rates decrease, the realized yield on the bond will be less than the expected yield because the decrease in reinvestment earnings will be greater than the gain in bond value.c. Recalculate parts (b) and (c) of problem 15 above, assuming that the bond is held for allfive years, to verify your answers to parts (a) and (b) of this problem.The case where interest rates rise to 11 percent, n = five years:Future value of interest payments at end of year five: $137.60*FVIF n=5, i=11% = $856.95.Future value of all cash flows at n = 5:Coupon interest payments over five years $688.00Interest on interest at 11 percent 168.95Value of bond at end of year five $1,000.00Total future value of investment $1,856.95Yield on purchase of asset at $1,142.53 = $1,856.95*PVIF n=5, i=?%The case where interest rates fall to 9 percent, n = five years:Future value of interest payments at end of year five: $137.60*FVIF n=5, i=9% = $823.50.Future value of all cash flows at n = 5:Coupon interest payments over five years $688.00Interest on interest at 9 percent 135.50Value of bond at end of year five $1,000.00Total future value of investment $1,823.50Yield on purchase of asset at $1,142.53 = $1,823.50*PVIV n=5, i=?% ⇒ i = 9.8013 percent.d. If either calculation in part (c) is greater than the original required rate of return, whywould an investor ever try to match the duration of an asset with his investment horizon?The answer has to do with the ability to forecast interest rates. Forecasting interest rates isa very difficult task, one that most financial institution money managers are unwilling to do.For most managers, betting that rates would rise to 11 percent to provide a realized yield of10.20 percent over five years is not a sufficient return to offset the possibility that ratescould fall to 9 percent and thus give a yield of only 9.8 percent over five years.17. Two banks are being examined by the regulators to determine the interest rate sensitivity oftheir balance sheets. Bank A has assets composed solely of a 10-year, 12 percent, $1million loan. The loan is financed with a 10-year, 10 percent, $1 million CD. Bank B has assets composed solely of a 7-year, 12 percent zero-coupon bond with a current (market) value of $894,006.20 and a maturity (principal) value of $1,976,362.88. The bond isfinanced with a 10-year, 8.275 percent coupon, $1,000,000 face value CD with a YTM of10 percent. The loan and the CDs pay interest annually, with principal due at maturity.a. If market interest rates increase 1 percent (100 basis points), how do the market valuesof the assets and liabilities of each bank change? That is, what will be the net affect onthe market value of the equity for each bank?For Bank A, an increase of 100 basis points in interest rate will cause the market values of assets and liabilities to decrease as follows:Loan: $120*PVIVA n=10,i=13% + $1,000*PVIV n=10,i=13% = $945,737.57.CD: $100*PVIVA n=10,i=11% + $1,000*PVIV n=10,i=11% = $941,107.68.Therefore, the decrease in value of the asset was $4,629.89 less than the liability.For Bank B:Bond: $1,976,362.88*PVIV n=7,i=13% = $840,074.08.CD: $82.75*PVIVA n=10,i=11% + $1,000*PVIV n=10,i=11% = $839,518.43.The bond value decreased $53,932.12, and the CD value fell $54,487.79. Therefore,the decrease in value of the asset was $555.67 less than the liability.b. What accounts for the differences in the changes of the market value of equity betweenthe two banks?The assets and liabilities of Bank A change in value by different amounts because thedurations of the assets and liabilities are not the same, even though the face values andmaturities are the same. For Bank B, the maturities of the assets and liabilities are different, but the current market values and durations are the same. Thus the change in interest rates causes the same (approximate) change in value for both liabilities and assets.c. Verify your results above by calculating the duration for the assets and liabilities ofeach bank, and estimate the changes in value for the expected change in interest rates.Summarize your results.Ten-year CD:Bank B (Calculation in millions)Par value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.08 Annual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 10Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T1 $82.75 0.909091 $75.23 $75.23 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time)2 $82.75 0.826446 $68.39 $136.783 $82.75 0.751315 $62.17 $186.514 $82.75 0.683013 $56.52 $226.085 $82.75 0.620921 $51.38 $256.916 $82.75 0.564474 $46.71 $280.267 $82.75 0.513158 $42.46 $297.258 $82.75 0.466507 $38.60 $308.839 $82.75 0.424098 $35.09 $315.8510 $1,082.75 0.385543 $417.45 $4,174.47Price = $894.006Numerator = $6,258.15 Duration = 7.0001 = Numerator/PriceThe duration for the CD of Bank B is calculated above to be 7.001 years. Since the bond is a zero-coupon, the duration is equal to the maturity of 7 years.Using the duration formula to estimate the change in value:Bond: ∆Value = 39.875,55$20.006,894$12.101.0.71-=-=+∆-P R R DCD:∆Value = 43.899,56$22.006,894$10.101.0001.71-=-=+∆-P R R DThe difference in the change in value of the assets and liabilities for Bank B is $1,024.04using the duration estimation model. The small difference in this estimate and the estimate found in part a above is due to the convexity of the two financial assets.The duration estimates for the loan and CD for Bank A are presented below:Ten-year Loan: Bank A (Calculation in millions)Par value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.12 Annual payments YTM = 0.12 Maturity = 10Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 1 $120.00 0.892857 $107.14 $107.14 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time) 2 $120.00 0.797194 $95.66 $191.33 3 $120.00 0.711780 $85.41 $256.24 4 $120.00 0.635518 $76.26 $305.05 5 $120.00 0.567427 $68.09 $340.46 6 $120.00 0.506631 $60.80 $364.77 7 $120.00 0.452349 $54.28 $379.97 8 $120.00 0.403883 $48.47 $387.73 9 $120.00 0.360610 $43.27 $389.46 10 $1,120.00 0.321973 $360.61 $3,606.10 Price = $1,000.00Numerator = $6,328.25 Duration = 6.3282 = Numerator/PriceTen-year CD: Bank A (Calculation in millions) Par value = $1,000 Coupon = 0.10 Annual payments YTM = 0.10 Maturity = 10 Time Cash Flow PVIF PV of CF PV*CF*T 1 $100.00 0.909091 $90.91 $90.91 PVIF = 1/(1+YTM)^(Time) 2 $100.00 0.826446 $82.64 $165.29 3 $100.00 0.751315 $75.13 $225.39 4 $100.00 0.683013 $68.30 $273.21 5 $100.00 0.620921 $62.09 $310.46。
上交大《金融学》第八章 课后习题答案
第八章中央银行复习思考题1.中央银行产生的历史必然性有哪些？（1）统一银行券发行的要求（2）建立全国统一清算系统的要求（3）建立银行最后贷款人的要求（4）金融监督管理的要求2.中央银行的独立性是相对的还是绝对的？为什么？中央银行的相对独立性实际上是中央银行与政府关系的具体形态，即中央银行与政府之间必须保持一定的独立性；但中央银行既不能完全独立于政府控制之外，又不能凌驾于政府之上，要在国家的总体经济政策的指导之下，独立地制定和执行货币政策，保持相对独立性。
中央银行的独立性只能是相对的，这是因为：（1）中央银行的政策目标不能背离国家总体经济发展目标。
中央银行作为一国的宏观调控者，其货币政策必须支持和配合国家的经济发展目标，不能自行其是。
（2）货币政策是整个国家宏观经济政策的一部分，其实施应与财政政策等其他宏观政策相配合，才能达到预定效果。
（3）中央银行的业务活动和监管都是在国家授权下进行的，有些国家的中央银行直接就是政府的组成部分，中央银行的主要负责人也大都由政府委任。
因而，中央银行不可能完全脱离开政府。
3.简述中央银行的性质和职能。
在整个金融体系中，中央银行处于核心、领导地位。
中央银行是代表国家制定和执行货币政策，对国民经济进行宏观调控，并对金融业和金融市场进行监督管理，防范和化解金融风险、维护金融稳定的特殊金融机构。
这种特殊性体现在它既不同于一般的金融机构，也不同于一般的政府机构。
中央银行的主要职能可以概括为：发行的银行、银行的银行、国家的银行三大职能。
4.中央银行体制的类型有哪些？一元式中央银行体制、二元式中央银行体制、准中央银行体制和跨国中央银行体制等四种类型。
5.中央银行货币发行的方式有几种类型？货币发行应遵循什么原则？中央银行货币发行包括经济发行和财政发行两种类型。
人民币的发行主要坚持两个原则：一是人民币的发行坚持垄断发行原则，货币发行高度集中于中国人民银行。
二是人民币的发行坚持经济发行原则，不做财政性发行，即货币发行用于满足经济发展对于货币的客观需要，货币数量与商品生产和流通规模相适应。
金融机构风险管理第八章
四、价格和交易量结合法
前面几种度量方法都只是片面考虑了“价格—数量” 函数的深度和广度，在此基础上，不少学者提出了将“价 格—数量”函数的深度和广度相结合的弹性度量。弹性度 量客服了单纯以买卖价差或者交易量大小来衡量流动性风 险的缺点，考虑了交易量与价格之间的相互影响。弹性度 量方法对于数量大或次数多的交易非常有用，如果与买卖 价差和交易量法相结合，则构成了流动性或流动性风险的 全景。但是由于该度量方法需要的数据较难获得，这也使 得它在实时操作中受到很大限制。
如果对其进行净流动资产缺口分析, 度量两个银行的 流动性风险, 却会得出不一样的结果:从流动性资产应该对 应不稳定性资产的角度分析(见表8 - 3): A 银行的流动性 资产是300 亿元, 所对应的不稳定性负债同样为300 亿元, 两者很好地对冲了。而B银行的流动性资产是100 亿元, 所 对应的不稳定性负债为150 元, 两者出现了缺口。因此得 出B 银行的流动性风险要比A 银行高的结论。
一、时间法
金融资产流动性风险的即时性度量可以用时间法。即 将资产变卖所需要的时间长短作为度量流动性风险大小的 标准。在给定条件下，买卖一项金融资产所需要的时间越 少，则意味着该金融资产的流动性越高，其流动性风险越 低。时间法所采用的指标有很多，我们可以直接通过衡量 一项金融资产的交易间隔时间或交易执行等待时间来比较 流动性风险的大小，也可以间接通过衡量交易成交率或交 易频率来比较流动性风险大小。
（一）现金流量和到期期限的交叉矩阵 现金流到期期限匹配需要考虑的两个确定性问题，一 个是现金流量的确定性问题，另一个是到期期限的确定性 问题。因此，在度量流动性风险之时，需要将现金流量根 据到期期限阶梯进行划分。按照现金流量的确定性与不确 定性、到期期限的确定性与不确定性，将资产负债表表内 和表外项目划分为四个类别
Chap008金融机构管理课后题答案讲课教案
C h a p008金融机构管理课后题答案Chapter EightInterest Rate Risk IChapter Outline IntroductionThe Central Bank and Interest Rate RiskThe Repricing Model•Rate-Sensitive Assets•Rate-Sensitive Liabilities•Equal Changes in Rates on RSAs and RSLs•Unequal Changes in Rates on RSAs and RSLs Weaknesses of the Repricing Model•Market Value Effects•Overaggregation•The Problem of Runoffs•Cash Flows from Off-Balance Sheet ActivitiesThe Maturity Model•The Maturity Model with a Portfolio of Assets and Liabilities Weakness of the Maturity ModelSummaryAppendix 8A: Term Structure of Interest Rates•Unbiased Expectations Theory•Liquidity Premium Theory•Market Segmentation TheorySolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Eight1. What was the impact on interest rates of the borrowed reserves targeting regime used bythe Federal Reserve from 1982 to 1993?The volatility of interest rates was significantly lower than under the nonborrowed reservestarget regime used in the three years immediately prior to 1982. Figure 8-1 indicates that boththe level and volatility of interest rates declined even further after 1993 when the Fed decidedthat it would target primarily the fed funds rate as a guide for monetary policy.2. How has the increased level of financial market integration affected interest rates? Increased financial market integration, or globalization, increases the speed with which interest rate changes and volatility are transmitted among countries. The result of this quickening of global economic adjustment is to increase the difficulty and uncertainty faced by the Federal Reserve as it attempts to manage economic activity within the U.S. Further, because FIs have become increasingly more global in their activities, any change in interest rate levels or volatility caused by Federal Reserve actions more quickly creates additional interest rate risk issues for these companies.3. What is the repricing gap? In using this model to evaluate interest rate risk, what is meantby rate sensitivity? On what financial performance variable does the repricing model focus?Explain.The repricing gap is a measure of the difference between the dollar value of assets that will reprice and the dollar value of liabilities that will reprice within a specific time period, where reprice means the potential to receive a new interest rate. Rate sensitivity represents the time interval where repricing can occur. The model focuses on the potential changes in the net interest income variable. In effect, if interest rates change, interest income and interest expense will change as the various assets and liabilities are repriced, that is, receive new interest rates.4. What is a maturity bucket in the repricing model? Why is the length of time selected forrepricing assets and liabilities important when using the repricing model?The maturity bucket is the time window over which the dollar amounts of assets and liabilitiesare measured. The length of the repricing period determines which of the securities in a portfolio are rate-sensitive. The longer the repricing period, the more securities either mature or need tobe repriced, and, therefore, the more the interest rate exposure. An excessively short repricing period omits consideration of the interest rate risk exposure of assets and liabilities are that repriced in the period immediately following the end of the repricing period. That is, it understates the rate sensitivity of the balance sheet. An excessively long repricing period includes many securities that are repriced at different times within the repricing period, thereby overstating the rate sensitivity of the balance sheet.5. Calculate the repricing gap and the impact on net interest income of a 1 percent increase ininterest rates for each of the following positions:•Rate-sensitive assets = $200 million. Rate-sensitive liabilities = $100 million.Repricing gap = RSA - RSL = $200 - $100 million = +$100 million.∆NII = ($100 million)(.01) = +$1.0 million, or $1,000,000.•Rate-sensitive assets = $100 million. Rate-sensitive liabilities = $150 million.Repricing gap = RSA - RSL = $100 - $150 million = -$50 million.∆NII = (-$50 million)(.01) = -$0.5 million, or -$500,000.•Rate-sensitive assets = $150 million. Rate-sensitive liabilities = $140 million.Repricing gap = RSA - RSL = $150 - $140 million = +$10 million.∆NII = ($10 million)(.01) = +$0.1 million, or $100,000.a. Calculate the impact on net interest income on each of the above situations assuming a1 percent decrease in interest rates.•∆NII = ($100 million)(-.01) = -$1.0 million, or -$1,000,000.•∆NII = (-$50 million)(-.01) = +$0.5 million, or $500,000.•∆NII = ($10 million)(-.01) = -$0.1 million, or -$100,000.b. What conclusion can you draw about the repricing model from these results?The FIs in parts (1) and (3) are exposed to interest rate declines (positive repricing gap)while the FI in part (2) is exposed to interest rate increases. The FI in part (3) has thelowest interest rate risk exposure since the absolute value of the repricing gap is the lowest, while the opposite is true for part (1).6. What are the reasons for not including demand deposits as rate-sensitive liabilities in therepricing analysis for a commercial bank? What is the subtle, but potentially strong, reason for including demand deposits in the total of rate-sensitive liabilities? Can the sameargument be made for passbook savings accounts?The regulatory rate available on demand deposit accounts is zero. Although many banks are able to offer NOW accounts on which interest can be paid, this interest rate seldom is changed and thus the accounts are not really sensitive. However, demand deposit accounts do pay implicit interest in the form of not charging fully for checking and other services. Further, when market interest rates rise, customers draw down their DDAs, which may cause the bank to use higher cost sources of funds. The same or similar arguments can be made for passbook savings accounts.7. What is the gap ratio? What is the value of this ratio to interest rate risk managers andregulators?The gap ratio is the ratio of the cumulative gap position to the total assets of the bank. The cumulative gap position is the sum of the individual gaps over several time buckets. The value of this ratio is that it tells the direction of the interest rate exposure and the scale of that exposure relative to the size of the bank.8. Which of the following assets or liabilities fit the one-year rate or repricing sensitivity test?91-day U.S. Treasury bills Yes1-year U.S. Treasury notes Yes20-year U.S. Treasury bonds No20-year floating-rate corporate bonds with annual repricing Yes30-year floating-rate mortgages with repricing every two years No30-year floating-rate mortgages with repricing every six months YesOvernight fed funds Yes9-month fixed rate CDs Yes1-year fixed-rate CDs Yes5-year floating-rate CDs with annual repricing YesCommon stock No9. Consider the following balance sheet for WatchoverU Savings, Inc. (in millions):Assets Liabilities and EquityFloating-rate mortgages Demand deposits(currently 10% annually) $50 (currently 6% annually) $70 30-year fixed-rate loans Time deposits(currently 7% annually) $50 (currently 6% annually $20Equity $10 Total Assets $100 Total Liabilities & Equity $100a. What is WatchoverU’s expected net interest income at year-end?Current expected interest income: $5m + $3.5m = $8.5m.Expected interest expense: $4.2m + $1.2m = $5.4m.Expected net interest income: $8.5m - $5.4m = $3.1m.b. What will be the net interest income at year-end if interest rates rise by 2 percent?After the 200 basis point interest rate increase, net interest income declines to:50(0.12) + 50(0.07) - 70(0.08) - 20(.06) = $9.5m - $6.8m = $2.7m, a decline of $0.4m.c. Using the cumulative repricing gap model, what is the expected net interest income fora 2 percent increase in interest rates?Wachovia’s' repricing or funding gap is $50m - $70m = -$20m. The change in net interest income using the funding gap model is (-$20m)(0.02) = -$.4m.d.What will be the net interest income at year-end if interest rates increase 200 basispoints on assets, but only 100 basis points on liabilities? Is it reasonable for changes ininterest rates to affect balance sheet in an uneven manner? Why?After the unbalanced rate increase, net interest income will be 50(0.12) +50(0.07) - 70(0.07) - 20(.06) = $9.5m - $6.1m = $3.4m, an increase of $0.3m. It is notuncommon for interest rates to adjust in an uneven manner over two sides of the balance sheet because interest rates often do not adjust solely because of market pressures. In many cases the changes are affected by decisions of management. Thus you can see thedifference between this answer and the answer for part a.10. What are some of the weakness of the repricing model? How have large banks solved theproblem of choosing the optimal time period for repricing? What is runoff cash flow, and how does this amount affect the repricing model’s analysis?The repricing model has four general weaknesses:(1) It ignores market value effects.(2) It does not take into account the fact that the dollar value of rate sensitive assets andliabilities within a bucket are not similar. Thus, if assets, on average, are repriced earlier in the bucket than liabilities, and if interest rates fall, FIs are subject to reinvestment risks. (3) It ignores the problem of runoffs, that is, that some assets are prepaid and some liabilitiesare withdrawn before the maturity date.(4) It ignores income generated from off-balance-sheet activities.Large banks are able to reprice securities every day using their own internal models so reinvestment and repricing risks can be estimated for each day of the year.Runoff cash flow reflects the assets that are repaid before maturity and the liabilities that are withdrawn unsuspectedly. To the extent that either of these amounts is significantly greater than expected, the estimated interest rate sensitivity of the bank will be in error.11. Use the following information about a hypothetical government security dealer named M.P.Jorgan. Market yields are in parenthesis, and amounts are in millions.Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $10 Overnight Repos $1701 month T-bills (7.05%) 75 Subordinated debt3 month T-bills (7.25%) 75 7-year fixed rate (8.55% 1502 year T-notes (7.50%) 508 year T-notes (8.96%) 1005 year munis (floating rate)(8.20% reset every 6 months) 25 Equity 15Total Assets $335 Total Liabilities & Equity $335a. What is the funding or repricing gap if the planning period is 30 days? 91 days? 2years? Recall that cash is a noninterest-earning asset.Funding or repricing gap using a 30-day planning period = 75 - 170 = -$95 million. Funding gap using a 91-day planning period = (75 + 75) - 170 = -$20 million.Funding gap using a two-year planning period = (75 + 75 + 50 + 25) - 170 = +$55 million.b. What is the impact over the next 30 days on net interest income if all interest rates rise50 basis points? Decrease 75 basis points?Net interest income will decline by $475,000. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = -95(.005) = $0.475m.Net interest income will increase by $712,500. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = -95(.0075) = $0.7125m.c.The following one-year runoffs are expected: $10 million for two-year T-notes, and$20 million for eight-year T-notes. What is the one-year repricing gap?Funding or repricing gap over the 1-year planning period = (75 + 75 + 10 + 20 + 25) - 170 = +$35 million.d. If runoffs are considered, what is the effect on net interest income at year-end if interestrates rise 50 basis points? Decrease 75 basis points?Net interest income will increase by $175,000. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = 35(0.005) = $0.175m.Net interest income will decrease by $262,500, ∆NII = FG(∆R) = 35(-0.0075) = -$0.2625m.12. What is the difference between book value accounting and market value accounting? Howdo interest rate changes affect the value of bank assets and liabilities under the two methods?What is marking to market?Book value accounting reports assets and liabilities at the original issue values. Current market values may be different from book values because they reflect current market conditions, such as interest rates or prices. This is especially a problem if an asset or liability has to be liquidated immediately. If the asset or liability is held until maturity, then the reporting of book values does not pose a problem.For an FI, a major factor affecting asset and liability values is interest rate changes. If interest rates increase, the value of both loans (assets) and deposits and debt (liabilities) fall. If assets and liabilities are held until maturity, it does not affect the book valuation of the FI. However, if deposits or loans have to be refinanced, then market value accounting presents a better picture of the condition of the FI.The process by which changes in the economic value of assets and liabilities are accounted is called marking to market. The changes can be beneficial as well as detrimental to the total economic health of the FI.13. Why is it important to use market values as opposed to book values when evaluating thenet worth of an FI? What are some of the advantages of using book values as opposed to market values?Book values represent historical costs of securities purchased, loans made, and liabilities sold. They do not reflect current values as determined by market values. Effective financial decision-making requires up-to-date information that incorporates current expectations about future events. Market values provide the best estimate of the present condition of an FI and serve as an effective signal to managers for future strategies.Book values are clearly measured and not subject to valuation errors, unlike market values. Moreover, if the FI intends to hold the security until maturity, then the security's current liquidation value will not be relevant. That is, the paper gains and losses resulting from market value changes will never be realized if the FI holds the security until maturity. Thus, the changes in market value will not impact the FI's profitability unless the security is sold prior to maturity. 14. Consider a $1,000 bond with a fixed-rate 10 percent annual coupon (Cpn %) and a maturity(N) of 10 years. The bond currently is trading to a market yield to maturity (YTM) of 10 percent. Complete the following table.From Par, $ From Par, %N Cpn % YTM Price Change in Price Change in Price8 10% 9% $1,055.35 $55.35 5.535%9 10% 9% $1,059.95 $59.95 5.995%10 10% 9% $1,064.18 $64.18 6.418%10 10% 10% $1,000.0010 10% 11% $941.11 -$58.89 -5.889%11 10% 11% $937.93 -$62.07 -6.207%12 10% 11% $935.07 -$64.93 -6.493%Use this information to verify the principles of interest rate-price relationships for fixed-rate financial assets.Rule One: Interest rates and prices of fixed-rate financial assets move inversely. See thechange in price from $1,000 to $941.11 for the change in interest rates from 10 percent to11 percent, or from $1,000 to $1,064.18 when rates change from 10 percent to 9 percent.Rule Two: The longer is the maturity of a fixed-income financial asset, the greater is thechange in price for a given change in interest rates. A change in rates from 10 percent to11 percent has caused the 10-year bond to decrease in value $58.89, but the 11-year bondwill decrease in value $62.07, and the 12-year bond will decrease $64.93.Rule Three: The change in value of longer-term fixed-rate financial assets increases at a decreasing rate. For the increase in rates from 10 percent to 11 percent, the difference in the change in price between the 10-year and 11-year assets is $3.18, while the difference in the change in price between the 11-year and 12-year assets is $2.86.Rule Four: Although not mentioned in the text, for a given percentage (±) change ininterest rates, the increase in price for a decrease in rates is greater than the decrease invalue for an increase in rates. Thus for rates decreasing from 10 percent to 9 percent, the 10-year bond increases $64.18. But for rates increasing from 10 percent to 11 percent, the 10-year bond decreases $58.89.15. Consider a 12-year, 12 percent annual coupon bond with a required return of 10 percent.The bond has a face value of $1,000.a. What is the price of the bond?PV = $120*PVIFA i=10%,n=12 + $1,000*PVIF i=10%,n=12 = $1,136.27b. If interest rates rise to 11 percent, what is the price of the bond?PV = $120*PVIFA i=11%,n=12 + $1,000*PVIF i=11%,n=12 = $1,064.92c. What has been the percentage change in price?∆P = ($1,064.92 - $1,136.27)/$1,136.27 = -0.0628 or –6.28 percent.d. Repeat parts (a), (b), and (c) for a 16-year bond.PV = $120*PVIFA i=10%,n=16 + $1,000*PVIF i=10%,n=16 = $1,156.47PV = $120*PVIFA i=11%,n=16 + $1,000*PVIF i=11%,n=16 = $1,073.79∆P = ($1,073.79 - $1,156.47)/$1,156.47 = -0.0715 or –7.15 percent.e. What do the respective changes in bond prices indicate?For the same change in interest rates, longer-term fixed-rate assets have a greater change in price.16. Consider a five-year, 15 percent annual coupon bond with a face value of $1,000. Thebond is trading at a market yield to maturity of 12 percent.a. What is the price of the bond?PV = $150*PVIFA i=12%,n=5 + $1,000*PVIF i=12%,n=5 = $1,108.14b. If the market yield to maturity increases 1 percent, what will be the bond’s new price?PV = $150*PVIFA i=13%,n=5 + $1,000*PVIF i=13%,n=5 = $1,070.34c. Using your answers to parts (a) and (b), what is the percentage change in the bond’sprice as a result of the 1 percent increase in interest rates?∆P = ($1,070.34 - $1,108.14)/$1,108.14 = -0.0341 or –3.41 percent.d. Repeat parts (b) and (c) assuming a 1 percent decrease in interest rates.PV = $150*PVIFA i=11%,n=5 + $1,000*PVIF i=11%,n=5 = $1,147.84∆P = ($1,147.84 - $1,108.14)/$1,108.14 = 0.0358 or 3.58 percente. What do the differences in your answers indicate about the rate-price relationships offixed-rate assets?For a given percentage change in interest rates, the absolute value of the increase in price caused by a decrease in rates is greater than the absolute value of the decrease in pricecaused by an increase in rates.17. What is maturity gap? How can the maturity model be used to immu nize an FI’s portfolio?What is the critical requirement to allow maturity matching to have some success inimmunizing the balance sheet of an FI?Maturity gap is the difference between the average maturity of assets and liabilities. If the maturity gap is zero, it is possible to immunize the portfolio, so that changes in interest rates will result in equal but offsetting changes in the value of assets and liabilities and net interest income. Thus, if interest rates increase (decrease), the fall (rise) in the value of the assets will be offset by a perfect fall (rise) in the value of the liabilities. The critical assumption is that the timing of the cash flows on the assets and liabilities must be the same.18. Nearby Bank has the following balance sheet (in millions):Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $60 Demand deposits $1405-year treasury notes $60 1-year Certificates of Deposit $16030-year mortgages $200 Equity $20Total Assets $320 Total Liabilities and Equity $320What is the maturity gap for Nearby Bank? Is Nearby Bank more exposed to an increase or decrease in interest rates? Explain why?M A = [0*60 + 5*60 + 200*30]/320 = 19.69 years, and M L = [0*140 + 1*160]/300 = 0.533. Therefore the maturity gap = MGAP = 19.69 – 0.533 = 19.16 years. Nearby bank is exposed toan increase in interest rates. If rates rise, the value of assets will decrease much more than the value of liabilities.19. County Bank has the following market value balance sheet (in millions, annual rates):Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $20 Demand deposits $10015-year commercial loan @ 10% 5-year CDs @ 6% interest,interest, balloon payment $160 balloon payment $21030-year Mortgages @ 8% interest, 20-year debentures @ 7% interest $120monthly amortizing $300 Equity $50Total Assets $480 Total Liabilities & Equity $480a. What is the maturity gap for County Bank?M A = [0*20 + 15*160 + 30*300]/480 = 23.75 years.M L = [0*100 + 5*210 + 20*120]/430 = 8.02 years.MGAP = 23.75 – 8.02 = 15.73 years.b. What will be the maturity gap if the interest rates on all assets and liabilities increase by1 percent?If interest rates increase one percent, the value and average maturity of the assets will be: Cash = $20Commercial loans = $16*PVIFA n=15, i=11% + $160*PVIF n=15,i=11% = $148.49Mortgages = $2.201,294*PVIFA n=360,i=9% = $273.581M A = [0*20 + 148.49*15 + 273.581*30]/(20 + 148.49 + 273.581) = 23.60 yearsThe value and average maturity of the liabilities will be:Demand deposits = $100CDs = $12.60*PVIFA n=5,i=7% + $210*PVIF n=5,i=7% = $201.39Debentures = $8.4*PVIFA n=20,i=8% + $120*PVIF n=20,i=8% = $108.22M L = [0*100 + 5*201.39 + 20*108.22]/(100 + 201.39 + 108.22) = 7.74 yearsThe maturity gap = MGAP = 23.60 – 7.74 = 15.86 years. The maturity gap increasedbecause the average maturity of the liabilities decreased more than the average maturity of the assets. This result occurred primarily because of the differences in the cash flowstreams for the mortgages and the debentures.c. What will happen to the market value of the equity?The market value of the assets has decreased from $480 to $442.071, or $37.929. Themarket value of the liabilities has decreased from $430 to $409.61, or $20.69. Therefore the market value of the equity will decrease by $37.929 - $20.69 = $17.239, or 34.48percent.d. If interest rates increased by 2 percent, would the bank be solvent?The value of the assets would decrease to $409.04, and the value of the liabilities would decrease to $391.32. Therefore the value of the equity would be $17.72. Although thebank remains solvent, nearly 65 percent of the equity has eroded because of the increase in interest rates.20. Given that bank balance sheets typically are accounted in book value terms, why should theregulators or anyone else be concerned about how interest rates affect the market values of assets and liabilities?The solvency of the balance sheet is an important variable to creditors of the bank. If the capital position of the bank decreases to near zero, creditors may not be willing to provide funding for the bank, and the bank may need assistance from the regulators, or may even fail. Thus any change in the market value of assets or liabilities that is caused by changes in the level of interest rate changes is of concern to regulators.21. If a bank manager is certain that interest rates were going to increase within the next sixmonths, how should the bank manager adjust the bank’s maturity gap to take advantage of this anticipated increase? What if the manager believed rates would fall? Would yoursuggested adjustments be difficult or easy to achieve?When rates rise, the value of the longer-lived assets will fall by more the shorter-lived liabilities. If the maturity gap (or duration gap) is positive, the bank manager will want to shorten the maturity gap. If the repricing gap is negative, the manager will want to move it towards zero or positive. If rates are expected to decrease, the manager should reverse these strategies. Changing the maturity, duration, or funding gaps on the balance sheet often involves changing the mix of assets and liabilities. Attempts to make these changes may involve changes in financial strategy for the bank which may not be easy to accomplish. Later in the text, methods of achieving the same results using derivatives will be explored.22. Consumer Bank has $20 million in cash and a $180 million loan portfolio. The assets arefunded with demand deposits of $18 million, a $162 million CD and $20 million in equity.The loan portfolio has a maturity of 2 years, earns interest at the annual rate of 7 percent, and is amortized monthly. The bank pays 7 percent annual interest on the CD, but theinterest will not be paid until the CD matures at the end of 2 years.a. What is the maturity gap for Consumer Bank?M A = [0*$20 + 2*$180]/$200 = 1.80 yearsM L = [0*$18 + 2*$162]/$180 = 1.80 yearsMGAP = 1.80 – 1.80 = 0 years.b. Is Consumer Bank immunized or protected against changes in interest rates? Why orwhy not?It is tempting to conclude that the bank is immunized because the maturity gap is zero.However, the cash flow stream for the loan and the cash flow stream for the CD aredifferent because the loan amortizes monthly and the CD pays annual interest on the CD.Thus any change in interest rates will affect the earning power of the loan more than the interest cost of the CD.c. Does Consumer Bank face interest rate risk? That is, if market interest rates increase ordecrease 1 percent, what happens to the value of the equity?The bank does face interest rate risk. If market rates increase 1 percent, the value of the cash and demand deposits does not change. However, the value of the loan will decrease to $178.19, and the value of the CD will fall to $159.01. Thus the value of the equity will be ($178.19 + $20 - $18 - $159.01) = $21.18. In this case the increase in interest rates causes the market value of equity to increase because of the reinvestment opportunities on the loan payments.If market rates decrease 1 percent, the value of the loan increases to $181.84, and the value of the CD increases to $165.07. Thus the value of the equity decreases to $18.77.d. How can a decrease in interest rates create interest rate risk?The amortized loan payments would be reinvested at lower rates. Thus even thoughinterest rates have decreased, the different cash flow patterns of the loan and the CD have caused interest rate risk.23. FI International holds seven-year Acme International bonds and two-year Beta Corporationbonds. The Acme bonds are yielding 12 percent and the Beta bonds are yielding 14 percent under current market conditions.a. What is the weighted-average maturity of FI’s bond portfolio if 40 percent is in Acmebonds and 60 percent is in Beta bonds?Average maturity = 0.40 x 7 years + 0.60 x 2 years = 4 yearsb. What proportion of Acme and Beta bonds should be held to have a weighted-averageyield of 13.5 percent?Let X*(0.12) + (1 - X)*(0.14) = 0.135. Solving for X, we get 25 percent. In order to get an average yield of 13.5 percent, we need to hold 25 percent of Acme and 75 percent of Beta.c. What will be the weighted-average maturity of the bond portfolio if the weighted-average yield is realized?The average maturity of the portfolio will decrease to 0.25 x 7 + 0.75 x 2 = 3.25 years.24. An insurance company has invested in the following fixed-income securities: (a)$10,000,000 of 5-year Treasury notes paying 5 percent interest and selling at par value, (b) $5,800,000 of 10-year bonds paying 7 percent interest with a par value of $6,000,000, and(c) $6,200,000 of 20-year subordinated debentures paying 9 percent interest with a parvalue of $6,000,000.a. What is the weighted-average maturity of this portfolio of assets?M A = [5*$10 + 10*$5.8 + 20*$6.2]/$22 = 232/22 = 10.55 yearsb. If interest rates change so that the yields on all of the securities decrease 1 percent, howdoes the weighted-average maturity of the portfolio change?To determine the weighted-average maturity of the portfolio for a rate decrease of 1 percent, the new value of each security must be determined. This calculation will require knowing the YTM of each security before the rate change.T-notes are selling at par, so the YTM = 5 percent. Therefore, the new value will bePV = $500,000*PVIFA n=5,i=4% + $10,000,000*PVIF n=5,i=4% = $10,445,182.10-year bonds: Par = $6,000,000, PV = $5,800,000, Cpn = 7 percent ⇒ YTM = 7.485%.The new PV = $420,000*PVIFA n=10,i=6.485% + $6,000,000*PVIF n=10,i=6.485% = $6,222,290.Debentures: Par = $6,000,000, PV = $6,200,000, Cpn = 9 percent ⇒ 8.644 percent. The new PV = $540,000*PVIFA n=20,i=7.644% + $6,000,000*PVIF n=20,i=7.644 = $6,820,418.The total value of the assets after the change in rates will be $23,487,890, and theweighted-average maturity will be [5*10,445,182 + 10*6,222,290 +20*6,820,418]/23,487,890 = 250,857,170/23,487,890 = 10.68 years.c. Explain the changes in the maturity values if the yields increase by 1 percent.When interest rates increase 1 percent, the value of the T-note is $9,578,764, the value of the 10-year bond is $5,414,993, and the value of the debenture is $5,662,882, and the new value of the assets is $20,656,639. The weighted-average maturity is 10.42 years.d. Assume that the insurance company has no other assets. What will be the effect on themarket value of the company’s equity if the interest rate changes in (b) and (c) occur?Assuming that the company is financed entirely with equity, the market value will increase $1,487,890 when interest rates decrease 1 percent, and the market value will decrease$1,343,361 when rates increase 1 percent. Notice that for the same absolute rate change, the increase in value is greater than the decrease in value (rule number four in problem 12.)。
金融机构管理第八章答案中文版
第8章利率风险I 课后习题答案（1-10）自己边做题边翻译的，仅供参考….1.利率波动程度比1979-1982年采用非借入准备金制度时显著降低。
2. 金融市场一体化加速了利率的变化，以及各个国家利率波动之间的传递；与过去相比，利率水平更难控制，不确定性也更大；另外，由于金融机构越来越全球化，任何利率水平的波动都会更迅速地引起公司额外的利率风险问题。
3. 再定价缺口指在一定时期内，需要再定价的资产价值和负债价值之间的差额，再定价即意味着面临一个新的利率。
利率敏感性意味着金融机构的管理者在改变每项资产或负债所公布的利率之前需等待的时间。
再定价模型关注净利息收入变量的潜在变化。
事实上，当利率变化时，资产和负债将被重新定价，利息收入和利息支出都将发生改变，这就是所谓的“面临一个新的利率”。
4. 期限等级是指衡量资产和负债的时间期，投资组合中的证券是否有利率敏感性取决于其再定价期限时间的长短。
再定价期限越长，到期或需要重新定价的证券就越多，利率风险就越大。
5. a.（1）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $200 - $100 million = +$100 million.净利息收入= ($100 million)(.01) = +$1.0 million, 或$1,000,000.（2）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $100 - $150 million = -$50 million.净利息收入= (-$50 million)(.01) = -$0.5 million, 或-$500,000.（3）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $150 - $140 million = +$10 million.净利息收入= ($10 million)(.01) = +$0.1 million, 或$100,000.b. （1）和（3）的情况下的金融机构在利率下降时面临风险（正的再定价缺口），（2）情况下的金融机构在利率上升时面临风险（负的再定价缺口）。
风险管理与金融机构课后习题8-9章答案
第八章8.1 VaR 是指在一定的知心水平下损失不能超过的数量；预期亏损是在损失超过VaR 的条件下损失的期望值，预期亏损永远满足次可加性（风险分散总会带来收益）条件。
8.2 一个风险度量可以被理解为损失分布的分位数的某种加权平均。
VaR 对于第x 个分位数设定了100%的权重，而对于其它分位数设定了0权重，预期亏损对于高于x%的分位数的所有分位数设定了相同比重，而对于低于x%的分位数的分位数设定了0比重。
我们可以对分布中的其它分位数设定不同的比重，并以此定义出所谓的光谱型风险度量。
当光谱型风险度量对于第q 个分位数的权重为q 的非递减函数时，这一光谱型风险度量一定满足一致性条件。
8.3有5%的机会你会在今后一个月损失6000美元或更多。
8.4在一个不好的月份你的预期亏损为60000美元，不好的月份食指最坏的5%的月份8.5 (1)由于99.1%的可能触发损失为100万美元，故在99%的置信水平下，任意一项损失的VaR 为100万美元。
（2）选定99%的置信水平时，在1%的尾部分布中，有0.9%的概率损失1000万美元，0.1%的概率损失100万美元，因此，任一项投资的预期亏损是（3）将两项投资迭加在一起所产生的投资组合中有0.009⨯0.009=0.000081的概率损失为2000万美元，有0.991⨯0.991=0.982081的概率损失为200万美元，有2⨯0.009⨯0.991=0.017838的概率损失为1100万美元，由于99%=98.2081%+0.7919%，因此将两项投资迭加在一起所产生的投资组合对应于99%的置信水平的VaR 是1100万美元。
（4）选定99%的置信水平时，在1%的尾部分布中,有0.0081%的概率损失2000万美元，有0.9919%的概率损失1100万美元，因此两项投资迭加在一起所产生的投资组合对应于99%的置信水平的预期亏损是0.1%0.9%10010009101%1%⨯+⨯=万美元（5）由于1100>100⨯2=200，因此VaR 不满足次可加性条件，1107<910⨯2=1820，因此预期亏损满足次可加性条件。
金融机构风险管理A03作业7、8、9章答案
第七章风险种类1.金融机构进行资产转换的过程是怎样的？为什么这个过程往往会导致利率险？什么是利率风险？金融机构进行资产转换的过程由购买初级资产和发行作为资金来源的二级资产构成。
金融机构购买的主要证券具有期限长和流动性的特点，这些特点也是金融机构发行的二级资产所不具备的。
例如，银行通过短期存款筹集资金来购买中长期债券以及发放中长期贷款。
利率风险的出现是因为市场利率的变化使长期资产的价格和再投资收入与短期负债的价格和利息支出不匹配。
利率风险是由金融资产期限水平变化影响中期现金流的利率而产生的风险。
2.什么是再融资风险？为什么再融资风险是利率风险的一部分？如果一家金融机构用短期负债为长期资产融资，那么利率上升对收益有什么影响？利率下降呢？再融资风险是指相对负债持有期限较短的资产时，金融机构面临借入较长期资金在投资的利率不确定性。
当金融机构持有较负债期限长的资产，它就面临着再融资风险。
例如，假定一家银行通过借入2年期资金而放出10年期贷款，两年后这家银行就可能面临着需要以更高的利率借入新的存款或者再融资。
因此，利率上升将使得银行的净利息收入减少。
相反，如果利率下跌的话，这家银行将因为借款利息的降低、贷款利息不变而获得利润。
因此，净利息收入将增加。
2。
再融资的风险是什么？如何再融资的风险的利率风险的一部分吗？如果济基金长期固定利率与短期负债，这将是一个关于加息的影响，资产收益？其中的下降率再融资的风险是一个正被用来资助一个长期固定利率资产资金的新来源的成本的不确定性。
这种风险发生时，与FI是持有期限超过其资产负债的期限更大例如，如果一家银行有一个为期十年的固定利率贷款2年定期存款投资，银行面临的借款在两年内新增存款率较高，或再融资的风险。
因此，利率上升将减少净利息收入。
3.是再投资风险？为什么再投资风险是利率风险的一部分？如果一家金融机构用长期负债为短期资产融资，那么利率上升对收益有什么影响？利率下降呢？再投资风险是到期资产调动带来的收益率的不确定性。
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第8章利率风险I 课后习题答案（1-10）
自己边做题边翻译的，仅供参考….
1.利率波动程度比1979-1982年采用非借入准备金制度时显著降低。
2. 金融市场一体化加速了利率的变化，以及各个国家利率波动之间的传递；与过去相比，利率水平更难控制，不确定性也更大；另外，由于金融机构越来越全球化，任何利率水平的波动都会更迅速地引起公司额外的利率风险问题。
3. 再定价缺口指在一定时期内，需要再定价的资产价值和负债价值之间的差额，再定价即意味着面临一个新的利率。
利率敏感性意味着金融机构的管理者在改变每项资产或负债所公布的利率之前需等待的时间。
再定价模型关注净利息收入变量的潜在变化。
事实上，当利率变化时，资产和负债将被重新定价，利息收入和利息支出都将发生改变，这就是所谓的“面临一个新的利率”。
4. 期限等级是指衡量资产和负债的时间期，投资组合中的证券是否有利率敏感性取决于其再定价期限时间的长短。
再定价期限越长，到期或需要重新定价的证券就越多，利率风险就越大。
5. a.
（1）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $200 - $100 million = +$100 million.
净利息收入= ($100 million)(.01) = +$1.0 million, 或$1,000,000.
（2）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $100 - $150 million = -$50 million.
净利息收入= (-$50 million)(.01) = -$0.5 million, 或-$500,000.
（3）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $150 - $140 million = +$10 million.
净利息收入= ($10 million)(.01) = +$0.1 million, 或$100,000.
b. （1）和（3）的情况下的金融机构在利率下降时面临风险（正的再定价缺口），（2）情况下的金融机构在利率上升时面临风险（负的再定价缺口）。
（3）中的金融机构面临的利率风险最低，因为其再定价缺口最小，（1）则正好相反。
6. 根据监管要求，（美国）活期存款的显性利率为零。
尽管对可转让提款指令之类的交易账户（如NOW账户）支付显性利率，但是金融机构对此所支付的利率不会直接随着利率总水平的变化而变化。
然而，活期存款实际上支付了隐含利息，这种隐含利息来源于金融机构并未对其支票服务收取费用。
进一步说，如果利率上升了，个人存款者会来提取（或挤兑）他们的活期存款，这回迫使金融机构用高收益、有息、对利率敏感的资金来代替活期存款。
零售存折储蓄账户是否应计入利率敏感性负债，也存在十分类似的争论。
7. 缺口比率是累计缺口和总资产之比。
缺口比率可以告诉我们：（1）直接的利率风险情况（正的或负的再定价缺口）；（2）用金融机构的资产规模去除再定价缺口可以反映风险的大小。
8. √√×√×√√√√√×
9. a. 预期的利息收入：$5m + $3.5m = $8.5m.
预期的利息支出：$4.2m + $1.2m = $5.4m.
预期的净利息收入：$8.5m - $5.4m = $3.1m.
b. 利率上升2%后，净利息收入下降为：
50(0.12) + 50(0.07) - 70(0.08) - 20(.06) = $9.5m - $6.8m = $2.7m, 减少了$0.4m.
c. WatchoverU储蓄银行的再定价缺口为$50m - $70m = -$20m. 用再定价模型得出的净利息收入变化为(-$20m)(0.02) = -$0.4m.
d. 净利息收入变为50(0.12) + 50(0.07) - 70(0.07) - 20(0.06) = $9.5m - $6.1m = $3.4m, 增加了$0.3m. 利率敏感性资产和负债的利率变化通常是一样的，因为市场力量让利率总是同步变化。
大多数情况下利率变化都是由政府决策引起的。
10. 再定价模型存在4点缺陷：（1）忽略了利率变化的市场价值效应；（2）过度综合，忽略了在一个再定价期限等级内的资产和负债的分布情况；（3）无法解决非利率敏感性资产与负债的支付流量与提前偿还等问题；（4）忽略了表外业务的现金流量问题。
大型金融机构都有自己的内部系统，用于显示在未来任何一天它们的再定价缺口。
支付流量反映了提前偿还的资产和未预知情况下提取的负债。
只要这两者任一项大大超过预期，金融机构估算的利率敏感性就会发生错误。
11. a.
期限为30天的再定价缺口= 75 - 170 = -$95 million.
期限为91天的再定价缺口= (75 + 75) - 170 = -$20 million.
期限为2年的再定价缺口= (75 + 75 + 50 + 25) - 170 = +$55 million.
b.
净利息收入减少$475,000. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = -95(.005) = $0.475m.
净利息收入增加$712,500. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = -95(.0075) = $0.7125m.
c．期限为1年的再定价缺口= (75 + 75 + 10 + 20 + 25) - 170 = +$35 million.
d. 净利息收入增加$175,000. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = 35(0.005) = $0.175m.
净利息收入减少$262,500, ∆NII = FG(∆R) = 35(-0.0075) = -$0.2625m.
12. 账面价值记账法反映的是资产和负债的原始价值。
市场价值记账法反映的与账面价值不相同，是现行的市场条件，例如利率或者价格。
当资产或负债会被持有至到期时，账面价值记账法不存在任何问题；但当资产或负债要立刻变现时，账面价值记账法就不够准确。
对于金融机构来说，影响资产和负债的价值的主要因素就是利率变化。
当利率上升时，资产和负债的市场价值都会下降。
倘若资产和负债将被持有至到期，那么利率变化不影响这些账面价值。
然而，当存款或贷款需要再融资时，市场价值记账法能为金融机构提供更准确的记录。
按市场价值确定证券价值的做法称为逐日盯市。
13.账面价值揭示了所购证券、发放的贷款、所售负债的历史成本。
它不能反映当前的价值，当前价值是由市场价值决定的。
有效率的金融决策需要即时的信息，结合对未来事件的当前期望。
市场价值是金融机构对于当前状况的最优估值，也是管理者做决策时的有效信号。
账面价值可以准确测量，不像市场价值常出现估值错误。
并且，如果金融机构打算把证券持有至到期，那么证券的现时流动价值并不适合用来估值。
也就是说，证券的市场价值波动所带来的收益或损失永远不会实现，因为金融机构会将它一直持有至到期。
因此，除非金融机构在到期之前卖出，证券的市场价值变动并不会影响金融机构的盈利能力。
14. 期限年息票率到期收益率价格价格-面值（价格-面值）/面值（%）
8 10% 9% $1,055.35 $55.35 5.535%
9 10% 9% $1,059.95 $59.95 5.995%
10 10% 9% $1,064.18 $64.18 6.418%
10 10% 10% $1,000.00
10 10% 11% $941.11 -$58.89 -5.889%
11 10% 11% $937.93 -$62.07 -6.207%
12 10% 11% $935.07 -$64.93 -6.493%
原理一: 固定利率金融资产的利率和价格的变动方向相反。
当利率从10%提高到11%时，价格从$1000变为$941.11。
当利率从10%下降到9%时，价格从$1000变为$1064.18。
原理二: 给定利率的变动幅度，固定利率金融资产的期限越长，价格变动幅度就越大。
当利率从10%提高到11%时，10年期的债券价值减少了$58.89,11年期债券价值减少了$62.07,12年期债券价值减少了$64.93。
原理三: 当利率上升时，长期固定利率金融资产的价值随着期限的增加而下降，但是下降的速度是递减的。
当利率从10%升至11%时，10年期和11年期的资产价格差额为$3.18,11年期和12年期资产价格的差额为$2.86。
原理四: 给定利率变动的百分比，利率下降时价格的增额大于利率上升时价格的减额。
当利率从10%降到9%时，10年期债券的价格增加$64.18。
但当利率从10%升至11%时，10年期债券的价格减少$58.89。