课文12单元

Unit 1 Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory定义的测量方法和测量理论1. Definition of Measurement测量的定义A possible operational description of the term measurement which agrees with our intuition is the following :“measurement is the acquisition of inform ation ”;the aspect of gathering information is one of the most essential aspects of measurement ;measurement are conducted to learn about the object of measurement ;the measurand .This means that a measurement must be descriptive with regard to that state or that phenomenon in the world around us which we are measuring .一个可能的操作描述这个术语的同意,我们凭直觉测量是下列的“测量信息获取”,采集信息的方面是最重要的方面进行测量,计量了解测量的对象,进行测量。

这意味着一个测量必须描述对于这种状态或这一现象在我们周围的世界我们衡量。

There must be a relationship between this state or phenomenon and the measurement result .Although the aspect of acquiring information is elementary ,it is merely a necessary and not a sufficient aspect of measurement :when one reads a textbook ,one gathers information ,but one does not perform a measurement.必须有一个关系状态或现象和测量结果信息获取的角度,即使是基础,那只是一个必要的和非充分方面的测量:当一个人阅读教科书,一个收集信息,但是一个人不能进行测量。

A second aspect of measurement is that it must be selective .It may only provide information about what we wish to measure (the measurand) and not about any other of the many states or phenomena around us .测量的第二个方面,它必须被选择,只能提供有关我们所希望的那样进行测量测量),而不是对任何其他的许多州或现象在我们身边。

This aspect too is a necessary but not sufficient aspect of measurement .Admiring a painting inside an otherwise empty room will provide information about only the painting ,but does not constitute a measurement.这相位也是必须的,但并非任何足够的测量方面.Admiring一幅画在一个否则空房间会提供信息,只有这幅画作,但不构成测量。

A third and necessary aspect of measurement is that it must be objective .The outcome of the measurement must be independent of an arbitrary observer .Each observer must extract the same information from the measurement and must come to the same conclusion .This, however ,is almost impossible for an observer who uses only his/her senses .Observations made with our senses are highly subjective .Our sense of temperature ,for example , depends strongly on any sensation of hot or cold preceding the measurement .第三个和必要的方面,它必须被测量,结果客观测量必须独立于任意观测器提取每观察者必须之测相同的信息,必须得出了相同的结论。

这,然而,几乎不可能一个观察人士只使用他/她的感官感觉是我们.Observations我们高度主观的感觉,例如,取决于温度有任何感觉热或冷的measuremen前。

This is demonstrated by trying to determine the temperature of a jug of water by hand .If the hand is first dipped in cold water, the water in the jug will feel relatively warm ,whereas if the hand is first dipped in warm water ,the water in the jug will feel relatively cold. Besides the subjectivity of our observation ,we human observers are also handicapped by the fact that there are many states or phenomena in the real world around us which we cannot observe at all (e.g. magnetic fields) .or only poorly (e.g. extremely low temperatures or high-speed movement) .In order to guarantee objectivity of a measurement we must therefore use artefacts (tools or instruments).这是证明了在调查里面的水的温度用手,如果手先用冷水浸泡到瓶子里的水会感到相对的温暖,而若手第一蘸温水、水到瓶子里会感觉比较冷。

除了我们观察的主体性,我们人类的观察家们也不识字而事实有许多州或者现象在现实世界中,我们不能遵守我们周围磁场(如只poorl支)。

The task of these instruments is to convert the state or phenomenon under observation into a different state or phenomenon that cannot be misinterpreted by an observer .In other words, the instrument converts the initial observation into a representation that all observers can observe and will agree on .这些仪器的任务是把国家或现象观察进入一种不同的国家或现象,不能被误解被观察者。

换句话说,仪器将最初的观察到任何观测者都表示会同意能封锁。

For the measurement instrument’s output ,therefore ,objectively observable output such as numbers on an alpha-numerical display should be used rather than subjective assessment of such things as colour ,etc.. Designing such instruments ,which are referred to as measurement systems ,is the field of (measurement) instrumentation.用来测量仪器的输出,因此,客观观察的输出如数字显示alpha-numerical应使用而不是主观评价诸如色彩,等。

设计这样的仪器都被称为量测系统,域(计量仪表。

In the following ,we will define measurement as the acquisition of information in the form of measurement results ,concerning characteristics ,states or phenomena (the measurand )of the world that surrounds us, observed with the aid of measurement systems (instruments ).The measurement system in this context must guarantee the required descriptiveness ,the selectivity and the objectivity of the measurement .在下面,我们将定义测量信息获取的测量结果不确定度的形式,对特征、国家或现象(世界上进行测量在我们周遭,观察与援助的测量系统(仪器测量系统,在此背景下,必须保证所需的descriptiveness,选择性和客观性的测量。

We can distinguish two types of information :information on the state ,structure or nature of a certain characteristic ,so-called structural information ,and information on the magnitude, amplitude or intensity of a certain characteristic ,so-called metric information .The acquisition of structural information is called a qualitative measurement ,the acquisition of metric information is called a quantitative measurement .If the nature of the characteristic to be measured is not (yet) known ,it must be determined first by means of a qualitative measurement .This can then be followed by a quantitative measurement of the magnitude of the respective characteristic.我们能区分出两种类型的信息:信息对国家、结构或自然的一个特定的特点,所谓的结构信息、信息在大小、振幅或强度一定的特点,所谓的度量信息,获得结构信息被称为定性测量、获取信息度量称为定量测量。