英美文学到现实主义
英美文学的历史渊源与发展
英美文学的历史渊源与发展英美文学无疑是世界上最为重要和影响最为深远的文学传统之一。
由于它的历史渊源和文化背景的不同，这两个文学传统有着各自独特的特色与风格。
本文将从英美文学的历史渊源、代表作品和特点等方面进行探讨和分析。
一、英美文学的历史渊源英美文学的历史可以追溯到古代，自由派思想和民主观念的形成和发展，是英美文学的历史渊源之一。
在近代，随着欧洲殖民者的移民到美洲大陆，英美文学的发展也经历了1800年代初的浪漫主义、19世纪的现实主义与自然主义以及20世纪的现代主义、后现代主义等不同的历史阶段。
二、英美文学的代表作品英美文学有许多代表性作品，如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、艾米丽·狄金森的诗歌、温斯顿·丘吉尔的战争演讲、弗兰西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、厄内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、托马斯·品钦的《人性污点》等，这些作品都是英美文学的珍品。
三、英美文学的特点英美文学的特点包括文学形式、文化背景和文学风格等方面。
英式文学注重个人经历的历史性和自传性，冷静、克制和理智是其特点。
相比之下，美式文学强调语言的直观性和可感性，注重感性体验和个体存在的维度。
从文化背景上而言，英国文学对传统和人文主义的遵循和尊重，与美国文学对实用主义和自由与平等价值的推崇有所不同。
由此，在文学风格上，英国文学的叙述比较客观而冒险，注重细节和语调的细致处理。
而美国文学则常常在叙事上采取一种跨越性的转换方式，将现实与想象、个人经验与公共事件相互链接起来，形成了独具特色的文学风格。
总之，英美文学对于现代文学发展做出了极为重要的贡献，不同的文学传统各自在应对社会变迁和文化差异方面产生了各自独特的表现方式。
英美文学是世界文学宝库中不可或缺的一部分，值得我们深入探寻与欣赏。
当代美国文学中的新现实主义_英美文学
当代美国文学中的新现实主义_英美文学英美文学一、引言新现实主义是上个世纪以来的学术界热点话题之一。
新现实主义不只局限于文学领域,而且出现在国际政治、金融、音乐、影视制作等许多领域,是社会进入后工业化时代之后出现的一种文化现象。
在当代美国文学中,新现实主义视域下的创作最早可追溯到20世纪六、七十年代的欧美小说,经过三十多年的发展,它将现实主义的内容和后现代的手法合为一体,形成了所谓的“新现实主义”风格,引起了文学界越来越多的关注。
二、新现实主义产生的背景二战的正式结束,人类历史从此掀开了重要的一页,同时这也标志着20世纪美国文学发展史上一个时代的终结。
美国后现代主义文学的精英们,在二战之后崭露头角且逐渐形成趋势。
其创作流派有表现主义、荒诞派和黑色幽默等。
后现代小说充分反映出第二次世界大战后,美国广大人民心神不宁、精神紧张、空虚的状态。
残酷的战争和无情的杀戮,使得二战后的美国社会满目疮痍,历经战争涂炭的人们惊恐地发现他们生活在一个混乱不堪、荒唐可笑的世界里,人的存在、价值及尊严已然消失殆尽,这一切引发了美国小说家对传统价值观的质疑和对历史的反思。
进入20世纪70年代,在克服了诸多困难之后,当代美国小说迎来了新的转机。
随着社会的发展、人们生活水平的提高,广大美国民众逐渐走出二战所带来的悲痛记忆和心理阴影,开始用理智来思考问题,重新看待这段战争,整个美国社会也进入了相对的平稳时期。
文化的多样化使得各种思潮异彩纷呈,不断出现分化与融合。
随着科学技术的日新月异和大众传媒的革命性发展,当时的社会生活也一改虚无和沉闷,变得丰富而活跃。
这一切反映在文学上,便是人们对虚无的语言游戏的厌倦以及对现实的重新关注。
表现现实社会现状和人民生活境况的新现实主义小说应运而生。
可以说美国文学向现实主义的回归并非偶然,而是一种时代和历史的选择。
三、新现实主义文学的概念新现实主义文学是指自70年代晚期以来,特别是在80和90年代出现的大量的有别于现代主义、后现代主义文学的新的作品。
美国文学中的现实主义特点分析
美国文学中的现实主义特点分析美国文学自从建立之后，一直以现实主义为主流思潮。
它把握当时美国经济、政治惨淡、社会流动的现实情况，特别强调了美国社会的真实性，并且要求写实，强调写作人员要真的关注现实。
那么，什么是现实主义呢？它是一种对于现实生活的写作方式，一种对于生活事物的关切和思考的哲学。
现实主义对小说的写作给出了严谨的结构和思考方式，艺术上力求真实性和叙事的合理性。
从构成元素上来分析，现实主义侧重于写作者应该努力表现现实，而不是想象出来什么耸人听闻的故事。
现实主义还要作家在小说的故事情节和构架、场景人物设定上力求求真，必须按照时代特点和社会环境予以描绘，不能貌似真实，实则假话连篇。
如果要说究竟哪一部小说是美国现实主义写作的典范，那一定要提到马克·吐温的《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》。
这部小说是美国文学的经典之作，其独特的写作手法创作了一个美国文学现实主义的标杆。
首先，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》的主题是现实主义的经典题材——反对人性中的邪恶、探索人性善良的本性。
小说的故事情节是围绕一个孤儿哈克贝里的成长历程展开的。
在小说的道德和思想层面上，作者通过哈克贝里的生活体验，传达了他在人性善良中寻找真理的过程，揭示了人性中的贪婪、破坏和歪曲的现实。
其次，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》以现实主义的方式描写了美国南部奴隶制度时期的真实生活场景，具体地展示了那个由奴隶主和黑人组成的社会环境。
作者巧妙地利用哈克贝里和他自由黑人朋友吉姆的旅程，让读者感受到了奴隶制度的残酷现实和黑人面临的非人的境遇。
此外，作者还从哈克贝里的角度出发，描述了许多家庭和教育学的细节问题。
在这些问题下，作者深刻分析了人类的天性，以及如何教育和运用其天性来构建一个更美好的社会。
总的来说，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》极大地体现了现实主义的写作特征，主要体现在以下几个方面。
第一方面，其题材深入现实生活，写实大胆。
专业的英美文学史概览
专业的英美文学史概览英美文学史是研究英国和美国文学发展的学科，通过对文学作品及其创作背景的研究，探索文学的发展脉络和影响力。
本文将概览英美文学史的主要阶段和代表作品，以及相关的文学运动和重要作家。
一、古典时期（古希腊罗马时期）古希腊和古罗马时期是英美文学发展的重要起点，为后世文学作品提供了丰富的灵感和创作元素。
古希腊的两大史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，以及古罗马的《埃涅阿斯纪》等作品，描绘了英雄神话和动人的传奇故事，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
二、中世纪文学中世纪文学主要包括英国的亚瑟王传说和民间传说，以及宗教文学等。
其中，亚瑟王传说的代表作品包括吉奥弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》和托马斯·马洛里的《亚瑟王与圆桌骑士》，描绘了勇士和骑士的传奇故事，反映了中世纪人们对理想和骑士精神的追求。
三、文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英美文学发展的重要转折点，标志着人文主义思想的兴起和艺术创作的巅峰。
威廉·莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的戏剧作品如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，以其深刻的人物描写和丰富的情感表达，成为后世戏剧的经典代表。
四、启蒙时代启蒙时代是18世纪英美文学的重要时期，代表作家包括约翰·洛克、乔纳森·斯威夫特等。
他们通过文学作品，倡导理性、自由和人权等思想，对当时社会产生了深刻的影响。
其中，《格列佛游记》是斯威夫特最著名的作品之一，通过对格列佛的冒险旅程和对社会问题的讽刺，展现了作者对人性的思考和社会的批判。
五、浪漫主义运动19世纪初的浪漫主义运动在英美文学史上具有重要地位，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和华盛顿·欧文等。
浪漫主义文学追求个人内心的情感和感受，崇尚自然和幻想，批判工业化和现代社会的冷漠。
华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》和柯勒律治的《侏罗纪祭》等作品，表达了浪漫主义作家对自然和人性的深刻关怀。
英语八级英美文学整理
美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence）第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。
第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement）这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。
John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia（被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”）第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism）他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末）（around the revolution of independence）独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。
主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac《自传》The AutobiographyThomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution）《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism）该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。
西方现实主义发展历程
西方现实主义是一种文学和艺术运动，强调描绘现实生活中的人物和事件，反对浪漫主义的夸张和想象。
下面是西方现实主义的发展历程：
1. 起源：现实主义起源于19世纪中期的法国，当时一些文学家和艺术家开始反对浪漫主义的夸张和想象，转而关注现实生活中的人物和事件。
最早的现实主义作家包括巴尔扎克、福楼拜和莫泊桑等。
2. 早期发展：19世纪60年代至70年代，现实主义在法国得到了进一步的发展，出现了许多现实主义小说和戏剧，如《人间喜剧》、《羊脂球》和《悲惨世界》等。
此外，现实主义画家也开始创作反映社会现实的作品，如库尔贝和米勒等。
3. 英国现实主义：19世纪80年代，现实主义开始在英国流行，出现了许多现实主义小说和戏剧，如狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。
此外，现实主义画家也开始创作反映社会现实的作品，如惠斯勒和波特等。
4. 德国现实主义：19世纪末，现实主义开始在德国流行，出现了许多现实主义小说和戏剧，如托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》等。
此外，现实主义画家也开始创作反映社会现实的作品，如门采尔和施特劳斯等。
5. 20世纪现实主义：20世纪初，现实主义开始逐渐式微，但仍然存在一些现实主义作家和艺术家，如海明威、福克纳和毕加索等。
总的来说，西方现实主义在其起源国法国得到了最为广泛的发展，同时也在英国、德国等国家得到了一定的影响。
现实主义的发展历程反映了文学和艺术领域中对现实主义理念的不断探索和实践。
英美文学时期划分
美国文学
北美殖民地时期文学
一、科顿•马瑟（1663-1728）
二、乔纳森•爱德华兹（1703-1758）
三、安妮•布拉德斯特里特（1612-1672）
独立革命前后的文学
一、托马斯•潘恩（1737-1809）
二、本杰明•富兰克林（1706-7190）
三、菲力浦•弗瑞诺（1752-1832）
浪漫主义时期
一、华盛顿•欧文（1783-1859）
二、詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库柏（1789-1851）
三、拉尔夫•华尔多•爱默生（1803-1882）超验主义Transcendentalism
四、纳森尼尔•霍桑（1804-1864）象征主义（Symbolism）
五、亨利•大卫•梭罗（1817-1862）超验主义Transcendentalism
六、埃德加•爱伦•坡（1808-1849）象征主义（Symbolism）
七、赫尔曼•梅尔维尔（1819-1891）象征主义（Symbolism）
八、华尔特•惠特曼（1819-1892）象征主义（Symbolism）
九、爱米莉•狄金森（1830-1886）
十、亨利•沃兹沃斯•朗费罗（1807-1882）
十一、约翰•格林利夫•惠蒂埃（1807-1896）十二、哈丽特•比彻•斯托（1811-1896）
十三、弗雷德里克•道格拉斯（1817-1895
现实主义时期
现代时期。
不同时期的英国现实主义文学与美国现实主义文学
不同时期的英国现实主义文学与美国现实主义文学一、概述现实主义文学思潮是西欧资本主义制度确立和发展时期的产物，由于资本主义制度种种弊病的暴露，由于人们的浪漫热情和“理想王国”的幻想破灭了，于是形成了一种冷静务实的社会心理。
现实主义文学就是这种尖锐复杂的阶级矛盾和社会心理在文学上的反映。
在思想方面，辩证法、唯物主义哲学、空想社会主义学说以及自然科学的新成就，都对现实主义文学的兴起产生了不同的影响。
现实主义文学继承了古希腊以来的文学优良传统，而十八世纪的启蒙文学又为十九世纪现实主义的勃兴做了直接准备。
现实主义文学的基本特征是：①反映生活的真实性；②强烈的暴露性和批判性；③人道主义思想；④描写典型环境中的典型性格。
现实主义文学作品具有以下几个特点：细节真实，有真实的细节描写，用历史的、具体的人生图画来反映社会生活，现实主义作品是以形象的现实性和具体性来感染人的，因此能使读者如入其境，如见其人。
形象典型，通过典型的方法，对现实的生活素材进行选择、提炼、概括，从而深刻地揭示生活的某些本质特征。
方式客观，作者要通过对现实生活的客观，具体的描写，从作品的场面和情节中自然地体现出作者的思想倾向和爱憎感情，而不要作者自己或借人物之口特别地说出来。
去尽谎言，现实主义属于纯文学之一种。
而谎言去尽之谓纯，所以作为纯文学的最重要表现手段的现实主义，必须去尽政治谎言、道德谎言、商业谎言、维护权贵阶级谎言、愚民谎言等。
纯文学化，排除文学外的其他目的（包括政治、商业、道德及阶级维护）。
由于种种原因，美国的文学发展较晚，因而19 世纪以前我们只讨论英国现实主义文学。
二、十九世纪以前的英国现实主义文学在英国文学史上，乔叟当为现实主义的先驱。
在《坎特伯雷故事集》中，其现实主义的特点已相当突出。
在这部书中，乔叟一反过去骑士传奇、宗教传说或民间传说等浪漫的表现手法，将作品的重点从描述离奇的冒险、浪漫的爱情以及对来世的追求转到描述世俗世界的各个阶层的世俗生活上来，将现实主义引入文学创作中。
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长，在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家，这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景，也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。
以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。
一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。
（一）英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一，其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。
代表作有《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素，《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）是其经典之作。
3、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称，作品有《唐璜》（Don Juan）等。
4、珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神，《西风颂》（Ode to theWest Wind）广为流传。
（二）美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）是其代表作。
2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名，《皮袜子故事集》（The Leatherstocking Tales）是其重要作品。
二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起，注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。
（一）英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活，如《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）。
论十九世纪英国文学现实主义的发展
论十九世纪英国文学现实主义的发展
十九世纪是英国文学现实主义发展的重要时期，这一文学流派始
于1830年代，继承了启蒙运动的思想，并注重社会现实与人性复杂性
的描绘。
在十九世纪，现实主义小说得到了广泛发展。
19世纪30年代中期，查尔斯·狄更斯以描写社会真实生活著称，以“大卫·科波菲尔”和“雾都孤儿”为代表作品，展现人性的复杂性和苦难的命运，反映
了当时工业化和城市化带来的社会现实。
伊丽莎白·盖斯凭借写实作品“北与南”和“玛丽·巴顿的故事”，表现商业利益与劳动阶级的斗争，展现当时的社会阶层问题。
与狄更斯和盖茨不同，托马斯·哈代的浪漫主义气息更浓，但也
表现了现实主义小说的特点。
他的“远离繁嚣的人们”和“真爱至上”等小说，揭示了更深入的人性内涵和灰色地带。
除小说外，英国现实主义文学还体现在诗歌和戏剧中。
罗伯
特·布朗宁、鲁道夫·基泰和托马斯·哈代等现实主义诗人用直观的
形象、真实的感受和抒情的表达方式，描绘社会现实和人性景观。
而
乔治·伯纳德·肖、奥斯卡·王尔德和本杰明·肖的戏剧以现实主义
的精神为蓝本，展现人性世俗与矛盾冲突的反思。
总之，在十九世纪，英国现实主义文学提高了小说、诗歌和戏剧
的文学地位，成为当时文学创作的重要趋势。
他们展现了暴力和精神
生活的较量，为人性赋予更加复杂的视野，震撼了读者的心灵，让他
们对社会和人性有了更深刻的感受和思考。
英美文学到现实主义
1. The early development of American literatureA. The early development of American literature is slow, as then America was at the period of development withlow living standard.B. The first problem immigrants had to solve was food. It was really hard for them to care for the spiritualenjoyment.C. In 1704, first newspaper got published in America.In 1731, first library was established.In 1752, first professional troupe （剧团）was set up.What was put on the stage were English plays.It was not until 1767 that the first play by American writer was put on the stage.It was after the war of Independence that novels appeared.2. Main literary writers and writings of this periodA.The writings of this period were diaries, travel notes and works of religion.B. Though they could’t be regarded as the birth of American literature, to some extent, they reflected the livingsituation and social customs of the early colonized place, which had played an important role in the cultural life of American people, thus influenced the following American literature.3. Literature of Reason and RevolutionWriters of the periodBenjamin Franklin: The Autobiography; Poor Richard’s Almanac（历书,年鉴）Thomas Paine: Common Sense;Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of IndependenceThomas Paine（1737-1809）and Common Sense1. Published anonymously by Thomas Paine in January of 1776, Common Sense was an instant best-seller, both in the colonies and in Europe. It went through several editions in Philadelphia, and was republished in all parts of United America. Because of it, Paine became internationally famous.2. Paine's political pamphlet brought the rising revolutionary sentiment into sharp focus by placing blame for the suffering of the colonies directly on the reigning British monarch, George III.3. First and foremost, Common Sense advocated an immediate declaration of independence, postulating a special moral obligation of America to the rest of the world.4. Not long after publication, the spirit of Paine's argument found resonance in the American Declaration of Independence.1. What were Benjamin Franklin’s achievements?2. How could he be so successful?野金银花菲利普·弗瑞诺美丽的金银花，造化令你素裹银妆，你粲然绽放于幽静一角。
英美文学经典浪漫主义与现实主义
英美文学经典浪漫主义与现实主义浪漫主义和现实主义是英美文学中两个具有重要影响力的文学流派。
这两种文学风格的兴起和发展，既受到时代背景和社会变革的影响，也受到作家个人的思想和情感的驱使。
本文将探讨英美文学中的经典浪漫主义和现实主义，以及它们对于文学创作的影响。
一、浪漫主义的兴起与特点浪漫主义起源于18世纪末19世纪初的欧洲，随后传入英美文学领域，并影响了整个19世纪的文学创作。
浪漫主义强调个人情感与直观经验，提倡对自然、爱情和艺术的狂热追求。
浪漫主义作品中常常出现理想化的英雄形象和浪漫的情节，以及描绘自然的壮丽景色和情感的激烈表达。
在英美文学中，浪漫主义的代表作家有英国的威廉·华兹华斯和美国的爱默生。
威廉·华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》是浪漫主义的经典之作，他通过对自然景色的描写和对内心情感的表达，展示了对自然和人类情感的追求。
爱默生的《自然》和《代表作》则关注了个体的自我实现和追求个人独立。
这些作品在思想和情感上积极回应了浪漫主义的核心价值观。
二、现实主义的崛起与特点与浪漫主义相比，现实主义更加注重对社会现实的揭示和对人类生活的客观描述。
现实主义强调对社会问题和人类经验的观察和分析，形成了真实而全面的创作风格。
现实主义作品着重刻画社会人物的命运和人性的弱点，以此揭示社会的弊端和人类的无奈。
在英美文学中，现实主义的代表作家有英国的查尔斯·狄更斯和美国的马克·吐温。
狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》以生动的笔触揭示了当时英国社会的贫富差距和社会问题，抨击了社会的不公和人性的黑暗。
吐温的《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》则通过讲述主人公的冒险经历，回应了社会和政治的问题，并挖掘了人性的复杂性。
三、两种文学流派的比较浪漫主义和现实主义代表了不同的文学创作倾向和价值观。
浪漫主义追求内心情感的自由和个体的情感表达，强调个人的理想和超越现实的精神世界。
相比之下，现实主义更注重对社会和人类生活的客观观察和分析，力图真实地揭示社会的弊端和个体的命运。
当代美国文学中的新现实主义_英美文学
当代美国文学中的新现实主义_英美文学英美文学一、引言新现实主义是上个世纪以来的学术界热点话题之一。
新现实主义不只局限于文学领域,而且出现在国际政治、金融、音乐、影视制作等许多领域,是社会进入后工业化时代之后出现的一种文化现象。
在当代美国文学中,新现实主义视域下的创作最早可追溯到20世纪六、七十年代的欧美小说,经过三十多年的发展,它将现实主义的内容和后现代的手法合为一体,形成了所谓的“新现实主义”风格,引起了文学界越来越多的关注。
二、新现实主义产生的背景二战的正式结束,人类历史从此掀开了重要的一页,同时这也标志着20世纪美国文学发展史上一个时代的终结。
美国后现代主义文学的精英们,在二战之后崭露头角且逐渐形成趋势。
其创作流派有表现主义、荒诞派和黑色幽默等。
后现代小说充分反映出第二次世界大战后,美国广大人民心神不宁、精神紧张、空虚的状态。
残酷的战争和无情的杀戮,使得二战后的美国社会满目疮痍,历经战争涂炭的人们惊恐地发现他们生活在一个混乱不堪、荒唐可笑的世界里,人的存在、价值及尊严已然消失殆尽,这一切引发了美国小说家对传统价值观的质疑和对历史的反思。
进入20世纪70年代,在克服了诸多困难之后,当代美国小说迎来了新的转机。
随着社会的发展、人们生活水平的提高,广大美国民众逐渐走出二战所带来的悲痛记忆和心理阴影,开始用理智来思考问题,重新看待这段战争,整个美国社会也进入了相对的平稳时期。
文化的多样化使得各种思潮异彩纷呈,不断出现分化与融合。
随着科学技术的日新月异和大众传媒的革命性发展,当时的社会生活也一改虚无和沉闷,变得丰富而活跃。
这一切反映在文学上,便是人们对虚无的语言游戏的厌倦以及对现实的重新关注。
表现现实社会现状和人民生活境况的新现实主义小说应运而生。
可以说美国文学向现实主义的回归并非偶然,而是一种时代和历史的选择。
三、新现实主义文学的概念新现实主义文学是指自70年代晚期以来,特别是在80和90年代出现的大量的有别于现代主义、后现代主义文学的新的作品。
欧美各国现实主义文学的特点
19世纪英国现实主文学继承了18世纪现实主义小说的优良传统，在揭露现实的广度和深度上有了进一步的发展。
资本主义的确立与劳资矛盾的激化，各种改良主义思潮的影响，使英国现实主义文学具有自己独特的风貌。
一、英国现实主义文学描写劳资矛盾。
揭露资本家对工人的残酷剥削和政治欺骗，正面描写工人的斗争生活，如狄更斯的作品维多利亚盛世时代的资本主义社会，倡导人道主义价值伦理观。
广泛而深入地探索人性。
如他的《双城记》真实地展现了英国资本主义扩张时期广阔的社会图景，揭示了法国大革命爆发的历史必然性。
二、法国的现实主义文学反映资产阶级与贵族阶级的矛盾，揭露金钱的罪恶，塑造个人反抗者和野心家的形象。
如巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》用“私人生活场景”、“外省生活场景”“巴黎生活场景”、“政治生活场景”、“军事生活场景”、“乡村生活场景”展现了法国资产阶级的罪恶发家史，揭示了资本主义社会里赤裸裸的金钱关系。
又如福楼拜的《包法利夫人》通过爱玛的悲剧，揭露了庸俗、卑鄙和险恶的社会现实，痛斥了资本主义社会精神空虚堕落的生活，控诉了资本主义社会的罪恶的金钱关系。
作者指出爱玛的悲剧是社会造成的，社会的物质和精神环境诱使其由纯真走向堕落，而资本主义社会风行的利己主义、资产阶级虚伪的浪漫情调、禁欲主义教育、高利贷的盘剥则将其推向毁灭。
描写小人物的命运。
成功地表现小资产阶级的痛苦挣扎和个人奋斗的经历，具有人道主义思想和强烈鲜明的女权意识。
三、俄国的现实主义成就最高。
俄国现实主义文学与民主解放运动紧密相连。
以批判沙皇专制制度和农奴制度作为主要内容。
俄国现实主义文学对社会批判异常尖锐而全面。
不仅批判沙皇专制制度和农奴制度，还批判宗教制度和资本主义社会的道德原则，对贵族知识分子的责任和民族出路的探索越来越迫切，对灵魂苦难的关注越来越执著四、俄国现实主义文学独特的形象系列。
如“多余人”、“小人物”、“忏悔的贵族”的形象系列。
如《叶莆盖尼奥涅金》奥涅金就是俄国文学史上第一个多余人形象。
英美文学选读（美）现实主义时期（...
英美文学选读(美)现实主义时期（Selected readings of American and British Literature (American) realism）第二章现实主义时期一。
重难点内容提要1。
现实主义时期美国文学的特点2。
主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。
3。
分析讨论选读作品，现实主义与自然主义、狄金森诗歌的主题结构和艺术特色、哈克的性格分析及其社会意义。
二找回记忆--重点内容回顾。
（温馨提示：在这一部分，每个用”----“链接起来的都是一个知识点的概说，应用这些”短小的绳子”把已学的知识联系起来，我们要回想并找出他们之间的关系、联系、区别等不同的关系，争取对每一个历史时期都有一个全面的认识，知道每个时期在整个英美文学史上的位置及地位，以及每个作家在这个历史时期甚至在整个文学史上的位置地位。
）一时代概述--浪漫主义时期概述）。
1。
识记内容1）。
时间：独立2）。
背景：内战影响了社会和价值。
系统（a）从农业型向工业化和商品化转变。
B）。
促进科技发展C）。
加快城市化进程D）。
人们开始怀疑人类的本性和上帝的仁慈。
2。
领会内容：美国自然主义：达尔文进化论的影响1）。
接受它的负面影响，并用它来解释文学作品中人物的行为。
2）。
遗传的品质和习惯受社会力量的限制。
3）。
主题：人类的“兽性”，特别是性的欲望4）。
粗鲁的语言5）。
哲学上，真理总是部分地隐藏在个人的视线之外，或超出他的控制范围。
6）。
社会底层的物质来源描绘苦难和贫困。
7）。
自然主义是从现实主义演变而来的。
作者的语气不那么严肃和同情，更讽刺和悲观。
3。
应用内容：1）。
达尔文进化论对美国自然主义的影响一）。
接受它的负面影响，并使用它解释这些人物在文学作品中的行为B）。
遗传的品质和习惯受社会力量的限制。
C）。
主题：人类的“兽性”，特别是性的欲望D）。
粗鲁的语言E）。
哲学上，真理总是部分地隐藏在个人的视线之外，或超出他的控制范围。
英美文学选读美国现实主义时期大题
英美文学选读-美国-现实主义时期-大题3 Emily Dickinson43. “We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess －in the Ring －We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain－We passed the Setting Sun －”Questions:A.Who is the author of this stanza taken from the poem “Becaus e I couldnot stop for Death－?B.What do the underlined parts symbolize?C.Where were “we” heading toward? (034) 4143. A. These lines are taken from a poem written by Emily Dickinson.B. The School, the Fields of Gazing Grain, the Setting Sun symbolizethree stages of one' s life: youth, manhood and old age.C. "We" were riding in a hearse (or a carriage), heading toward Eternity.43. “With Blue— uncertain stumbling Buzz —Between the light — and me —And then the Windows failed — and thenI could not see to see —”Questions:A. Identify the poem and the poet.B. What do “Windows” symbolically stand for?C. What idea does the quoted passage express? (044) 4243. A. Emily Dickinson: (465) “I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died”.B. Eyes, for they are considered as the windows of human soul.C. The last thing the dying person saw and heard was the fly and its buzz.When the eyes failed, the human soul was closed and the person died.(The speaker could not see any of the afterlife or God or angels sheexpected to see.)44.“We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—”Questions:A.Identify the poem and the poet.B.What do“the School,” “the Fields”and“the Setting Sun”stand for respectivel y?(054)44. A. Emily Dickinson; “Because I could not stop for Death－”B. Three stages of life: childhood, adulthood and old age.43. “This is my letter to the WorldThat never wrote to Me —The simple News that Nature told —With tender Majesty”Questions:A. Identify the poet.B. What idea does the poem express?C. Why does the poet use dashes and capital letters in the poem? (104)4443. A. Emily DickinsonB. The poem expresses the poet’s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.C. Dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital lettersas a means of emphasis.43. “ We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess- in the Ring-We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain -We Passed the Setting Sun- ”( Fro m Emily Dickinson’s poem Because I could not stop for Death) Questions:A. What does the phrase “Fields of Gazing Grain” symbolize?B. What figure of speech is used in the poem?C. What are Dickinson’s unique writing features?（107）43. A. It symbolizes the mature period.B. PersonificationC. (1) Her poems have no titles. (2) Dashes are used as a musical device. (3) Capital letters are used as a means of emphasis. (4) Irregular and inverted sentence structure is used. (5) Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness. (6) Her poems are usually short, personal and meditative.48. The literary school of naturalism was quite popular in the late 19th century. What are the major characteristics of naturalism? (044)48. A. Strongly influenced by social Darwinism, naturalism emphasizes thedetermining power of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.B. Being devoid of the freedom of choice and incapable of shaping theirown destinies, men and women are helpless and insignificant in a coldand indifferent world.C. The naturalistic writers reported truthfully and objectively, with apassion for scientific accuracy and overwhelming accumulation offactual detail.48．Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?（084）47. Who are the three dominant figures of the American Age of Realism andwhat are the differences in their understanding of the “truth”? (094)47. A. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Henry JamesB. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more atte ntion to the “life”of the Americans. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived; Mark Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories; Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphas is on the “inner world” of man.47. What are the factors that gave rise to American naturalism? (104)47. A. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought.B. The influence of the 19th century French literature on the Americanmen of letters.Mark Twain48. Local colorism is a unique variation of American literary realism. Who is the most famous local colorist? What are local colorists most concerned?（097）48. A. Mark TwainB. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpretingthe local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.They formed an important part of the realistic movement.48. Briefly state Mark Twain’ s magic p ower with language in his novels. (104) 48. A. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentencestructures are simple, even ungrammatical spoken languageB. His characters speak with a strong accent, which is true of his localcolorism.C. Different characters from different literary or cultural backgroundstalk differently.Henry James48.What is the most famous theme in Henry James′s fiction? And what is hisfavourite approach in characterization, which makes him different from Mark and W. D. Howells as realists? Give two titles of his works in which this theme and this approach are employed. (034)48. Henry James' s most famous theme is what is generally called "theinternational theme". His novels or short stories of the theme are always set against a larger international background,usually between Europe and America. They center around the conflict of the two cultures,represented by an innocent American and a sophisticated European. James is regarded as the founder of psychological realism for his psychoanalytical approach to his Characters. Daisy Miller, The Portrait of A Lady, The American, The Ambassadors are his representative worksof this kind.Theodore Dreiser47. “In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.” The two sentences are taken from Theodore Dreiser’s novel, Sister Carrie. What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”? (044)47. A. The “rocki ng-chair” is a symbol standing for fate. It is like a cradle thatmakes one feel peaceful. It is also like a tide that ever goes on with life, the destiny of which is uncertain.B. At the end of the novel, Carrie sits in the rocking-chair which implies thather future is still uncertain and hard to foresee.48. What's Dreiser' s naturalistic belief? Please discuss the question with Carrie,a character in Sister Carrie as an example. (094)48. A. Dreiser believes that while men are controlled and conditioned by heredity,instinct and chance, a few extraordinary and unsophisticated human beings refuse to accept their fate wordlessly and instead strive, unsuccessfully, to find meaning and purpose for their existence.B. Carrie, as one of such, senses that she is merely a cipher in an uncaringworld yet seeks to grasp the mysteries of life and thereby satisfies herdesires for social status and material comfort, but in spite of he success,she is lonely and dissatisfied.Mark Twain50. Summerize the story of Mark twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in about 100 words, and comment on the theme of the novel. (024)50. A. Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a Sequa to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.The Story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850.Along the river, floats a small raft, with two people on it; One is an ignorant,uneducated black slave named Jim and the other is little uneducated outcast white boy about the age of thirteen, called Huckleberry Finn or Huck Finn.The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and ,more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best he could, changes his mind ,his prejudice, about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friends as well.During their journey, they experience a series of adventures:coming across two frauds, the “Duke” and the “King”,witnessing the lynching and murder of a harmless drunkard, being lost in a fog and finally Tom's coming to rescue.B. The theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “freedom”: Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. Mark Twain uses the raft's journey down the Mississippi River to express his thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.50.Take Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature. (054)50. A. Mark Twain shaped the world’s view of America and made an extensivecombination of American folk humor and serious literature.B. The novel has become a great contribution to the legacy of American literature.C. The novel is written in a language that is totally different from therhetorical language used by his contemporary writers such as Emerson,Poe and Melville. It is simple, direct, lucid and faithful to the colloquialspeech. This style of colloquial ism is best described as “vernacular”.D. He successfully used local color and historical settings to illustrate andshed light on the contemporary society. That’s why he is known as alocal colorist.E. Mark Twain’s humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to befunny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks.etc. Some of them are typical of tall tales. And a great deal of hishumor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration,repetition, and anti-climax. He uses his humor to criticize the socialinjustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.50. Briefly discuss Mark Twain's art of fiction in terms of the setting, thelanguage, and the characters, etc., based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.50. A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi Valley as his fictional kingdom, writingabout the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and is therefore known as a local colorist.B. He creates life-like characters, especially the conventional HuckleberryFinn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite toconventional morality.C. He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from anyprevious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial languagebelonging to the lower class, the living local American English.D. He has created a special humor to satirize social injustices and thedecayed convention.Henry James50. Please discuss Henry James’ contribution to American literature in regard to his representative works, themes, writing techniques and language. (104) 5050. A. works: Daisy Miller, The Portrait of A Lady, The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, The Golden Bowl (listing any two of the novels will be enough)B. international themes…C. his psychological emphasis and narrative point of view…D. Language: highly refined and insightful…。
英国文学中的浪漫主义与现实主义
英国文学中的浪漫主义与现实主义引言英国文学历史上有着丰富多样的流派和风格，其中浪漫主义和现实主义是两个重要的文学流派。
本文将探讨英国文学中浪漫主义和现实主义的定义、特点以及代表作家，并比较二者在思想、情感和艺术表达上的差异。
浪漫主义定义浪漫主义是一种反对理性思维束缚的文学运动，强调个人情感、想象力和诗意表达。
它崇尚自然、热爱自由，并追求超越现实世界的奇幻境界。
特点1.强调个体情感：浪漫主义强调个体内心体验和情感表达，把个人感受置于社会规范之上。
2.崇尚自然：浪漫主义倡导回归自然本真，追寻大自然中宁静、美丽与神秘之处。
3.追求奇幻：浪漫作品常常充满奇幻元素，如妖精、魔法等超越现实世界的想象力。
4.强调个体意志：浪漫主义提倡个体的自由意志和追求真我内在本质的反抗。
5.理想化描写：浪漫作品常常带有理想化的描写，将事物美化并渲染情感。
代表作家和作品1.威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）：《抒怀颂》是他最著名的一部作品，探讨自然与灵性之间的联系，强调个人内心世界的重要性。
2.拉姆齐·伊夫林（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）：《古船行》是他与华兹华斯合作创作的诗集，其中包括了经典名篇《水仙花》和《阿尔赛斯及其费利西娅》等。
3.约翰·奥登（John Keats）：他以其细腻、感性的诗歌而闻名，代表作品包括《秋天》，表达了对美和短暂生命的思考。
现实主义定义现实主义是一种追求真实、客观描写社会生活和人类经验的文学流派。
它关注社会现象、历史事件和人物性格等现实问题，并致力于展示社会阶级矛盾和个人命运的困境。
特点1.社会批判：现实主义文学关注社会问题，揭露社会阶级、政治和经济的不公正。
2.真实描写：现实主义力求客观真实地描写社会生活，通过具体细致的描述使作品更加贴近读者。
3.人性探究：现实主义作品对人类情感和心理状态进行深入剖析，表现生活中的普通人物及其个体命运。
美国文学整理到现实主义时期
Nathaniel Hawthorne:Romantic novelist, short-story writer. Combined the American romanticism with puritan moralism; a central figure in the American Renaissance“Mosses from an Old Manse ( 1846 )(“Young Goodman Brown” and “Rappaccini’s daughter”)The Scarlet Letter (1850)The House of the Seven Gables (1851)The Blithedale Romance (1852)The Marble Faun,(1860)Interrogating the innocenceStrong sense of sin and evil in life.Sin will get punished, and evil educates.Source of sin: original sin, conflict between body and soul.Source of evil : overweening intellect, a part of human natureThe Seven Commandments Of The Children Of NoahIdolatry - Monotheism. Adultery. Murder. Blasphemy, not to curse God. Not to eat the live meat not to steal Maintain courts to enforce these laws.Seven heavenly virtuesFaith Hope Charity Fortitude Justice Temperance PrudenceHawthorne’s aestheticsFavor on “romance”, instead of “novel”Contents: sensational material, such as poisoning, murder, adultery, crime.Themes: explore the human nature, deal with moral problems, study the effects of sin on man. Purpose: to show the inner world of man is the source of evil in society—the tragic rise born of the fortunate fall,fall→rise innocence →maturityThe Scarlet Letter•Time: in the mid-1600s Setting: Puritan town of BostonCharacters:Roger Chillingworth Pearl•The victim of the adultery A symbol: the symbol of the violation of the social laws • A merciless avenger To Hester: the fruit of human love and passion•The worst sinner To Dimmesdale: the reminder of his sin•Symbol of devil To Chillingworth: the motivation to take his revenge Puritanism in The Scarlet LetterPuritan emphasis on the individual conscience.Hawthorn’s attitude towards Puritanism – scolded the harshness of Puritans, yet took the Puritanism as his living criteria.Purpose of The Scarlet Letter1. Explore the source of evils:unreasonable and inhuman social systemmen’s inner world, defects in men’s nature: strong desire, dishonesty, cowardice, revenge.2. Explore the effect of sin on different characters:To brave Hester: gain moral rebirth by redeeming her sin, win respect/ love again.To coward Dimmesdale: torment of conscience, suffer in hell fire.To vicious and vengeful Chillingworth: reduced to demon, deteriorated, malicious sinner3. Explore ways of redeeming sin:brave to confess and face itcorrect it through love, devotion, generosity and forgiveness.Hawthorne’s Stylerich imagination; well-woven structure; psychological analysis; effective symbolism with delicate imageries, ambiguity and mysterySymbolism in the novelChillingworth is cold and inhuman and thus brings a “chill” to Hester’s and Dimmesdale’s lives. “Prynne” rhymes with “sin”“Dimmesdale” suggests “dimness”—weakness, indeterminacy, lack of insight, and lack of will, all of which characterize the young minister.“Pearl” evokes a biblical allegorical device—the “pearl of great price” that is salvation.a token of shame “Adultery” at firstAA symbol of being alone and alienation“Angel”, “Able” ,”Admiration”Hester offers the genuine sympathy and help to her fellow villagersHerman Melvillea master of allegory and symbolism1) early worksTypee (1846) : the “man who lived among cannibals.”Omoo(1847)Mardi (1849) :The first three drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands;Redburn (1849) is a semi-autobiographical novel, based Bedburn on his first voyage to EnglandWhite Jacket (1850) relates his life on a United States man-of-war.Moby Dick (1851)Later works: Pierre (1852) The Confidence Man (1857) Billy Budd（1924）Moby-Dickis regarded as : * an encyclopedia of everything * the first American prose epicThe white whale Pequod ----a world in miniature* Melville's bleak view--------"Everlasting Nay”* One of the major themes ---------alienation,* Ahab may have been Melville's portrait of an Emersonian self-reliant individual-----solipsism .Henry Wadsworth Longfellow"School-room Poets" or "New England Poets" or "Fireside Poets"Longfellow, Holmes, Lowell and Whittierfirst American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedypoet and educator; "Paul Revere's Ride“; The Song of Hiawatha ; Evangeline.Longfellow holds the distinction of being the first American poetPoetry : Voices of the Night (1839) Evangeline (1847) The Song of Hiawatha (1855)A Psalm of Life My Lost Youth the Slave’s Dream Hiawatha’s Fasting* His writings belong to the milder aspects of the romantic movement, and he was strongly influenced by the German romantic lyrists.* He wrote about American subjects, but always in European styles.* His works are highly spiritual. He emphasized the mysteries of birth, death, and love. Most of his works are simple and easily read so that even children can understand them.* If his worst fault is that-he made poetry seem so easy to write that anyone could do it, his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.* He was the first American poet to be honored by having his bust placed in the Poets' Comer of Westminster Abbey. This indicates that his poetry has been highly appreciated in Britain.（A Psalm of Life 赏析见另材料）P4 the literature of realism1. How to define the Realistic Period in American Literary history?The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature, especially American fiction, from the 1850s onwards.What is the historical and socio-cultural background of the Realistic Period in America?The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism. This period is characterized with changes, in relation to every aspect of American life, politically, economically, culturally, and religiously.First of all, politically, the Civil War affected both the social and the value system of the country. America had transformed itself into an industrialized and commercialized society. Wilderness gave way to civilization. The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization. However, economically, the changes were not all for the better. The industrialization and the urbanization were accompanied by the incalculable sufferings of the laboring people.Therefore, polarization of the wellbeing between the poor and the rich started to show up. Thirdly, as far as the ideology was concerned, people became dubious about the human nature and the benevolence of God, which the Transcendentalists cared most. What Mark Twain referred to as “ the Gilded Age” replaced the frontier and the spirit of the frontiersman, which is the spirit of freedom and human connection.Fourthly, the literary scene after the Civil War proved to be quite different a picture. The harsh realities of life as well as the disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil War had set the nation against the romance. The Americans began to be tired of the sentimental feelings of Romanticism. Thus, started a new period in the American literary writings known as the Age of Realism, characterized by a great interest in the realities of lifeRealism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.English realisma new literary trend rose in late 18th century and flourished in the 19th century with the impact of the Industrial Revolution.presenting the reality, the external life of characters, exposing the dark side of the society Truthful to life, little fancy or fantasymajor contribution: perfection of the novelAmerican realisma. Historical and social background: the impact of American Civil War (1861-1865)b. Literary influence from Europe: Realism as a literary trendWalt Whitmanone of America's best ; and most influential poetsLeaves of Crass; Song of Myself O Captain My Captain2. Leaves of Grass (response)* sexuality and exotic and vulgar language"noxious weeds, “ "poetry of barbarism, " and "a mass of stupid filth, "* "I was simmering, simmering, simmering, "he said, "Emerson brought me to a boil. "* Whitman, along with Emerson, sees the poet as taking over what had used to be the job of a minister, a clergyman, the Church.1.Leaves of Grassa poet with a strong sense of missionWhitman was one of the most original and inspiring American poets, true to his art and to his role as a poet. He devoted himself to poetry eulogizing the native American experience. As America's first genuine epic poem, Leaves of Grass ran nine editions with more than 400 poems all written in free verse form, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Title: The title implies rebirth, renewal, or green life.where there is earth, where there is water, there is grass.Blend science, democracy and spirituality into one. To write on the organic principle（Song of Myself 赏析另见资料）Emily DickinsonAmerica’s best-known female poetHer modernity is her articulation of psychological experience and skeptical desire for faith. affected by two men, Benjamin Newton and Charles Wadsworth.The Poems of Emily Dickinson; I taste a liquor never brewed; I felt a Funeral, in my Brain; A Bird came down the Walk ; I died for Beauty—but was scarce; I heard a Fly buzz — when I died ; Because I could not stop for Death ；This is my letter to the worldEmily Dickinson was a pessimistic poet. She had a tragic message and was closer to Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville.The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experience but the power of her creativity and imagination. Her subjects were love, death, nature, religion, immortality, pain, beauty. The poems employed irregular rhythms, slantrhymes, paradox, and a careful balancing of abstract Latinate and concise Anglo-Saxon words.She is now ranked as one of America’s great poets.2 Subjects:Death: her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.Love: One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause. The other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire.Nature: In her poems about nature, her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.Religion: In some of her poems she wrote about her doubt and belief about religious subjects.诗歌赏析另见材料Artistic characteristicsHer poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry, there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imaginary that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form.She uses imperfect rhythms, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating world puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Due to her deliberate seclusion, her poems tend to vivify some abstract ideas. Her poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness. Her limited private world have never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.Local ColorismTime: late 1860s and early 70sFeatures: the realistic presentation of the local characters with their regional qualities such as dialects and customs.having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by another one else than a native.--- Hamlin Garland: Crumbing IdolsLocal colorists: Stowe, Mark Twain, Kate ChopinHarriet Beecher Stowe“The little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.” -- Abraham LincolnUncle Tom's Cabin (1851)A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)The Minister's Wooing (1859)The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862)Little Foxes (1866)Old Town Folks (1869)Poganuc People (1878)Slavery and the Civil WarUncle Tom's Cabin was a best seller in the United States, England, Europe, Asia, and translated into over 60 languages.Uncle Tom's Cabin humanized slavery by telling the story of individuals and families. Harriet portrayed the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse endured by enslaved people.The Civil War grew out of a mixture of causes including regional conflicts between North and South, economic trends, and humanitarian concerns for the welfare of enslaved people.The strength of Uncle Tom's Cabin is not the plot, but its ability to illustrate slavery's effect on families. Characters freely debated the causes of slavery, the Fugitive Slave Law, the future of freed slaves, what an individual could do, and racism.Mark TwainLocal colorism: having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by another one else than a native.--- Hamlin Garland: Crumbing IdolsStowe, Mark Twain, Kate ChopinThe Gilded Age (1873)The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)The Prince and the Pauper (1881)Life on the Mississippi (1883)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889)The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories （1893）The Man That Corrupted Hadleybury (1900)Style of WritingBiting and realistic social satire, dealt largely with the lower strata of societyHumor, sharp wit and comic exaggeration;Colloquial style, a supreme command of vernacular American Englishearlier works are light, humorous, optimistic; the gloomy view in later lifeIronyVerbal irony: what one says is opposite to what one means. (It is universally acknowledged that a man in big fortune must be in want of a wife.)Dramatic irony: a contrast bt. what a character believes or says and what the reader understands to be true. (Merchant of Venice Portia disguised in a lawyer)Situational irony or irony of fate: an incongruity what is expected to happen and what actuallyhappens.)O. HenryWilliam Sydney Porter; embezzlement at Ohio Penitentiaryknown for their wit, wordplay, warm characterization, surprise endings"The Gift of the Magi“"The Ransom of Red Chief""The Cop and the Anthem""A Retrieved Reformation""The Duplicity of Hargraves"The Last LeafHenry Jamesthe founder of psychological realismHis fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions.the forerunner of the 20th-century "stream-of-consciousness" novels .His father, Henry James, Sr.an eminent philosopher、reformer and theological writer,His brother, William James, was to be the famous philosopher and psychologist.* In 1862, James entered Harvard Law School ,where he met HowellsHe toured England, France and Italy, and met, among others, Flaubert (Madame Bovary) , and TurgenevThe literary career of Henry James is generally divided into three distinctive periods: early , middle and mature.1) The first period (1865-1882) "international theme"The American (1877) Daisy Miller. (1878) The Europeans (1878)The Portrait of A Lady (1881)2) The second period (1882 –1895)3) The third period（1895-1900 ）Third stage: In the third stage, he returned to his international themes and produced the complex and profound novels such as The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》(1902) , The Ambassadors 《专使》(1903) , and The Golden Bowl 《金碗》(1904). Critics regard them as his most mature and his best.3. Major Subjects(P.98) James stressed three subjects that are now regarded as influential in modem fiction. Children: James wrote about children as children, not as small adults. He examined their minds, their psychology and accepted it as valid.(2) New Woman: James's fiction is filled with female characters, not as sexual objects, never married, reticent from sexual passion. He treated the new woman in America in the latter half of the 19th century as a representative of culture and refinement. While men were engaged in business in making money at that time, women maintained culture. They were to be interested in beauty and refinement. And James's women are interested in those subjects. In a way, the women in his fiction are concerned about the same things that he was concerned with — beauty, culture, and refinement .4. Theory of Fiction* Henry James’s literary criticism :To him "art without life is a poor affair,“The Art of Fiction clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life, so it is not surprising to find in his writings human experiences explored in every possible form: illusion, despair, reward, torment, inspiration, delight, etc.*“point of view“叙事视角the author should avoid artificial omniscience as much as possible , making his characters reveal themselves with minimal intervention of the author.Jack London1905 Bought a ranch “the Valley of the Moon”.The Call of the Wild; The Son of the Wolf (1900); The War of the Classes (1905)The People of the Abyss (1903), The Sea Wolf (1904), White Fang (1906), The Iron Heel (1908), Martin Eden (1909), The Sea Wolf ; Martin Eden; Revolution (1910)The Call of the Wild, London's best-known work, is the classic tale of the dog Buck's kidnapping, rejection of civilization, and eventual transformation into the wild leader of a wolf pack. At another level, it is an allegory, in which London uses an animal's story to explore unconscious human instincts.White Fang "I'm going to reverse the process. Instead of devolution or de-civilization of a dog, I'm going to give the evolution, the civilization of a dog -- development of domesticity, faithfulness, love, morality, & all the amenities & virtues."Novelist of IdeasThroughout his career, Jack London explored ideas, both in his reading and in his own writings, seeking to find the answers to life's great questions. In this quest, he frequently reaffirmed not only his socialism, but also his belief in the superiority of humanity over the destructive power of individualism. In addition, especially in the last several years of his life, he increasingly saw the importance of the inner or spiritual side of life to humankind's self-understanding.He wrote too much too fast ,with too little concern for the stylistic and formal refinement and subtlety of characterization that rank high critics.Theodore DreiserLittle college educationReporterTo report “the coarse and the vulgar and the cruel and the terrible” in life in defiance of the genteel and evasive current futureSister Carrie"A Strangely Strong Novel in a Queer Milieu”Major characters：Carrie Meeber, a country girlDuret, a traveling salesmanHurstwood, a respectable manager, Duret’s friendTheme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.Parallel structure：the material rise of Carrie Meeber Vs the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood；Hurstwood sinks lower and lower. After becoming a beggar, he commits suicide；Carrie becomes mature in intellect and emotion and a star of musical comedy。
欧美文学中的现实主义思潮分析
欧美文学中的现实主义思潮分析现实主义被视为是一种重要的文学思潮，它强调文字应当描绘现实中存在的事物，以着重于现实内容和形式而非真正主要的想象或创造。
它的发展可以追溯到19世纪中期，当时它在欧美文学中产生了重大影响。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨欧美文学中的现实主义思潮，并从中来分析其重要性和影响。
欧美文学中的现实主义思潮可以追溯到19世纪中期。
在当时，人们追求自由独立，对政治、宗教等社会问题关注非常高。
因此，在文学中出现了许多描述现实生活的作品，包括工业革命、城市化、国家和个人之间的关系等。
这些作品的作者视现实主义为一种创新方法，用于告诉人们自己的真实生活。
在欧美文学中，现实主义的艺术形式非常多样化，包括小说、散文、诗歌等。
同时，它是一个非常重要的文学思潮，它占据了整个19世纪的文学。
19世纪早期，法国著名的文学家斯塔伏斯基亚克·斯塔夫森（Stendhal）就是现实主义思想的代表人物，在他的小说《红与黑》中，完美地展示出了现实主义的美感和思想。
在英国和美国，狄更斯（Charles Dickens）和塞缪尔·兰金（ Samuel Langhorne Clemens）（即馬克·吐溫），在他们的小说中尝试明确完整地描绘现实生活，他们创造了大量真实和具体的人物以及生动而真实的场景。
在小说《世人尚孩子》（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer）中，馬克·吐溫通过具体的细节描写，刻画了“淘气”主人公托姆·索耶的生活，在整个小说中，他通过揭示人物的人性及其它方面的细微变化，表现出试图描绘真实生活的现实主义风格。
然而，在欧美文学中，现实主义并不是一种纯粹的表现形式。
许多作家试图将现实主义与其它文学思潮相结合，以更好地表现他们的创作理念。
例如，法国作家欧仁·庞特黎丹写下了《天堂之路》（Les Chemins du paradis），书中的用意在于探讨现实主义的局限性和缺陷。
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1. The early development of American literatureA. The early development of American literature is slow, as then America was at the period of development withlow living standard.B. The first problem immigrants had to solve was food. It was really hard for them to care for the spiritualenjoyment.C. In 1704, first newspaper got published in America.In 1731, first library was established.In 1752, first professional troupe （剧团）was set up.What was put on the stage were English plays.It was not until 1767 that the first play by American writer was put on the stage.It was after the war of Independence that novels appeared.2. Main literary writers and writings of this periodA.The writings of this period were diaries, travel notes and works of religion.B. Though they could’t be regarded as the birth of American literature, to some extent, they reflected the livingsituation and social customs of the early colonized place, which had played an important role in the cultural life of American people, thus influenced the following American literature.3. Literature of Reason and RevolutionWriters of the periodBenjamin Franklin: The Autobiography; Poor Richard’s Almanac（历书,年鉴）Thomas Paine: Common Sense;Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of IndependenceThomas Paine（1737-1809）and Common Sense1. Published anonymously by Thomas Paine in January of 1776, Common Sense was an instant best-seller, both in the colonies and in Europe. It went through several editions in Philadelphia, and was republished in all parts of United America. Because of it, Paine became internationally famous.2. Paine's political pamphlet brought the rising revolutionary sentiment into sharp focus by placing blame for the suffering of the colonies directly on the reigning British monarch, George III.3. First and foremost, Common Sense advocated an immediate declaration of independence, postulating a special moral obligation of America to the rest of the world.4. Not long after publication, the spirit of Paine's argument found resonance in the American Declaration of Independence.1. What were Benjamin Franklin’s achievements?2. How could he be so successful?野金银花菲利普·弗瑞诺美丽的金银花，造化令你素裹银妆，你粲然绽放于幽静一角。
你得以远离庸人的目光。
芳菲满枝，无人垂顾，她赐予你一片绿阴葱葱，迎风起舞，无人注目。
她带给你一泓流水淙淙。
游子从不践踏你的玉体，恬静的夏日倏然流淌，过客从不催落你的泪滴。
你终于红衰翠减，玉陨香消.妩媚动人，你却无法盛颜久长，朝霞暮露，落红满地，你令我黯然神伤。
孕育了你娇小的身躯。
纵然在伊甸乐园，人间天堂，你从尘土来，又归尘土去，也难免一日凋零，满目凄凉。
来时一无所有，去时化作尘土，萧瑟秋风，凄白秋霜，可叹生命苦短，你终于消失得无影无踪。
你终究红消香断。
Analysis of the poemIt is a deistic celebration of nature, romantic use of simple nature imagery, inspired by themes of death andtransience. Much of the beauty of the poem lies in the sounds of the words and the effects created through changes in rhythm.Flower vs Human Being, Duration vs LifeShow us how to live an useful life.In a revolution, one should not do nothing for his country for fear of being hurt, harmed and destroyed.1. What is Puritanism?1). A religious and political movement. Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence.2). Their religious doctrines: original sin, total depravity, predestination, limited atonement.3). Their attitudes toward entertainment: joy and laughter are symptoms of sin.4). Their attitudes toward work: work itself is a good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work.2. What is Puritanism’s influence on American literature?1). Purpose: pragmatic2). Contents: practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; highly theoretical discussions of religious questions.3). Form: diary, autobiography, sermon, letter4). Style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery, simplicity of diction.Historical Introduction of Reason and Revolution Period1. Industrial Revolution: spurred the economy in American colonies.2. Independence War: the industrial growth led to intense strain with Britain.The British government tried to suppress their growth economically, and ruled them from abroad politically and levied heavy tax on them.These aroused bitter resentment in colonies. Constant conflicts resulted in American revolutionary war3. Spiritual life of the colonies—Enlightenment.4. Philosophical and intellectual movement.5. Advocated reason or rationality, the scientific method, equality and human beings’ability to perfectthemselves and their society.6. Agreed on faith in human rationality and existence of discoverable and universally valid principlesgoverning human beings, nature and society.7. Opposed intolerance, restraint, spiritual authority and revealed religionBenjamin FranklinThe only good writer of the colonial period.Printer, enlightener, inventor, scientist, statesman, diplomatAid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of Independence.Seeking help from France in American Independent War.Main Works: Poor Richard’s Almanac年鉴，历书It contains many proverbsAutobiography: With it he set the form for autobiography as a genre/风格，流派/.Style: he developed an utilitarian 功利主义and didactic style.His style is characterized by simplicity, frankness, wit, clarity, logic and order.Autobiography: inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to a high position. It is a how-to-do-it book, one on the art of self-improvement.Contents: It covered Franklin’s life only until 1757 when he was 51 years old. It described his life as a shrewd and industrious businessman and narrates how he owned the constant felicity 幸福，精彩of his life, his long-continued health and acquisition of fortune.Significance: It presents a prototype 原型of American success which inspired generations of Americans. It is an embodiment of Puritanism and enlightening spirits.Why Franklin is admired and read widely?1. He is a typical American, model of the self-made man, a cultural hero whose life exemplified the American dream of the poor boy who made good.2. He stressed the importance of working hard to make money, happiness depending in the first place on economic success and optimistically believed that every American could do so.3. He was convinced that no man could be virtuous or happy unless he did his best to improve the life of his society and his own life.Why it is said that Franklin is the representative of American Enlightenment ?1.He believed in reason or rationality, the scientific method, equality and human beings’ability to perfect themselves and their society.2. He opposed intolerance, restraint, spiritual authority and revealed religion Deist/自然神论/3. He favored the education. Self-education, educating and disseminating knowledge among people by his newspaper and Autobiography, establishing learning club, college and library.4. He favored freedom of thoughts. He set up the ideas of democracy in the USA.Thomas PainePropagandist, pamphleteer, a master of persuasion who understands the power of language to move a man to action.Main works: The American Crisis, Common Sense, The rights of man, The Age of ReasonThomas Jefferson 1Enlightener, planter, aristocrat, lawyer, a symbol of American democracy.Man of many talents: scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and writer.Thomas Jefferson 2Political Career: He served his country as Minister to France(1784-1789), Secretary of State(1789-1793), Vice President(1791-1801) and third President(1801-1809).Thoughts: Jeffersonian Democracy, which includes faith in the individual and common man, dislike an overly strong government, and emphasis on the importance of education and on agrarianism and land ownership as they brought responsibility and true judgment. Politically, he is considered the father of the democratic spirit in his country. The society he thought of as ideal was one where landowning farmers could live under as little government as possible.Style: dignity, flexibility, clarity, command of generalizationThomas Jefferson 3The Declaration of Independence: The essay, adopted July 4, 1776, not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also set forth a philosophy of human freedom which served as unimportant force in the western world.It is a statement of American principles and a review of the Causes of the quarrel with Britain, presented the American view to the world with classic dignity.It instilled among the common people a sense of their own importance and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self government and a dignified place in society.Philip FreneauFather of American PoetryTeacher, political journalist, seaman, humanitarian, polemist, propagandist, satirist, loyal follower of JeffersonMain Works: The Rising Glory of America (1772), The British Prison Ship (1781)The Wild Honey Suckle (1786), The Indian Burying Ground (1788)American Romanticism(or the American Renaissance)（from early 1800 to the Civil War )Background of American Romanticism(or the American Renaissance)Rapid development of the nation and changes of the society:1.economic changes2.political changes3. ideology4. culturebefore 1860:1. The Unite States had begun to change into an industrial and urban society, population, techology, etc.2. A renewed interest in reform and humanitarianism appeared, church reforms, feminist movements, establishment of anti-slavery societies, etc.3. The pursuit of simplicity, utility, and perfection remained an American characteristic.4 . The level of education and literacy had risen significantly, improvements of printing press and expansion of postal service made possible the rapid production and wide distribution of periodicalsElements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions (社会团体)4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remainsagricultural.Romantic Subject Matter1. The quest for beauty: non-did actic, "pure beauty.“2. The use of the far-away and non-normal- antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective: antiquarianism （好古癖）; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque（极丑陋）, gothicism （歌特式情趣）, sense of terror, fear; use ofthe odd and queer.3. Escapism - from American problems.4. Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty:a. Nature as source for the knowledge of the primitive.b. Nature as refuge.c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitudes1. Appeals to imagination; use of the "willing suspension of disbelief."2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality （和蔼,亲切）.3. Subjectivity: in form and meaning.The Flowering of American Literature1.The decade of 1850-59 is unique in the annals /记录/of literary production.2. For a variety of reasons American authors, both African and European, published remarkable works in such aconcentration of time.3. The feat, it is safe to say, has not been duplicated in this or any other literary tradition.Works by European American WritersYear Author Title1850 Ralph Waldo Emerson Representative Men代表性人物1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter 红字1851 Herman Melville Moby-Dick 白鲸1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋1854 Henry David Thoreau Walden瓦尔登湖1855 Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集Washington Irving （1783-1859）（Father of American Literature）The Author’s Account of Himself 作者自述The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说Rip Van Winkle 里普.凡.温克尔The Legend of Sleepy Hollow1. The story is set circa /about/ 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York, in a secluded glencalled Sleepy Hollow.2. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut,who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel.3. As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by theHeadless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head".4. Ichabod mysteriously disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was "to lookexceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related".RIP V AN WINKLERIP V AN WINKLE is a famous tale written by Washington Erving, telling about a story in which an old man named Rip drank some beverage and fell into asleep for 20 years.After that, he returned to the villege where he came from, and found everything changed.People talked about revolution and election, and he has no idea of what that meaned.There have been many comments on this tale saying that it shows Irving's attitude against the American revolution, and his approving of the past.James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851)1.James Fenimore Cooper was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century.2.He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.3. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many consider to be his masterpieceThe Spy 间谍The Leather-Stocking Tales: 皮袜子五部曲The Pioneers: (1823), 开拓者The Last of the Mohicans: (1826), 草原The Prairie: (1827), 探路者The Pathfinder: (1840), 杀鹿者The Deerslayer: (1841) 最后的莫希干人Part IV The Literature of Realism (现实主义时期) (1865 -1914)●I. Historical Introduction●II. Literary Characteristics●III. Two American PoetsPart IV The Literature of Realism (现实主义时期) (1865 -1914)●Time: The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literaryhistory of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature, especially American fiction, from the 1850s onwards.●Definition: Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance andself-creating fictions, and paved the way to Modernism. It stresses truthful treatment of material.●It focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people, and emphasizes objectivity and offers anobjective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.I. Historical Introduction●The civil war brought about two results:● 1. Further industrialization(工业化), mechanization(机械化), urbanization(都市化), development oftransportation (运输) and communication(通讯).● 2. Further Westward Expansion, the last of the first 48 states were settled.● 1. Feminist movement. Emily Dickinson(艾米莉·迪金森), Harriet Beecher Stowe(哈丽叶特·比契·斯陀),etc.● 2. Decline of American Romanticism, Walt Whitman(沃特·惠特曼) “Leaves of Grass”《草叶集》● 3. Appearance of American realism● 4. Appearance of American naturalismWalt Whitman (1819-1892) Emily Dickinson（1830－1886Walt Whitman (1819-1892) and his achievements✧Whitman was one of the great innovators in American literature.✧In the book of poems he called “Leaves of Grass”《草叶集》, he gave America its first genuine epic poem.✧The poetic style he devised is now called free verse.Whitman’s Achievements✧Whitman was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse.✧惠特曼是探索自由诗体可能性的第一个.✧Free verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme schemeO Captain!My Captain!Come up from the Fields, Father Walt Whitman (1819-1892), Leaves of Grass, 1900.Emily Dickinson（1830－1886）●America’s best-known female lyrical poet●Nearly 1800 poemsLife Story：She was born in Amberst, Massachusetts, a very wealthy family. Her father was a lawyer and founder of Amberst College.She liked Poetry very much. She withdrew from social contact at the age of 23 and devoted herself in secret into writing.●She was single in her whole life.●She died in 1886 at the age of 57.●Sources: Dickinson enjoyed the Bible, English writers Shakespeare, Milton, Dickens,Browning, Keats, George Herbert, George Eliot, Thomas Carlyle.●Themes: wholly original, from her personal experiences, love, nature, friendship, death,immortality, war, god, religious belief, humor, literature, music, art.Artistic Features●Abundant use of dashes, irregular and special punctuation and capitalization. Clear-cut,delicately original imagery, precise and simple diction, fragmentary and enigmatic metrical pattern.●Short poetic lines, condensed by using intense metaphors and by extensive use of ellipsis.●Conventional meters, iambic tetrameter(四音步句), off-rhymes.●Visual and audible effects, great imagination, sincere emotionsHarriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896)●哈丽叶特·比契·斯陀●“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”●《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(1851 ) O. Henry (1862-1910)●欧·亨利●The Cop and the Anthem●《警察与赞美诗》●The Gift of the Magi 《麦琪的礼物》American Realism● 1. Reasons: civil war, social development. People sought to describe the wide range ofAmerican experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bad.● 2. Realism originated in France. A literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”inthe depiction of ordinary life.● 3. American realism, different from European realism, is more varied and individualistic.● 4. Development of American realism: first appear in the literature of local color(乡土色彩), arbiter/权威人士, 泰斗/: William Dean Howells. He defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.5. Important writers:William Howells (威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯),●Mark Twain(马克·吐温),●Henry James(亨利·詹姆士).William Dean Howells (1837-1920)●威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯● A Modern Instance●《现代婚姻》(1882 )●The Rise of Silas Lapham●《塞拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹》(1885 )● A Hazard of New Fortunes●《时来运转》1890William Dean Howells (1837-1920)●威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯● A Modern Instance●《现代婚姻》(1882 )●The Rise of Silas Lapham●《塞拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹》(1885 )● A Hazard of New Fortunes●《时来运转》1890Mark Twain(1835-1910)●马克·吐温●“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”●《汤姆·索亚历险记》(1876 )●“The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn”《哈克贝利·芬历险记》(1884 )Henry James (1843-1916)●亨利·詹姆士●“Daisy Miller”●《黛西·米勒》(1871 )●“The Portrait of a Lady”●《贵妇人的画像》(1881 )●American Naturalism● 1. Naturalism came from France (pessimistic●realism).● 2. Reasons: It was shaped by civil war, social●upheavals, the teachings of Charles Darwin-●Darwinism. Darwinism seems to stress the●animality of man, to suggest that he was●dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.● 3. American Naturalist writers: Stephen Crane, Frank●Norris, Jack London, Henry Adams, Theodore Dreiser.Jack London (1876 - 1916)●Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》(1903)●The Sea Wolf《海狼》(1904)●Martin Eden●《马丁·伊登》(1909)●semi-autobiographical novelTheodore Dreiser (1871—1945)●西奥多·德莱塞●Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》（1900）●An American Tragedy●《美国悲剧》(1925) greatest novel7。