从跨文化交际的角度解析中西方酒文化

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从跨文化交际的角度解析中西方酒文化

从跨文化交际的角度解析中西方酒文化

从跨文化交际的角度解析中西方酒文化摘要:本文从美国知名学者、《跨文化传播》的作者之一萨默瓦归纳的跨文化交际的三个方面,即语言过程(包括语言及思维模式)、非语言过程(包括非语言行为、时间观念和对于空间的使用)、观点(包括价值观、世界观和社会组织)出发,对中西方酒文化进行一系列对比,从酒在不同文化中的意义、作用以及人们在饮酒活动中的语言、行为和准则进行了研究。

然后进一步探究导致这些差异产生的相尖文化因素,诸如价值观、宗教信仰、思维方式等。

矢键词:跨文化交际;中国酒文化;西方酒文化;观念中图分类号:G04文献标识码:A文章编号:1673-2596 (2016) 04-0126- 03酒文化就是围绕着酒所产生的一系列物质的、精神的、行为的、技艺的、习俗的、心理的现象总和。

由于历史背景、社会规范、传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式和生活习惯等的不同,中西方的酒文化风格迥异[1]°20世纪70年代,美国知名学者、《跨文化传播》的作者之一拉里A萨默瓦将跨文化交际归纳为三个方面,即观点(包括价值观、世界观和社会组织)、语言过程(包括语言及思维模式)、非语言过程(包括非语言行为、时间观念和对于空间的使用)。

本文也将从以上三个方面来解读中西方酒文化、跨文化交际场合中酒的语言差异(一)汉字“酒”与英语的对应词酒,在中国被赋予了极其强烈的感情色彩。

东汉人许慎在《说文解字》里说:“酒,就也。

所以就人性之善恶也……n 酒能让人至善至美,也能让人荒淫无度。

鉴于此,酒便有了褒贬不同的称呼,如天禄、欢伯、福水、魔浆、祸泉等。

在英语中,酒是指用谷物、蔬果等含淀粉或糖的物质经过发酵制成的含乙醇的饮料,如葡萄酒、白酒等。

因此,英语中表示酒的词语有许多。

(二)英汉语言中的表达方式在中国历史传说、典故中,有许多都与酒文化有矢。

例如由饮酒直接引申出的汉语四字表达:“酒肉朋友”,翻译成英语“ fair-weather friends ”[2]。

谈中西方酒文化差异

谈中西方酒文化差异

谈中西方酒文化差异中西方酒文化是两种不同的文化背景下的产物,有着许多显著的差异。

这些差异可以从酿造方法、饮用习惯、礼仪准则以及文化象征等方面进行探讨。

首先,中西方酒的酿造方法存在明显的差异。

在中国,酿酒历史悠久,采用的主要酿造原料是大米,而西方则主要使用葡萄。

中国的酒主要有白酒、黄酒、米酒等,而西方文化中则主要有葡萄酒、威士忌、伏特加等。

此外,在酿造过程中,西方文化更加注重陈年和发酵过程,酒的质量也借助于时间来证明,而中国酒文化更注重传统手工酿造和酒的风味。

其次,中西方对待酒的饮用习惯不同。

在中国,饭桌上的酒是不可或缺的,几乎所有的宴会或聚会都需要敬酒,而且酒杯一满一定要一饮而尽,代表尊重和欢迎。

而西方则更加注重品味和享受,通常会在餐前或餐后畅饮小酒,或者和朋友在酒吧聚会。

此外,中国文化中普遍认为,酒可以帮助人们交流和沟通感情,而西方文化中酒常常视为一种放松和解压的方式。

还有,中西方对于饮酒的礼仪准则存在差异。

在中国,尤其是商务环境中,敬酒是表示尊重和礼貌的一种方式。

敬酒时需要遵循一定的规矩,例如在敬酒时要使用两只手,酒杯要比对方的低一些等。

而在西方,敬酒的方式相对简单,通常只是轻轻碰杯,并且饮酒者可以根据个人喜好来决定是否饮用。

最后,中西方酒文化在象征和意义上也存在差异。

在中国,酒是一种寄托情感和表达感激的方式,它代表着团圆、友谊、庆祝和喜悦等象征。

而在西方,酒通常被视为一种社交活动的一部分,具有放松和享受的意义。

总的来说,中西方酒文化在酿造方法、饮用习惯、礼仪准则以及象征意义上存在明显的差异。

了解这些差异有助于促进跨文化交流和理解。

同时,随着全球化的发展,中西方酒文化也相互融合并形成了新的文化形态。

中西方饮酒礼仪的跨文化比较

中西方饮酒礼仪的跨文化比较

中西方饮酒礼仪的跨文化比较作者:史良宋丽丽来源:《今日财富》2018年第03期中国传统酒礼和现代酒礼的对比体现出尊卑长幼之序和和谐和睦的特点。

现代饮酒礼仪对传统酒礼既有继承与发扬,也有摈弃与改进。

中西方现当代饮酒礼仪方面的不同主要体现在斟酒、敬酒和饮酒的过程之中,这是由于文化背景、思维模式、社会政治等因素长期作用的结果。

酒,在人类文化的历史长河中,不仅仅是一种客观的物质存在,更是一种文化象征。

不论是在东方文明还是西方文明中,饮酒礼仪与饮酒文化都有其深远的历史文化渊源。

本文将以中国古代典籍所记载的饮酒礼仪为切入点,从历时角度对中国酒礼的变迁进行浅析,并从共时角度对中国和西方的当代饮酒礼仪进行对比与分析。

一、中国饮酒礼仪中国几千年来深受儒家道德规范“仁”和“礼”的影响,人们逐渐把饮酒行为视为一种学习礼仪和体现社会等级观念的仪式,所谓“礼以酒成”,一方面指借助酒来实现礼,另一方面,指饮酒的时候有礼的规定。

这种礼仪文化在古代典籍中多有记载。

笔者因笔力和学识有限,仅选取了《仪礼》中涉及酒礼的部分进行浅析。

(一)中国古代典籍中的饮酒礼仪《仪礼》中关于宴礼的记载有“公食大夫礼”、“宴礼”、“乡饮酒礼”,乡饮酒礼作为记述乡人因时而聚会宴饮的礼仪,是周代盛行一时的一种宴饮风俗,其形式和仪式由简单变得繁琐,呈现制度化和程式化的特点。

《仪礼》今通行本中的卷八至卷十的《乡饮酒礼》对此做了详细记述,以下进行简要概括。

1. 请迎礼节请迎礼节即请迎宾客,包括谋宾介、铺陈席位与器具、召请宾客、迎宾。

在此过程中主人与宾客都要多次长揖而拜,并且经历“邀请—辞让—再拜—答拜—拜退—拜辱”的过程。

如:“主人就先生而谋宾介。

主人戒宾,宾拜辱。

主人答拜,乃请宾。

宾礼辞,许。

主人再拜,宾答拜。

主人退,宾拜辱。

介亦如之。

” 宾即宾客,介即辅助宾行礼的人,都是乡中贤者。

而在迎宾过程中,需要经过三揖三让,主人才把宾客迎入堂上。

2. 进酒礼节进酒礼节,包括献、酢、酬。

从酒文化看中西跨文化交际中的差异

从酒文化看中西跨文化交际中的差异

从酒文化看中西跨文化交际中的差异作者:曾亚康来源:《商情》2015年第52期【摘要】中西方文化有比较大的差异,而酒文化博大精深源远流长,在中西方的交际中占有重要的地位,因此了解中西酒文化的差异,有助于人们更深层次上地了解不同文化,更好地进行跨文化交流。

酒,已不仅仅是一种客观的物质存在,更是一种文化象征。

绵长的酒文化,已经流进人类文明的长河中,流进人们的文化精神深处。

【关键词】跨文化交际,酒文化,中西,差异一.酒文化的内涵无论中方或是西方,都存在着酒文化。

酒最初是一种物质财富和精神享受的载体,随着时间的流逝,文化的集聚,酒本身也被赋予了文化层面的意义,酒渐渐演变成了酒文化。

酒文化是指酒在生产、销售、消费过程中所产生的物质文化和精神文化总称。

酒文化包括酒的制法、品法、作用、历史等酒文化现象。

酒文化既有酒自身的物质特征,也有品酒所形成的精神内涵,是制酒饮酒活动过程中形成的特定文化形态。

酒作为一种特殊的文化载体,在人类交往中占有独特的地位。

随着人类社会的发展与进步,酒文化已经渗透到人类社会生活中的各个领域,对文学艺术、医疗卫生、工农业生产、政治经济各方面都有着巨大影响和作用。

1.1中国的酒文化中国的酒文化源远流长,自古以来,就有“上天造酒说”和“猿猴造酒说”酒在当时被赋予了神话色彩,由此可见,酒在中国人民饮食中的重要地位。

后来,又出现了“杜康造酒说”,据历史记载,历史上确有杜康其人,甚至出现“何以解忧,唯有杜康”之类的诗词,这使得“杜康”渐渐成为酒的代言人,酒的重要地位更加确凿了。

在经济繁荣的唐宋时期,诗人常常饮酒作赋,写下许多名垂千古的诗篇,其中,“诗仙”李白就与酒有着千丝万缕的渊源,在他的生命中,酒不可或缺,于他而言,酒不只是饮品,更是抒发情怀的慰藉,也是诗作的灵感之源。

同时代的杜甫亦是如此,他与酒也有着不解之缘,杜甫《饮中八仙歌》种曾吟诵道“醉里从为客,诗成觉有神。

”,人生不如意十之八九,酒乃是情感的寄托所在。

论中西方酒文化的异向

论中西方酒文化的异向

论中西方酒文化的异向摘要:酒伴随着人类,走过了悠悠的岁月,无论是在中国还是在西方都酝酿出了悠久灿烂的酒文化。

中西方对酒的喜爱虽然相同,但中西方文化之间的差异,却造成了中国人和西方人欣赏酒的角度有所不同,文化在不同的时代背景,不同的阶层,不同的人们,甚至不同的心情当中被理解的程度,方式也不同。

饮酒不是就饮酒而饮酒,它也是在饮文化。

关键词:酒文化酒种酒的酿造酒具饮酒礼仪核心文化饮酒方式饮酒目的一、酒文化——在酒文化起源上,中西方的看法完全不同。

中国人一向主张“人造酒说”,而西方则普遍认为酒是由神创造的中国关于酒的起源有多种,《战国策》中言:“帝女令仪狄作酒而美。

”《酒诰》中言:“酒之所兴,肇自上皇,或云仪狄,一曰杜康。

”民间更是流传着多个版本关于酒的起源的传说。

而无论是记载还是传说都将酒作为一种人造的佳酿。

而在西方酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物,也是人们丰收的象征。

说到中国酒文化的优良传统,就不得不提到酒与诗的密切关系,诗赋予酒的是全新的诠释,使酒文化源源流长,根深叶茂。

从古至今不知多少文人墨士借酒写出流传至今的好诗篇,抒发了自己或喜或忧的感情,描绘了很多让人流连忘返的美景。

如:“葡萄美酒夜光杯”的景色,“对酒当歌,人生几何?”的洒脱,“莫使金樽空对月”的气概,“酒逢知己千杯少”的喜悦,“酒不醉人人自醉”的意境,“醉翁之意不在酒”的妙喻,“今朝有酒今朝醉”的无奈,“牧童遥指杏花村”的悲伤,还有《祝酒歌》的豪放,《酒神曲》的粗犷……二、酒种的不同中国: 粮食酒中国酿酒原料主要有小麦、高粱和粟、稻谷。

西方: 葡萄酿制酒在西方众多的酒中,最具特色、最著名的属于发酵酒的葡萄酒和属于蒸馏酒的白兰地,它们用的几乎是百分之百的葡萄三、酿造工艺的差异在酒的酿造工艺上,中国讲究料、水、曲三者统一,采用固态与半固态、复式发酵方法。

西方主要以葡萄为原料,重在讲究料为核心、桶和窖为保障,采用液态、单式发酵方法。

在葡萄酒的酿造过程中,葡萄起最重要的主导作用,人的劳动则起到重要的辅助作用。

中西酒文化差异比较

中西酒文化差异比较
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( 门大学海外教育学院 福建厦 门 3 10 ) 厦 6 00
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浅析中西方酒文化差异

浅析中西方酒文化差异

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文化交融探索中国酒文化与西方文化的碰撞

文化交融探索中国酒文化与西方文化的碰撞

文化交融探索中国酒文化与西方文化的碰撞文化交融:探索中国酒文化与西方文化的碰撞中国酒文化源远流长,与西方文化的碰撞产生了丰富多彩的交流与融合。

本文将从历史演变、传统价值观、仪式与礼仪、酒器文化以及饮酒文化等方面,探讨中国酒文化与西方文化的碰撞,以期加深对两种文化的了解与互动。

一、历史演变:酒文化的传承与交流中国酒文化的历史可以追溯到数千年前的古代,西方文化的传统也有着悠久的历史。

在漫长的历史进程中,中西方文化通过贸易、战争、旅行等各种途径展开了交流与碰撞。

例如,十四世纪时,丝绸之路的开通使得中国的美酒茅台蜚声国际,成为西方世界的珍贵佳酿。

同时,西方文化中的葡萄酒也开始传入中国,丰富了中国人的饮酒文化。

二、传统价值观:中西酒文化的对比中国酒文化注重人与人之间的交流与情感表达,而西方酒文化则更注重个人品味的追求。

中国人以酒为媒介,通过酒宴表达情谊和感激之情,借酒言欢,增进友谊;而在西方国家,酒被视为一种艺术,人们更加注重酒的品质和口感。

在这两种文化的碰撞中,中国人逐渐接受了西方酒文化的品味追求,而西方人也对中国酒文化中的人际交往方式产生了浓厚的兴趣。

三、仪式与礼仪:酒文化的多样性中国酒文化注重礼仪和仪式的执行,讲究正统和传承。

中国人喜欢在重大集会中借酒浇愁,鼓励互相敬酒展现对长辈和上级的尊敬。

而西方文化中,饮酒往往以宴会或庆祝活动的形式出现,人们抬杯致敬向对方表达祝福和好意。

这两种酒文化在交融中形成了独特的仪式和礼仪,既彰显了个体的身份和地位,又表达了人与人之间的尊重和友谊。

四、酒器文化:东西方文化的盛器之美中国酒文化以其独特的酒器文化而著称,如以造型精美的青铜酒器和瓷器为代表。

西方酒文化则以透明的玻璃酒杯为主流。

在交融中,中国的茶海变成了西方国家美酒的新“展示舞台”,中国传统的酒壶与西方的酒瓶融合,形成了新一代的酒器文化。

这种文化碰撞不仅提升了酒文化的艺术价值,也促进了酒器设计技术的创新。

五、饮酒文化:酒文化的开放与包容中国酒文化中,白酒常被誉为“烈酒之王”,而红酒是西方酒文化的代表,两者的饮用方式和口感有着明显的差异。

从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化

从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化

从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文【摘要】酒在人类的历史中,不仅仅是一种客观的物质存在,而是一种文化。

酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式,几乎渗透到社会生活的个领域。

本文从以下三个方面解读了跨文化中的中西方酒文化:对酒的理解不同;饮酒的礼仪以及饮酒的目的的差异性;解读中西方酒文化,可以发现酒文化之闻的差异其实就是中西方思维方式的差异。

中国人是大写意式的发散性思维;而西方人则是工笔素描式的直线性思维。

了解不同的酒文化,有助于中西方成功地进行文化交流,更有利于世界的和谐发展。

【关键词】中西方文化跨文化交际酒文化酒是以谷物、水果、花瓣、种子或其他含有丰富糖分、淀粉的植物,经糖化、发酵、蒸馏、陈酿等生产工艺而生产出来的含有食用酒精的食品,是由酵母菌的微生物分解糖类产生的。

酒自产生以来便给人类社会增添了丰富的文化内涵。

现代文化研究表明,酒文化的历史同人类文明的历史几乎不差上下。

在数千年丰富多彩的文化生活中,酒和酒文化一直占据着重要地位,酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式,几乎渗透到社会生活的各个领域。

酒就象血液一样,在每一种文化里流淌。

酒能叫人超脱豁达才华横溢,也能叫人痛苦忧愁悲观绝望。

酒,是一种非常奇特而又富有魅力的饮品,它以“火”的性格,“水”的外形深入千家万户,上至达官贵人,下至黎民百姓。

无论是为了爱情友谊、宴客婚嫁,还是交际谈判、消愁解闷,几乎渗透到人类一切活动之中。

饮酒之风历经数千年而不衰,在许多场合都是作为一种文化,用来表示一种礼仪,不单给人以美的享受,而且给人以美的启示。

每一种酒的发展,都包含一代又一代劳动人民的探索研究。

是劳动人民生产经验的总结和智慧的结晶,因此酒文化与中西方文化息息相通。

由于生活环境、历史背景、传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式和社会规范等不同,中西方酒文化呈现出风格迥异的特性。

本文从解读中国酒文化(以汉民族为主白酒为代表)和西方酒文化(以英语民族为主葡萄酒为代表),研究跨文化交际中酒文化的差异性。

解读中西酒文化差异

解读中西酒文化差异

解读中西酒文化差异中西酒文化是两种不同的文化背景下形成的,它们在饮酒方式、酿酒艺术和酒文化传统等方面存在着显著的差异。

下面将从这三个方面对中西酒文化的差异进行解读。

首先,中西酒文化在饮酒方式上存在显著差异。

在西方文化中,饮酒往往是社交活动的重要组成部分。

西方人通常在酒吧、餐厅或家庭聚会中享用酒类。

他们喜欢尝试不同种类的酒,并倾向于通过饮用酒精来放松身心,促进社交交流。

而在中国文化中,饮酒通常是和宴席、商务谈判、朋友聚会等场合紧密相连的。

中国人更注重饮酒的仪式感,不仅关注酒的品质和口感,更重要的是看重酒桌上的人情味和友谊,喝酒常常与情感交流和人际关系建立有关。

此外,中国文化中还有一些讲究饮酒礼仪,如对较长辈或高官的敬酒规矩。

其次,在酿酒艺术方面,中西酒文化也存在一定的差异。

在西方,葡萄酒是最出名的酒类产品。

西方人在葡萄酒酿造方面有着悠久的历史和传统。

他们注重葡萄酒的品种、产区和年份,通过风味品鉴来欣赏和评价葡萄酒的品质。

而中国有着丰富的酿酒文化历史,以黄酒和白酒为主要表现形式。

中国的黄酒在酿造过程中,注重传统发酵技术和酿造工艺,强调原料和酿造工艺对于酒的品质的影响。

而中国的白酒则在酿造技术上独树一帜,通过传统酿造工艺和陈酿过程来打造独特的口感和风味。

最后,中西酒文化在酒文化传统上也有着差异。

在西方,酒文化被视为一种生活方式和艺术,酒文化背后有着丰富的历史和文化内涵。

西方人会对酒进行艺术创作和文学描写,同时也有严格的酒业规范和法律法规。

而在中国,酒文化与社会礼仪和人际关系亲密相连。

中国的酒文化中,观念先行,喝酒被视为一种交际手段和人际关系的维系方式。

此外,中国还有一些与酒相关的传统节日和仪式,如春节期间的“敬酒祭祖”等。

总的来说,中西酒文化在饮酒方式、酿酒艺术和酒文化传统等方面存在差异。

西方酒文化更注重酒的品质、品鉴和社交交流,而中国酒文化更注重酒的仪式感、人际关系和节日仪式。

这种差异是由于中西方文化背景和社会习惯的不同所导致的。

中西方酒文化差异及其原因探析

中西方酒文化差异及其原因探析

中西方酒文化差异及其原因探析酒文化是不同国家和地区的文化传统和习俗中的重要组成部分。

中西方酒文化存在着许多差异,这反映了两种文化背景、生活方式和历史发展的区别。

本文将探讨中西方酒文化的差异,并分析其背后的原因。

首先,中西方酒文化的差异可以从饮酒习俗的角度来观察。

在西方国家,酒的饮用可以作为社交活动的一部分,人们在酒吧、酒会或派对上享用酒,以表达自己的社交关系和身份。

而在中国等东方国家,饮酒更多地强调亲情和友情的交流,家庭聚餐或宴会上饮酒是常见的,以增进亲密关系和人际合作。

其次,中西方酒文化的差异还可以从酒的种类和酿造方法来观察。

在西方国家,葡萄酒、啤酒和烈酒是主要的饮酒选择。

葡萄酒以其复杂的口感和陈年潜力而受到青睐,啤酒则作为一种常见的饮料,在社交场合中广泛消费。

而在中国,白酒是最主要的酒类,在各种宴会和社交场合被广泛饮用,因其独特的香味和高度而备受青睐。

最后,酒的文化象征和象征意义也是中西方酒文化差异的重要方面。

在西方国家,酒被视为一种自由和快乐的象征,它被用来庆祝和放松。

相比之下,中国等东方国家的酒文化带有更多的仪式感和尊重,酒往往被视为一种尊严和礼仪的象征。

这些中西方酒文化差异的原因可以归结为以下几个方面:首先,地理和气候条件的差异。

西方许多国家拥有适宜葡萄种植的气候条件,因此葡萄酒在这些国家得到了广泛开发和推广。

而中国等东方国家的气候条件则更适合粮食作物的生长和酿酒。

其次,历史和文化的影响。

西方国家对于酒的文化传统和历史有着悠久的追溯,葡萄酒在欧洲等地具有重要的历史地位。

而中国等东方国家的酒文化则源远流长,白酒作为中国的传统酿酒技术和文化象征,已经成为国粹。

最后,社会文化和生活方式的差异。

西方国家强调个人的独立和自由,酒在这里被视为一种娱乐和享乐的方式。

而东方国家则更注重家庭和社交的纽带,酒则被视为一种增进感情和友谊的媒介。

综上所述,中西方酒文化存在着许多差异,这反映了两种文化背景、生活方式和历史发展的区别。

跨文化交际中西方酒文化差异

跨文化交际中西方酒文化差异

浙江中医药大学2011-2012学年第一学期英语专业本科2009年级《跨文化交际》学期论文考生姓名冯业成学号20091240117 专业英语年级班级09级公一考试日期2011年12 月31 日前考试方式学期论文内容语言框架格式总分得分登分人复核人说明:1.本学期论文总分100分,占总成绩50 %。

2.文章字数至少1000字英文。

3.内容50%,语言30%,框架10%,格式10% 。

4.论文稿用A3纸单面打印稿,左侧边装订。

5.论文最后截止期2011年12月30日。

……………………………………………………………………………The Difference of the Wine Culture between China and Western IntroductionIn cross-cultural communication activity, as people live in different social environment, so their cultural background, thinking mode, the religious belief is not the same. And as cultural background, ways of thinking, and religion is very important to people's understanding on specific something, led to different feelings and morals. Drinking is common cultural phenomenon by people from all over the world, each nation has its own "wine culture". This article mainly discusses something differences about the wine in Chinese and western culture.The tendency to the wine is different.In Chinese traditional sense, people prefer to choose the liquor and rice wine which are brewed by grain as the drink in the formal occasions. Such as the MaoT ai. When Chinese government hold the party to fete the foreign guests, MaoT ai and WuLiangY e are always the featured drink on the table. Although in recent years, the beer's sales volume were expanded gradually in China's market, and people will choose beer to enhance the atmosphere when they sit together, yet, in formal occasion, people will use liquors to realize this function. For instance, at a wedding, in order to meet different guests' need, there would be liqueurs, beers and drinks. But when the new couple to propose a toast, the wine must be the liquors.In western, undoubtedly, the grape wine and the brandy, which brewed by the grape are much more popular. No matter to adjust the atmosphere, to warm the body, to celebrate or in the formal party. The grape wine is the best choice. And the grape becomes one of the indispensable thing in their lives.But in fact, at the beginning, human beings have no tendency to wines. They catch the wine which they brewing. Grape wine, just as its name implies, were brewed by the grape. But China's liquors or rice wines are manufactured from grains. Grape wines and liquors' appearance are linked with the natural environment. Ancient Chinese people live on the Y ellow River basin, which is temperate continental climate, the climate suits sorghum, wheat and grain crop growth. So Chinese people choose grains as the raw material is a matter of course. At the same time, in the western, especially the Europe is Etesian climate and large area low-lying plain, which is very suited for grape growth. And after a long time, people in different region have different tendency to the wine. So it was natural geographical environment and cultural inheritance led to Chinese and western people's different preference to wine.The etiquette about wine.The etiquette in China and western is different. And one of the most difference isurging somebody to drink at a party. While a group of Chinese are drinking together.1The atmosphere will be much more higher than a group of foreigners. Because Chinese are good at urging somebody to drink (we called Quanjiu), and the desire is very strong. Even want to fuddle others. This is not only reflect Chinese people's hospitality, but also have a big relation with Chinese people's collective mind. In the past, countryman were poor, the wine was very infrequent. If guests came to their home, they would let the guest drink first. This is one of another reason for Chinese people's urging somebody to drink.As one of the special way to toast, Chinese people's urging somebody to drink was the custom which formed in a long time. This custom rooted in China's traditional culture. Which could not see in western countries, and could not understand by western people. Western people stress democracy and freedom, and never force and interfere other people. They drink as they like. Others have no right to interfere.So, this is the difference between China and western. When a Chinese guy say he can not drink. It is not really mean he can not drink any more. Then, the host need to propose a toast to express respect and sincerity. But in western, this phenomenon is not existed. When the guest say he can not drink, the host will not encourage him to drink any more.Besides, Chinese people is particular about toasting. The rule is, the host should propose a toast the the guest first. And then the guest can toast to the host. The older and Identity honour people should be toasted first. The process is filled with law and interactivity. However, when western people holding a party. Only the host would propose a toast to all the guests at the beginning.What's more, when Chinese people propose a toast. They will try to let their own cup lower than others to show their modesty. And after toast, the host shall serving drinks for the guest, the more the better until not spill. Nevertheless, western people pay more attention to the drink. The level of wine could only reach the 1/4 of the goblet, so that they can shake the wine in the goblet to enjoy the wine. And western people will not let their goblet lower than other's. So when western people see Chinese people hold their goblet lower and lower, they can not understand this behaviour.In addition to this, Chinese people's drinking is related with the degree of mutual emotion. When you drink with a Chinese good friend, if he ask you to drink. Y ou should not refuse. And the only thing you can do is drinking. Drinking is the only way to your firm friendship. In China, the friendship is based on the dining-table. Many people make their final determine after drinking. Thus, there is a set of very intact drinking table culture in China.Conclusion.The difference of Chinese and western wine culture is long standing. It was determined since human being start to brewing wines. Facing the world increasingly communion, the tendency of globalization is stronger and stronger. Wine as the bridge between people and people is promoting to the bridge between nations. So, knowing the wine culture of the difference between China and western countrys is good to the comunication of Chinese and foreigners, is good to the development of Intercultural Communication and is good to China's development.References:[1]万晓艳.从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化[J].甘肃科技纵横,2009(3)[2]张希.从中西方酒文化对比看中国的文化[J].华章,2009(20)[3]曲晓慧. 酒文化之中西对比[J]. 山西广播电视大学学报,2010(3)[6]郑侠,宫国华,许丽芹.论中西酒文化中的隐蔽文化[J].科技资讯,2008年(3)[7]宋淑运.饮食和品酒--中西方文化差异[J].饮食风情录,2003(3)[9]郑渊.中西酒吧文化比较[J].消费导刊,2007(9)[10]杨乃济.中西酒文化比较[J].北京联合大学学报,1994(4)[11]杜莉.中西酒文化比较[J].扬州烹饪大学学报,2004(1)2。

透过语言比较中西方酒文化

透过语言比较中西方酒文化

透过语言比较中西方酒文化酒是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环,是人类共有文化的一部分,中西方的酒文化存在巨大差异。

本文分别从酒的含义、酒字的演变、独特文化意义词等语言方面入手,对酒文化现象进行比较分析。

并进一步探索造成种种差异的原因,发现中国与西方有着不同的思维方式,中国属于形象思维;西方则属于抽象思维。

通过现象及原因分析,达到对两种文化的深刻认识,以期促进跨文化交流。

酒文化;中西方;语言;分析一、语言差异(一)酒的含义酒,在中国被赋予了强烈的感情色彩。

李时珍指出:酒,天之美禄也,少饮则和气行血,壮神御寒,消愁遣兴;痛饮则伤身耗血,损胃亡精,生痰动火。

汉代人焦言寿在《易林》中说:酒为欢伯,除忧来乐。

酒激发人们心中强烈的情感,为此便有了褒贬不一的称呼:天禄、欢伯、水等。

关于汉语“酒”字的来历,有这样一种说法:杜康造了一种饮品,一位老者告诉他,九天之后的酉时(今日的十七点到十九点),在村口找经过的三个人,各要一滴血,加入其中,这样饮品才会更加完美。

杜康按照老者的吩咐,傍晚前来到村口等候。

说明缘由后,分别向书生、侠士、傻子要了一滴血。

回去后将三滴血混入原有饮品中,果然创造了绝世饮品。

为了纪念这一传奇,杜康决定把它叫做“九”(等了九天),字形则为“酉时”的“酉”加上“三滴血”,也就是现在看到的“酒”。

在英语中,酒被公正客观的诠释着:用粮食、水果等淀粉或糖的物质经过发酵制成的含乙醇的饮料,如葡萄酒、白酒等。

(二)酒的演变在小篆里,酉写作,本来的意义是酿酒的器具,下面是个缸,缸里有原料,刚上面有个盖和搅动器,这就是今天的“酉”字,也就是“酒”的前身。

后来这个字慢慢演化。

因为爱喝酒酒的人比较多,但供酒的偏少,大家最后找一个能够拿酒给大家过瘾的人,于是大家都高兴了,说这个人好,在我们需要酒的时候,能帮我们,我们拥护他为我们的头,做――“(酋)”长。

拥护这个人要双手赞成,所以要“”。

这个字,表示两个手在推举“酋”。

中外文化交融西方对中国酒文化的诠释

中外文化交融西方对中国酒文化的诠释

中外文化交融西方对中国酒文化的诠释中国酒文化历史悠久,源远流长,承载了丰富的文化内涵和价值观念。

而随着全球化时代的到来,中外文化交融使得西方世界开始对中国酒文化展开了深入的探索和诠释。

本文将从西方对中国酒文化的视角,探讨他们对中国酒文化的诠释及其所带来的影响。

一、西方对中国酒文化的兴趣与诠释在中国酒文化的长河中,西方国家对其产生了浓厚的兴趣。

他们从历史、传统、制作工艺等多个维度进行了深入地研究,并试图从自己的文化背景中去理解和诠释中国酒文化。

1. 历史与传统的诠释对于中国酒文化的历史与传统,西方学者通常从酒的起源、演变、酿造工艺等方面进行探讨。

他们研究发现,中国酒文化的起源可以追溯至几千年前的古代,尤其以仪礼中的酒仪和酒陪礼仪为代表。

西方学者认为,酒在中国传统文化中承载着社会交往、礼仪习俗等方面的重要作用。

此外,西方学者还将中国酒文化与春节、中秋节等传统节日联系起来,认为酒在中国传统节日中具有重要的文化象征意义,代表着亲情、友情和团圆。

2. 酿造工艺与浓香型白酒的魅力西方国家对中国酒文化的诠释中,最为突出的是对酿造工艺和浓香型白酒的关注。

西方学者赞赏中国白酒的独特韵味和多样化的制作工艺。

他们认为,中国人在白酒酿造上的匠心独运,使得中国白酒具备了浓郁的香气和丰富的口感,成为了中国酒文化的重要组成部分。

西方学者还对中国浓香型白酒的魅力进行了深入研究。

他们发现,浓香型白酒具有独特的风味特点,能够在口中绽放出丰富的香气,同时具有高度的收敛力和延展性。

这种独特的风味特点吸引了西方消费者的兴趣,使得中国白酒在国际市场上得到了更加广泛的认可。

二、西方对中国酒文化的影响西方国家对中国酒文化的诠释不仅丰富了对酒文化本身的认知,还为中外文化的交流与融合提供了机遇,并对中国酒文化产生了积极的影响。

1. 文化交流的深入与推动西方学者对中国酒文化的深入研究和诠释,为中外文化的交流提供了契机。

通过学习和理解中国酒文化,西方国家能够更好地认识中国的传统文化和价值观念,促进了中外文化的交流与融合。

中国与西方国家酒文化的差异

中国与西方国家酒文化的差异

On Differences of Spirits Culture Between Western and China中国作为酒的原产地,有着悠久的饮酒历史。

在我国广大地区,酒早已成为生活的必需品。

藏语有云:“宁可三日无粮,不可一日无酒。

”17世纪酒传入英国,自此酒不仅仅是中国人喜爱的饮品,更成为英国人民的心头之好。

英国出现的酒,不仅使得喝酒在英国更加流行,酒成为了影响至今的重要日常活动,而且极大地丰富了世界酒文化。

中国人和英国人对酒喝都有着相同的喜爱之情,而又由于各自文化背景的不同,在酒文化上有着差别,在酒文化文化上自然也有差距。

因此,对中英酒文化文化的研究会在促进中英双方理解上起到积极作用。

通过研究中国的饮酒文化文化与英国饮酒文化文化的相同之处与不同之处来增进我们对于英国酒文化与中国酒文化的关系的了解。

本文对中英两国的饮酒文化进行对比。

通过介绍中英饮酒的历史及关联,和对中英两国在泡酒、奉酒、饮酒等方面的文化的叙述及分析,对中英酒文化文化进行对比,得出中英酒文化的同异之处,并呼吁理解不同的文化,尊重彼此的差异。

通过这篇中英酒文化文化的对比研究的论文的写作,使自己对英国酒的文化文化有更深的了解,并使他人对本国的饮酒文化产生重视的心情。

关键词:异同;中国酒文化;英国酒文化AbstractAs the cradleland of spirit tree, China has a long history in spirit culture. In China, spirit has become the essential part of people’s life. There is a proverb in Tibet “better have no food for 3 days than without spirit for one day”. Since 17th century when wine has been introduced into the Western, spirit became one of the favorite beverages of Western people. wine which came into being, made wine-drinking more popular among Western. And wine not only has an effect on modern people’s daily life, but also enriches the world wine culture. Chinese and Western both are drinking lovers. However, because of differences in culture and background, Chinese and Western spirit and wine cultures and spirit culture culture have some differences. Therefore, the comparative study of spirit and wine culture in Chinese and Western spirit and wine cultures will have a positive effect on people of two countries to understand each other, and improve our understanding on Chinese and Western spirit and wine cultures by studying the differences and similarities of spirit and wine culture in Chinese and Western.This paper will give a comparison on spirit and wine culture in Chinese and Western cultures. This paper consists of a brief introduction of Chinese and Western’s spirit and wine history, an analysis of spirit and wine culture in Chinese and Western spirit culture, and comparison of the differences and similarities between Chinese and Western spirit and wine culture. This paper aims at appealing to people to understand differences in different cultures, and respect these differences. In addition, we wish to have a better understanding on Western spirit culture and pay attention to our spirit culture by writing this paper.Key Words: similarities and differences; Chinese spirit culture culture; Western wine-drinking culture1. IntroductionWhen we talk about spirit and wine, we will think about two countries. China is the hometown of spirit, and Western is famous for its wine. As we all know, spirit was first discovered in China more than 4000 years ago, and spread into the west in 16th century, since then it has been beloved by people both in the east and west. Today, spirit is regarded as the most healthy, natural and popular drink in the world. Because of Chinese and Western different cultures, there are differences in spirit and wine culture between the two countries. In order to know the differences, the comparative study is necessary, and spirit and wine culture is an important part of the study. The Western is the country which loved wine most in the west. And just like Chinese people, Western people have some wine-drinking ceremonies when they drink wine. This paper will focus on the differences and similarities of spirit and wine culture in Chinese and Western spirit cultures by analyzing some spirit culture examples in two countries. There are four parts in this paper. The first part consists of a brief introduction of Chinese and the Western’s wine-drinking history and the relationship between two countries’ culture. The second and third parts are analyses of spirit and wine culture in Chinese and Western spirit cultures. And the last part is about the comparison of the differences and similarities between Chinese and Western spirit and wine culture and emphasizes the importance of spirit and wine culture.2.Introduction of Spirits Etiquette Between Western and China2.1. Spirits Etiquette in ChinaAs we all know, China is the hometown of spirit. It is the Chinese who first understood the function of spirit, planted spirit and made spirit. The earliest documents which recorded about spirit are two books written during the Qin dynasty and Han dynasty, named 《神农本草经》and 《尔雅》, and the Chinese character "酒" first appeared in 《神农本草经》. It is said that about 4000 years ago, the first person who found spirit is Shennong, the herbal medicine master of ancient China. One day he ate a kind of poisonous herbal medicine, and fell ill. When he took a break under a tree, he smelled something and felt better. Then he ate the leaf of thetree, and his sickness had passed off. Since then Chinese people began to drink spirit (Feng, 2001: 1-2). At the beginning, the ancient Chinese regarded spirit culture as a kind of method to treat diseases. They eat the leaf without water, with the time going on, they put the leaf into the water. Through constant practices, people find that spirit is not only a kind of good medicine to prevent and cure diseases, but also a sort of healthy beverage to relieve pressure and promote the production of body fluid. According to 《吴志·韦曜传》, people make a deduction that Chinese people began to take spirit as a kind of beverage in Three Kingdoms Period. Since then spirit-dinking becomes popular throughout China (Yao, 2004: 35-36).2.2 Spirits Etiquette in WesternIt is said that wine was first introduced into the west in 1567, by two people from Kozacy, who brought wine into the Russia. And then wine spread into other west countries. The English people began to drink wine in 17th century (Feng, 2001: 295). Since 1600 the Western started the business of wine, but they brought wine from Japan and other countries rather than from China. In 1644, English people founded an agency in AMoy to do business of wine sale. And it is Western royalty who made wine-drinking popular in Western. People called the princess of Portugal Catherine, who married Charles II --the king of United Kingdom-- in 1661, the “Queen of wine”, because she started the age of wine-drinking in Western royalty. Princess Catherine came to Western with 221 pounds black wine and exquisite Chinese wine sets. Nobilities in Western followed the lead of Queen, and set up many luxurious wine rooms. In 17th century, women were not allowed to enter wine shop. However, woman was the impetus of tendency that wine, taking the place of wine, became the English people’s daily drink. As a consequence of it, their status in society and home rose. Meanwhile, wine-drinking was widely accepted by English people. As time went on, wine played a more and more important role in Western people’s daily life. Because Western is surrounded by the sea and the weather is cold and wet, wine leaf is easy to go moldy and green wine goes bad easily, English people prefer to drink black wine which is completely fermented wine and easy to store (Le, 2011: 122).3. Differences in Cultural Roles of Spirits Etiquette Between Western and ChinaBecause of being living in different cultures, there is still a large scale of similarities in Chinese spirit culture and Western spirit culture. The main reasons for this is that the various needs can be met by holding different spirit culture. The similarities in the functions of spirit culture and the origins of spirit culture do a favor to find out the shared parts among different cultures.3.1. Differences in Spirit-drinking MannersBefore Ming dynasty, people usually made spirit as a spirit brick. It is the first emperor of Ming dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang who gave the order of abolishing making spirit brick and make spirit with bulk spirit. Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to reduce labor in spirit-making, he gave the abolition. And the abolition made a revolution in spirit-making. What’s more, the way to make spirit was also changed after the abolition. The development of bulk spirit and the easier way of making spirit simplified spirit set people used. However, people paid more attention to spirit pot. Agreeably to people’s request, spirit pot at that time became more delicate and many exotic shaped spirit pots appeared (Feng, 2001: 175). Dark-red enameled pottery was the main kind of spirit pot people used to make spirit and it firstly made by an unknown shaman, and as the way of making spirit changed, it has a great development at that time. In the book 《蝶阶外史·工夫酒》written by Jiquan,there is a sentence “壶皆宜兴砂质”(Ji,2012). In South Fujian and Chaozhou the way people used dark-red enameled pottery to made oolong spirit was called “Gongfu spirit art”, which took time and efforts and the abolition improved it. It had a significant effect on spirit culture culture since then. spirit culture culture in was established from the period of time.First of all, take care of the environment for spirit culture. In Chinese people's opinion, spirit culture is an important and elegant thing among refined scholars and royalty members, and people like to think over many things during spirit culture time. And in China, people regard spirit culture as an important part when entertaining theircompanies. Therefore, the environment is an important part for spirit culture. In order to taste a cup of spirit, people always select a quiet place, which can makes people calm down. To those refined scholars and royalty members, spirit culture is a serious thing. Secondly, strict progress of making a cup of spirit. China is called the state of ceremonies. Therefore, every step of making spirit is important, especially, making spirit for refined scholars and royalty members. Every step of making a cup of spirit will affect the taste of spirit, thus any mistakes are not allowed when making spirit for them. They not only taste spirit, but also enjoy the progress of making spirit. Thirdly, there is no need preparing refreshments for spirit culture. Refreshments are not essential part for spirit culture in China. Generally speaking, Chinese used to drink spirit without any refreshments no matter the person has a guest or not. In ancient China, when people talked, they used to drink spirit only, without eating anything. Therefore, refreshments are not necessary.When it comes to wine-drinking in Western, people will think about afternoon wine. Although Western people have many wine times, such as early morning wine, morning wine break, high wine, after-dinner wine, afternoon wine is the most important wine-time in a whole day., afternoon wine is popular among Western society. As a country known by being gentle, there are some wine-drinking ceremonies when they have afternoon wine. In this party, I will focus on wine-drinking culture in afternoon wine in Western wine culture. Free and relax is the two obvious character of western culture. They do not take everything into consideration, what they want to do in some spirit culture is get fun from it. In the Fool’s day, everyone try as possible as they can to make a joke on others, at the same time, the “victims” will never angry at the “suspect”. They enjoy the moment when someone can get enjoy from themselves. The awareness of playing is the root for them to show their humor attitude no matter how tough situation they will go to.3.2. Differences in Social FunctionsIt is well known to everyone that festival is one of the most effective carriers to show the highlights of a culture. It is the direct expression for a culture. In the meantime,there are a lot of differences between Chinese and Western culture. Therefore, there are also many differences in Chinese and Western spirit culture. Being the impact of the large number of people in our country, even we are rich in all kinds of resources, we can only own little per person, so the first work is survive in the high fierce competition, the fulfillment of eating and drinking is the first requirement for them to do other necessary work. So in spirit culture, creating all possibilities to have a good eating and drinking has accounted for every space in their mind. Eating and drinking what they can is the best choice in traditional culture of China.It is undebatably that spirit has become an extremely part of Chinese people and Western people’s life, and there are many differences and similarities between Chinese and Western cultures. There are many proverbs about spirit in China, such as "开门七件事,柴米油盐酱醋酒", "宁可一日无粮,不可一日无酒" and "早酒一盅,一天威风". And English people also have phrases connect with spirit, such as somebody's cup of spirit, a storm in a spirit cup and a spirit hound. We can learn from these proverbs that both Chinese and Western people focus on spirit-drinking with great passion. As an important part of spirit-drinking, people also emphasize spirit-drinking culture. There are some proverbs for spirit-drinking culture in China, such as "客来敬酒", "客到酒烟起", "酒七饭八酒加倍" and so on. And Western people have wine with so many spirit-drinking culture, they even sequenced how to eat spirit refreshments. Every part of wine must be prepared with great care. Whatever drinking spirit alone or with other people, drinking a cup of spirit with right culture is important for the Chinese. Securing a quiet and comfortable space, serving and drinking spirit by yourself can help allay tiredness, improve your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. And doing right during spirit party can contribute to producing a good environment for spirit-drinking. Doing proper spirit-drinking culture is an educated manner and at the same time can give other persons a kind of visual enjoyment and sensuous pleasure and treat.Entertainment is greeting. And observe the host greeting etiquette is very important. For example, the Western greeting tends to be informal and friendly. In the UnitedStates, both men and women have to shake hands in meeting and parting, between familiar women even between men and women, a hug or kiss is the right cheek. They often call each other's name, but only on formal occasions or to the elders except. In Saudi Arabia, meet is more intimate -- not only to frequent thin close, but off the reel; and men often hug, kiss each other on the cheek. Visible, the different cultural meeting etiquette is so different, so before the meeting to host meeting etiquette has the profound understanding and the understanding, will avoid in actual meeting because of cultural differences and the embarrassment and misunderstanding. Cultural differences have a significant influence in entertainment without any surprise. It can be commonly found that many staff in a Chinese company still think that a grand banquet is the best etiquette for forming a better business relationship. There will be a high quality dinner waiting for potential partners when they just arrive. Fulfillment of mentality is the prerequisite for the nicely done on business. Too much attention has been given to entertainment which account for too many resources to do other obliging things. When there are some economic conflicts during the business negotiation, some entertainment activities is the best solution for it. In Chinese opinion, the agreement can be easily conducted in a joyous environment. As to Westerners, there is no doubt that entertainments also account for a very prominent position in business, but the other aspects of business negotiation additionally account for an equally significant role. Every detail is paid huge importance. As we all know, there are a variety of entertainment activities in Western culture. But these kinds of activities are not dispensable for a business negotiation. They play a role of extra bonus, which can be very useful to reflect their opinion during the business negotiation. Entertainment activities can be easily held to remember the special business activities. The faultless in every detail is the indispensable factor. The earlier development of the market economy makes the possibilities for the better performance of Western companies. That's the main reason why Western companies have a large scale of benefits.3.3. Differences in Cultural SignificanceEven the traditional Chinese and western spirit culture is the consequence of their own special culture, but there are still lots of similarities they share in many aspects. It is the good chance for them to finish what they have pursuit for a long time. The most typical example in Chinese and Western countries is Saint Valentines’ Day and Double-Seventh Day. Because the special meaning they have in love, they are willing to show their heart to their lover in this special day. The female are also very fond of being send rose by others. There are also lots of parties or gatherings opened for different purpose in western countries and Chinese. Maybe the different style they have, but the core spirit of these activities is to show their pursuit for a happy and bliss life. Everyone has their own resolution for the next phase. They still remember what they have achieved in the past, meanwhile, be motivation and passionate for the unknown things in the future. The family reunion is the essential factor of spirit culture; it is one of the shared similarities between Chinese culture and Western culture. With the rapid development of modern economy, every cell of society are busying with their own business to do, it is very hard to spare their attention to others’ business. The spirit culture are an excellent reason or excuse for family members get together. Because of unique characters of some important spirit culture, family members have to put their work aside which makes possibilities for family reunion. Because there are fewer chances for people to get together and put their work aside, but the festival have this kind of magic to make the possibilities for this events. Due to the influence of traditional concept, people have to do something together even they have on idea about it at all.We can see that people who are more interested in Western spirit culture are mostly young groups, especially the teenager. They are more willing to accept new things, and what they study lead them to learn and imitate. First, there are more and more people try to learn English now, and it’s a goo d way to understand Western culture. Secondly many Chinese students don’t know Chinese spirit culture be⁃cause the textbook seldom tell how the spirit culture come. So it’s strange that many students know what a Western festival mean, but they don’t know w hat they should do duringsome Chinese spirit culture. Every year, different kinds of advertisement and propaganda appear everywhere. When get into a supermarket, we will find many goods related to spirit culture are set in a prominent position of the store, and many things such as chocolate, flowers and so on are on sale. Walking on the street, we can see many Christmas trees standing or some propaganda for Mother ’s Day in front of the hotels or restaurants. In this way, the spirit culture become popular on one hand, the seller earn enough money on the other hand.Spirit and wine are important goods in the world either in the ancient time or today. Before the Tang dynasty, Chinese spirit was exported by land and sea, it was treated as an export product for over thousand year. Chinese spirit—like Chinese silk and china—has become synonymous worldwide with refined culture. Nowadays, spirit is a popular commodity. People buy it as a gift, and it is necessary for Chinese people to treat their guests. With the popularity of spirit, producers pay more attention to promote the quality of spirit. The high-quality spirit is a symbol of the hosts’ social position. wine plays a large role in westerners’ life. wine is often mentioned as one of the main economic goods used in imperial control of trade, and with colonized trade patterns in “goods” such as slaves, wine, and sugar in the history. The colonizer exported wine to the colony and winehouse mushroomed all over the world since the 17th century. Especially in the Europe, such as Paris, people enjoy wine in winehouse which is along the road, the lake and even in the outside. And nowadays people can cook wine by themselves or buy the instant wine, which is very convenient. In 1991 the Gulf war break out, French also took part in the war. The France worried the war would affect commodity supply. They ran to the supermarket to store some materials. It even broadcasted on TV. When the camera took the customers, they found people took much wine and sugar unexpectedly. It had become a big joke at that time. This shows wine dominates the market and people’s life.4.Suggestions for Differences in Spirit Culture Between China and WesternWhen there is a kind of question, there is a possibility to figure out some solutions for questions. So does business negotiation, there is still voluminous effective method which can guarantee the success in business doing. The proper selection of strategies can promote the business transaction with fewer resources and money.4.1 Insight and Comprehensive ResearchesFor different environment, people will have different reactions. It is human to adapt an ability to survive. To strengthen the cross-cultural communication means must have corresponding practice. The first must be familiar with the cultural background of the living environment, to prepare for the second step; the second is to simulate the real situation. First, the artificial manufacture another culture environment, and then let the trainee practice previously learned and familiar with the content; ability in the simulation environment of middle school will solve all kinds of problems. At the stage of pre-business negotiation, the insight and comprehensive researches can be very useful. There are plenty of things to do for a better preparation. It will mean to be a failure if stakeholders know nothing about the background information. The purpose of intercultural business negotiation is making the products be broadly accepted by customers. Be thoroughly acquainted with customer preference is a comprehensive matter, it is essential to take the environmental factor into consideration. The reason for this is that some words with palpable regional limitation cannot frequently appear in their everyday life, and it might cause some difficulties in understanding. Of course, taking the economic development level into consideration is very necessary as well. In developed regions, the price does not account for so eminent status when people have a selection, but in the less developed or the poverty region, it means everything. In different fields of industry, there are some items minimally used in some special field, it cannot be mixed use.In the meantime, be familiar with the products' personalities and outstayed the most extraordinary benefits. In intercultural business negotiation, it is easy to encounter with some matters with their own distinct meaning in politics. If the stakeholders cannot deal with it very effectively, it will create bigger problems beyond commercialfields. So the unambiguous understanding about the related political and economic system is very important. Every country has its own unique history. Some electoral matter is not solely related to current events, but also the historical events.4.2 Attaching Importance to Cultural DifferencesValue is a part of culture in the most deep, it dominates people's beliefs, attitudes and actions. He is relatively stable part of the culture, for the other values are by all means such as: languages, customs, habits, diet, acting style and so on, learn to summarize, ascending out of the total fuzzy concept. But it is not immutable, for themselves is not to their own values to judge others. Anthropologists, psychologists, communication experts for the values of long-term research: human values in some aspects, such as human nature, the relationship between man and nature, people's concept of time, the relationship between people. This “seeks common ground while reserving differences “is the best, to be more accepting of different culture, unde rstand and accept different values. In communication, language expression accounted for 80% and the way of thinking on human language, it has great effect on expression. Analysis about the correct way of thinking to the receiving party information is extremely important. I think by pragmatic rules, to the target language learning can be on the other side of the thinking mode has certain cognitive, similarities and differences on the basis of comparison of the native culture distinguish between two so as to improve the cultural sensitivity, break the inherent thinking cognition, and to accept each other 's thinking way to organize the exchange, so that more effective cross-cultural communication. Listening carefully is one of the effective methods during the business negotiation. Listening carefully is not only the basic requirements for business negotiation, but also enormously influential to communication between human beings. The words are the simplest thing for communication, but the emotional hide inside it is the indispensable for communication. The stakeholders should give a perfect prediction according to other's opinion. It will be very terrible if participators cannot catch the feeling hides inside it. The resonance between two separate parties is the best solution which can build a solid foundation for further cooperation between them. Whenguests speak out their specified needs, the participators should follow what they are talking about not expressing the divergent opinion about the complaints no matter they are right or wrong. Listening carefully is the prerequisite for the next step to have a productive solution.Try "role exchange" method when necessary. It is very easy to work out the psychology of additional parties, but it is hard to make it when put it in reality. The method of role exchange can be a very helpful way to give a solution for complaints. Role exchanging let people consider the issue from different angles by putting themselves in an equal position. The method of role exchange can help the worker building a better understanding about the anxious psychology, so they can be more patient in this process by considering the analogous situation they will be in the future. Making a record is dispensable course when dealing with negotiation, but many stakeholders do not realize its importance. Making a record is very necessary to deal with every matter. It is not easy to remember everything to speak out by others. Making a record according to their idea is especially vital at the same time. Making a record of time, details and the specified problems can be the data for further cooperation. Making a record is not a very effective way to relieve the dissatisfied feeling, but also an imaginative basis for the subsequent solving process. Nevertheless, the fundamental point is distinguishing the core meaning in the communication. Making a record can be considered as note to remind the employee not forget the core point in negotiation. This is a very convincing evidence for the attitude of the company. In addition, it is also a very effective way to re-think the related matters which can make the possibilities to figure out the solution about the matters.5.Conclusionspirit and wine culture plays an important role both in Chinese culture and Western culture. Although there are a lot of differences between Chinese culture and the Western culture, there are also many similarities between two countries’ cultures. No matter the differences or similarities, spirit or wine-drinking is a main event in both countries., the royalty of both countries paid a special attention on spirit or。

解读中西酒文化差异

解读中西酒文化差异

解读中西酒文化差异————从跨文化角度分析摘要不同文化之间的差异在跨文化交际领域从未像今天这样影响如此之大,差异如此明显。

本文主要讨论中西两种不同文化之间酒文化的差异——例如,酒的作用以及不同文化下人们饮酒的缘由。

另外,本文用两种理论解释这一差异原因,第一个理论是由吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德教授提出的的权利差距理论和集体主义与个人主义理论,第二个理论是丁允珠的面子协商理论。

酒融会贯通了人们生活和人际交往的各个方面,了解中西酒文化的不同及其折射的研究意义,有助于中西方人民的跨文化交流。

本文旨在提高人们对两种不同酒文化差异的重视性。

关键词:酒文化,权利差距理论,集体主义与个人主义,面子协商理论一中西不同的酒文化礼仪1.1 中国严谨的酒桌礼仪中国是一个礼仪之邦,历史留给我们的不仅仅是礼仪文化,中国人的好客精神,在酒座上发挥得淋沥尽致。

人与人的感情交流往往在敬酒时得到升华。

中国人敬酒时,往往都想对方多喝点酒,以表示自己尽到了主人之谊,客人喝得越多,主人就越高兴,说明客人看得起自己,如果客人不喝酒,主人就会觉和有失面子。

酒席开始,主人往往在讲上几句话后,便开始了第一次敬酒。

这时,宾主都要起立,主人先将杯中的酒一饮而尽,并将空酒杯口朝下,说明自己已经喝完,以示对客人的尊重。

客人一般也要喝完。

在席间,主人往往还分别到各桌去敬酒。

“回敬”:这是客人向主人敬酒。

“互敬”:这是客人与客人之间的“敬酒”,为了使对方多饮酒,敬酒者会找出种种必须喝酒理由,若被敬酒者无法找出反驳的理由,就得喝酒。

在这种双方寻找论据的同时,人与人的感情交流得到升华。

中国人不喜欢独自喝酒,所以一般情况下在大家都祝酒或以后才可以喝酒。

除非是确实喝醉了,一般不建议拒绝别人的敬酒。

另外,座位安排也很重要。

以圆桌为例,中华民族的风俗是: 正对门的座位为首,即正坐.背对门的为最后座次,一般是作陪人的座位,它同时也是买单的人座位。

首坐可以是主人就坐,但当有前辈、领导、师长、长者等等级或年龄比主人高或认为是高贵或重要的客人时,首座必须请最长者、最高贵者、最重要的客人就坐,主人可以在首坐的左手或右手就座,陪伴在最重要的客人左右。

跨文化交际学作业 酒中看文化

跨文化交际学作业  酒中看文化

• 韩国以酒交友文化 • 在韩国不喝酒交不到朋友。韩国人爱喝酒,尤其是爱 喝炸弹酒。关于炸弹酒的起源,说法很多,比较普遍的是 说起源于美军军营。美军没有下酒菜,喝威士忌时便以啤 酒为"辅菜"。韩国军人将之传出军营,并出于便利,将威 士忌干脆放到啤酒中一起喝。军人们出于职业习惯,加之 制作和喝这种酒的形象联想,就起了"炸弹酒"这么一个名 儿。韩国人的生活富裕起来了,"炸弹酒"也因此得到迅速 普及。实际上"炸弹酒"已从当时便宜和方便的享受,演变 成了社交的重要手段,成了相互较劲的方式。朋友聚会, 必有这个节目。吃饭过程中,大家酒过三巡,略有醉意, 然后去"二次",也就是去唱歌房,主要目的就是喝"炸弹酒"。 一边唱歌,一边喝酒,气氛很热烈。 •
• 德国饮酒文化:变着戏法享受啤酒 • 德国以啤酒著名,德国啤酒是大麦制成的,大麦吃多 了人容易发胖,德国人因为饮多了啤酒,啤酒肚、啤酒杯、 啤酒节、啤酒园、啤酒香肠、啤酒地下屋……莫不与"大" 有关。天津经典蓝调商务party酒吧:啤酒杯是世界上最大 的酒杯,一杯可有一升!此外还有"啤酒冷"与"啤酒尸"的说 法,洋洋大观,"啤酒冷"形容人落落大方,"啤酒尸"指那些 喝得太多躺在路边的人。可见德国人是变着戏法享受啤酒。
• 英国的饮酒文化:混合艺术 • 英国"威士忌",在1839年才正式投厂生产,但在1494年 英国已正式用大麦配酒,可能酿得不得方法,饮多了除了 发福外,脾气还很怪异。今日的威士忌加黑麦、燕麦、玉 米……"混合是一种艺术"英国人说。最有仿效力的日本, 一直想知道英国人的"混合"是什么艺术,但直到现在,只 仿出了半吊子的"艺术",如Nikka和Suntory等酒,连边都没摸 到。英国人在调酒方面令人望尘莫及。

中西方文化传统中的酒文化比较研究

中西方文化传统中的酒文化比较研究

中西方文化传统中的酒文化比较研究酒,是人类自古以来一种重要的文化符号。

在中西方文化中,酒文化都有着悠久的历史和深厚的底蕴。

中西方文化传统中的酒文化有着哪些不同和相似之处呢?下面我就从酿酒历史、酒俗习惯和文化内涵三方面进行比较研究。

一、酿酒历史中西方都有着悠久的酿酒历史,但是具体时间和方式却有很大的不同。

中国酿酒历史可追溯到六千多年前的龙山文化时期。

中国的酒文化源远流长,且经过长期的文化演变,逐渐形成了丰富多彩的酒文化体系。

中国有很多酒文化遗产,如贵州茅台、山西汾酒、四川郎酒等等。

相比之下,西方的酿酒历史要比中国较短,最早可追溯到公元前六千年左右的美索不达米亚地区。

西方酒文化的代表饮品是葡萄酒,其酿造技术不断改进,逐渐成为西方文化的重要组成部分。

同时西方还有威士忌、白兰地、啤酒等其他酒类。

二、酒俗习惯虽然酿酒历史存在一定的差异,但是在酒俗习惯方面,中西方都有着其独特的风格和传统习惯。

在中国,喝酒是社交的一种方式,也是人情世故的一种表达。

中国人有很多喝酒的习惯,如敬酒、干杯、唠嗑等等。

每到节日和重大场合,都要喝上几杯酒庆祝,这也成为了中华民族的一种传统文化。

而在西方,喝酒的方式则主要体现在宴会和社交场合。

在西方,酒的种类非常多,每种酒都有其独特的喝法和习惯。

西方人主要是通过品酒,喝一些高档的葡萄酒等来表达对待客人的礼貌和尊重。

三、文化内涵酒文化不仅体现在酿酒史和酒俗习惯上,文化内涵也是中西方文化传统中的不同之处。

中国酒文化具有深厚的历史底蕴和文化阐释,反映着中国人的家国情怀和情感表达。

中国的酒文化中凝聚着“饮者皆诗人”的文化理念,融合了中华民族千百年的哲学智慧和文化传承。

西方人则更注重酒的品质和品味,强调的是个性化的酒文化,喜欢各种品尝不同的美食和酒,讲究的是享受和品味。

总的来说,中西方酒文化的差异是不可避免的。

中方主要体现在文化内涵和历史底蕴,而西方更注重其品质和品味。

但是,中西方酒文化同样也存在共通之处,如酒是人类文化的重要组成部分,喝酒都是为了共同的社交场合,同时酒也是一种表达人际关系和感情的工具。

中西酒文化差异比较论文

中西酒文化差异比较论文

中西酒文化差异比较摘要:随着中西方交流的扩大,世界汉语热的逐渐兴起,中西文化之间的差异也越来越受到重视。

”酒”作为一个既传承历史又通向未来的道具是一个值得我们认真研究的课题,进行中西酒文化的差异研究对中西交流交往有很大的帮助。

本文主要论述中西方酒文化之间的差异,望能对汉外跨文化交际起绵薄之力。

关键词:跨文化交际中西酒文化比较一、前言在跨文化交际活动中,由于人们所生长的社会环境不同,他们的文化背景,思维方式,宗教信仰也不一样。

而文化背景,思维方式和宗教信仰的不同很容易造成人们对具体的某一事物的理解不一样,并由此产生不一样的情感和寓意。

饮酒是世界人民所共有的文化现象,世界上不论任何民族都有自己的”酒文化”。

本文主要论述与”酒”有关的一些事物行为在中西方文化中的不同,确切的讲就是中西方酒文化的差异比较。

二、中西酒文化浅层比较--物质酒文化(一)中西方对酒的偏好不同。

在中国人的传统观念里,人们偏向于选择以粮食为原料所制造的白酒和黄酒作为正式场合的饮品。

如中国政府在宴请外宾的时候,中国茅台或五粮液等国内高级白酒绝对是主打饮品。

虽然近年来,啤酒在中国的市场在渐渐扩大,平常聚会人们都会选择啤酒来调节酒桌气氛,但是,在稍微正式的场合,人们会默契的选择白酒来执行这一功能。

例如在一对新人庆祝结婚之际,为适应不同人群的需要,宾客的桌上一般会有白酒,啤酒和饮料;而新人敬酒时所用的酒则是白酒。

在西方,毋庸置疑,以葡萄为制作原料的葡萄酒和白兰地等酒深受西方人士的喜爱。

不论平常调节气氛,驱寒取暖,朋友小聚或是正式场合的宴宾,他们都会不约而同的选择葡萄酒。

葡萄酒也成了他们生活里不可或缺的调剂品。

在一开始,人们对于酒的选择是没有倾向的。

人们在酿酒时就是随手取物。

葡萄酒,顾名思义,以葡萄为原料所制造的酒。

而中国的白酒或黄酒则是以粮食为原料制造出来的。

葡萄酒和白酒的出现甚至于他们成为人们生活中不可缺少的一部分与自然文化环境有关。

中国古代人们集中居住生活的黄河流域是温带大陆性气候,这种气候适合高粱和小麦等粮食作物的生长。

中外啤酒文化的交流与影响

中外啤酒文化的交流与影响

中外啤酒文化的交流与影响啤酒作为一种历史悠久的饮品,在中外文化交流中扮演着重要的角色。

它不仅代表着饮品文化的传承和演变,同时也促进了不同国家之间的交流与合作。

本文将探讨中外啤酒文化的交流与影响,从不同的角度分析中外啤酒文化的发展和交流。

一、历史悠久的中外啤酒文化啤酒作为一种古老的饮品,其历史可以追溯到几千年前。

早在古代,中国就出现了一种用谷物酿造的低度酒,与现代的啤酒类似。

而在西方国家,啤酒的历史同样悠久。

比如德国的啤酒文化可以追溯到中世纪,而英国的啤酒文化也有着深厚的底蕴。

二、中外啤酒文化的交流随着全球化的发展和人类社会的进步,中外啤酒文化之间开始产生交流和互动。

一方面,中国的啤酒市场逐渐开放,引进了大量的海外啤酒品牌。

这些品牌不仅给中国消费者带来了新的饮品选择,同时也带来了西方啤酒文化的影响。

另一方面,中国的啤酒品牌也开始走向国际市场,推广中国的啤酒文化。

在交流的过程中,中外啤酒文化相互借鉴、融合和发展。

中国的啤酒在酿造工艺、口感和包装等方面吸取了西方啤酒的经验和技术,逐渐形成了独具特色的中国啤酒。

与此同时,不少国外啤酒品牌也针对中国市场做出了调整,推出了一些适应中国口味和文化的产品。

三、中外啤酒文化的影响中外啤酒文化的交流不仅仅是饮品的交流,更是文化的交流和融合。

中外啤酒文化的交流影响着消费者的饮品选择和消费习惯。

越来越多的中国消费者开始品尝和欣赏外国啤酒的风味和品质,而西方消费者也开始尝试中国啤酒的独特口感和风格。

在国际市场上,中国的啤酒品牌也逐渐赢得了一些国外消费者的喜爱。

此外,中外啤酒文化的交流还对酿酒业的发展产生了积极的影响。

中国的啤酒市场规模庞大,众多国外啤酒品牌纷纷进入中国市场,刺激了中国酿酒业的发展。

与此同时,中国的啤酒品牌也在国际市场上崭露头角,提升了中国酿酒业的国际竞争力。

总结中外啤酒文化的交流与影响是一种双向的互动过程。

通过交流与借鉴,中外啤酒文化逐渐融合和发展,促进了中国和西方国家之间的文化交流与合作。

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Festival, Double Ninth Festival etc.
Party, personal time, beer carnivals
Conclusion
People-oriented Wine is the tool for communication, a spiritual media.
change of sense of taste.
Drinking Occasions
Ancient: 1.serve distinguished guests 2.worshiping Nowadays: 1.become a daily necessity 2.Hosts banquets for different purposes such as ceremony or business. 3. Different festivals, such as Dragon Boat
步探究导致这些差异产生的相关文化因素,诸如价值观、宗教信仰、思维方式等。
关 键 词 :跨 文 化 交 际 ;中 国 酒 文 化 ;西 方 酒 文 化 ;观 念
中图分类号:G04 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-2596(2016)04-0126-03
DOI:10.13398/ki.issn1673-2596.2016.04.052 酒文化就是围绕着酒所产生的一系列物质的、精神的、 过大海[4]。有大量的谚语表明西方人对酒持有谨慎的态度,
喝,而罚酒也不是真罚,其实是一种变相的劝酒。至于劝酒, 这是中国人好客的表现 [3]。在英语中,罗马神话中的酒神 Bacchus,常常指酗酒、狂欢等,如:a son of Bacchus 酒神之 子 (即为酒鬼)。英语谚语 Bacchush as drowned more than
度)干红葡萄酒;吃甜点时喝甜酒或香槟酒。常常还会在正 餐前喝开胃酒,餐后继续饮用威士忌、白兰地等蒸馏酒。一 顿饭下来会喝上五六种酒 [10]。西方的饮酒礼仪意在酒之本 身,饮用葡萄酒要观其色、闻其香、品其味,调动各种感官来
Grape, Wheat
Beer
Yellow wine
1. Pilsener Beer
1. Nv’er Hong 2. Xiaodiao Shaoxing
2. Bock Beer
Liquor
Wine
1. Moutai Liquor 2. Wuliangye Liquor
1. Chateau Lafite Rothschild
上三个方面来解读中西方酒文化。 一、跨文化交际场合中酒的语言差异
医华佗更用它作为麻醉剂为病人疗伤。再看饮酒地点,你能 在酒馆里畅饮,也可在家中小酌,全凭各人选择。而对于装
(一)汉字“酒”与英语的对应词 酒,在中国被赋予了极其强烈的感情色彩。东汉人许慎 在《说文解字》里说:“酒,就也。所以就人性之善恶也……”
酒的器皿,也有讲究,大碗显豪爽,小盅显秀气,酒壶便于携 带,酒缸储存方便。而杯盏质地则与人的身份地位、关系、情 谊密切相关[7]。
酒能让人至善至美,也能让人荒淫无度。鉴于此,酒便有了褒 贬不同的称呼,如天禄、欢伯、福水、魔浆、祸泉等。在英语中,
而西方人喝酒有其特有的规矩和套路,这与西方逻辑 思维即“以物为本”的理性思维有关[8]。他们注重品味不同酒
2. People drink white wine before the red wine, drink mild wine before strong wine, drink
youthful wine before the old wine, and gradually enjoy the change of taste in accordance with the
2. Beaujolais Villages
Angle of animals, hoist bronze, ceramic, gold and silver glass
Glass and crystal
Animal shape (painted characters, landscape, and stories)
摘 要:本文从美国知名学者、《跨文化传播》的作者之一萨默瓦归纳的跨文化交际的三个方面,即语言过程(包括语言及
思维模式)、非语言过程(包括非语言行为、时间观念和对于空间的使用)、观点(包括价值观、世界观和社会组织)出发,对中西
方酒文化进行一系列对比,从酒在不同文化中的意义、作用以及人们在饮酒活动中的语言、行为和准则进行了研究。 然后进一
礼仪,也是为了让饮酒者更尽兴,这是中国酒文化中必不可 少的一道独特风景。西方人注重酒与不同食物的搭配,一般
有“劝酒”和“敬酒”,这体现的是汉文化中特有的一种长幼 吃沙拉和冷盘时喝干白葡萄酒;吃海鲜类正菜时喝高度
和尊卑,英语中没有对应词。敬酒就是礼貌地劝其他人多 (12~14 度)干白葡萄酒;吃肉禽类正菜时喝高度(12~14
夫,郁金香型高脚杯能让酒的香气汇聚在杯口、滗酒器能让 酒充分舒展;喝红葡萄酒时用大一些的杯子,喝香槟时用瘦 而高的杯子……这些无不体现西方人对酒的尊重[9]。中国人
也要注重“酒德”、“酒道”和“酒品”。酒道是关于酒和饮酒的 在饮酒时非常注重长幼之分,而行酒令、划拳、做游等饮酒
道理,酒德指酒后的行为,酒品指饮酒的趣味和品德。对应 到英语可以理解为“drinking manner”。再者是“酒礼”,汉语
在中国历史传说、典故中,有许多都与酒文化有关。例 之妙。西方人为了充分享受美酒,在酒具的选择上颇下功
如由饮酒直接引申出的汉语四字表达:“酒肉朋友”,翻译成 英语“fair-weather friends”[2]。再如“酒囊饭袋”,英语翻译为 “good-for-nothing”。这些都是特有的表达。在汉文化中,饮酒
(一)个人主义和集体主义 个人主义提倡个人权利与自由,而集体主义则强调组
织、个体之间的紧密联系[12]。中国的饮酒文化显然是集体主 义的,所谓“一人不喝酒”,这是中国人喝酒的一般规则(嗜 酒成癖者除外)。也就是说,如果没有人际交往的客观需要, 一般自己不喝酒。中国人饮酒重视的是人,要看和谁喝,要 的是饮酒的气氛,讲究的是呼朋引伴、开怀畅饮,所以中国 的酒是社会的酒,酒事即人事。西方文化强调个人主义和个 人发展,他们认为自己的能力和个性远比集体更重要,他们 更关心自己,因此西方的酒文化更为侧重个人主义[12]。这主 要表现在两方面:一是酒产品多样化、个性化,突出酿酒师 的作用。西方人喜欢细细品味不同酒的味道和温度,充分发 掘各种酒的特性。二是即使有群聚而饮,也多为浅尝独酌。 西方国家强调民主和自由,从不干涉和强迫别人,他们即使 聚餐喝酒的时候也全凭自由自愿,想喝就喝,想喝多少就喝
Place
Depends on drinker
Usually in the pub, public house
Drinking Ests, elders, and people with higher social status first.
1. Rarely share a toast; they usually join a toast in some special occasions.
者,西方人讲究人人平等,酒席上极少见到餐桌上互相敬 酒,也不兴划拳猜数。只有在某些特定场合,大家才会一同
Comparison Program Climate
Raw Material
Type of Wine
Material
Drinking Vessel
Shape
Symbol
表一 中西方酒文化中非语言行为比较
行为的、技艺的、习俗的、心理的现象总和。由于历史背景、 社会规范、传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式和生活习惯等的 不同,中西方的酒文化风格迥异[1]。20 世纪 70 年代,美国知 名学者、《跨文化传播》 的作者之一拉里 A 萨默瓦将跨文化
比如,“酒醉智昏”, “美酒一下肚,话匣关不住”,“酒使各类人 相聚在一张桌子上”[5]。
Object-oriented Drinking in order to appreciate wine
举杯。 三、跨文化交际场合中关于酒的价值观差异 本文根据吉尔特霍夫斯塔德(Geert Hofstede)的文化维
度理论 (Cultural Dimensions) 来分析中西方饮酒的思维差 异。霍夫斯塔德认为,各个国家在文化方面的差异存在着一 个内在的结构,这个结构就是文化维度,这里选取四个维度 中的三个维度进行研究:个人主义(individualism)、集体主义 (collectivism)、权力距离(power distance)、刚性和柔性倾向 (masculinity)[11]。霍夫斯塔德的文化维度理论一直是海外学 者进行跨文化交际研究的主要工具之一,借助这一理论有 助于更好地研究中西方饮酒文化中的价值观差异。
第 37 卷 第 4 期 2016 年 4 月
赤 峰 学 院 学 报( 汉 文 哲 学 社 会 科 学 版 ) Journal of Chifeng University(Soc.Sci)
Vol. 37 No.4 Apr. 2016
从跨文化交际的角度解析中西方酒文化
曾丽贞
(莆田学院 外国语学院, 福建 莆田 351100)
Neptune,意为酒神淹死的比海神多,即美酒所造成的祸害胜 享受美酒。在饮酒顺序上,讲究先喝白葡萄酒后喝红葡萄
收 稿 日 期 :2016-03-12 基 金 项 目 :福 建 省 教 育 厅 社 会 科 学 研 究 资 助 项 目 (JA071683 )
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酒,先喝较淡的酒再喝浓郁的酒,先饮短年份的酒再饮长年 份的酒,按照味觉规律的变化,逐渐深入地享受美酒 。 [10] 再
二、酒的非语言行为差异 中国传统文化是一种感性直觉思维,因而中国人大多
交际归纳为三个方面,即观点(包括价值观、世界观和社会 组织)、语言过程(包括语言及思维模式)、非语言过程(包括
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