Chapter-3-Cultural-values跨文化交际文化价值观模式
Unit-3-cultural-differences资料讲解
• 美国文化对人性的看法比较复杂，不单纯地认 为人生来善良或生性险恶，而认为人性可善可 恶，是善恶混合体。他们同时认为人性的善恶 有可能在出生以后发生变化。
对人性的看法
• 这一点表现在管理上，
• innate human nature • relation of man to Nature • the time sense of human life • mode of human activity • mode of human relationships
Human Basically Nature Evil
Mixture of Basically
Good
Good
and Evil
Relations hip of Human kind to Nature
Man subjuga ted by Nature
Man in Harmon y with Nature
Man the Master of Nature
Sense of Past Time
of nature
convenient
Life is outside
the individual’s control
Be humble
Everything has Problems can be
its own
solved once we
character
know the facts
Be balanced Be objective
Different family structures: Chinese, Latin Americans, Americans
Chapter_3_Cultural_values跨文化交际文化价值观模式-文档资料
Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns
6
1.2. Beliefs
1.What are beliefs? Beliefs are our convictions in the truth of something—
• “Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.” (Gamble and Gamble) (P56)
3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. “perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.” [see P57-58 ]
2)Suntanned skin reflects a low social status, you will probably----( make an extra effort to avoid exposing yourself to the
跨文化交际第三章ppt
Dominant American Cultural Patterns
Individualism
by John Locke
Each individual is unique,
special, completely different
from others.
Equality
All people has the right to succeed
Proverbs (explanation) • Blood is thicker than water. Value: family, loyalty Origin: Scotland • The early bird catches the worm. Value: action Origin: England • God helps those who help themselves. Value: self-help Origin: Greece • Haste makes waste. Value: patience Origin: England • Time is money. Value: efficiency Origin: USA • Think three times before you take action. Value: caution Origin: China
organization interpretation
Second
Selection/stimulation
Understanding Perception
Cultural Filters & Perceptions
information and impressions from reality
Chapter_3_Cultural_values跨文化交际文化价值观模式
1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Values 2. Cultural Patterns
1. 1 What is perception?
• Perception is primary in the study of intercultural communication, because our information about and knowledge of our physical and social world are mediated(传 达 )by perceptual processes. Our perceptions give meaning to all those external forces: symbols, things, people, ideas, events, ideologies and faith.
1.3 Values
1)A Value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another. 2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.‖ (Nanda &Warms) 3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
跨文化3
《大学英语跨文化交际》教案第三章Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on PerceptionI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. understand culture’s influence on perception.2. understand the definitions of sensation and perception.3. analyze cross-cultural differences in sensation and perception.4.summarize the various barriers to accurate perception in interculturalcommunication.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment. （感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
)(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。
文化价值观与跨文化交际
如：
• 恶与善；
肮脏与清洁；
• 危险与安全；
得体与不得体；
• 丑与美；
不自然与自然；
• 非正常与正常；
矛盾与逻辑；
• 非理性与理性；
道德与不道德；
2.霍夫斯泰德的价值维度理论 (1) 个人主义/集体主义维度
集体主义文化强调社群、合作、共同利益、和谐的关 系、传统、集体利益和维护面子。
个人主义文化则强调个体权力、责任、隐私、自由、 创新和个人观点的自由表达。
(4)男性化/女性化Masculinity / Femininity Hofstede用Masculinity和Femininity来表示一种文化对于男性化
（的阳刚）特征和女性化（的阴柔）特征的评价与追求。
有人认为Masculinity和Femininiteer success“事业成功”和quality of life“生活 质量”这一对概念。
权利距离指的是在社会组织中权力地位较低的人对于权力分 配的不平等的接受程度。
所有文化中都存在高权力距离和低权力距离两种倾向。但仍 然有一种是社会主流倾向。因此有所谓高权力距离文化和低权力 距离文化的区分。
高权力距离文化中，普遍接受的观点是：
• 人与人是不平等的，每个人都有一个正当的、恰当的位置，而 这个位置是由一系列的垂直性的安排体现出来的；
低不确定性规避文化(Low-uncertainty avoidance culture)更容易接受生活中必然遇到的不确定事件，对于不寻常 的事件有较高的容忍和接受度，面对不同意见时不会有强烈的受 到威胁的感觉，人们更愿意冒险，比较灵活，更倾向于依靠自己 而不是依赖所谓“专业意见”。
(3)权力距离（Power Distance）
跨文化交际1
第4章文化价值观比较Chapter 4 Comparing Cultural Values•Contents of Chapter Three Comparing Cultural Values• 1. Cultural Values• 1.1 Comparison Between Chinese Values and Western Values• 1.1.1 Differences in expressing gratitude• 1.1.2 Differences in symbolization• 1.1.3 Differences in attitudes toward women• 1.2 Comparison Between Chinese Values and American Values• 1.2.1 Differences in friendship• 1.2.2 Differences in time consciousness• 1.2.3 Differences in conception of the self• 1.2.4 Differences in approaches to tasks• 1.2.5 Differences in social relationships• 2. Cultural Dimensions• 2.1 A Brief Introduction of Influential Cultural Patterns• 2.2 Geert Hofstede and His Value Dimensions• 2.2.1 A Brief Introduction of Geert Hofstede• 2.2.2 Geert Hofstede’s Values Dimensions• 2.2.2.1 Power Distance• 2.2.2.2 Individualism Versus Collectivism• 2.2.2.3 Masculinity Versus Femininity• 2.2.2.4 Uncertainty Avoidance• 2.3 Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Cultures• 2.3.1 High-Context Cultures• 2.3.2 Low-Context Cultures• 2.4 Other Dimensions• 2.4.1 Formality Versus Informality• 2.4.2 Time: Polychronic Versus MonochronicWarm-up:Read the following sayings aloud, and think it over: what do they mean to you?Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.性相近，习相远--论语---- Confucian sayingGod gave to every people a cup, cup of clay, and from this cup they drank life… They all dipped in the water, but their cups were different.---- Ruth Benedict上帝给了每个人一个杯子、一杯粘土，并且人们从这个杯子里面啜饮人生...他们都是浸在水里面的，只是他们的杯子不一样而已----本尼迪克特1.Cultural Values文化价值观●Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members.The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism orreligiosity(笃信宗教, 虔诚) . The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes at the top levels in some sports are honored (in the form of monetary payment) more than college professors. Surveys show that voters in the United States would be reluctant to elect an atheist as a president, suggesting that belief in God is a value.●Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more global and abstractthan norms. Norms are rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or evil. Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism. Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors at a funeral. In certain cultures they reflect the values of respect and support of friends and family. Different cultures reflect different values.1.1 Comparison Between Chinese Values and Western Values中西价值观比较● 1.1.1 Differences in expressing gratitude.● 1.1.2 Differences in symbolization(象征，符号表现)● 1.1.3 Differences in attitudes toward women“Elders First” Notion China“Ladies First” Notion Western Countries● 1.2.1 Differences in friendship● 1.2.2 Differences in time consciousness1.2.3 Differences in conception of the self● 1.2.4 Differences in approaches to tasks2. Cultural Dimensions文化维度● 2.2 Geert Hofstede and His Value Dimensions● 2.2.1 A Brief Introductionof Geert Hofstede2.2.1 A Brief Introduction of Geert Hofstede●Gerard Hendrik Hofstede(born 3 October 1928,) is an influential Dutchorganizational sociologist, who studied the interactions between national cultures and organizational cultures. He is also an author of several books including Culture's Consequences and Cultures and Organizations, Software of the Mind, co-authored with his son Gert Jan Hofstede. Hofstede's study demonstrated that there are national and regional cultural groupings that affect the behavior of societies and organizations, and that these are persistent across time.Model by G. Hofstede (1984)●Hofs tede’s work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensivestatistical data to examine cultural values.●During the 1980s, he surveyed over a hundred thousand workers inmultinational organizations in forty countries.●Each country was assigned a rank of one through forty in each category,depending on how it compared to the other country.Hofstede’s Four Cultural Value System●Individualism-Collectivism●Uncertainty Avoidance●Power Distance●Masculinity-Femininity2. Cultural Dimensions文化维度● 2.2.2 Geert Hofstede’s Value Dimensions● 2.2.2.1 Power Distance●权力距离Definition: Power distance is the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.2.2.2.1 Power Distance 权力距离The Boss and Work2.2.2.1 Power Distance●①Low Power Distance Culture●低权力距离文化●Low power distance culture values horizontal relationships where everyone ison a level playing field.The Characteristics of Low Power Distance Culture●The characteristics of low power distance culture are basically reflected in thefollowing facets:●Ⅰ.Decision-Making●Ⅱ.Readiness to Complainabout Violation of PersonalFreedom●Ⅲ.Sense of Equality●Ⅳ.Informality●Ⅴ.Authority Figures’Proneness●to Admit Mistakes2.2.2.1 Power Distance●②High Power Distance Culture●高权力距离文化●High power distance culture emphasizes the unequal distribution ofpower in institutions and organizations in a hierarchy of privilege.● A few people have a lot of power; the vast majority has little.●The characteristics of high power distance culture are basically reflected in thefollowing facets:●Ⅰ. The Maintenance of High-Status and Prestige●Ⅱ.Formality●Ⅲ.Deference●Ⅳ. Authority Figures’Reluctance to Admit Mistakes●Case Analysis: High and Low Power Distance Cultures●Different power distance orientations manifest themselves in interaction. Inthe dialogue below, Jim Neuman is a U.S. high school exchange student in Guatemala(危地马拉). Coming from a lower power distance culture, Jim is accustomed to interacting with his teachers. Raising one’s hand in a U.S. classroom is not only acceptable, but encouraged. In Guatemala, a higher power distance culture, the classroom is teacher-centered. In Mr. Gutierrez’s classroom, there is to be strict order. Teachers are to be treated with deference.●Mr. Gutierrez: This morning I will be discussing some points aboutGuatemala’s geography. Guatemala is the northernmost country of Central America (JimNeuman raises his hand). To the north it borders the countries of El Salvador and Honduras. To the west, its natural border is the Pacific Ocean. In the east is another natural border, the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the country of Belize.●Jim Neuman: (Raising his hand and waving it slightly). Mr. Gutierrez?●Mr. Gutierrez: Guatemala is called the “Land of the Eternal Spring.”Thereare all of the same kinds of natural land forms as in Mexico, but are…(Jim Neuman interrupts)●Jim Neuman: Mr. Gutierrez, I have a question.●Mr. Gutierrez: Jim, stop interrupting, please.●Jim Neuman: May I ask a question?＊A low score means the country can be classified as one that prefers a high power distance; a high score is associated with cultures that prefer a low power distance.Source: Adapted from Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related V alues●①Individualistic Culture个人主义文化God helps those who help themselves.(Benjamin Franklin) (self-reliance)Pull yourself up by your own bootstraps(长统靴的拔靴带). 靠自己的努力出人头地Do your own thing. (Independence)The squeaky wheel gets the grease. (Individual Expression)A man’s home is his castle. (Privacy)➢In cultures that tend toward individualism, an “I” consciousness prevails:➢⑴competition rather than cooperation is encouraged;➢⑵personal goals take precedence over group goals;➢⑶people tend not to be emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions;➢⑷every individual has the right to his or her private property, thoughts, and opinions.➢Case study:At the negotiating table, differences in this dimension can clearly cause serious conflict. Americans too often expect their Japanese counterparts to make decisions right at the negotiating table, and the Japanese are constantly surprised to find individual members of the American team promoting their own positions, decisions, and ideas, sometimes openly contradicting one another.America—individualism Japan—collectivism●②Collectivistic Culture集体主义文化●Collectivistic culture places greater emphasis on●⑴the views, needs, and goals of the in-group(内部集团) rather thanoneself;●⑵social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather behavior to getpleasure;●⑶beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish selffrom in-group;●⑷great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.The Nail that sticks up will be pounded down. (Japanese Proverb)突出来的钉子会被敲下去。
文化价值观与跨文化交际PPT教案
5．人类之间的关系形态为何？
克拉克洪和斯托特伯克用“价值取向” （value orientation）这个概念指代以上五个 问题：
人性善恶取向；
人与自然关系取向；
时间取向；
行为取向；
关系取向
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1.人与自然关系取向
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➢ 控制自然：人类有能力并且应该将自然力 量和超自然力量置于自己的掌控之中，使 其为人类所用。
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低语境文化
低语境与高语境相反，信息绝大部分是通过言语交际来传递的，只有极少的部分蕴 含在情景或交际者本身之中。
低语境文化的交际模式常常是直接的、追求清晰无误的。 这是因为，低语境文化通常是由一群一致性比较低的成员构成的，也就是说，他们缺乏共 同的经验，因此在交际中，为了准确地让别人理解意义，必须要把背景信息都详尽地表述出 来。
化（的阴柔）特征的评价与追求。 有人认为Masculinity和Femininity这两个词并不能恰当地表达这一维度的内涵，主张用
career success“事业成功”和quality of life“生活质量”这一对概念。 Hofstede认为，男性化文化认为由于男女生理上就是存在差异的，因此也有各自不同
往往采取间接的方式。人们更重视一件事是“怎样”被说出来的， 而不是说了“什么”，非言语线索在交际中受到高度重视。
这是因为，在高语境文化中，人们通常是具有高度一致性的。他 们有共同的经历和经验、有共享的信息网，有一套共同遵守的完备 的社会礼仪规范。因此，在人们的日常交际中，大多数情况下，人 们是不需要更深入的背景信息的。
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（5）Long-term / Short-term Orientation ➢ 长期导向的文化着眼于未来，注重节俭、
跨文化交际Chapter3
Tea Ceremony
• High-Context Cultures • Japanese • Chinese • Korean • African American • Native American • Arab • Greek • Latin • Italian • English • French • American • Scandinavian • German • German-Swiss • Low-Context Cultures
1) = Human nature orientation 2) = Man-nature orientation 3) = Time orientation 4) = Activity orientation 5) = Social orientation
人性取向 人天取向 时间取向 行为取向 人际取向
Chapter 3
Fundamental theories of intercultural communication
How to classify different cultures?
Culture patterns
Kluckhohn’s Value Orientation
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism vs. Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance
• • • • • 1) What is the character of innate human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the temporal focus? 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is the mode of human relationship?
文化、跨文化交际、文化价值观的定义
文化、跨文化交际、文化价值观的定义Definitions of CultureCulture is learned and shared within social groups and istransmitted from one generation to another for purposes of promoting individual and social survival, adaption, and growth and development. Generally speaking, culture means both human and society that have developed to a certain level in history. It consists of all forms of human lives and activities, and all the man-made material and spiritual wealth. Specifically speaking, it solely means “areas of man’ssp iritual life”. Cultureis created by man; it also continually creates human beings, countries, nations, personal characters, psychologies, behaviors, ways of thinking and various values.According to Samovar and Porter (2010), culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Definitions of Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a number of another culture. More precisely, intercultural communication involves interaction betweenpeople whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Intercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. It seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The definition of intercultural communication must also include strands of the field that contribute to it such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.According to the definition from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.Karlfried Knapp (1987) defines it as the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups, which differ from each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior.”Definitions of Cultural ValueCultural values are values that tend to permeate a culture. They are the goodness or desirability of certain actions or attitudes among members of the culture. They are transmitted by a variety of sources (family, media, school, church, state, and so on) and therefore tend to be broad-based, enduring, and relatively stable. They guide bothperception and communication. That is, values get translated into action. An understanding of cultural values helps us appreciate the behavior of other people, knowing, for instance, that the American value of directness and the exchange of eye-contact, might cause us to apply one trick of focusing in the space between the eyebrows, and “faking it” until we can make eye contact ourselves. What is more, an awareness of cultural values also helps us understand our own behavior. For example, we can associate patience with the value of time, moderation with the value of harmony and consensus, and obligation with the twin value of friendship and sociability.Hu Wenzhong (1999), a famous cultural scholar in China, has pointed out that of all the problems discussed or studied in intercultural communication research, value is one of the most important problems and deserves great attention. Values come from social life and provide criteria for behavior. “They prescribe which actions and ways of being are better than others;they are not descriptions of fact，but possess contentand emotion and contribute to social reality.” Scholars haveoffered many versions ofdefinitions for values.。
跨文化交际复习
Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective):从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective):从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
跨文化交际考试英语教学内容
跨文化交际考试英语I.定义Chapter 1 CultureCulture(from intellectual perspective)从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective)从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective)从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective)从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1.Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2.Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
《跨文化交流导论》 教学大纲
《跨文化交流导论》(英) 教学大纲一、教学目标了解与跨文化交际相关的理论，对文化、交际、语言、跨文化交际等相关概念有较为系统的理解；提高跨文化意识和跨文化情感态度，能够较为客观、系统、全面地认识本国文化与目的语文化之间的差异，进而主动观察、分析、对比、评价这些差异现象；培养跨文化学习策略、跨文化语用能力和跨文化语言知识，能够恰当地处理因文化差异引起的跨文化误解和文化冲突；全面提高跨文化交际能力，在学习、工作和社会交往的跨文化环境下能用英语有效地进行交际，以适应我国社会发展和国际交流的需要。
二、课程描述跨文化交际是一门实践性很强的综合性应用学科，涉及人类学、语言学、心理学、社会学、文化学、民俗学等多学科，《跨文化交际导论(英)》通过讲座、讨论、案例研究等多种教学形式，运用图、文、声、情景并茂的教学手段，介绍跨文化交际学的理论体系和实践原则, 旨在通过分析中西文化在言语交际、非言语交际中的差异，以及这些差异在社会礼仪和商务谈判中的反映等，从而培养学生的跨文化意识，加强对母语和目的语文化的深刻理解力，最终提高跨文化交际能力，为学生今后的工作实践打下必备的基础。
本课程以英语为授课语言。
三、选用教材Fundamentals of Intercultural Communication 《跨文化交际基础》窦卫霖编著，对外经济贸易大学出版社，2007.4内容简介：教材共分九章，其中前六章以跨文化交际学的基本理论和主要内容为框架，第一章为概论，介绍跨文化交际的定义、概念、发展及其意义；第二章着重讨论交际的基本理论及其在人类交际中的应用；第三章阐述文化的性质，包括定义、作用、特征及其差异；第四章集中讨论价值观这一深层文化差异及其在商务活动中的表现；第五和第六章分别探讨了文化差异在言语和非言语交际方面的种种表现。
考虑到学生的实际需要，第七和第八章分别选择了社会礼仪和商务谈判这两个重要方面阐述文化差异的具体体现和跨文化交际理论的实践应用。
跨文化交际实训Chapter 4 Cultural Values-文档资料
Key Terms
未来时间取向认为一切着眼于未来，他们很少回顾过 去。美国人是典型的未来取向的，他们一般不像其他 民族那样注重历史与传统，他们普遍相信：历史无足 轻重，机会人人均等，只要努力奋斗，就能获得成功。 他们认为未来是可以驾驭的，至少是可以受他们影响 的。变革意味着进步，新事物总是优越于旧事物。人 们相信进步，往往为将来发生的事情制定计划。 Hierarchy 社会阶层 所谓社会阶层是依据社会成员的经济、政治、教育、 文化等种种社会因素所划分的社会集团。每个人都处 在一定的社会阶层这由其家庭出身、职业、所拥有的 财富以及所受的文化教育所决定。
Value: A value can be defined as a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action.
Warm-up
1. What is meant by the term cultural value?
2. In what aspects do the Chinese culture and Western culture differ?
I. Definitions of Value 价值的定义
跨文化交际实训
ISBN：978-7-81134-892-7 2010年11月 第1版
Chapter 4 Cultural Values
Learning Objectives In this chapter, you should be able to To identify the definitions of value To identify Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientations To identify Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
跨文化交际第三章文化价值Chapter Three culture values
Contexts: High and Low
Low-Context Tends to use “logic” to present ideas Tends to emphasize highly structured messages, give details, and place great stress on words Emphasizes linear logic High-Context Tends to use more “feeling” in expressions Tends to give simple, ambiguous, noncontexting messages Emphasizes spiral logic
Carmen: Hi, Judy. Judy:
Carmen: Fine. I’m glad to see that our children like to play together. Judy: Yeah, me too. I remember just a month ago they weren’t sharing their toys.
Chapter Three
跨文化交际--价值观
分析刘鑫的价值观？
遭受自然灾害 时，往往表现 出一种无奈的 平静。
3、时间取向
时间取向 看法 代表 影响 （行为、交际方式） 人们常骄傲于自己国家 悠久的历史，倾向于根 据历史经验判断现实行 为的合理性，尊重老人 和经验，追求稳定性。 享受现在，及时行乐。
强调过去 重视历史传统，强调
对祖先的敬仰和紧密 的家庭纽带
中国、 日本、 韩国、 英国等
社会热点
江歌生活在单亲家庭，从小与母亲相依为命。2015年4月， 江歌去往日本。2016年4月，考入日本法政大学研究生院。 江歌舍友刘鑫因为遭到前男友陈世峰的骚扰，江歌因此同意 接刘鑫来自己家同住。 2016年11月3日凌晨12时前，江歌接到刘鑫的电话，希 望她到车站去接她回家。江歌于是赶到车站，接回刘鑫，但 是在抵达居住的公寓楼时，刘鑫的前男友等在公寓楼前，三 人发生了争辩。随后江歌叫刘鑫先进房间，自己与这名男子 辩论，并挡着这名男子不许其进屋。接着，刘鑫和邻居听到 了尖叫声，出来一看，江歌倒在走廊里，脖子被刺数刀，直 冒鲜血。警察赶到后将江歌立即送往医院，但是因为失血过 多，没能挽回她的生命。 2016年11月24日，日本警方公布案件的相关调查进展， 并以杀人罪对中国籍男性留学生陈世峰发布逮捕令。确认其 与江歌遇害一事有关。
阿拉伯国家中的王权关系看重家庭出身财产和地位并以此衡量人的价值标准重视交往时的礼仪和规范集体的关系认为集体是重要的集体目标高于个人目标强调人与人之间的相互依靠东南亚文化国家中国韩国注重与别人关系的和谐强调礼尚往来个体的关系强调个人选择和主宰自己的命运个人目标高于一美国西欧国家的文化个人比较独立人与人的交往追求平等和随意的交际风格kluckhohn与strodtbeck的价值取向理论优点
案例叙述：
Chapter_3_Cultural_values跨文化交际文化价值观模式
1.3 Values
1)A Value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another. 2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.‖ (Nanda &Warms) 3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
1.1 Perception
1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Values 2. Cultural Patterns
1. 1 What is perception?
• Perception is primary in the study of intercultural communication, because our information about and knowledge of our physical and social world are mediated(传 达 )by perceptual processes. Our perceptions give meaning to all those external forces: symbols, things, people, ideas, events, ideologies and faith.
文化价值观和跨文化交际
克拉克洪—斯托特柏克价值取向理论旳认识前提：全部 旳人，不论来自哪一种文化，都一定需要处理下列五个普世 性旳问题。
1．人性旳本质为何? 2．人与自然旳关系为何？ 3．在过去-目前-将来这么一种时间连续统中，哪一段最应 该受到注重？
4．人类行为旳动机是什么？ 5．人类之间旳关系形态为何？
针对威胁面子行为旳礼貌策略
1．主动礼貌策略。即让听话人产生好感或感到自己旳价值观得到了对 方旳认同,满足听话人主动面子旳需求。
例：我懂得你不喜欢他，但是我们毕竟是老同学，我们还是请他来吧。 您大人不计小人过，就别跟他计较了。
2．悲观礼貌策略。即给听话人留有选择旳余地，或明确地表达不希望 影响对方行事旳自由等等，满足听话人悲观面子旳需求。
（二）用语方面旳差别
低语境旳交际者不注意非言语传达旳信息。他们以为 交流是有意义旳言语信息旳交流。他们懂得某些非言语行 为,比:表情和声调,但是对他们而言,这些只是修饰他们所说 旳。他们对情景、参加者旳角色等语境原因不予注意。这 就意味着他们经常没有注意到正在和他们交流旳人旳地位 、其别人没有说出来旳话、没有用言语体现旳社交期待这 些原因。一般高语境旳交际者了解这些语境信息旳意思是 没有困难旳。当他们看见低语境旳交际者不能或没有对语 境信息做出回应时,他们会以为低语境旳交际者不体贴别 人,对别人旳感受不敏感。
布朗和列文森把面子分为： 主动面子(positive face)和悲观面子（negative face）
主动面子指希望得到别人旳认可、肯定、赞许、喜爱，或希望被 视 为同一群体旳组员；假如这些得到满足，主动面子就得以维护。
悲观面子指有自主旳权利，有行事旳自由，行为不受其别人干预 或强制。
威胁面子旳言语行为FTAs
例：（在火车上别人把行李放在你必须经过旳过道上，阻碍了你。） 您这箱子能不能放到行李架上面去？
跨文化交际价值观ppt课件
跨文化交际研究领域价值观
◆一、价值观定义 ◆二、价值观种类 ◆三、价值观特点 ◆四、价值观的理论研究 ◆五、了解价值观的意义
1
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
案例叙述：
T.N.是泰国的一所大学的信息科学专业的女生， 她很喜欢汉语，虽然不是文科生，还是因为喜爱而 参加了学校孔子学院组织的汉语培训课程。培训课 程的汉语老师都是中国来的年轻老师，T.N.觉得在 培训中汉语进步很大，也很感谢这些中国老师。在 学校路上遇到这些中国老师的时候，她都会双手合 十，低头弯腰的向他们行礼。可是，让T.N.尴尬的 是，老师们也都以同样程度的双手合十礼，低头弯 腰的回敬她，而在泰国这样的问候方式只是下级向 上级才会有的。
2016年11月3日凌晨12时前，江歌接到刘鑫的电话，希 望她到车站去接她回家。江歌于是赶到车站，接回刘鑫，但 是在抵达居住的公寓楼时，刘鑫的前男友等在公寓楼前，三 人发生了争辩。随后江歌叫刘鑫先进房间，自己与这名男子 辩论，并挡着这名男子不许其进屋。接着，刘鑫和邻居听到 了尖叫声，出来一看，江歌倒在走廊里，脖子被刺数刀，直 冒鲜血。警察赶到后将江歌立即送往医院，但是因为失血过 多，没能挽回她的生命。
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1.1 Perception
1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Values
2. Cultural Patterns
1. 1 What is perception?
• Perception is primary in the study of intercultural communication, because our information about and knowledge of our physical and social world are mediated(传 达 )by perceptual processes. Our perceptions give meaning to all those external forces: symbols, things, people, ideas, events, ideologies and faith.
irrational vs. rational,
moral vs. immoral.
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1.3The Value Hierarchy
•US
• hospitality to guests
• cleanliness
Tertiary Values
Alleviation of the pain and
suffering of others
Low-Context
Social
Masculinity Vs
Relationship
Femininity
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2.2 Model by Kluckhohn (P74-79).
5 basic questions that need answering at the root of any culture:
2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. “perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.” [see P57-58 ]
truths. • One of the most important functions of beliefs is that
they form the basis of your values,
1.2. Beliefs
4. Beliefs are usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior. Eg
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism Vs Collectivism
Uncertainty AvoidanceT Hall’s Context - Culture
Theory
High-Context
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US Dominant cultural patterns (P62-65)
• Individualism, • Equality, • Materialism, • Science and technology, • Progress and change, • Work and leisure, • Competition
1) A good tan（棕褐色） is a reflection of a healthy, active lifestyle and makes a person more attractive. you will probably ----(find time to lie out in the sun or even go to a tanning salon. )
evil vs. good,
dirty vs. clean,
dangerous vs. safe,
decent vs. indecent,
ugly vs. beautiful,
unnatural vs. natural,
abnormal vs. normal,
paradoxical vs. logical,
人际取向 18
2.2 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s five value orientations (P74)
oriantation Basic values
Human Nature
Basically Evil
Relationship Man
of Humankind subjugated by
to Nature
1.3 Values
1)A Value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another.
2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.” (Nanda &Warms)
2. Cultural Patterns
2.1 Definitions 2.2 Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck Value Orientation 2.3 Hofstede’s Values Dimension
2.4 Hall’s Context Orientation
Chapter Three
Cultural Values/Patterns/Orientations
1
Contents
1. Perception, Belief and Values 2. Cultural Patterns
3. Application of theories
1. Perception, Belief and Values
• “Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.” (Gamble and Gamble) (P56)
1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向
2) = Man-nature orientation 人与自然的关系取向
3) = Time orientation
时间取向
4) = Activity orientation
行为取向
2020/10/18 5) = Social orientation
3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
1.3 Values
4) Hofstede: Values are “a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others”. E.g.
1.1. Perception & cultures
Two ways that culture influences the perception process:
1. Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determined by culture.
• 1) What is the character of human nature? • 2) What is the relation of man to nature? • 3) What is the orientation toward time? (temporal focus) • 4) What is the mode of human activity? • 5) What is the mode of human relationship?
3. IC Strategies
2. 1 Cultural Patterns
Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns.
• Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.
• How to get: 1. from one’s family 2. from school teachers; 3. from one’s peers (friends, schoolmates, play mates; 4. from society at large
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• Where to find 1. from people’s behavior pattern 2. from what people say about themselves; 3. from myths, tales of heroes and rituals; 4. from folk tales, movies, proverbs, sayings, etc.