美国室内空气质量标准(英文版)
NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards美国空气质量标准
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards(40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, parts per billion (ppb - 1 part in 1,000,000,000) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3).(1) Not to be exceeded more than once per year.(2) Final rule signed October 15, 2008.(3) The official level of the annual NO2 standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard(4)To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 100 ppb (effective January 22, 2010).(5) Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.(6) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3.(7) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35 µg/m3 (effective December 17, 2006).(8)To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppm. (effective May 27, 2008)(9) (a) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed0.08 ppm.(b) The 1997 standard—and the implementation rules for that standard—will remain in place for implementation purposes as EPA undertakes rulemaking to address the transition from the 1997 ozone standard to the 2008 ozone standard.(c) EPA is in the process of reconsidering these standards (set in March 2008).(10) (a) EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas, although some areas have continuing obligations under that standard ("anti-backsliding").(b) The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is < 1.(11) (a) Final rule signed June 2, 2010. To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 75 ppb.National Secondary Drinking Water RegulationsNational Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (NSDWRs or secondary standards) are non-enforceable guidelines regulating contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in drinking water. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but does not require systems to comply. However, states may choose to adopt them as enforceable standards.List of National Secondary Drinking Water RegulationsContaminant Secondary StandardAluminum0.05 to 0.2 mg/LChloride250 mg/LColor15 (color units)Copper 1.0 mg/LCorrosivity noncorrosiveFluoride 2.0 mg/LFoaming Agents0.5 mg/LIron0.3 mg/LManganese0.05 mg/LOdor 3 threshold odor numberpH 6.5-8.5Silver0.10 mg/LSulfate250 mg/LTotal Dissolved Solids500 mg/L Zinc 5 mg/L MicroorganismsContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL orTT1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above the MCL(unless specified as short-term)Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterCryptosporidium zero TT 3Gastrointestinal illness (e.g.,diarrhea, vomiting, cramps)Human and animalfecal wasteGiardia lamblia zero TT3Gastrointestinal illness (e.g.,diarrhea, vomiting, cramps)Human and animalfecal wasteHeterotrophic plate count n/a TT3HPC has no health effects; it is ananalytic method used to measure thevariety of bacteria that are commonin water. The lower the concentrationof bacteria in drinking water, thebetter maintained the water systemis.HPC measures a rangeof bacteria that arenaturally present inthe environmentLegionella zero TT3Legionnaire's Disease, a type ofpneumoniaFound naturally inwater; multiplies inheating systemsTotal Coliforms(including fecal coliform and E. Coli)zero 5.0%4Not a health threat in itself; it isused to indicate whether otherpotentially harmful bacteria may bepresent5Coliforms arenaturally present inthe environment; aswell as feces; fecalcoliforms and E.coli only come fromhuman and animalfecal waste.Turbidity n/a TT3Turbidity is a measure of thecloudiness of water. It is used toindicate water quality andfiltration effectiveness (e.g.,whether disease-causing organismsare present). Higher turbiditylevels are often associated withhigher levels of disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses,Soil runoffparasites and some bacteria. These organisms can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.Viruses (enteric)zero TT 3Gastrointestinal illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, cramps)Human and animal fecal wasteDisinfection ByproductsContaminantMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCL or TT 1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant inDrinking WaterBromatezero0.010Increased risk of cancerByproduct ofdrinking water disinfectionChlorite0.81.0Anemia; infants & youngchildren: nervous system effectsByproduct of drinking water disinfection Haloacetic acids(HAA5)n/a 60.0607Increased risk of cancer Byproduct ofdrinking water disinfectionTotalTrihalomethanes (TTHMs)--> n/a 6--> 0.0807Liver, kidney or central nervous system problems; increased risk of cancerByproduct of drinking water disinfectionDisinfectantsContaminantMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCL or TT 1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effects from Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant inDrinking WaterDisinfectantsContaminantMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCL or TT 1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant inDrinking WaterChloramines (as Cl 2)MRDLG=41MRDL=4.01Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfort, anemiaWater additive used to control microbes Chlorine (asCl 2)MRDLG=41MRDL=4.01Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfortWater additive used to control microbes Chlorine dioxide (as ClO 2)MRDLG=0.81MRDL=0.81Anemia; infants & young children: nervous system effectsWater additive used to control microbesInorganic ChemicalsContaminantMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCL or TT 1(mg/L)2Potential Health EffectsfromLong-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified asshort-term) Sources of Contaminant inDrinking Water Antimony 0.006 0.006Increase in bloodcholesterol; decrease in blood sugarDischarge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solderArsenic070.010 asof 01/23/06Skin damage orproblems with circulatory systems, and may have increased risk of getting cancerErosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards, runoff from glass &electronicsproduction wastesAsbestos (fiber >10 micrometers)7 million fibersper liter7 MFLIncreased risk of developing benign intestinal polypsDecay of asbestos cement in water mains; erosion of natural depositsContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL or TT1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above theMCL (unless specified asshort-term)Sources of Contaminant inDrinking WaterBarium22Increase in blood pressure Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge from metal refineries; erosion of natural depositsBeryllium0.0040.004Intestinal lesions Discharge from metal refineries andcoal-burning factories; discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industriesCadmium0.0050.005Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paintsChromium (total)0.10.1Allergic dermatitisDischarge from steel andpulp mills; erosion ofnatural depositsCopper 1.3TT7; ActionLevel=1.3Short term exposure:Gastrointestinal distressLong term exposure: Liver orkidney damagePeople with Wilson's Diseaseshould consult their personaldoctor if the amount of copperin their water exceeds theaction levelCorrosion of householdplumbing systems; erosionof natural depositsContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL or TT1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above theMCL (unless specified asshort-term)Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterCyanide (as free cyanide)0.20.2Nerve damage or thyroidproblemsDischarge fromsteel/metalfactories; dischargefrom plastic andfertilizer factoriesFluoride 4.0 4.0Bone disease (pain andtenderness of the bones);Children may get mottled teethWater additive whichpromotes strongteeth; erosion ofnatural deposits;discharge fromfertilizer andaluminum factoriesLead zero TT7; ActionLevel=0.015Infants and children: Delays inphysical or mentaldevelopment; children couldshow slight deficits inattention span and learningabilitiesAdults: Kidney problems; highblood pressureCorrosion ofhousehold plumbingsystems; erosion ofnatural depositsMercury (inorganic)0.0020.002Kidney damageErosion of naturaldeposits; dischargefrom refineries andfactories; runofffrom landfills andcroplandsNitrate(measured as Nitrogen)1010Infants below the age of sixmonths who drink watercontaining nitrate in excess ofthe MCL could become seriouslyill and, if untreated, may die.Symptoms include shortness ofbreath and blue-baby syndrome.Runoff fromfertilizer use;leaching from septictanks, sewage;erosion of naturaldepositsContaminantMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCL or TT 1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term) Sources of Contaminant in Drinking WaterNitrite(measured as Nitrogen)1 1Infants below the age of sixmonths who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome.Runoff from fertilizeruse; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural depositsSelenium0.050.05Hair or fingernail loss; numbness in fingers or toes; circulatory problemsDischarge frompetroleum refineries;erosion of natural deposits; discharge from mines Thallium0.00050.002Hair loss; changes in blood;kidney, intestine, or liver problemsLeaching fromore-processing sites; discharge fromelectronics, glass, and drug factories Organic ChemicalsContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL orTT1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effectsfrom Long-Term ExposureAbove the MCL (unlessspecified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant inDrinking WaterContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL orTT1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effectsfrom Long-Term ExposureAbove the MCL (unlessspecified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant inDrinking WaterAcrylamide zero TT8Nervous system or bloodproblems; increased risk ofcancerAdded to water duringsewage/wastewatertreatmentAlachlor zero0.002Eye, liver, kidney or spleenproblems; anemia; increasedrisk of cancer Runoff from herbicide used on row cropsAtrazine0.0030.003Cardiovascular system orreproductive problemsRunoff from herbicide usedon row cropsBenzene zero0.005Anemia; decrease in bloodplatelets; increased riskof cancerDischarge from factories;leaching from gas storagetanks and landfillsBenzo(a)pyrene (PAHs)zero0.0002Reproductive difficulties;increased risk of cancerLeaching from linings ofwater storage tanks anddistribution linesCarbofuran0.040.04Problems with blood,nervous system, orreproductive systemLeaching of soil fumigantused on rice and alfalfaContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL orTT1(mg/L)2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL(unless specified asshort-term)Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterCarbon tetrachloride zero0.005Liver problems;increased risk ofcancerDischarge fromchemical plants andother industrialactivitiesChlordane zero0.002Liver or nervoussystem problems;increased risk ofcancerResidue of bannedtermiticideChlorobenzene0.10.1Liver or kidneyproblemsDischarge fromchemical andagriculturalchemical factories2,4-D0.070.07Kidney, liver, oradrenal glandproblemsRunoff from herbicideused on row cropsDalapon0.20.2Minor kidney changes Runoff from herbicide used on rights of way1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)zero0.0002Reproductivedifficulties;increased risk ofcancerRunoff/leaching fromsoil fumigant used onsoybeans, cotton,pineapples, andorchardso-Dichlorobenzene0.60.6Liver, kidney, orcirculatory systemproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesp-Dichlorobenzene0.0750.075Anemia; liver,kidney or spleendamage; changes inbloodDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL orTT1(mg/L)2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL(unless specified asshort-term)Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Water1,2-Dichloroethane zero0.005Increased risk ofcancerDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL or TT1(mg/L)2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL (unlessspecified asshort-term)Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Water1,1-Dichloroethylene0.0070.007Liver problems Discharge from industrial chemical factoriescis-1,2-Dichloroethylene0.070.07Liver problems Discharge from industrial chemical factoriestrans-1,2-Dichloroethylene0.10.1Liver problems Discharge from industrial chemical factoriesDichloromethane zero0.005Liver problems;increased risk ofcancerDischarge from drugand chemicalfactories1,2-Dichloropropane zero0.005Increased risk ofcancerDischarge fromindustrialchemical factoriesDi(2-ethylhexyl) adipate0.40.4Weight loss, liverproblems, orpossiblereproductivedifficulties.Discharge fromchemical factoriesDi(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate zero0.006Reproductivedifficulties; liverproblems; increasedrisk of cancerDischarge fromrubber and chemicalfactoriesDinoseb0.0070.007ReproductivedifficultiesRunoff fromherbicide used onsoybeans andvegetablesDioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)zero0.00000003Reproductive Emissions fromContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL or TT1(mg/L)2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL (unlessspecified asshort-term)Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterdifficulties;increased risk ofcancerwaste incinerationand othercombustion;discharge fromchemical factoriesContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL or TT1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effectsfrom Long-Term ExposureAbove the MCL (unlessspecified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant inDrinking WaterDiquat0.020.02Cataracts Runoff from herbicide useEndothall0.10.1Stomach and intestinalproblemsRunoff from herbicide useEndrin0.0020.002Liver problems Residue of banned insecticideEpichlorohydrin zero TT8Increased cancer risk, andover a long period of time,stomach problemsDischarge from industrialchemical factories; animpurity of some watertreatment chemicalsEthylbenzene0.70.7Liver or kidneys problems Discharge from petroleum refineriesEthylene dibromide zero0.00005Problems with liver,stomach, reproductivesystem, or kidneys;increased risk of cancerDischarge from petroleumrefineriesGlyphosate0.70.7Kidney problems;reproductive difficultiesRunoff from herbicide useHeptachlor zero0.0004Liver damage; increasedrisk of cancerResidue of bannedtermiticideHeptachlor epoxide zero0.0002Liver damage; increasedrisk of cancerBreakdown of heptachlorContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL orTT1(mg/L)2Potential HealthEffects from Long-TermExposure Above the MCL(unless specified asshort-term)Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterHexachlorobenzene zero0.001Liver or kidneyproblems; reproductivedifficulties;increased risk ofcancerDischarge from metalrefineries andagriculturalchemical factoriesHexachlorocyclopentadiene0.050.05Kidney or stomachproblemsDischarge fromchemical factoriesLindane0.00020.0002Liver or kidneyproblemsRunoff/leaching frominsecticide used oncattle, lumber,gardensMethoxychlor0.040.04ReproductivedifficultiesRunoff/leaching frominsecticide used onfruits, vegetables,alfalfa, livestockOxamyl (Vydate)0.20.2Slight nervous systemeffectsRunoff/leaching frominsecticide used onapples, potatoes,and tomatoesPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)zero0.0005Skin changes; thymusgland problems; immunedeficiencies;reproductive ornervous systemdifficulties;increased risk ofcancerRunoff fromlandfills; dischargeof waste chemicalsPentachlorophenol zero0.001Liver or kidneyproblems; increasedcancer riskDischarge from woodpreserving factoriesContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL orTT1(mg/L)2Potential HealthEffects from Long-TermExposure Above the MCL(unless specified asshort-term)Sources of Contaminantin Drinking WaterPicloram0.50.5Liver problems Herbicide runoff Simazine0.0040.004Problems with blood Herbicide runoffStyrene0.10.1Liver, kidney, orcirculatory systemproblemsDischarge from rubberand plastic factories;leaching from landfillsTetrachloroethylene zero0.005Liver problems;increased risk ofcancerDischarge fromfactories and drycleanersToluene11Nervous system, kidney,or liver problemsDischarge frompetroleum factoriesToxaphene zero0.003Kidney, liver, orthyroid problems;increased risk ofcancerRunoff/leaching frominsecticide used oncotton and cattle2,4,5-TP (Silvex)0.050.05Liver problems Residue of banned herbicide1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene0.070.07Changes in adrenalglandsDischarge from textilefinishing factories1,1,1-Trichloroethane0.200.2Liver, nervous system,or circulatory problemsDischarge from metaldegreasing sites andother factories1,1,2-Trichloroethane0.0030.005Liver, kidney, orimmune system problemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesContaminantMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCL orTT 1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effectsfrom Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant in Drinking Water Trichloroethylene zero 0.005Liver problems; increased risk of cancerDischarge from metal degreasing sites and other factories Vinyl chloridezero0.002Increased risk of cancerLeaching from PVCpipes; discharge from plastic factories Xylenes (total)1010Nervous system damageDischarge frompetroleum factories; discharge from chemical factoriesRadionuclidesContaminantMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCL or TT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffects from Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant in Drinking WaterAlpha particlesnone 7---------- zero15 picocuries per Liter (pCi/L)Increased risk of cancer Erosion of natural depositsof certain minerals that are radioactive and may emit aform of radiation known as alpha radiation Beta particles andphoton emittersnone 7----------zero4 millirems per yearIncreased risk of cancer Decay of natural and man-made deposits ofcertain minerals that areradioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiationRadium 226 and Radium 228 (combined)none 7---------- zero5 pCi/LIncreased risk of cancer Erosion of natural depositsRadionuclidesContaminant MCLG1(mg/L)2MCL or TT1(mg/L)2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above the MCL(unless specified as short-term)Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterUranium zero 30 ug/L as of12/08/03Increased risk of cancer, kidneytoxicityErosion of naturaldepositsTop of pageNotes1 Definitions: Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) - The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are non-enforceable public health goals. Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) - The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal (MRDLG) - The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants. Treatment Technique - A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water. Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level (MRDL) - The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.2 Units are in milligrams per liter (mg/L) unless otherwise noted. Milligrams per liter are equivalent to parts per million.3 EPA's surface water treatment rules require systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water to (1) disinfect their water, and (2) filter their water or meet criteria for avoiding filtration so that the following contaminants are controlled at the following levels:•Cryptosporidium: Unfiltered systems are required to include Cryptosporidium in their existing watershed control provisions.•Giardia lamblia: 99.9% removal/inactivation•Viruses: 99.99% removal/inactivation•Legionella: No limit, but EPA believes that if Giardia and viruses are removed/inactivated, according to the treatment techniques in the Surface Water Treatment Rule, Legionella will also be controlled.•Turbidity: For systems that use conventional or direct filtration, at not time can turbidity (cloudiness of water) go higher than 1 nephelolometric turbidity unit NTU), and samples for turbidity must be less than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95 pervent of the samples in any month. Systems that use filtration other than the conventional or direct filtration must follow state limits, which must include turbidity at no timeexceeding 5 NTU.•HPC: No more than 500 bacterial colonies per milliliter.•Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment: Surface water systems or (GWUDI) systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must comply with the applicable Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule provisions (e.g. turbidity standards, individual filter monitoring, Cryptosporidium removal requirements, updated watershed controlrequirements for unfiltered systems).•Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule This rule applies to all surface water systems or ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water. The rule targets additional Cryptosporidium treatment requirements for higher risk systems and includes provisions to reduce risks from uncovered finished water storage facilities and to ensure that the systems maintain microbial protection as they take steps to reduce the formation of disinfection byproducts.•Filter Backwash Recycling; The Filter Backwash Recycling Rule requires systems that recycle to return specific recycle flows through all processes of the system's existing conventional or direct filtration system or at an alternate location approved by the state.4 No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive in a month. (For water systems that collect fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be total coliform-positive per month.) Every sample that has total coliform must be analyzed for either fecal coliforms or E. coli if two consecutive TC-positive samples, and one is also positive for E.coli fecal coliforms, system has an acute MCL violation.5 Fecal coliform and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Disease-causing microbes (pathogens) in these wastes can cause diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. These pathogens may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems.6 Although there is no collective MCLG for this contaminant group, there are individual MCLGs for some of the individual contaminants:•Trihalomethanes: bromodichloromethane (zero); bromoform (zero); dibromochloromethane(0.06 mg/L): chloroform (0.07mg/L).•Haloacetic acids: dichloroacetic acid (zero); trichloroacetic acid (0.02 mg/L);monochloroacetic acid (0.07 mg/L). Bromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid are regulated with this group but have no MCLGs.7 Lead and copper are regulated by a Treatment Technique that requires systems to control thecorrosiveness of their water. If more than 10% of tap water samples exceed the action level, water systems must take additional steps. For copper, the action level is 1.3 mg/L, and for lead is 0.015 mg/L.8 Each water system must certify, in writing, to the state (using third-party or manufacturer's certification) that when acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are used to treat water, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level does not exceed the levels specified, as follows:•Acrylamide = 0.05% dosed at 1 mg/L (or equivalent)•Epichlorohydrin = 0.01% dosed at 20 mg/L (or equivalent)欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
室内空气污染物
全面通风送风量的计算
现假设： (1) x , L , y0 , y1 均为常数； (2) x 均匀散发到整个空间; (3) 送入室内的空气一进入室内立刻与室内空气充分混 如图所示的空间，若该空间中污染物的发生量 x kg s ，通风量为 L m 3 s ，空间容积为 为合，而且送风量等于排风量，室内、外空气温度相 3 同。 V m 。
SO2
CO2 O3
0.02-1
600-9000 0.04-0.4
<0.5
<1800 0.05
>1.35
>12000 0.08
污染物种类
• particles (Particles dispersed in air are also known as aerosols) • gases.
• The distinction between particles and gases is important when determining removal strategies and equipment.
Lecture for hvacr
室内空气污染物
室内空气品质
• 定义： • 美国ashrae：可接受的室内空气品质 （acceptable indoor air quality)对于空间内 的空气，绝大多数（>=80%）在室者未表 示不满，且已知污染物的浓度尚不足对人 的健康产生明显危害。 • 该定义既包含室内空气品质的主观评价， 也包含客观评价。
x 3 L m s 局部通风分为局部进风和局部排风，其基本 y2 y0
kx L y2 y0
m s
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美国国家空气质量标准
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, parts per billion (ppb - 1 part in 1,000,000,000) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3).(1) Not to be exceeded more than once per year.(2) Final rule signed October 15, 2008.(3) The official level of the annual NO2 standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard(4) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 100 ppb (effective January 22, 2010).(5) Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.(6) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3.(7) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35µg/m3 (effective December 17, 2006).(8) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppm. (effective May 27, 2008)(9) (a) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm.(b) The 1997 standard—and the implementation rules for that standard—will remain in place for implementation purposes as EPA undertakes rulemaking to address the transition from the 1997 ozone standard to the 2008 ozone standard.(c) EPA is in the process of reconsidering these standards (set in March 2008).(10) (a) EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas, although some areas have continuing obligations under that standard ("anti-backsliding").(b) The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is < 1.(11) (a) Final rule signed June 2, 2010. To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 75 ppb.。
世界四大权威四种认证
四大权威环保认证1.美国UL室内空气质量绿色卫士GREENGUARD [金级]认证2.欧洲Eurofins室内空气质量IAC金级认证3.德国GEV低挥发物释放产品标识EMICODE EC1PLUS认证4.法国室内空气环境VOC法规French A+级标准以上权威机构都有着各自不同的检验标准，美国UL绿色卫士是北美空气质量认证的领导者；欧洲欧陆IAC在食品、制药、环境等检测领域具有国际领先地位，是欧洲检测领域的顶级测试机构；德国GEV EMICODE是欧洲建材领域关于居住健康方面的权威认证；法国VOC是室内建筑进入法国市场强制使用的环保标签。
1.中国十环认证中国环境标志产品认证,也称为十环认证标志,是目前国内最权威、最高级别的环保产品认证。
十环认证由环保部指定中环联合()认证中心(环保部环境认证中心)为唯一认证机构,通过文件审核、现场检查、样品检测三个阶段的多准则审核,来确定产品是否可以达到国家环境保护标准的要求。
它代表了官方对产品的质量和环保性能的认可。
此外,十环认证比国家环保标准的要求更高。
该认证除了产品符合相关环保标准以外,还对产品的生产、使用、消费和处理过程有严格的要求。
即是说,十环认证还严格考量产品对生态环境、人体健康、资源节约等方面的影响。
中国环境标志产品认证对于建筑涂料中有害物质限量如下所示:2.法国A+认证简介：法国VOC标签是室内建筑进入法国市场强制使用的环保标签,检测的是“室内空气中排放物”。
它模拟出产品施工后,人们实际居住的室内环境,持续28天检测室内空气的质量;然后根据10种挥发性有机物的排放浓度,进行产品定级。
法国A+认证有四个等级,C级、B级、A级,和最高的A+级。
A+级规定TVOC<1000(ug/m3)、甲醛<10(ug/m3)、乙醛<200(ug/m3)。
室内空气排放标准A+认证对于建筑涂料中有害物质限量如下表所示:认证范围：地板覆盖物、油漆和清漆、窗户和门、墙和天花板的面板授权相关要求：检测标准：涉及ISO 16000的四个部分：ISO 16000-3：Indoor air -- Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air and test chamber air -- Active sampling method;室内空气--第3部分：测定室内空气和实验舱空气中甲醛和其它羰基化合物--活性取样法。
房间甲醛标准
房间甲醛标准
甲醛是一种常见的有机挥发性化合物，在室内装修和家具制造中可能释放出来，对人体健康造成潜在威胁。
不同国家和地区对室内甲醛浓度的标准有所不同，以下是一些常见的室内甲醛标准：
1. 中国标准：中国国家标准GB/T 18883-2002《室内空气质量标准》规定了室内空气中甲醛的标准限值。
根据该标准，居住建筑室内甲醛浓度的限值为每立方米不超过0.1毫克。
2. 美国标准：美国环保署（EPA）建议室内甲醛浓度不超过每立方米0.1至0.05毫克。
此外，美国加利福尼亚州CARB（California Air Resources Board）还颁布了关于构建材料中甲醛排放的严格标准。
3. 欧盟标准：欧盟对于甲醛排放有相应的法规。
根据EN 717-1标准，新装修室内甲醛浓度应小于每立方米0.1毫克。
这些标准都是为了确保室内空气质量达到安全和健康的水平，保护居民免受高浓度甲醛的影响。
当然，不同国家和地区还可能根据特定环境和健康状况进行调整和更新标准，因此，在进行室内装修或购买家具时，最好参考当地的相关法规和标准，以确保室内空气质量符合安全要求。
GB 3095-1996 《环境空气质量标准(英文版)》
National Standard of the People’s Republic of China Ambient Air Quality Standard(GB3095-1996)National Standard of the People’s Republic of ChinaAmbient Air Quality Standard(GB3095-1996)1.Subject and ScopeThis Standard stipulates the designation of functional areas of ambient air quality, standard classification, pollutants, sampling time and concentration limits, sampling and analyzing methods as well as the definition of validity of data statistics.This Standard is applicable to the evaluation of countrywide ambient air quality.2.Reference StandardGB/T 15262 Air Quality Determination of sulfur dioxide — Formaldehyde absorbing-pararosaniline spectrophotometryGB 8970 Air Quality Determination of sulfur dioxide in ambient air—Tetrachloromercurate(TCM)-pararosaniline methodGB/T 5432 Ambient Air Determination of total suspended particles — Gravimetric methodGB6921 Air Quality Determination of the concentration of airborne particulate mattersGB/T15436 Ambient Air Determination of nitrogen oxides — Saltzman methodGB/T15435 Ambient Air Determination of nitrogen dioxides — Saltzman methodGB/T15437 Ambient Air Determination of ozone — Indigo disulphonate spectrophotometryGB/T15438 Ambient Air Determination of ozone — Ultraviolet photometric methodGB9801 Air Quality Determination of carbon monoxide — Non-dispersive infraredspectrometryGB8971 Air Quality Determination of Benzo[a]pyrene in flying dust — Acetylated paperchromatography fluoroscene spectrophotometric methodGB/T15439 Ambient Air Determination of Benzo[a]pyrene in ambient air — High performanceliquid chromatographyGB/T15264 Air Quality Determination of lead—Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometricmethodGB/T15434 Ambient Air Determination of the mass concentration of fluoride — Method byfilter sampling and fluorine ion-selective electrode analysisGB/T15433 Ambient Air Determination of the fluoride — Method by lime-paper sampling andfluorine ion-selective electrode analysis3. Definition3.1 Total suspended particles (TSP): The particles that can be suspended in the air with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 100 micrometer.3.2 Breathable particles (PM10): The particles that can be suspended in the air with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 10 micrometer.23.3 Nitrogen oxide (as NO2): The nitrogen oxide existing in the air in the form of nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.3.4 Lead (Pb): The lead and its compounds existing in TSP.3.5 Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P): The benzo[a]pyrene existing in breathable particles.3.6 Fluoride (as F): Inorganic fluoride existing in gaseous and particulate states.3.7 Annual average: The arithmetic mean of daily average concentration in any year.3.8 Quarterly average: The arithmetic mean of daily average concentration in any quarter.3.9 Monthly average: The arithmetic mean of daily average concentration in any month.3.10 Daily average: The average concentration on any day.3.11 Hourly average: The average concentration in any hour.3.12 Average in plant growth season: The arithmetic mean of monthly average concentration in any plant growth season.3.13 Ambient air: Outside air which human beings, plants, animals, and buildings are exposed to.3.14 Normal state: The state at a temperature of 273K and a pressure of 101.325Kpa.4. Grouping and Standard Classification of Functional Area of Ambient Air Quality4.1 Grouping of functional area of ambient air qualityGroup I area includes natural protection zones, scenic spots and other areas for which special protections are necessary.Group II area includes the residential quarters designated in town planning, mixed areas of business, communication and living, cultural areas, normal industrial areas and rural areas.Group III area includes specialized industrial areas.4.2Standard classification of ambient air qualityThe standard of ambient air quality is classified as three classes.Class 1 standard is imposed for Group I area.Class 2 standard is imposed for Group II area.Class 3 standard is imposed for Group III area.5. Concentration LimitThis Standard stipulates the concentration limits of various pollutants that are not allowed to be exceeded. For the details, refer to the following table:ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ4Table 1 - Concentration Limit for Various PollutantsConcentration limitPollutant Sampling timeClass 1 standard Class 2 standard Class 3 standardUnit of concentration Sulfurdioxide SO 2 Annual average Daily average Hourly average 0.02 0.05 0.15 0.06 0.15 0.50 0.100.250.70 Totalsuspended particles TSPAnnual average Daily average0.08 0.12 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.50Breathable particles PM 10 Annual average Daily average 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.25 Nitrogen oxide NO xAnnual average Daily average Hourly average 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.30 Nitrogendioxide NO 2 Annual average Daily averageHourly average0.04 0.08 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.12 0.24 Carbon monoxide CODaily average Hourly average 4.00 10.00 4.00 10.006.00 20.00Ozone O 0 Hourly average 0.12 0.160.20mg/m 3 (normal state) Lead pb Quarterly averageAnnual average1.50 1.00 Benzo[a] Pyrene B[a]P Daily average 0.01Fluoride F Daily average Hourly average 7 20μm/m 3 (normal state)Fluoride FMonthly average in plant growth season 1.8 1.23.0 2.0μm/(dm 2/day)Note: is applicable to urban area; is applicable to pastoral area, agricultural-pastoral area in which priority is given to pastoral, silkworm breeding area; is applicable for agricultural area and forest zone. 6. Monitoring 6.1 SamplingThe requirements of sampling point, sampling environment, sampling attitude and frequency for monitoring the ambient air are executed in accordance with “Technical Specifications of Environment Monitoring” (Section: Atmosphere)ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ6.2 Analyzing MethodFor the analyzing methods for various pollutants, refer to Table 2.Table 2 - Analyzing methods for various pollutantsPollutant Analyzing method SourceSulfur dioxide(1) Formaldehydeabsorbing-pararosaniline spectrophotometry(2) Tetrachloromercurate (TCM)-pararosaniline method(3) Ulraviolet photometric methodGB/T15262-94 GB8970-88Total suspended particles Gravimetric method GB/T15432-95 Breathable particles Gravimetric method GB6921-86Nitrogen oxide(as NO 2)(1) Saltzman method (2) Chemiluminescene GB/T15436-95 Nitrogen dioxide (1) Saltzman method (2) ChemiluminesceneGB/T15435-95Ozone (1) Indigo disulphonate spectrophotometry (2) Ultraviolet photometric method (3) ChemiluminesceneGB/T15437-95GB/T15438-95 Carbon monoxide Non-dispersive infrared spectrometry GB9801-88 Benzo[a]pyrene (1) Acetylated paper chromatography fluorescene spectrophotometry (2) High-performance liquid chromatographyGB9871-88GB/T15439-95 Lead Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric methodGB/T15264-94Fluoride (as F) (1) Method by filter sampling and fluorine ion-selective electrode analysis (2) Method by lime-paper sampling and fluorine ion-selective electrode analysis ° GB/T15434-95GB/T15433-95Note: ISO/CD10498, ISO7996, ISO10313 are executed respectively for , and for the time being. Corresponding national standards will be implemented after their issuance; is used for daily average and hourly average; ° is used for monthly average and average in plant growth season. 7. Definition of Validity of Data StatisticsFor definition of validity of data statistics, refer to Table 3.ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ6Table 3 - Definition of Validity of Data Statistics for Various PollutantsPollutantSamplint time Definition of validity of dataSO 2, NOx, NO 2Annual averageAt least 144 evenly-distributed daily averages are available each year.At least 12 evenly-distributed daily averages are available each month.TSP, PM 10, pbAnnual average At least 60 evenly-distributed dailyaverages are available each year.At least 5 evenly-distributed daily averages are available each month.SO 2, NOx, NO 2 , CO Daily average At least 18 hours for sampling areavailable each day.TSP, PM 10, B(a)P, pb Daily average At least 12 hours for sampling are availabeeach day.SO 2, NOx, NO 2, CO, O 3 Hourly average At least 45 minutes for sampling areavailable each hour.pbQuarterly average At least 15 evenly-distributed dailyaverages are available each quarter.At least 5 evenly-distributed daily averages are available each month.Monthly average At least 15 days for sampling are availableeach month.Average in plant growth season At least 70% of the monthly averages are available during each growth season. Daily average At least 12 hours for samling are availableeach day.FHourly average At least 45 minutes for sampling areavailable each hour. 8. Implementation of Standard8.1 The environemntal protection authorities at various levels are responsible for the supervision andimplementation of this Standard.8.2 This Standard stipulates the hourly, daily, monthly, quarterly and annual averages of concentration limits, however, the environemntal protection authorities at various levels shall supervise the implementation of this Standard based on different purposes.8.3 The functional areas of ambient air quality are designated by the environemntal protection authorities of cities above the prefecture-level (including prefecture-level cities), and submitted to the people’s government of the same level for approval and implementation.。
空气质量管理CleanAirInitiative(1)
执行
-- 1977: Nonattainment designations, PSD, Auto I/M
-- 自发的项目 -- SIP credits -- 区域性解决办法
-- 1990: More nonattainment, Market Based program for SO2, Mobile source controls, Fuels, MACT,CAIR
0.053 ppm/100 ug/m3 (annual)
2o 标准
None
Same as primary Same as primary
50 ug/m3 (annual) 150 ug/m3 (24 hr)
15 ug/m3 (annual) 65 ug/m3 (24 hr)
0.08 ppm (8 hr)
遵照并执行
空气质量管理CleanAirInitiative(1)
联邦-区域-州的作用
联邦
区域
► 国家标准，规定和强制 ► 政策和项目结合 ► 技术指导 ► 减轻空气污染进展报告 ► Ultimate authority & accountability
► 进行评估和鉴定 ► 帮助制定多州战略和贸易项目 ► 区域为执行国家项目进行的计划/合作
Same as primary None Same as primary
0.03 ppm (annual) 0.14 ppm (24 hr)
0.5 ppm (3 hr)
空气质量管理CleanAirInitiative(1)
空气质量管理循环
建立 目标
70年代: .08 ppm O3 & TSP 80年代: .12 ppm O3 & PM-10 现在: .08 ppm O3 & PM-2.5
美国室内空气质量标准(英文版)
INTRODUCTIONThe average person sends approximately 90% of their time indoors. Studies haveindicated that indoor air is often dirtier and/or contains higher levels of contaminants than outdoor air. Because of this and increased awareness regarding poor indoor air quality (IAQ), it is not surprising that the number of reported employee complaints of discomfort and illness in non-industrial workplaces is increasing.WHEN DID POOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY BECOME A PROBLEM?Beginning in the mid-1970s, IAQ complaints increased for two reasons. The main reason was the impact of the energy crisis. To reduce heating and cooling costs, buildings were made “airtight” with insulation and sealed windows. In addition, the amount of outside air introduced into buildings was reduced. The second reason is that more chemical-containing products,office supplies, equipment, and pesticides have been introduced into the office environment increasing employee exposure. Thesechanges created IAQ health problems known as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) or Building-Related Illnesses (BRI).WHAT IS SICK BUILDINGSYNDROME?A workplace is characterized with SBS when a substantial number of building occupants experience health and comfort problems that can be related to working indoors. Additionally,Richard J. Codey Acting GovernorINDOOR AIR QUALITYPublic Employees Occupational Safety andHealth ProgramNovember, 2004the reported symptoms do not fit the pattern of any particular illness, are difficult to trace to any specific source, and relief from thesesymptoms occurs upon leaving the building.WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF SICKBUILDING SYNDROME?Employee symptoms of SBS may include headaches; eye, nose, and throat irritation; dry or itchy skin; fatigue; dizziness; nausea; and loss of concentration.WHAT ARE BUILDING-RELATEDILLNESSES?A workplace is characterized with BRI when a relatively small number of employees experience health problems. Symptomsassociated with BRI are generally different from those associated with SBS and are often accompanied by physical signs that are identified by a physician and/or laboratoryfindings. Relief from the illness may not occur upon leaving the building. BRI are caused by microbial contamination and/or specificchemical exposures that can result in allergic and/or infectious responses. Microbialcontamiantion occurs when viruses, bacteria,or molds accumulate in areas such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC) systems, water-damaged ceiling tiles and carpets, hot water heaters, andhumidifiers. Chemical exposures can be generated from specific sources within the workplace, such as formaldehyde emitted from newly installed carpets.WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OFBUILDING-RELATED ILLNESSES?Employee symptoms of BRI may include eye, nose, throat, and upper respiratory irritation; skin irritation or rashes; chills; fever; cough; chest tightness; congestion; sneezing; runny nose; muscle aches; and pneumonia. Examples of BRI include asthma; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; multiple chemical sensitivity; and Legionnaires’ Disease.WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC CAUSESOF SBS AND BRI?The IAQ problems that cause SBS and/or BRI may include:Lack of fresh air;If insufficient fresh air is introduced intooccupied spaces, the air becomes stagnant and odors and contaminants accumulate.Lack of fresh air in occupied areas is thenumber one cause of SBS.Poorly maintained or operated ventilation systems;Mechanial ventilation systems must beproperly maintained and operated based on the original design or prescribed procedures.If these systems are neglected, their ability to provide adequate IAQ decreases. Oneproblem associated with poorly maintainedsystems is missing, overloaded, or inefficient filters. This can cause higher levels of dust, pollen, and cigarette smoke to enteroccupied spaces. Another problem isclogged condensate drain pans and drainlines in HVAC systems, which allow water to accumulate. The accumulation of water can lead to microbial contamination. Poorlymaintained ventilation systems cancontribute to both SBS and BRI.Disruption of air circulation throughout the occupied spaces;The quality of the air depends on the effectiveness of air distribution. If the air circulation is disrupted, blocked, or otherwise does not reach occupied areas, it can become stagnant. File cabinets, bookshelves, stored boxes, dropped ceiling tiles, added office walls, cubicles, and partitions can block or divert the supply of air to occupied spaces.Poorly regulated temperature and relative humidity levels;If the temperature and/or relative humidity levels are too high or too low, employees may experience discomfort, loss of concentration, eye and throat irritation, dry skin, sinus headaches, nosebleeds, and the inability to wear contact lenses. If relative humidity levels are too high, microbial contamination can build up and can cause BRI.Indoor and outdoor sources of contamination;Chemical emissions can contribute to BRI and SBS. Chemical contaminants in an office environment either originate from indoor sources or are introduced from outdoor sources. Common sources include emissions from office machinery or photocopiers; cigarette smoke; insulation; pesticides; wood products; synthetic plastics; newly installed carpets; glues and adhesives; new furnishings; cleaning fluids; paints; solvents; boiler emissions; vehicle exhaust; roof renovations; and contaminated air from exhaust stacks. Contaminants found in indoor environments can also include radon; ozone; formaldehyde; volatile organic compounds; ammonia; carbon monoxide; particulates; nitrogen and sulfure oxides; and asbestos.2WHAT IS CONSIDEREDACCEPTABLE IAQ?The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) defines acceptable IAQ as:“air in which there are no knowncontaminants at harmful concentrations asdetermined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not expressdissatisfaction.”WHAT CAN BE DONE IF THE AIRQUALITY IS UNACCEPTABLE?In order to understand and resolve IAQ problems and concerns, standard investigative procedures should be followed. Investigating IAQ complaints, however, can be very complicated due to employee concerns, unknown sources of contamination, and the complexities of buildings and their ventilation systems. The New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health (PEOSH) Program recommends the following general investigative procedures:•Conduct employee interviews to obtainpertinent information regarding whatsymptoms are being experienced, howmany employees are affected, when theyare affected, where they work, what theydo, etc. - this information may identifypossible IAQ problems;•Review building operations andmaintenance procedures to determinewhen and what type of chemicals are being used during cleaning, floor waxing andstripping, painting, gluing, pesticidespraying, roofing operations, and renovation and construction activities, etc. - alsodetermine when deliveries occur, whichmay generate vehicle exhaust, or iffurniture, drapery, or office equipment hasbeen recently installed;•Conduct a walk-through inspection toevaluate possible sources that maycontribute to IAQ complaints;•Inspect the HVAC system, window airconditioners, office dehumidifiers, etc., inorder to determine if the systems areworking properly and are in good condition;•Review the building blueprints of theductwork and ventilation system todetermine if the system is adequatelydesigned;•Conduct air sampling, if necessary, todetermine if specific contaminants arepresent or if adequate fresh air is beingsupplied.HOW CAN IAQ PROBLEMS BE CORRECTED AND/OR PREVENTED? ENSURE ADEQUATE FRESH AIR SUPPLYThis has been shown to be the single most effective method for correcting and preventing IAQ problems and complaints. To ensure that adequate fresh air is supplied to occupied spaces, the following is recommended:• A preventive maintenance schedule mustbe developed and followed in accordancewith the manufacturer’s recommendationsor with accepted practice to ensure that theventilation systems are properly checked,maintained, and documented.•The preventive maintenance scheduleshould include the inspection andmaintenance of ventilation equipment and/or system, making sure that:−outdoor air supply dampers are opened as designed and remain unobstructed;3−fan belts are operating properly, in good condition, and replaced when necessary;−equipment parts are lubricated;−motors are properly functioning and in good operating condition;−diffusers are open and unobstructed for adequate air mixing;−the system is properly balanced;−filters are properly installed and replaced at specified intervals;−components that are damaged orinoperable are replaced or repaired as appropriate; and −condensate pans are properly draining and in good condition.•To achieve acceptable IAQ, outdoor airshould be adequately distributed to all office areas at a minimum rate of 20 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per person OR theconcentration of all known contaminants of concern be restricted to some specified acceptable levels as identified in ASHRAE’s “Ventiliation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Standard.•To determine if the ventilation system iseffectively providing adequate fresh air,carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels should be measured; ASHRAE sets the standard(ASHRAE 62-1989) of 1000 ppm of CO 2 as the maximum recommended level for acceptable IAQ; CO 2, a byproduct of human respiration, is an indicator of the lack of fresh outdoor air and is not considered harmful at this level.•If possible, gauges should be installed toprovide information on air volumes delivered by supply and return fans.Maintenance staff should be trained to read the gauges and respond appropriately.• A sufficient supply of outside air should beprovided to all occupied spaces. Aninsufficient supply can cause the building to be at negative pressure, allowing untreated air and/or contaminants to infiltrate from outside. This can be determined byobserving the direction of air movement at windows and doors. In order to prevent this problem, the air supply and exhaust system must be properly balanced.•If the office layout is changed (e.g., byerecting partitions or new walls), ensure that adequate air flow and distribution is maintained.•Ventilation system filters should have amoderate efficiency rating (60% or more),as measured by the ASHRAE atmospheric dust spot test, and be of an extended surface type. To determine if the filters have the appropriate efficiency rating,check with the manufacturer. Prefilters (e.g., roll type) should be used before air passes through higher efficiency filters.•Avoid overcrowding of employees, andmake sure that the proper amount of outdoor air is provided based on the number of occupants.ELIMINATE OR CONTROL ALL KNOWN AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS,BOTH CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL To Control Chemical Contamination:•Hazardous chemicals should be removed orsubstituted by less hazardous or non-hazardous chemicals, where possible.•Properly store all chemicals to minimizeexposure hazards.4•Use local exhaust ventilation to capture and remove contaminants generated by specific processes where appropriate. Ensure that local exhaust does not recirculate the contaminated air, but directly exhausts the contaminant outdoors. Check with the manufacturer of your office machines for guidance on ventilation requirements for their equipment.•Check to be sure that HVAC fresh air intakes or other building vents or openings are not located in close proximity to potential sources of contamination (e.g., places where motor vehicle emissions collect, downwind of exhausts, cooling towers). If necessary, raise stacks or relocate intakes or exhausts.•Isolate areas of renovation such as painting, carpet installation, etc., from occupied nonconstruction areas, through use of physical barriers and isolation of involved ventilation systems. If possible, perform this type of work in the evening or on weekends. Supplying the maximum amount of fresh air to these areas can assist in the dispersion of contaminant levels.•Use a licensed pesticide applicator for pesticide applications and follow their recommendations regarding appropriate ventilation controls.•Eliminate or reduce cigarette smoke. Smoking restrictions or designated smoking areas should be considered. The air from designated smoking areas must not be recirculated to non-smoking areas of the building.To Control Microbial Contamination:•Promptly detect and permanently repair all areas where water collection or leakage has occurred.•Maintain relative humidity at less than 60% in all occupied spaces and low air-velocity plenums. During the summer, cooling coils should be run at a low enough temperature to properly dehumidify conditioned air.•Check for, correct, and prevent further accumulation of stagnant water by maintaining proper drainage of drain pans under the cooling coils.•Due to dust or dirt accumulation ormoisture-related problems downstream ofheat exchange components (as in ductworkor plenum), additional filtration downstream may be necessary before air is introducedinto occupied areas.•Heat exchange components and drain pans should be accessible so maintenance personnel can easily inspect and clean them. Access panels or doors should be installed where needed.•Non-porous surfaces where moisture collection has promoted microbial growth(e.g., drain pans, cooling coils) should be properly cleaned and disinfected. Careshould be taken to ensure that these chemical cleaners are removed before ventilation systems are reactivated.•Porous building materials contaminated with microbial growth, such as carpets and ceiling tiles, must be replaced or disinfected to effectively eliminate contamination. Note that the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends that contaminated porous materials should be discarded.5RESOURCESAgencies and organizations that provide information on indoor air quality:New Jersey State Department of Health and Senior ServicesPEOSH Program, 7th FloorPO Box 360Trenton, NJ 08625-0360(609) 984-1863The PEOSH Program has an Indoor Air Quality Standard (N.J.A.C. 100-13) for public employees in New Jersey. The following publications, including a copy of the standard and additional information may be obtained from the above address or the PEOSH web site at www.nj/gov/health/eoh/peoshweb:*PEOSH “Indoor Air Quality Model Program”;*The American Industrial Hygiene Association’s Consultants’ List;*PEOSH Information Bulletin, “Mold in the Workplace, Prevention and Control”;*PEOSH Information Bulletin, “Renovation and Construction in Schools, Controlling Health and Safety Hazards”.U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyIndoor Air Quality Information ClearinghousePO Box 37133Washington, D.C. 20013-7133(800) 438-4318The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has various publications on indoor air quality in the home, at schools, and in offices. The publications can be obtained from the address above or from the USEPA IAQ Information Clearinghouse web site at /iaq/iaqxline.html.American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsKemper Woods Center1330 Kemper Meadow DriveCincinnati, OH 45240(513) 742-2020The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has a publication that addresses indoor bioaerosols issues, “Bioaerosols-Assessment and Control” Publication #3180. This publication can be obtained from the above address.American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329(404) 636-8400The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has two publications that are especially useful:*ASHRAE 62-2001 “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Standard, and*ASHRAE 55-1992 “Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy” Standard.The publications can be obtained from the address above or from the ASHRAE web site at / store.ORIG PRINTED 11/94, REV 7/96, REV 10/046PEOSH PROGRAM READER RESPONSE CARDINDOOR AIR QUALITYDear Reader:Please take a few minutes to help us evaluate this publication. Please check the following:Check the category that best describes your position: manageremployeeeducatorsafety professional occupational health professional other (specify)researcherhealth care worker____________________________________Check the category that best describes your workplace:academiamunicipal government labor organization state government municipal utilities authorityother (specify)county government____________________________________Describe how thoroughly you read this publication: cover-to-coversections of interest only (specify)________________________ other (specify)________________________How will you use this information (check all that apply): change the work environment provide information not usedchange a procedure copy and distribute other (specify)assist in researchin training__________________change training curriculum__________________Which section did you find most useful?Which section did you find the least useful and why?Other occupational health topics on which you would like to see the PEOSH Program develop an information bulletin:Other comments and suggestions:C u t h e r e , f o l d i n t h i r d s , t a p e .November 2004NO POSTAGENECESSARYIF MAILEDIN THEUNITED STATESBUSINESS R EPL Y M AILFIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 206TRENTON, NJPOSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEESTATE OF NEW JERSEYDEPT OF HEALTH & SENIOR SERVICESPEOSH PROGRAMPO BOX 360TRENTON, NEW JERSEY 08625-9985。
美国联邦标准209e
美国联邦标准209e美国联邦标准209e是一项用于洁净室环境控制的标准，它对洁净室的设计、运行和维护提出了严格的要求。
该标准的制定旨在保证洁净室内的空气质量，以满足不同行业对洁净环境的需求，尤其是在生产电子产品、制药和生物技术领域。
本文将对美国联邦标准209e进行详细介绍，包括其内容、应用范围和意义。
美国联邦标准209e的内容主要包括洁净室的等级划分、空气中颗粒物的浓度要求以及洁净室的设计和运行要求。
根据该标准，洁净室被分为不同的等级，包括1至100级，级别越低，要求越严格。
对于空气中的颗粒物浓度，标准规定了每立方英尺空气中允许的最大颗粒物数量，以及颗粒物的大小范围。
此外，标准还对洁净室的压力、温度、湿度等参数提出了具体要求，以确保洁净室内的空气质量达到标准要求。
美国联邦标准209e的应用范围非常广泛，涉及到电子、制药、生物技术等多个行业。
在电子行业，洁净室被广泛应用于芯片生产、半导体制造等领域，以保证产品的质量和性能。
在制药和生物技术领域，洁净室则被用于药品生产、实验室研究等环境，以确保产品的纯度和安全性。
此外，洁净室还被应用于航空航天、医疗器械等领域，以满足不同行业对洁净环境的需求。
美国联邦标准209e的制定对于保障洁净室内的空气质量具有重要意义。
洁净室作为一种特殊的环境，其空气质量直接影响到生产过程和产品质量。
通过严格遵守该标准，可以有效地控制洁净室内的空气质量，减少颗粒物对产品的污染，提高产品的质量和可靠性。
同时，标准化的洁净室设计和运行也有助于降低生产成本，提高生产效率，促进行业的健康发展。
总的来说，美国联邦标准209e是一项对洁净室环境控制具有重要意义的标准，它的制定和应用对于保证洁净室内的空气质量，提高产品质量和生产效率具有重要意义。
随着科技的不断进步和行业的发展，相信该标准将会得到更广泛的应用，并在未来发挥更大的作用。
美国甲醛标准
美国甲醛标准美国是世界上最大的甲醛生产和消费国之一，甲醛在工业生产和日常生活中被广泛应用，因此对甲醛标准的制定和执行显得尤为重要。
美国对甲醛的标准主要包括室内空气质量标准、工作场所空气质量标准和产品标准等方面。
首先，美国环保局（EPA）对室内空气中甲醛的标准进行了严格规定。
根据EPA的相关规定，室内空气中甲醛的浓度不应超过0.1ppm（每百万份）。
这一标准是为了保护居民和办公人员的健康，避免长期接触高浓度甲醛导致的呼吸道疾病和慢性毒性影响。
因此，在建筑材料、家具、装饰品等方面，都需要符合EPA的甲醛排放标准，以确保室内空气质量符合规定。
其次，美国职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）对工作场所空气中甲醛的标准也有明确规定。
根据OSHA的相关法规，工作场所空气中甲醛的浓度限值为0.75ppm，临时曝露限值为2ppm。
这一标准是为了保护工人在生产过程中避免暴露于过高浓度的甲醛而制定的。
各类生产企业在生产过程中需要严格控制甲醛的排放，并对工作场所空气质量进行监测，确保符合OSHA的标准要求。
此外，美国还对甲醛在建筑材料、家具、装饰品等产品中的使用进行了严格限制。
各类产品在生产和销售过程中需要符合相关标准，确保甲醛的使用量和排放量不会对人体健康造成危害。
美国消费品安全委员会（CPSC）对甲醛释放量进行了限制，要求各类产品在正常使用条件下甲醛释放量不得超过一定标准，以保障消费者的健康和安全。
总的来说，美国对甲醛的标准制定和执行非常严格，涉及室内空气质量、工作场所空气质量和产品标准等多个方面。
这些标准的制定是为了保护人们的健康，减少甲醛对人体健康造成的危害。
同时，各类生产企业和产品制造商也需要严格遵守相关标准，确保产品的安全性和合规性。
只有这样，才能有效保障人们的健康和安全，推动甲醛标准的不断完善和提高。
美国室内空气质量标准(英文版)
INTRODUCTIONThe average person sends approximately 90% of their time indoors. Studies haveindicated that indoor air is often dirtier and/or contains higher levels of contaminants than outdoor air. Because of this and increased awareness regarding poor indoor air quality (IAQ), it is not surprising that the number of reported employee complaints of discomfort and illness in non-industrial workplaces is increasing.WHEN DID POOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY BECOME A PROBLEM?Beginning in the mid-1970s, IAQ complaints increased for two reasons. The main reason was the impact of the energy crisis. To reduce heating and cooling costs, buildings were made “airtight” with insulation and sealed windows. In addition, the amount of outside air introduced into buildings was reduced. The second reason is that more chemical-containing products,office supplies, equipment, and pesticides have been introduced into the office environment increasing employee exposure. Thesechanges created IAQ health problems known as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) or Building-Related Illnesses (BRI).WHAT IS SICK BUILDINGSYNDROME?A workplace is characterized with SBS when a substantial number of building occupants experience health and comfort problems that can be related to working indoors. Additionally,Richard J. Codey Acting GovernorINDOOR AIR QUALITYPublic Employees Occupational Safety andHealth ProgramNovember, 2004the reported symptoms do not fit the pattern of any particular illness, are difficult to trace to any specific source, and relief from thesesymptoms occurs upon leaving the building.WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF SICKBUILDING SYNDROME?Employee symptoms of SBS may include headaches; eye, nose, and throat irritation; dry or itchy skin; fatigue; dizziness; nausea; and loss of concentration.WHAT ARE BUILDING-RELATEDILLNESSES?A workplace is characterized with BRI when a relatively small number of employees experience health problems. Symptomsassociated with BRI are generally different from those associated with SBS and are often accompanied by physical signs that are identified by a physician and/or laboratoryfindings. Relief from the illness may not occur upon leaving the building. BRI are caused by microbial contamination and/or specificchemical exposures that can result in allergic and/or infectious responses. Microbialcontamiantion occurs when viruses, bacteria,or molds accumulate in areas such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC) systems, water-damaged ceiling tiles and carpets, hot water heaters, andhumidifiers. Chemical exposures can be generated from specific sources within the workplace, such as formaldehyde emitted from newly installed carpets.WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OFBUILDING-RELATED ILLNESSES?Employee symptoms of BRI may include eye, nose, throat, and upper respiratory irritation; skin irritation or rashes; chills; fever; cough; chest tightness; congestion; sneezing; runny nose; muscle aches; and pneumonia. Examples of BRI include asthma; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; multiple chemical sensitivity; and Legionnaires’ Disease.WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC CAUSESOF SBS AND BRI?The IAQ problems that cause SBS and/or BRI may include:Lack of fresh air;If insufficient fresh air is introduced intooccupied spaces, the air becomes stagnant and odors and contaminants accumulate.Lack of fresh air in occupied areas is thenumber one cause of SBS.Poorly maintained or operated ventilation systems;Mechanial ventilation systems must beproperly maintained and operated based on the original design or prescribed procedures.If these systems are neglected, their ability to provide adequate IAQ decreases. Oneproblem associated with poorly maintainedsystems is missing, overloaded, or inefficient filters. This can cause higher levels of dust, pollen, and cigarette smoke to enteroccupied spaces. Another problem isclogged condensate drain pans and drainlines in HVAC systems, which allow water to accumulate. The accumulation of water can lead to microbial contamination. Poorlymaintained ventilation systems cancontribute to both SBS and BRI.Disruption of air circulation throughout the occupied spaces;The quality of the air depends on the effectiveness of air distribution. If the air circulation is disrupted, blocked, or otherwise does not reach occupied areas, it can become stagnant. File cabinets, bookshelves, stored boxes, dropped ceiling tiles, added office walls, cubicles, and partitions can block or divert the supply of air to occupied spaces.Poorly regulated temperature and relative humidity levels;If the temperature and/or relative humidity levels are too high or too low, employees may experience discomfort, loss of concentration, eye and throat irritation, dry skin, sinus headaches, nosebleeds, and the inability to wear contact lenses. If relative humidity levels are too high, microbial contamination can build up and can cause BRI.Indoor and outdoor sources of contamination;Chemical emissions can contribute to BRI and SBS. Chemical contaminants in an office environment either originate from indoor sources or are introduced from outdoor sources. Common sources include emissions from office machinery or photocopiers; cigarette smoke; insulation; pesticides; wood products; synthetic plastics; newly installed carpets; glues and adhesives; new furnishings; cleaning fluids; paints; solvents; boiler emissions; vehicle exhaust; roof renovations; and contaminated air from exhaust stacks. Contaminants found in indoor environments can also include radon; ozone; formaldehyde; volatile organic compounds; ammonia; carbon monoxide; particulates; nitrogen and sulfure oxides; and asbestos.2WHAT IS CONSIDEREDACCEPTABLE IAQ?The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) defines acceptable IAQ as:“air in which there are no knowncontaminants at harmful concentrations asdetermined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not expressdissatisfaction.”WHAT CAN BE DONE IF THE AIRQUALITY IS UNACCEPTABLE?In order to understand and resolve IAQ problems and concerns, standard investigative procedures should be followed. Investigating IAQ complaints, however, can be very complicated due to employee concerns, unknown sources of contamination, and the complexities of buildings and their ventilation systems. The New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health (PEOSH) Program recommends the following general investigative procedures:•Conduct employee interviews to obtainpertinent information regarding whatsymptoms are being experienced, howmany employees are affected, when theyare affected, where they work, what theydo, etc. - this information may identifypossible IAQ problems;•Review building operations andmaintenance procedures to determinewhen and what type of chemicals are being used during cleaning, floor waxing andstripping, painting, gluing, pesticidespraying, roofing operations, and renovation and construction activities, etc. - alsodetermine when deliveries occur, whichmay generate vehicle exhaust, or iffurniture, drapery, or office equipment hasbeen recently installed;•Conduct a walk-through inspection toevaluate possible sources that maycontribute to IAQ complaints;•Inspect the HVAC system, window airconditioners, office dehumidifiers, etc., inorder to determine if the systems areworking properly and are in good condition;•Review the building blueprints of theductwork and ventilation system todetermine if the system is adequatelydesigned;•Conduct air sampling, if necessary, todetermine if specific contaminants arepresent or if adequate fresh air is beingsupplied.HOW CAN IAQ PROBLEMS BE CORRECTED AND/OR PREVENTED? ENSURE ADEQUATE FRESH AIR SUPPLYThis has been shown to be the single most effective method for correcting and preventing IAQ problems and complaints. To ensure that adequate fresh air is supplied to occupied spaces, the following is recommended:• A preventive maintenance schedule mustbe developed and followed in accordancewith the manufacturer’s recommendationsor with accepted practice to ensure that theventilation systems are properly checked,maintained, and documented.•The preventive maintenance scheduleshould include the inspection andmaintenance of ventilation equipment and/or system, making sure that:−outdoor air supply dampers are opened as designed and remain unobstructed;3−fan belts are operating properly, in good condition, and replaced when necessary;−equipment parts are lubricated;−motors are properly functioning and in good operating condition;−diffusers are open and unobstructed for adequate air mixing;−the system is properly balanced;−filters are properly installed and replaced at specified intervals;−components that are damaged orinoperable are replaced or repaired as appropriate; and −condensate pans are properly draining and in good condition.•To achieve acceptable IAQ, outdoor airshould be adequately distributed to all office areas at a minimum rate of 20 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per person OR theconcentration of all known contaminants of concern be restricted to some specified acceptable levels as identified in ASHRAE’s “Ventiliation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Standard.•To determine if the ventilation system iseffectively providing adequate fresh air,carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels should be measured; ASHRAE sets the standard(ASHRAE 62-1989) of 1000 ppm of CO 2 as the maximum recommended level for acceptable IAQ; CO 2, a byproduct of human respiration, is an indicator of the lack of fresh outdoor air and is not considered harmful at this level.•If possible, gauges should be installed toprovide information on air volumes delivered by supply and return fans.Maintenance staff should be trained to read the gauges and respond appropriately.• A sufficient supply of outside air should beprovided to all occupied spaces. Aninsufficient supply can cause the building to be at negative pressure, allowing untreated air and/or contaminants to infiltrate from outside. This can be determined byobserving the direction of air movement at windows and doors. In order to prevent this problem, the air supply and exhaust system must be properly balanced.•If the office layout is changed (e.g., byerecting partitions or new walls), ensure that adequate air flow and distribution is maintained.•Ventilation system filters should have amoderate efficiency rating (60% or more),as measured by the ASHRAE atmospheric dust spot test, and be of an extended surface type. To determine if the filters have the appropriate efficiency rating,check with the manufacturer. Prefilters (e.g., roll type) should be used before air passes through higher efficiency filters.•Avoid overcrowding of employees, andmake sure that the proper amount of outdoor air is provided based on the number of occupants.ELIMINATE OR CONTROL ALL KNOWN AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS,BOTH CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL To Control Chemical Contamination:•Hazardous chemicals should be removed orsubstituted by less hazardous or non-hazardous chemicals, where possible.•Properly store all chemicals to minimizeexposure hazards.4•Use local exhaust ventilation to capture and remove contaminants generated by specific processes where appropriate. Ensure that local exhaust does not recirculate the contaminated air, but directly exhausts the contaminant outdoors. Check with the manufacturer of your office machines for guidance on ventilation requirements for their equipment.•Check to be sure that HVAC fresh air intakes or other building vents or openings are not located in close proximity to potential sources of contamination (e.g., places where motor vehicle emissions collect, downwind of exhausts, cooling towers). If necessary, raise stacks or relocate intakes or exhausts.•Isolate areas of renovation such as painting, carpet installation, etc., from occupied nonconstruction areas, through use of physical barriers and isolation of involved ventilation systems. If possible, perform this type of work in the evening or on weekends. Supplying the maximum amount of fresh air to these areas can assist in the dispersion of contaminant levels.•Use a licensed pesticide applicator for pesticide applications and follow their recommendations regarding appropriate ventilation controls.•Eliminate or reduce cigarette smoke. Smoking restrictions or designated smoking areas should be considered. The air from designated smoking areas must not be recirculated to non-smoking areas of the building.To Control Microbial Contamination:•Promptly detect and permanently repair all areas where water collection or leakage has occurred.•Maintain relative humidity at less than 60% in all occupied spaces and low air-velocity plenums. During the summer, cooling coils should be run at a low enough temperature to properly dehumidify conditioned air.•Check for, correct, and prevent further accumulation of stagnant water by maintaining proper drainage of drain pans under the cooling coils.•Due to dust or dirt accumulation ormoisture-related problems downstream ofheat exchange components (as in ductworkor plenum), additional filtration downstream may be necessary before air is introducedinto occupied areas.•Heat exchange components and drain pans should be accessible so maintenance personnel can easily inspect and clean them. Access panels or doors should be installed where needed.•Non-porous surfaces where moisture collection has promoted microbial growth(e.g., drain pans, cooling coils) should be properly cleaned and disinfected. Careshould be taken to ensure that these chemical cleaners are removed before ventilation systems are reactivated.•Porous building materials contaminated with microbial growth, such as carpets and ceiling tiles, must be replaced or disinfected to effectively eliminate contamination. Note that the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends that contaminated porous materials should be discarded.5RESOURCESAgencies and organizations that provide information on indoor air quality:New Jersey State Department of Health and Senior ServicesPEOSH Program, 7th FloorPO Box 360Trenton, NJ 08625-0360(609) 984-1863The PEOSH Program has an Indoor Air Quality Standard (N.J.A.C. 100-13) for public employees in New Jersey. The following publications, including a copy of the standard and additional information may be obtained from the above address or the PEOSH web site at www.nj/gov/health/eoh/peoshweb:*PEOSH “Indoor Air Quality Model Program”;*The American Industrial Hygiene Association’s Consultants’ List;*PEOSH Information Bulletin, “Mold in the Workplace, Prevention and Control”;*PEOSH Information Bulletin, “Renovation and Construction in Schools, Controlling Health and Safety Hazards”.U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyIndoor Air Quality Information ClearinghousePO Box 37133Washington, D.C. 20013-7133(800) 438-4318The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has various publications on indoor air quality in the home, at schools, and in offices. The publications can be obtained from the address above or from the USEPA IAQ Information Clearinghouse web site at /iaq/iaqxline.html.American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsKemper Woods Center1330 Kemper Meadow DriveCincinnati, OH 45240(513) 742-2020The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has a publication that addresses indoor bioaerosols issues, “Bioaerosols-Assessment and Control” Publication #3180. This publication can be obtained from the above address.American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329(404) 636-8400The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has two publications that are especially useful:*ASHRAE 62-2001 “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Standard, and*ASHRAE 55-1992 “Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy” Standard.The publications can be obtained from the address above or from the ASHRAE web site at / store.ORIG PRINTED 11/94, REV 7/96, REV 10/046PEOSH PROGRAM READER RESPONSE CARDINDOOR AIR QUALITYDear Reader:Please take a few minutes to help us evaluate this publication. Please check the following:Check the category that best describes your position: manageremployeeeducatorsafety professional occupational health professional other (specify)researcherhealth care worker____________________________________Check the category that best describes your workplace:academiamunicipal government labor organization state government municipal utilities authorityother (specify)county government____________________________________Describe how thoroughly you read this publication: cover-to-coversections of interest only (specify)________________________ other (specify)________________________How will you use this information (check all that apply): change the work environment provide information not usedchange a procedure copy and distribute other (specify)assist in researchin training__________________change training curriculum__________________Which section did you find most useful?Which section did you find the least useful and why?Other occupational health topics on which you would like to see the PEOSH Program develop an information bulletin:Other comments and suggestions:C u t h e r e , f o l d i n t h i r d s , t a p e .November 2004NO POSTAGENECESSARYIF MAILEDIN THEUNITED STATESBUSINESS R EPL Y M AILFIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 206TRENTON, NJPOSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEESTATE OF NEW JERSEYDEPT OF HEALTH & SENIOR SERVICESPEOSH PROGRAMPO BOX 360TRENTON, NEW JERSEY 08625-9985。
vocs 环境空气标准
vocs 环境空气标准VOCs环境空气标准VOCs（挥发性有机化合物）是一类在常温下易挥发到空气中的化合物。
它们主要来源于工业生产、交通尾气、家庭使用化学产品等。
由于VOCs在空气中的存在对人体健康和环境产生潜在危害，各国都制定了相关的环境空气标准来规定和限制VOCs的排放。
本文将对全球范围内的VOCs环境空气标准进行介绍。
1. 美国环境保护署（EPA）标准美国EPA是全球VOCs监测和标准制定的领导者之一。
根据EPA的规定，美国将VOCs分为两类：可扩散性有机化合物（SVOCS）和反应性有机化合物（ROCS）。
对于不同类别的VOCs，美国制定了不同的标准。
1.1 可扩散性有机化合物（SVOCS）SVOCS主要来自于石油和天然气开采、石油化工等行业。
在美国，SVOCS的标准主要包括工业设施的挥发性有机物排放标准和汽车尾气排放标准。
工业设施的标准根据行业的不同来制定，而汽车尾气排放标准则规定了汽车在行驶过程中VOCs的排放限值。
1.2 反应性有机化合物（ROCS）ROCS多为含挥发性有机溶剂的产品，如油漆、涂料、清洁剂等。
美国EPA对ROCS制定了严格的排放限制和控制措施，旨在减少这类产品对空气质量的负面影响。
此外，EPA还制定了室内空气质量标准，要求室内环境中ROCS的浓度不得超过一定限值。
2. 欧盟VOCs标准欧盟对VOCs的标准主要体现在室内空气质量和涂料产品方面。
2.1 室内空气质量标准欧洲委员会发布了《欧洲室内空气质量标准》（EU-RDI）指令，其中包括了对室内环境中VOCs的监测和限制要求。
根据该指令，各成员国需要设立国家室内空气质量标准，规定在室内空气中可容忍的VOCs浓度。
此外，欧洲委员会还对建筑材料、室内家具等产品的VOCs限制做出了明确规定。
2.2 涂料产品标准欧盟对含VOCs的涂料产品制定了严格的标准。
根据欧洲涂料工业联合会（CEPE）制定的《欧洲涂料产品VOCs指令》（CEPE VOCs Directive），各成员国要对涂料产品的VOCs含量进行监控，并规定了不同类型涂料产品的排放限值。
Indoor Air Quality
(2)CO
CO是公共场所中最为常见的有毒气体 CO是公共场所中最为常见的有毒气体，主要来自燃料的 是公共场所中最为常见的有毒气体， 不完全燃烧和吸烟，工业排放、 不完全燃烧和吸烟 ， 工业排放 、 汽车尾气排放污染外界大 气环境， 气环境 ， 由于不合理的建筑格局和通风系统也可造成公共 场所CO含量过高。 CO含量过高 场所CO含量过高。
室 外
固定来源
工厂位置，产生能源
机动车 土壤 建筑材料
室 内
石料、水泥 木制品、镶面板 绝缘材料 阻燃材料 油漆
Occupational Health and Safety Assistance Shanghai
最常见的室内污染物及其来源(2) 最常见的室内污染物及其来源(2)
位置 来源 污染物 一氧化碳和二氧化碳、氮氧化物、 有机化合物、颗粒物 臭氧 纤维、微生物 二氧化碳、水蒸汽、气味 微生物 一氧化碳、其他化合物、颗粒物、 碳氟化合物、气味 有机化合物、气味 有机化合物、气味
Occupational Health and Safety Assistance Shanghai
为什么要重视室内环境问题？ 为什么要重视室内环境问题？
美国科学家在80年代末的一项调查中发现，室内有害污染 美国科学家在80年代末的一项调查中发现，室内有害污染 物浓度比室外高，有的可高达100倍。我国有关部门在 物浓度比室外高，有的可高达100倍。我国有关部门在 1994年的一次调查中也发现，城市室内空气的污染程度比 1994年的一次调查中也发现，城市室内空气的污染程度比 室外严重，有的超过室外56倍。现已查明，受污染的室内 室外严重，有的超过室外56倍。现已查明，受污染的室内 空气中除了一些我们所熟知的有毒有害物质外，存在着30 空气中除了一些我们所熟知的有毒有害物质外，存在着30 余种致癌物质，其中主要有多环芳烃及其衍生物、重金属 (铅、砷、铍、镍、铬 )、石棉和放射性氡及其子体等。 室内环境质量的恶化可以产生很多后果：对人体健康造成 危害，人们感觉不适等，同时影响工作效率，使整个社会 经济受到损失，据美国职业安全及健康管理局估计因室内 环境质量恶劣而导致每个员工每天损失14~15分钟的工作 环境质量恶劣而导致每个员工每天损失14~15分钟的工作 时间，除了个别商业因损失生产力使成本上升外；恶劣室 内环境质量也导致医疗费用的增多，使得广大社群的成本 上升。根据美国的另一项调查显示由于恶劣室内环境质量 而导致总经济成本的损失每年高达47~54亿美元，当然还 而导致总经济成本的损失每年高达47~54亿美元，当然还 没有包括对建筑材料及各种器材的损失。
美国排放标准
FACT SHEETSTANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR ELECTRIC UTILITY, INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL-INSTITUTIONAL, AND SMALL INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL-INSTITUTIONAL STEAM GENERATING UNITSACTION•On February 9, 2006, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated a regulation that will reduce emissions of criteria air pollutants from utility, industrial, commercial, and institutional steam generating units. Criteria air pollutants are found throughout the country and include: nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and lead (Pb).•Utility steam generating units are located at electric power generating stations that burn fossil fuels. Industrial, institutional, and commercial boilers are located at industrial sites,institutions, and commercial sites (e.g., college or university; office building; hospital; hotel;town, city, county, State or Federal government; etc.) which burn fossil fuels, wood, ormunicipal-type solid waste.•The final rule will establish emission standards for the following three air pollutants from utility units: PM, SO2, and NO x. The final rule also will amend PM and SO2 emissionstandards from industrial, institutional, and commercial units.•The emission limits in the final rule are based on levels that can be achieved by installing emissions control equipment known as fabric filters for PM control, wet scrubbers for control of SO2, and selective catalytic reduction for control of NO x. Other emission controltechnologies could also be used, as long as they meet the required emission limits.•The final rule consists of new source performance standards (NSPS) for new (built after February 28, 2005), modified, and reconstructed utility, industrial, institutional, andcommercial steam generating units. Units built before February 28, 2005, will not be subject to this rule.air toxics programs require controls for boilers equivalent to those established by this rule, the final rule substantially tightens the existing NSPS. The existing and final utility NSPS are shown below along with the percent decrease for each pollutant.Pollutant Existing NSPS Final NSPS Percent DecreaseNO x 1.6 lb/MWh 1.0 lb/MWh 38%SO20.6 lb/MMBtu 1.4 lb/MWh ~75%PM 0.03 lb/MMBtu 0.015 lb/MMBtu 50%•For industrial, institutional, and commercial boilers, both the SO2 and PM standards have been amended. The final PM standard is consistent with the new source limits of 0.03lb/MMBtu included in EPA’s recently issued national air toxics standards for boilers. The final standard represents a 70% reduction in the PM limit for non-utility boilers.• A new utility, industrial, or commercial steam generating unit must demonstrate compliance with the emission standards in the NSPS upon commercial start-up. Utility units regulated by the proposed Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) and the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) will select NO x and SO2 controls as tight or tighter than this final rule.•EPA estimates that 5 new utility units and 186 new industrial units will be impacted by the final rule over the next 5 years.BACKGROUND•The Clean Air Act requires EPA to review NSPS for utility, industrial, institutional, and commercial steam generating units that reflect the application of emissions controls known as best demonstrated technology.•Utility NSPS were first established in 1978, and NSPS for large boilers were first established in 1984. The NO x standards were revised for both utility and large boilers in 1997. NSPS for small boilers were established in 1989, and none of the small boiler limits have been amended to date.•Utilities often install tighter controls than required by existing NSPS because of the existence on new source review (NSR) and cap and trade programs. The primary impact of theamended NSPS will be on units not subject to either NSR or a cap and trade program. The final rule is generally less strict than required when a unit is subject to NSR. In addition, units regulated by the proposed Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) and the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) will select NO x and SO2 controls as tight or tighter than those required by this2final rule.•EPA is under a consent decree Our Children=s Earth Foundation and Sierra Club to promulgate the final rule by February 9, 2006.FOR MORE INFORMATION•To download the final rule from EPA=s web site, go to A Recent Actions@ at the following address: /ttn/oarpg.•For further information about the final rule, contact Mr. Christian Fellner at EPA=s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards at 919-541-4003.•For other combustion-related regulations, visit EPA=s Combustion Related Rules page at: /ttn/atw/combust/list.html.3。
美国联邦 209e标准
美国联邦 209e标准美国联邦标准209e是一项用于洁净室的技术标准，它规定了洁净室内的空气质量等级和相关测试方法。
这一标准的制定对于确保洁净室内的空气质量、保障生产过程的顺利进行具有重要意义。
下面我们将对美国联邦209e标准进行详细介绍。
首先，美国联邦209e标准将洁净室内的空气质量分为不同等级，分别为1至100级。
等级越低，洁净室内的空气质量要求越高。
这些等级的划分主要是根据洁净室内每立方英尺空气中的固体颗粒物数量来确定的。
标准要求在不同等级的洁净室内，空气中的颗粒物数量必须控制在一定范围内，以确保洁净室内的空气质量达到相应的标准。
其次，美国联邦209e标准还规定了洁净室内空气质量的测试方法。
在洁净室内进行空气质量测试时，需要使用一系列的测试设备和工具，如激光颗粒计数仪、空气采样器等。
通过这些测试方法，可以准确地测量洁净室内空气中的颗粒物数量，从而判断空气质量是否符合标准要求。
除了空气质量等级和测试方法外，美国联邦209e标准还对洁净室的设计、建造、运行和维护提出了一系列要求。
例如，洁净室的设计必须符合一定的标准，包括空气循环系统、过滤设备、密封性能等方面的要求。
洁净室的建造和运行必须严格按照标准规定的程序进行，以确保洁净室内的空气质量达到标准要求。
同时，洁净室的维护工作也是至关重要的，必须定期进行空气质量测试和设备检查，及时发现和排除问题，保障洁净室的正常运行。
总的来说，美国联邦209e标准是一项对洁净室内空气质量进行严格要求的技术标准，它涉及了空气质量等级划分、测试方法、洁净室设计、建造、运行和维护等方面。
遵循这一标准，可以确保洁净室内的空气质量达到国际先进水平，为生产和科研提供良好的环境条件。
因此，对于洁净室相关行业来说，必须严格遵守美国联邦209e标准，确保洁净室内的空气质量符合标准要求，从而保障生产过程的顺利进行。
环境空气质量等级标准 英文
环境空气质量等级标准英文
中国的环境空气质量等级标准对空气质量进行了分级，常用的标准为GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》。
以下是该标准中规定的六个级别的环境空气质量等级及其对应的英文表示：
1.一级（Grade I）：
•英文表示：Excellent
2.二级（Grade II）：
•英文表示：Good
3.三级（Grade III）：
•英文表示：Lightly Polluted
4.四级（Grade IV）：
•英文表示：Moderately Polluted
5.五级（Grade V）：
•英文表示：Heavily Polluted
6.六级（Grade VI）：
•英文表示：Severely Polluted
这些等级用于评估空气质量的优劣程度，从一级到六级，分别代表了从最好到最差的空气质量。
各个级别都对应了一定的空气质量指标范围，例如PM2.5、PM10、二氧化硫（SO2）、一氧化碳（CO）、臭氧（O3）、氮氧化物（NO2）等。
根据监测结果，空气质量等级会被确定，并相应采取措施进行环境保护。
请注意，不同国家和地区可能有各自的环境空气质量标准，上述
标准是中国的标准。
在其他国家，可能会使用不同的等级和标准。
空气净化器安规中英文版本-UL867 and CSA C22.2 No. 187 for Client-histo
• • •
a) The mechanical strength of the material, resistance to hot wire ignition, resistance to highcurrent- arc ignition, resistance to high-voltage-arc ignition, dielectric strength, insulation resistance, and heat-resistant qualities, in both the aged and unaged conditions; b) The degree to which the material is enclosed; and c) Any other feature affecting the risk of fire, electric shock, electrical high-energy current levels, or injury to persons. All factors are to be considered with regard to conditions of actual service. Exception No. 2: On a printed-wiring board, the over surface spacing may be reduced to 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) if the board is coated with a conformal coating complying with the Standard for Polymeric Materials-Use in Electrical Equipment Evaluations, UL 746C. Exception No. 3: On a printed wiring board, spacing requirements (other than for spacings to ground, between different circuits, and at field wiring terminals) may be waived between traces of different potentials connected in the same circuit if:
美国甲醛标准
美国甲醛标准
美国对甲醛的标准一直备受关注，因为甲醛是一种常见的有毒化学物质，对人体健康有潜在的危害。
甲醛主要用于制造胶合板、家具、建筑材料和纺织品等。
因此，美国对甲醛的标准和监管显得尤为重要。
首先，美国环保局（EPA）对甲醛的排放标准进行了严格限制。
根据EPA的规定，室内空气中甲醛的浓度不得超过0.1ppm（每百万份气体中甲醛的浓度）。
这一标准适用于家具、建筑材料和其他室内装饰材料的生产和使用。
同时，EPA还对甲醛的排放源进行了详细的规定，要求生产商和使用者必须在生产、运输和使用过程中严格控制甲醛的排放，以保护公众健康。
其次，美国消费品安全委员会（CPSC）也对甲醛含量进行了监管。
CPSC规定，家具和纺织品等产品中甲醛的释放量不得超过一定的标准。
这一标准旨在保护消费者免受甲醛的危害，尤其是儿童和孕妇等易受伤害的群体。
为了确保产品符合标准，CPSC对相关产品进行了严格的抽检和监管，一旦发现超标产品将被召回或下架。
除了政府监管标准外，美国标准协会（ANSI）也制定了一系列
关于甲醛的标准。
这些标准涵盖了甲醛的检测方法、限量要求、产品标识等方面，旨在帮助企业和消费者更好地了解甲醛标准，并确保产品的质量和安全性。
总的来说，美国对甲醛的标准和监管非常严格，从政府部门到行业组织都制定了一系列的标准和规定，以保护公众健康。
企业和消费者应当严格遵守这些标准，选择符合要求的产品，减少甲醛对健康的潜在危害。
同时，政府和行业组织也应当加强监管力度，确保标准的执行和实施，为公众创造一个更加安全健康的生活环境。
美国甲醛标准
美国甲醛标准美国甲醛标准是指美国环保局（EPA）对甲醛在室内空气和产品中的允许浓度所做出的规定。
甲醛是一种无色有刺激性气味的化学物质，常用于建筑材料、家具、家居用品等制造过程中。
然而，高浓度的甲醛对人体健康造成危害，因此制定了相关标准以保护公众健康。
在美国，室内空气中甲醛的标准是0.1ppm（每百万份气体中的部分），而对于家具和建筑材料中的甲醛释放量也有相应的规定。
这些标准的制定是基于大量科学研究和实验数据，旨在保护人们免受甲醛污染的危害。
甲醛是一种挥发性有机化合物，常常存在于新装修的房屋、新购买的家具和家居用品中。
长时间暴露在高浓度的甲醛环境中会引起眼睛、鼻子和喉咙的刺激，甚至引发头痛、呼吸困难和皮肤过敏等症状。
更严重的是，甲醛还被证实是一种致癌物质，长期接触高浓度甲醛环境会增加患白血病和其他癌症的风险。
为了保护公众健康，美国对甲醛的标准进行了严格的监管和控制。
建筑材料、家具和家居用品在生产过程中必须符合相关的甲醛释放标准，以保证其在使用过程中不会对人体健康造成危害。
同时，对于室内空气中甲醛浓度的监测也是必不可少的，一旦超过了规定的标准，必须采取相应的措施加以控制和治理。
除了在生产和使用过程中的监管外，个人在购买新家具和装修新房时也要注意甲醛的释放情况。
选择符合标准的环保材料和产品，尽量减少室内甲醛的来源，是保护自己和家人健康的重要举措。
总的来说，美国甲醛标准的制定和执行是为了保护公众健康，减少甲醛对人体健康的危害。
通过严格的监管和控制，可以有效降低室内甲醛浓度，为人们营造一个更加健康、舒适的生活环境。
希望未来能够进一步加强对甲醛的监管，为公众健康保驾护航。