行为金融学第3章答案

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行为金融学课后答案1至5章anawer

行为金融学课后答案1至5章anawer

⾏为⾦融学课后答案1⾄5章anawer第⼀章1. Differentiate the following terms/concepts:a.Prospect and probability distributionA prospect is a lottery or series of wealth outcomes, each of which is associated with a probability, whereas a probability distribution defines the likelihood of possible outcomes.b.Risk and uncertaintyRisk is measurable using probability, but uncertainty is not. Uncertainty is when probabilities can’t be assigned or the possible outcomes are unclear.c.Utility function and expected utilityA utility function, denoted as u( ), assigns numbers to possible outcomes so that preferred choices receive higher numbers. Utility can be thought of as the satisfaction received from a particular outcome.d.Risk aversion, risk seeking, and risk neutralityRisk aversion describes someone who prefers the expected value of a lottery to the lottery itself. Risk seeking describes someone who prefers a lottery to the expected value of a lottery. And risk neutrality describes someone whose utility of the expected value of a lottery is equal to the expected utility of the lottery.第⼆章2. A stock has a beta of 1.2 and the standard deviation of its returns is 25%. The market risk premium is 5% and the risk-free rate is 4%.a. What is the expected return for the stock?E(R) = .04 + 1.2(.05) = .10b. What are the expected return and standard deviation for a portfolio that is equally invested in the stock and the risk-free asset?E(R p) = .5(.10) +.5(.04) = .07, σp =(.5)(.25) = .125c. A financial analyst forecasts a return of 12% for the stock. Would you buy it? Why or why not?If you believe the source is very credible, buy it as it is expected to generate a positive abnormal(or excess) return.5. You are considering whether to invest in two stocks, Stock A and Stock B. Stock A has a beta of 1.15 and the standard deviation of its returns has been estimated to be 0.28. For Stock B, the beta is 0.84 and standard deviation is 0.48.a.Which stock is riskier?Stock A is riskier, though stock B has greater total risk.b.If the risk-free rate is 4% and the market risk premium is 8%, what is the expectedreturn for a portfolio that is composed of 60% A and 40% B?R p = .6(.132) + .4 (.1072) = .12208c.If the correlation between the returns of A and B is 0.50, what is the standarddeviation for the portfolio that includes 60% A and 40% B?σp2 = (.6)2(.28)2 + (.4)2(.48)2+ 2*.5(.6)(.4)(.28)(.48) = 9.7%, σp = 31.2%第三章2. According to prospect theory, which is preferred?a. Prospect A or B?Decision (i). Choose between:A(0.80, $50, $0)and B(0.40, $100, $0)Prospect A is preferred due to risk aversion for gains. While both have the same expected change in wealth, A has less risk.b. Prospect C or D?Decision (ii). Choose between:C(0.00002, $500,000, $0) and D(0.00001, $1,000,000, $0)Prospect D, with more risk, is preferred due to the risk seeking that occurs when there are very low probabilities of positive payoffs.c. Are these choices consistent with expected utility theory? Why or why not?Violation of EU theory because preferences are inconsistent. The same sort of Allais paradox proof from chapter 1 can be used. It is also necessary to make the assumption of preference homogeneity, which means that if D is preferred to C, it will also be true that D* is preferred to C* where these are:C*:(0.00002, $50, $0) and D*: (0.00001, $100, $0)3. Consider a person with the following value function under prospect theory:v(w) = w.5when w > 0= -2(-w) .5when w < 0a. Is this individual loss-averse? Explain.This person is loss averse. Losses are felt twice as much as gains of equal magnitude.b. Assume that this individual weights values by probabilities, instead of using a prospect theory weighting function. Which of the following prospects would be preferred?P1(.8, 1000, -800)P2(.7, 1200, -600)P3(.5, 2000, -1000)We calculate the value of each prospect:V(P1) = .8(31.62)+.2(-2)(28.27)= 13.982V(P2) = .7(34.64)+.3(-2)(24.49)= 9.55V(P3) = .5(44.72)+.5(-2)(31.62)= 9.265Therefore prospect P1 is preferred.4. Now consider a person with the following value function under prospect theory:v(z) = z.8when z ≥ 0= -3(-z).8when z < 0This individual has the following weighting function:错误!未找到引⽤源。

行为金融第一二章习题

行为金融第一二章习题

行为金融第一二章习题二问答题1 代表性偏差可能导致什么错误?2 ?3 锚定可导致什么偏差?4 在什么情况下,最有可能导致人们使用启发法?5 为什么依靠可得性进行预测可能会导致偏差?67 为什么理性是有限的?8.简述行为金融学进展历程。

一名词解释行为金融信息加工心理学实验经济学金融学态度感情纳什均衡理性人贝叶斯法则同质期望性有限理性同一价格法则二问答题1 行为金融与标准金融的具体差异表现在什么方面?2 行为学的基本原则是什么?3 行为经济学具有什么特点?4 传统经济学中理性人的假设是什么?行为金融学如何对其进行了修正?5 行为金融学与标准金融学的差异表现在什么方面?6 请举例说明人类心理与行为会对证券价格的影响并进行。

7 人类历史上曾出现过郁金香泡沫、南海泡沫是否与人类的某些心理或者行为特征有关系。

谈谈你的看法。

三案例分析证券市场自其诞生以来就是一个震荡不安的地带,从1929年的股市大萧条到70年代中期的“石油危机”,再到1987年美国的“金融地震”,与1997年的亚洲金融危机,其规模与影响力不断加强。

每一次的危机周期中,股票市场上的股票指数都经历了一个先节节攀升,继而急剧下滑的曲线。

从2000年到2008年美国标准普尔指数的季度涨跌幅变化图,我们看到美国股市所经历的剧烈震荡。

在中国刚刚过去的三年里,股票市场也有这样一段疯狂的经历。

以我国2005年4月股权分置改革政策的提出为导火线,在一系列利好政策的刺激下,我国股市迎来了又一轮大好牛市。

在经历了数年的萎靡不振之后, 2006年至2007年中国股市峰回路转,一路飙升。

特别是自2007年年初以来,上证综指从2700多点节节攀升,一度突破6000点大关。

截止到2007年11月22日,沪深两市账户已新增5600万,达到13500万户,与2006年相比,几乎增加72%。

然而,进入2007年11月份以来,中国股市出现了调整性的下跌,上证综指还一度跌破5000点关口。

行为金融学案例题

行为金融学案例题

行为金融学案例题行为金融学第1章概论有过看电影丢了票的经历吗?想象一下,你已经决定去看一场戏剧,每张票的价格是30 元。

当你进入戏院买票时,你发现不知什么时候你丢了30 元。

现在你还愿意花30元钱去买票吗?(愿意)(不愿意)想象一下,你已经决定去看一场戏剧,每张票的价格是30 元。

当你进入戏院验票时,你发现你的票丢了。

现在你愿意花30元钱重买一张票吗?(愿意)(不愿意)结果结果的解释?买两张票时,我们很容易感到是花了60元看一场电影;?而掉了30元和买一张票时,掉的30元我们并不算做是看电影花的(另外单独做账了)。

我们只不过是将丢失的现金归结为倒霉,仅仅使我们感到没有原来那么富有,而不会直接与看电影相关联。

请假想在1号和2号两个袋子中同样装入100个球,其中袋子2中50个红球和50个蓝球,而1号的情况不知道。

请在下面A、B两者中择一:A:从袋子1中取球,取到红色有奖,蓝色则无;B:从袋子2中取球,取到红色有奖,蓝色则无。

请再在C、D两者中择一:C:从袋子1中取球,取到蓝色有奖,红色则无;D:从袋子2中取球,取到蓝色有奖,红色则无。

不确定性(模糊)厌恶选B者显著多于选A者;选D者也显著多于选C者。

说明人们是厌恶不确定、厌恶风险的对不确定的和模糊性事物的厌恶被认为是人们投资股票要求很高风险补偿(相对于回报较明确的债券而言)的心理原因。

人们对外国股票的投资往往要求更高的投资回报也反映了这种心理补偿的要求。

在前面介绍的实验中无论你现有财富如何,给你1000元,然后在以下两种情形中择一:A:一半的可能得1000元,一半的可能为0;B:100%得500元。

无论你现有财富如何,给你2000元,然后在以下两种情形中择一:C:一半的可能损失1000元,一半的可能损失为0 ;D:100%亏500元。

在前面介绍的实验中结果是,在第一个实验中多数人选择B,稳稳当当得500,而在第二个实验中多数人选择C,要么损失最大,要么一点都不损失。

饶育蕾《行为金融学》课件第三章

饶育蕾《行为金融学》课件第三章

3.1 股票溢价之谜
“股票溢价之谜”:股票相对于债券所高出的那部分资产收 益,且投资股票的历史平均收益率相对于投资债券要高出很多。 为什么股票的收益率要高于债券的收益率呢? 股票相对于无风险证券承担了更多的风险,作为风险厌恶 的理性投资者,必须要求一定的溢价来补偿持有股票所带来的高 风险,因此,股票应该获得更高的收益率。
第三章 证券市场中的异象
3.1 股票溢价之谜 3.2 封闭式基金折价之谜
3 3.3 动量效应与反转效应
3.4 过度反应和反应不足 3.5 规模效应 3.6 帐面市值比效应 3.7 日历效应
8
引导案例:金融资产的回报率差异
Siegel ( 1997 )作了一个投资于不同金融资产的回报变化情况
的统计图(见图3-1)。1926年的1美元投资于不同的金融资产上,到
3.1 股票溢价之谜
既然在短期内股票市场的回报率存在的 风险很大,那么长期呢?
3.2 封闭式基金折价之谜
封闭式基金:是指基金的发起人在设立基金时,限定了基金单位的
发行总额,筹足总额后,基金即宣告成立,并进行封闭,在一定时期内不
再接受新的投资。基金单位的流通采取在证券交易所上市的办法,投资者 日后买卖基金单位,都必须通过证券经纪商在二级市场上进行竞价交易。
认购或赎回申请,基金规模随之而增加或减少;封闭式基金在招募说明书中 列明其基金规模,在封闭期限内未经法定程序认可不能再增加发行。
3. 交易方式不同。开放式基金的投资者可以在首次发行结束一段时间
(不超过三个月)后随时向基金管理人或中介机构提出购买申请或赎回申请, 买卖方式灵活,通常不上市交易;封闭式基金的投资者在封闭期限内不能赎
3.2 封闭式基金折价之谜
封闭式基金与开放式基金的主要区别:

第3章课后练习

第3章课后练习

第3章课后练习一、简述题1. 简述债券风险的几个基本形式。

2. 从债券供需均衡的角度简述市场利率变化与债券价格波动的关系。

3. 简述行为金融学对有效市场假说形成挑战的观点。

4. 社会资金的松紧和其他金融资产收益水平对债券价格有何影响,为什么?5. 从债券风险的角度论述债券到期期限长短和债券发行机构信用等级对债券到期收益率的影响。

6. 为什么债券到期期限越长,市场利率变动导致的债券价格波动越大?7. 什么是股票的系统性风险?股票的系统性风险有哪些?8. 什么是填息、填权、贴息、贴权?9. 分别简述宣布日、派息日、股权登记日和除息日的定义。

10. 简述股票价格指数的定义及其计算需要注意什么。

二、论述题1. 试论述有效市场假说的主要内容及其基本类型。

并说明这几种类型的市场之间的关系。

2. 试论述影响债券价格的因素,并具体说明各个因素影响债券价格的机制。

3.都说股市是宏观经济的晴雨表,试从股市表现与宏观经济变量之间的关系层面论述这种说法。

4.根据有效市场的相关假说,依据你自己的理解,列举一些实证检验方法对有效市场模型进行检验。

5.股票的基本风险有哪些?股票投资者应对这些风险的手段有哪些?三、计算题1.当前一年期零息票债券的到期收益率为5%,2年期零息票债券的到期收益率为6%,财政部发行2年期付息债券,每年支付一次利息,息票率为8%,债券面值为200元。

(1)该债券售价多少?(2)该债券到期收益率多少?2. 已知某股票预期收益率为16%,最近每股盈利8元,且每年持续增长率为12%,派息比率为40%,每年付息一次。

(1)求该股票的内在价值;(2)假设当前股价为75元每股,预期一年后股价与股票内在价值相同,求本年度持有该股票的收益率。

3. 假设目前市场上的利率期限结构是水平的,无风险利率为12%(一年计一次复利),某投资者面临着市场上的两种债券:债券A面值100元,息票率为10%,每年付一次利息;债券B面值100元,息票率为12%,每年付一次利息。

金融理论与实务第三章练习及答案

金融理论与实务第三章练习及答案

第三章利息与利率一、单项选择题1.在( )时,中央银行会通过政策操作促使利率提高,进而降低消费和投资。

A.经济萧条期B.经济高涨期C.市场利率较高且呈上升趋势D.通货紧缩【正确答案】 B【答案解析】参见教材P94。

2.如果利率上升,则居民将( )消费,( )储蓄,企业将( ) 投资。

A.增加,减少,减少B.减少,增加,增加C.减少,增加,减少D.增加,减少,增加【正确答案】 C【答案解析】参见教材P94。

3.为了避免通货膨胀中的本金损失,资金贷出者通常要求名义利率伴随着通货膨胀率的上升而( )。

A.不变B.下降C.上升D.无法表示【正确答案】 C【答案解析】参见教材P92。

4.凯恩斯的利率决定理论强调( )因素在利率决定中的作用。

A.期限B.货币C.可贷资金的供给和需求D.风险【正确答案】 B【答案解析】参见教材P92。

5.传统利率理论也被称为( )。

A.可贷资金理论B.实际利率理论C.马克思利率决定理论D.平均利润理论【正确答案】 B【答案解析】参见教材P91。

6.马克思指出,在零和平均利润率之间,利率的高低主要取决于( )。

B.剩余价值的高低C.利息的多少D.借贷双方的竞争【正确答案】 D【答案解析】参见教材P91。

7.当名义利率( )通货膨胀率时,实际利率为负利率。

A.高于B.低于C.等于D.无法表示【正确答案】 B【答案解析】参见教材P91。

8.浮动利率适用于( )借贷。

A.长期B.中期C.短期D.任何形式【正确答案】 A【答案解析】参见教材P90。

9.由一国政府金融管理部门或中央银行确定的利率是( )。

A.行业利率B.官定利率C.市场利率D.基准利率【正确答案】 B【答案解析】参见教材P90。

10.利率按是否包括对通货膨胀引起的货币贬值风险的补偿可划分为( )。

A.单利率和复利率B.固定利率和浮动利率C.名义利率和实际利率D.基准利率、一般利率和优惠利率【正确答案】 C【答案解析】参见教材P90。

金融学习题答案第03章金融市场

金融学习题答案第03章金融市场

第三章金融市场参考答案一、单项选择题〔在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是最符合题目要求的,请将其代码写在题后的括弧内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

〕1. C2. D3. A4.D5.B6.C7. D8. B二、多项选择题〔在小题列出的五个备选项中,至少有二个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码写在题后的括弧内。

错选、多选、少选或未选均无分〕1.ABCDE.2. ABCDE3. ABCDE.4. ADE5. ABC6. ABCDE7.ABCD三、计算题〔要求写出计算过程和计算公式〕1.解:贴现利息=票面金额×贴现率×贴现天数/360=100×6%×60/360=1万元则贴现金额=100-1=99万元2.解:票据到期后的票面价值=票面额×票面利率×汇票期限/360=40×〔1+10%×90/360〕=41万元贴现利息=票面价值×贴现率×贴现天数/360=41×6%×60/360=0.41万元则贴现金额=41-0.41=40.59万元四、简述题〔回答要点并加以解释或说明〕1.金融市场由四大要素构成,即交易主体〔金融市场参与者〕、交易对象〔货币币资金〕、交易工具和交易价格。

2.金融市场的功能表现在四个方面:〔1〕资本积累功能;〔2〕资源配置功能;〔3〕调节经济的功能;〔4〕反映经济的功能。

3.货币市场的子市场主要包括短期借贷市场、同业拆借市场、商业票据市场、国库券市场、回购市场和大额可转让定期存单〔CDs〕市场。

4.股票价格波动受众多因素影响,主要是:政治因素、经济周期、利率、汇率、货币供给量、股份公司盈利能力、市场竞争与兼并、股票供给与需求、市场操纵、市盈率、公众心理等。

5.影响长期债券发行价格的主要因素有:市场利率、市场供求关系、社会经济发展状况、财政收支状况、货币政策、国际间利差和汇率的影响等。

行为金融学课后习题答案(1_6章)

行为金融学课后习题答案(1_6章)

第1章概论一名词解释行为金融: 行为经济学的一个分支,它研究人们在投资决策过程中认知、感情、态度等心理特征,以及由此而引起的市场非有效性。

行为经济学:是一门研究在复杂的、不完全理性的市场中投资、储蓄、价格变化等经济现象的学科,是经济学和心理学的有机组合。

经济心理学: 是关于经济心理与行为研究的学科,应用社会心理学的一个重要分支,它的研究对象为个体及群体在经济活动中的心理现象和心理规律,强调经济个体的非理性方面及其重要影响。

信息加工心理学: 或狭义的认知心理学。

它是用信息加工的理论来研究、解释人类认知过程和复杂行为的科学。

实验经济学: 是在可控的条件下,针对某一现象,通过控制某些条件,观察决策者的行为并分析实验结果,以检验、比较和完善经济理论,目的是通过设计和模拟实验环境,探求经济行为的因果机制,验证经济理论或帮助政府制定经济政策。

理性人:在决策时以效用最大化为目标,并能够对已知信息做出正确的加工处理,对市场做出无偏估计的人。

有限理性: 人们在认知与判断上存在很多局限性,其活动受到自身的心理活动、个人情绪的影响.二问答题1行为学的基本原则是什么?(1)回报原则。

那些经常给行为主体带来回报的行为比那些不带来回报的行为更可能被主体重复;(2)激励原则。

那些曾诱发了回报行为的外界激励比那些不曾诱发回报行为的外界激励更容易诱发主体的同类行为;(3)强化原则。

行为主体在没有获得对其行为的预期回报,甚至为此遭到惩罚的时候,会被激怒,进而强烈地要施能够补偿损失的行为。

相反,如果某类行为给行为主体带来了出乎意料的回报,或没有带来预期的惩罚,行为主体将更主动地实施同类行为。

2行为经济学具有哪些特点?行为经济学具有三个重要的特点:(1)其出发点是研究一个国家中某个时期的消费者和企业经理人员的行为,以实际调查为根据,对在不同环境中观察到的行为进行比较,然后加以概括并得出结论;(2)其研究集中在人们的消费、储蓄、投资等行为的决策过程,而不是这些行为所完成的实绩;(3)它更重视人的因素。

上财投资学教程第二版课后练习答案第3章-习题集

上财投资学教程第二版课后练习答案第3章-习题集

上财投资学教程第二版课后练习答案第3章-习题集第3章有效市场假说一、判断题(40题)1. 半强式有效市场是指在一定的考察期内,证券价格先涨后跌或先跌后涨()2. 如果市场是强式有效地,管理者会选择积极进取的态度。

()3. 在强式有效市场中,证券分析师能够设计某种操作策略以使投资者获得市场平均收益水平的收益。

()4. 有效市场假说表明,在有效率的市场中,投资者不仅能获得与其承担的风险相匹配的那部分正常收益,还能获得高出风险补偿的超额收益。

()5. 有效市场理论认为,只要证券的市场价格充分及时地反映了全部有价值的信息,市场价格代表着证券的真实价值,这样的市场就称为“有效市场”。

()6. 市场达到有效的重要前提有两个:投资者必须具有对信息进行加工、分析并据此正确判断证券价格变动的能力以及所有影响证券价格的信息都是自由流动的。

()7. 在半强势有效市场中,已公布的基本面信息有助于分析师挑选价格被高估或低估的证券。

()8. 在弱势有效市场上,每一位投资者都掌握了有关证券产品的所有信息,而且每一位投资者所占有的信息都是一样的,每一位投资者对该证券产品的价值判断都是一致的。

证券的价格反映了所有即时信息。

()9. 在弱势有效市场中,只有那些掌握专门分析工具和具有较高分析能力的专业人员才能对所披露的信息做出恰当的理解和判断。

()10. 目前,我国的证券市场属于半强势有效市场,信息公开化不足,虚假披露时有发生。

()11. 无套利是均衡条件的推论,如果市场达到均衡,那么一定没有套利机会存在。

()12. 现代标准金融学承袭了“经济人”的基本分析假定,提出了有效市场价说,建立了现代标准金融学完整的理论体系。

()13. 凯恩斯是最早强调心理预期在投资决策中作用的经济学家。

()14. 理性人假设认为,人是理性的且具有理性预期,但对未来的认知可能会存在一定的偏差。

()15. 对投资的评估频率越高,发现损失的概率越期增长了 1 0%,昨天N M公司的异常回报是-1.2%,这表明市场是无效的25. 走势分析家在判断股票价格时没有什么作用这就为反驳有效市场假说的半强形式提供了证据。

行为金融学课后答案1至5章anawer

行为金融学课后答案1至5章anawer

第一章1. Differentiate the following terms/concepts:a.Prospect and probability distributionA prospect is a lottery or series of wealth outcomes, each of which is associated with a probability, whereas a probability distribution defines the likelihood of possible outcomes.b.Risk and uncertaintyRisk is measurable using probability, but uncertainty is not. Uncertainty is when probabilities can’t be assigned or the possible outcomes are unclear.c.Utility function and expected utilityA utility function, denoted as u( ), assigns numbers to possible outcomes so that preferred choices receive higher numbers. Utility can be thought of as the satisfaction received from a particular outcome.d.Risk aversion, risk seeking, and risk neutralityRisk aversion describes someone who prefers the expected value of a lottery to the lottery itself. Risk seeking describes someone who prefers a lottery to the expected value of a lottery. And risk neutrality describes someone whose utility of the expected value of a lottery is equal to the expected utility of the lottery.第二章2. A stock has a beta of 1.2 and the standard deviation of its returns is 25%. The market risk premium is 5% and the risk-free rate is 4%.a. What is the expected return for the stock?E(R) = .04 + 1.2(.05) = .10b. What are the expected return and standard deviation for a portfolio that is equally invested in the stock and the risk-free asset?E(R p) = .5(.10) +.5(.04) = .07, σp =(.5)(.25) = .125c. A financial analyst forecasts a return of 12% for the stock. Would you buy it? Why or why not?If you believe the source is very credible, buy it as it is expected to generate a positive abnormal (or excess) return.5. You are considering whether to invest in two stocks, Stock A and Stock B. Stock A has a beta of 1.15 and the standard deviation of its returns has been estimated to be 0.28. For Stock B, the beta is 0.84 and standard deviation is 0.48.a.Which stock is riskier?Stock A is riskier, though stock B has greater total risk.b.If the risk-free rate is 4% and the market risk premium is 8%, what is the expectedreturn for a portfolio that is composed of 60% A and 40% B?R p = .6(.132) + .4 (.1072) = .12208c.If the correlation between the returns of A and B is 0.50, what is the standarddeviation for the portfolio that includes 60% A and 40% B?σp2 = (.6)2(.28)2 + (.4)2(.48)2+ 2*.5(.6)(.4)(.28)(.48) = 9.7%, σp = 31.2%第三章2. According to prospect theory, which is preferred?a. Prospect A or B?Decision (i). Choose between:A(0.80, $50, $0)and B(0.40, $100, $0)Prospect A is preferred due to risk aversion for gains. While both have the same expected change in wealth, A has less risk.b. Prospect C or D?Decision (ii). Choose between:C(0.00002, $500,000, $0) and D(0.00001, $1,000,000, $0)Prospect D, with more risk, is preferred due to the risk seeking that occurs when there are very low probabilities of positive payoffs.c. Are these choices consistent with expected utility theory? Why or why not?Violation of EU theory because preferences are inconsistent. The same sort of Allais paradox proof from chapter 1 can be used. It is also necessary to make the assumption of preference homogeneity, which means that if D is preferred to C, it will also be true that D* is preferred to C* where these are:C*:(0.00002, $50, $0) and D*: (0.00001, $100, $0)3. Consider a person with the following value function under prospect theory:v(w) = w.5when w > 0= -2(-w) .5when w < 0a. Is this individual loss-averse? Explain.This person is loss averse. Losses are felt twice as much as gains of equal magnitude.b. Assume that this individual weights values by probabilities, instead of using a prospect theory weighting function. Which of the following prospects would be preferred?P1(.8, 1000, -800)P2(.7, 1200, -600)P3(.5, 2000, -1000)We calculate the value of each prospect:V(P1) = .8(31.62)+.2(-2)(28.27)= 13.982V(P2) = .7(34.64)+.3(-2)(24.49)= 9.55V(P3) = .5(44.72)+.5(-2)(31.62)= 9.265Therefore prospect P1 is preferred.4. Now consider a person with the following value function under prospect theory:v(z) = z.8whe n z ≥ 0= -3(-z).8when z < 0This individual has the following weighting function:错误!未找到引用源。

有趣的行为金融学智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年上海海洋大学

有趣的行为金融学智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年上海海洋大学

第一章测试1.现代经济学的核心概念是:A:心理B:基本C:最优化D:均衡答案:CD2.棉花糖实验反映的是人类自我控制的问题.A:对B:错答案:A3.标准的金融学的假设是建立在投资者应该如何决策的基础上的,行为金融学的假设是建立在现实中可以观察到的投资行为。

前者是规范性的,后者则是实证性的。

A:对B:错答案:A4.作为经济学术语的动物精神指的是导致经济动荡不安和反复无常的元素,它还用来描述人类与模糊性和不确定性之间的关系。

A:对B:错答案:A5.在认知论领域中,有一个命题被称为是“可误论”。

可误论是美国哲学家、心理学家威廉·詹姆斯提出的,这个理论主张人永远不会对一种观点给予盖棺定论式的肯定。

A:错B:对答案:B第二章测试1.根据期望效用理论,人们的风险态度是不变的,而在现实中,人们有时会选择规避风险,有时则会寻求风险。

A:错B:对答案:B2.损失规避指的是,损失所造成的心理大于收益。

A:错B:对答案:B3.在前景理论中,取代效用函数的是价值函数。

A:错B:对答案:B4.根据价值函数的描述,人们在收益域内是规避风险的,在损失域内是寻求风险的。

A:对B:错答案:A5.在迷恋小概率事件和确定性效应双重作用之下,加权函数变成了这个倒s型了。

A:对B:错答案:A6.迷恋小概率事件表现在加权函数中,就是概率为0的邻域内曲线斜率较大。

A:错B:对答案:B7.确定性效应告诉我们,人们会对确定性的结果,也就是百分之百的结果赋予更大的权重,那么表现在加权函数中,就是概率为1的邻域内所对应的曲线更加平缓。

A:错B:对答案:A8.风险态度的四重性说明,人们在面对小概率的损失的时候,表现为A:规避风险B:寻求风险答案:A9.遭受损失之后愿意承担更高风险的现象,我们称之为赌场盈利效应。

A:错B:对答案:A10.人在获得收益之后,愿意承担更高风险的行为,被称为是盈亏平衡效应。

A:错B:对答案:A11.人们有时候会分开看待问题,有时候会采取一体化的思维模式。

金融市场行为金融学问题及答案

金融市场行为金融学问题及答案

金融市场行为金融学问题及答案金融市场行为金融学(Behavioral Finance)是一门研究人们在金融决策中可能存在的心理偏差和行为模式的学科,通过研究金融市场参与者的行为,揭示金融市场的非理性因素。

本文将回答一些关于金融市场行为金融学的常见问题,帮助读者更好地理解这门学科。

问题一:什么是行为金融学?回答:行为金融学是对于金融市场中参与者行为的研究,它认为人的决策并非完全理性。

人们在进行金融投资时,受到情绪、心理偏差等因素的影响,从而对市场产生非理性的反应。

行为金融学通过研究和理解这些非理性行为,为投资者提供投资决策的参考。

问题二:金融市场行为金融学的核心理论是什么?回答:金融市场行为金融学的核心理论包括以下几个方面:1. 心理账户理论:人们将资金划分为不同的“账户”,分别用于不同的目的,从而影响金融决策。

例如,人们可能会将风险资金和保值资金分别放在不同的账户中,从而对风险承受能力和投资决策产生影响。

2. 群体行为理论:人们在群体中的行为容易受到他人影响,从而导致投资决策的传染效应。

例如,当某只股票开始出现涨势时,其他投资者可能会跟风买入,从而推高股价。

3. 套利限制理论:由于信息不对称、交易成本等原因,套利机会有限,从而导致市场无法完全有效。

投资者的非理性行为可能导致套利机会被错过。

问题三:金融市场行为金融学的应用领域有哪些?回答:金融市场行为金融学的应用领域广泛,包括以下几个方面:1. 投资决策分析:通过研究投资者的情绪和心理偏差,帮助分析投资决策的风险和收益。

例如,对于市场的过度反应和非理性行为,可以提供投资机会。

2. 金融市场波动分析:研究市场参与者的情绪和行为模式,从而分析市场的波动和走势。

例如,人们的恐慌情绪可能导致市场的剧烈波动。

3. 行为投资策略:将行为金融学理论运用于投资策略,例如通过策略性的投资来获取优于市场平均水平的回报。

例如,对于投资者的心理错觉进行分析,并利用这些错觉来调整投资组合。

第三章课后答案文档

第三章课后答案文档

第三章金融1.如果你是国内某高校金融学专业的学生,你是否能够在美国高校找到“对口”的专业?答:国内高校的金融学专业的学生,能够在美国高校找到对口专业。

在美国高校,金融学主要分为微观金融学(Finance)、宏观金融学(Macro Finance)以及金融学和其他学科的交叉学科。

微观金融学科通常设在商学院的金融系内,主要含公司金融、投资学和证券市场微观结构(Securities Market Microstructure)三个大的方向。

宏观金融学(Macro Finance)是与微观金融学相关的宏观问题研究的领域。

宏观金融学又可以分为两类:一是微观金融学的自然延伸,包括以国际资产定价理论为基础的国际证券投资和公司金融(International Asset Pricing And Corporate Finance)、金融市场和金融中介机构(Financial Market And Intermediations)等等。

这类研究通常设在商学院的金融系和经济系内。

第二类是国内学界以前理解的“金融学”,包括“货币银行学”和“国际金融”等专业,涵盖有关货币、银行、国际收支、金融体系稳定性、金融危机的研究。

这类专业通常设在经济系内。

伴随社会分工的精细化,学科交叉成为突出现象,金融学概莫能外。

实践中,与金融相关性最强的交叉学科有两个:一是由金融和数学、统计、工程学等交叉而形成的“金融工程学(Financial Engineering)”;二是由金融和法学交叉而形成的“法和金融学(Law and Finance)”。

因此,如果在国内高校学习金融学的学生,可以根据自身专业特色来选择在美国的“对口专业”,如学习货币银行学和国际金融学的同学可以选择经济系,学习证券投资的同学可以选择商学院的金融系,而学习金融工程的同学也可以选择对应的金融工程专业。

2.中文的“金融”与英文的finance有何异同?为什么对一些学术概念往往有不同的理解和不同的使用方法?应如何面对这样的现实?答:(1)中文的“金融”的理解。

行为金融学课后答案1至5章anawer

行为金融学课后答案1至5章anawer

第一章1. Differentiate the following terms/concepts:a.Prospect and probability distributionA prospect is a lottery or series of wealth outcomes, each of which is associated with a probability, whereas a probability distribution defines the likelihood of possible outcomes.b.Risk and uncertaintyRisk is measurable using probability, but uncertainty is not. Uncertainty is when probabilities can’t be assigned or the possible outcomes are unclear.c.Utility function and expected utilityA utility function, denoted as u( ), assigns numbers to possible outcomes so that preferred choices receive higher numbers. Utility can be thought of as the satisfaction received from a particular outcome.d.Risk aversion, risk seeking, and risk neutralityRisk aversion describes someone who prefers the expected value of a lottery to the lottery itself. Risk seeking describes someone who prefers a lottery to the expected value of a lottery. And risk neutrality describes someone whose utility of the expected value of a lottery is equal to the expected utility of the lottery.2. When eating out, Rory prefers spaghetti over a hamburger. Last night she had a choice of spaghetti and macaroni and cheese and decided on the spaghetti again. The night before, Rory had a choice between spaghetti, pizza, and a hamburger and this time she had pizza. Then, today she chose macaroni and cheese over a hamburger. Does her selection today indicate that Rory’s choices are consistent with economic rationality? Why or why not?Rory’s pref erences are consistent with rationality. They are complete and transitive. We see that her preference ordering is:Pizza spaghetti macaroni and cheese hamburger3. Consider a person with the following utility function over wealth: u(w) = e w, where e is the exponential function (approximately equal to 2.7183) and w = wealth in hundreds of thousands of dollars. Suppose that this person has a 40% chance of wealth of $50,000 and a 60% chance of wealth of $1,000,000 as summarized by P(0.40, $50,000, $1,000,000).a. What is the expected value of wealth?E(w) = .4 * .5 + .6 * 10 = 6.2U(P) = .4e0.50 + .6e10 = 13,216.54b. Construct a graph of this utility function.The function is convex.c. Is this person risk averse, risk neutral, or a risk seeker?Risk seeker because graph is convex.d. What is this person’s certainty equivalent for the prospect?e w = 13,216.54 gives w = 9.4892244 or $948,922.444. An individual has the following utility function: u(w) = w.5 where w = wealth.a. Using expected utility, order the following prospects in terms of preference, from the most to the least preferred:P1(.8, 1,000, 600)P2(.7, 1,200, 600)P3(.5, 2,000, 300)Ranking: P2, P3, P1 with expected utilities 31.5972, 31.0209, and 30.1972 for prospects 2, 3, and1, respectivelyb. What is the certainty equivalent for prospect P2?998.3830c. Without doing any calculations, would the certainty equivalent for prospect P1 be larger or smaller? Why?The certainty equivalent for P1 would be smaller because P2 is ranked higher than P1.5. Consider two prospects:Problem 1: Choose betweenProspect A: $2,500 with probability .33,$2,400 with probability .66,Zero with probability .01.And Prospect B: $2,400 with certainty.Problem 2: Choose betweenProspect C: $2,500 with probability .33,Zero with probability .67.And Prospect D: $2,400 with probability .34,Zero with probability .66.It has been shown by Daniel Ka hneman and Amos Tversky (1979, “Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk,” Econometrica 47(2), 263-291) that more people choose B when presented with problem 1 and when presented with problem 2, most people choose C. These choices violate expected utility theory. Why?This is an example of the Allais paradox. The first choice suggests thatu(2,400) > .33u(2,500) + .66u(2,400) or .34u(2,400) > .33 u(2,500)while the second choice suggests just the opposite inequality.第二章1. Differentiate the following terms/concepts:a. Systematic and nonsystematic riskNondiversifiable or systematic risk is risk that is common to all risky assets in the system and cannot be diversified. Diversifiable or unsystematic risk is specific to the asset in question and can be diversified.b. Beta and standard deviationBeta is the CAPM’s measure of risk. It takes into account an asset’s sensitivity to the market and only measures systematic, nondiversifiable risk. The standard deviation is a measure of dispersion that includes both diversifiable and nondiversifiable risks.c. Direct and indirect agency costsAgency costs arise when managers’ incentives are not consistent with maximizing the value of the firm. Direct costs include expenditures that benefit the manager but not the firm, such as purchasing a luxury jet for travel. Other direct costs result from the need to monitor managers, including the cost of hiring outside auditors. Indirect costs are more difficult to measure and result from lost opportunities.d. Weak, semi-strong, and strong form market efficiencyWith weak form market efficiency prices reflect all the information contained in historical returns. With semi-strong form market efficiency prices reflect all publicly available information. With strong form market efficiency prices reflect information that is not publicly available, such as insiders’ information.2. A stock has a beta of 1.2 and the standard deviation of its returns is 25%. The market risk premium is 5% and the risk-free rate is 4%.a. What is the expected return for the stock?E(R) = .04 + 1.2(.05) = .10b. What are the expected return and standard deviation for a portfolio that is equally invested in the stock and the risk-free asset?E(R p) = .5(.10) +.5(.04) = .07, σp =(.5)(.25) = .125c. A financial analyst forecasts a return of 12% for the stock. Would you buy it? Why or why not?If you believe the source is very credible, buy it as it is expected to generate a positive abnormal (or excess) return.3. What is the joint hypothesis problem? Why is it important?If when testing one hypothesis another must be assumed to hold, a joint-hypothesis problem arises. For us, this is of particular interest when we are testing market efficiency because of the need to utilize a particular risk-adjustment model to produce required returns, that is, to risk-adjust.This would not be a problem if we knew with certainty what the correct risk adjustment model is, but unfortunately we do not. If a test rejects the EMH, is it because the EMH does not hold, or because we did not properly measure abnormal returns? We simply do not know for certain the answer to this question.4. Warren Buffett has been a very successful investor. In 2008 Luisa Kroll reported that Buffett topped Forbes Magazine’s list of the world’s richest people with a fortune estimated to be worth $62 billion (March 5, 2008, "The world's billionaires," Forbes). Does this invalidate the EMH?Warren Buffett’s experience does not necessarily invalidate the EMH. There is the possibility that he is just lucky: given that there are numerous money managers, some are bound to perform well just by luck. Still many would question this here because Buffett’s track record has been consistently strong.5. You are considering whether to invest in two stocks, Stock A and Stock B. Stock A has a beta of 1.15 and the standard deviation of its returns has been estimated to be 0.28. For Stock B, the beta is 0.84 and standard deviation is 0.48.a.Which stock is riskier?Stock A is riskier, though stock B has greater total risk.b.If the risk-free rate is 4% and the market risk premium is 8%, what is the expectedreturn for a portfolio that is composed of 60% A and 40% B?R p = .6(.132) + .4 (.1072) = .12208c.If the correlation between the returns of A and B is 0.50, what is the standarddeviation for the portfolio that includes 60% A and 40% B?σp2 = (.6)2(.28)2 + (.4)2(.48)2+ 2*.5(.6)(.4)(.28)(.48) = 9.7%, σp = 31.2%第三章1. Differentiate the following terms/concepts:a. Lottery and insuranceA lottery is a prospect with a low probability of a high payoff. Many people buy lottery tickets, even with negative expected values. These same people buy insurance to protect themselves from risk. Normally, insurance is a hedge against a low-probability large loss. These choices are inconsistent with traditional expected utility framework but can be explained by prospect theory.b. Segregation and integrationIntegration occurs when positions are lumped together, while segregation occurs when situations are viewed one at a time.c. Risk aversion and loss aversionA person who is risk averse prefers the expected value of a prospect to the prospect itself, whereas for a person who is loss averse, losses loom larger than gains.d. Weighting function and event probabilityEvent probability is simply the subjective view on how likely an event is. The weighting function is associated with the probability of an outcome, but is not strictly the same as the probability as in expected utility theory.2. According to prospect theory, which is preferred?a. Prospect A or B?Decision (i). Choose between:A(0.80, $50, $0)and B(0.40, $100, $0)Prospect A is preferred due to risk aversion for gains. While both have the same expected change in wealth, A has less risk.b. Prospect C or D?Decision (ii). Choose between:C(0.00002, $500,000, $0) and D(0.00001, $1,000,000, $0)Prospect D, with more risk, is preferred due to the risk seeking that occurs when there are very low probabilities of positive payoffs.c. Are these choices consistent with expected utility theory? Why or why not?Violation of EU theory because preferences are inconsistent. The same sort of Allais paradox proof from chapter 1 can be used. It is also necessary to make the assumption of preference homogeneity, which means that if D is preferred to C, it will also be true that D* is preferred to C* where these are:C*:(0.00002, $50, $0) and D*: (0.00001, $100, $0)3. Consider a person with the following value function under prospect theory:v(w) = w.5when w > 0= -2(-w) .5when w < 0a. Is this individual loss-averse? Explain.This person is loss averse. Losses are felt twice as much as gains of equal magnitude.b. Assume that this individual weights values by probabilities, instead of using a prospect theory weighting function. Which of the following prospects would be preferred?P1(.8, 1000, -800)P2(.7, 1200, -600)P3(.5, 2000, -1000)We calculate the value of each prospect:V(P1) = .8(31.62)+.2(-2)(28.27)= 13.982V(P2) = .7(34.64)+.3(-2)(24.49)= 9.55V(P3) = .5(44.72)+.5(-2)(31.62)= 9.265Therefore prospect P1 is preferred.4. Now consider a person with the following value function under prospect theory:v(z) = z.8when z ≥ 0= -3(-z).8when z < 0This individual has the following weighting function:where we set =.65.a. Which of the following prospects would he choose?PA(.001, -5000)PB(-5)Compare the value of each prospect:V(P A) = .983(0) + (-3)(910.28)(.011) = -30.15 (note use of weights)V(PB) = 3 * 1 * -3.62 = -10.87Therefore you would prefer B.b. Repeat the calculation but using probabilities instead of weights. Whatdoes this illustrate?V(P A) = .999 * 0 + 3 * .001 * -910.28 = -2.73 (note use of probability)V(PB) = 3 * 1 * -3.62 = -10.87Therefore you would prefer A. The reason for the switch is that risk seeking is maintained in the domain of losses (implying rejection of losses) if probabilities are used instead of weights.5. Why might some prefer a prix fixe (fixed price) dinner costing about the same as an a la carte one (where you pay individually for each item)? (Assume the food is identical.)Payment decoupling is encouraged with prix fixe. You only face the loss of money once rather than multiple times (occurring if you have to face the cost of each item individually using an à la carte scheme).第五章1. Differentiate the following terms/concepts:a.Primacy and recency effectsA primacy effect is the tendency to rely on information that comes first when making an assessment, whereas a recency effect is the tendency to rely on the most recent information when making an assessment.b.Salience and availabilityThe salience of an event refers to how much it stands out relative to other events, whereas the availability refers to how easily the event is recalled from memory.c.Fast-and-frugal heuristics and bias-generating heuristicsFast and frugal heuristics require a minimum of time, knowledge and computation in order to make choices. Often they lead to very good choices. Sometimes however heuristics go astray and generate behavioral bias.d.Autonomic and cognitive heuristicsAutonomic heuristics are reflexive, autonomic, non-cognitive, and require low effort levels. Cognitive heuristics require more deliberation. Autonomic heuristics are appropriate when a very quick decision must be made or when the stakes are low, whereas cognitive heuristics are appropriate when the stakes are higher.2. Which description of Mary has higher probability?a. Mary loves to play tennis.b. Mary loves to play tennis and, during the summer, averages at least a game aweek.Explain your answer. Define the conjunction fallacy. How does it apply here?Assume for the purpose of illustration that the probability that someone loves to play tennis is .2; the probability that someone plays tennis once or more a week during the summer is .1; and the probability of one or the other of these things is .22.Pr(loves tennis) = .2Pr(loves tennis AND averages 1+)= Pr(loves tennis) + Pr(averages 1+) - Pr(loves tennis OR averages 1+)= .2 + .1 - .22 = .08The second probability has to be less because it has one more requirement (not only do you have to love tennis but you also have to play regularly, but some tennis lovers might just be too busy to do this). When people commit the conjunction fallacy (the belief that the joint probability is more likely than one of its components), they will think the second (joint) event is more likely because it sounds logical that someone who loves tennis will also play regularly.3. Rex is a smart fellow. He gets an A in a course 80% of the time. Still helikes his leisure, only studying for the final exam in half of the courses he takes.Nevertheless when he does study, he is almost sure (95% likely) to get an A.Assuming he got an A, how likely is it he studied? If someone estimates the above to be 75%, what error are they committing? Explain.P(studied|A) = P(A|studied) * [P(studied)/P(A)]= .95 * (.5 / .8) = .59375The “sample” is that he got an A. Without knowing this you would have said the probability that he studied was .5. You rightfully shifted the probability upwards based on the sample, but you moved it too much. You should have stayed closer to the base rate, so you have committed base weight underweighting.Another example of this is, when watching sports and noticing that someone is playing better than they normally do, believing that they have permanently improved.4. Why are two people who witnessed the same event last month likely to describeit differently today?Memory is very imprecise. The common view that past experiences have somehow been writtento the brain’s hard-drive and are then retrieved, even if at considerable effort, is not the way our brain works. In fact, memory is reconstructive. Therefore people in remembering some event will reconstruct it in different ways.5. How do gambling fallacy and clustering illusion relate to representativeness?Provide examples from sports. In what way are they different? Representativeness exists when one thinks that A should look like B. A can be the sample and B the distribution, or vice-versa. A belief in a hot hand is thinking the conditional distribution should look like the sample. But sometimes it seems that people think the reverse, namely that the sample, however small, should look like the distribution, in the sense that essential features should be shared. A hot hand often comes into play in sports when people don’t know for certain the skill level of an athlete, and the extent to which it may change. Gambler’s fallacy is likely to exist when the underlying distribution (e.g., cards or dice) is well-known.。

上交大《金融学》第三章课后习题答案

上交大《金融学》第三章课后习题答案

上交大《金融学》第三章课后习题答案第三章利息与利息率复习思考题1.利息的计算方法有哪些?为什么复利反映利息的本质?(1)利息有两种基本计算方法:单利计算法与复利计算法。

(2)原因:利息是信用关系赖以生存的条件。

利息既是债权人的一项收入来源,也是债权人放弃资金流动性,暂时放弃其他赚钱机会的补偿。

经济社会中既然产生并长期存在着利息这一经济范畴,就表明了资金可以只依其所有权取得一部分社会产品的分配权力,其存在的合理性,使得复利的存在也具有了合理性。

因为按期结出的利息属于贷出者所有,贷出者有权对这部分利息的使用者收取利息。

因此,只有复利才能真正反映利息的本质特征。

2. 决定和影响利率水平的一般因素是什么?平均利润率;借贷资金的供求关系;预期通货膨胀率;中央银行货币政策;国际收支状况。

3. 古典利率决定理论和凯恩斯的流动偏好利率理论有何不同?古典利率决定理论认为,利率决定于储蓄与投资的均衡点。

投资是利率的递减函数,即利率提高,投资额下降;利率降低,投资额上升;储蓄是利率的递增函数,即储蓄额与利率成正相关关系。

凯恩斯完全抛弃了实际因素对利率水平的影响,其利率决定理论基本上是货币理论。

凯恩斯认为,利率决定于货币供给与货币需求的数量,而货币需求又基本取决于人们的流动性偏好。

他认为,人们对收入有两种抉择,一是在总收入中确定消费与储蓄的比例,即现在消费还是未来消费的选择;二是在储蓄总量确定后,具体储蓄形成的选择,即流动偏好的选择。

假定人们的收入支出只有两种资产的选择,即人们或者用其收入购买债券,从而获得利息;或者手持现金,从而满足其交易的需求和谨慎的需求和投机的需求。

凯恩斯认为,由于人们无法准确预测未来,人们宁愿放弃债券投资可能带来的利息收入,也不愿放弃对流动性强的资产——现金的持有,即人们对货币具有流动性偏好。

人们进行债权投资可能带来的利息收入,是放弃流动性强的现金资产的报酬。

因此,由于流动性偏好所形成的货币需求是利率的递减函数。

行为金融学杨晓兰张雪芳课后思考题

行为金融学杨晓兰张雪芳课后思考题

行为金融学杨晓兰张雪芳课后思考题
1. 什么是行为金融学?它和传统金融学有什么不同之处?
2. 行为金融学中的“心理账户”是什么?请举例说明。

3. 什么是“羊群效应”?它在金融市场中的影响是什么?
4. 行为金融学中的“锚定效应”是什么?请举例说明。

5. 什么是“过度自信偏差”?它在投资决策中的影响是什么?
6. 行为金融学中的“损失厌恶”是什么?它如何影响个人的投资决策?
7. 什么是“选择支配理论”?它如何解释人们在决策时的偏差?
8. 行为金融学中的“情绪偏差”是什么?它在投资决策中的影响是什么?
9. 什么是“后悔避免偏差”?它如何影响个人的投资决策?
10. 行为金融学中的“时间偏差”是什么?它在投资决策中的影响是什么?
- 1 -。

3-3行为金融学

3-3行为金融学

CONTENTS12内部融资1 2资金使用者通过内部积累为自己的支出融资。

企业的内部融资包括:折旧资金和留存利润(包括盈余公积、公益金和未分配利润)等特点融资财务成本小,不需要向外支付相关的融资成本和费用,不存在支付危机,不会导致财务风险内部融资外部融资1 2外部融资是指资金短缺者通过某种方式向其他资金盈余者筹措资金。

分类按照资金转移的方式划分为:直接融资与间接融资按照所筹措资金与企业所有权的关系分为权益融资与债务融资外部融资1 2•普通股没有固定的到期日,是一项永久性的资金来源,普通股的股利可随赢利情况而定,企业的风险小,几乎没有财务风险;•减少了企业的财务风险,保障了债权人利益,增加企业债券的价值,使债券筹资成本降低;•比债券筹资更为容易。

缺点•无法享受财务杠杆带来的利益•普通股股利不可以减免所得税,而且对投资者而言,风险大于债券,所资本成本较高•增加普通股发行量,将导致 现有股东对企业控制权的削弱外部融资-权益融资普通股融资优点•优先股股利不是法定债务,在企业财务恶化时,可以不支付股利,减轻了企业的财务负担•没有规定到期日,可以在有利条件下赎回优先股,在财务上具有较大的灵活性;•从债权人角度,优先股属于企业的股本,提高了企业的负债能力,因而财务风险较小•收益固定,只有资产收益率高于优先股的成本 率,普通股的收益就会上升•无表决权,不会影响普通股股东对企业的控制权。

优先股融资优点偿还方式期付息到期还本;分期还本付息、分期等额本息等影响长期借款筹资利率的因素期限和借款企业信用状况优点•当收益大于借款成本时,企业可获得更大利益,使企业净资产收益率加速上升;•长期借款利息可以抵税,资本成本要低于全部权益资本筹资的资本成本 ;•贷款合同经双方协商,外部干预较少;•不必向外部公开企业的经营状况,有利于保护企业的经营秘密1长期借款筹资:指从银行或其他金融机构和企业借入的,偿债期限在1年以上的借款,是企业债务融资的主要渠道。

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第3章证券市场中的异象
一名词解释
股票溢价之谜:股票投资的历史平均收益率相对于债券投资高出很多,并且无法用标准金融理论中的“风险溢价”做出解释。

动量效应:也称惯性效应,是指在较短时间内表现好的股票将会持续其好的表现,而表现不好的股票也将会持续其不好的表现。

反转效应:在一段较长的时间内,表现差的股票有强烈的趋势在其后的一段时间内经历相当大的好转,而表现好的股票则倾向于其后的时间内出现差的表现。

股票的规模效应:股票的总收益率和风险调节后的收益率都与公司大小呈负相关关系,即股票收益率随着公司规模的增大而减少。

日历效应:股票收益率与时间有关,投资收益率在不同的时间存在系统性的差异。

一月效应:股市在每年一月份中的回报明显高于它在其他月份中的回报。

过度反应:投资者对最近的价格变化赋予过多的权重,对近期趋势的外推导致与长期平均值的不一致。

反应不足:证券价格对影响公司价值的基本面消息没有做出充分地、及时地反应。

异象:无法用有效市场理论和现有的定价模型来解释的股票市场收益异常的现象。

二问答题
1 我国股票市场有哪些典型的异象?
(1)在中国的证券市场上,噪声交易明显存在, 且在持续时间、涉及范围及表现程度上要比西方发达国家严重得多,噪音交易比重显然已经超过“适度”标准;(2)羊群行为,中国证券市场中最常见的一种从众行为,表现在机构投资者对证券价格的操纵、中小投资者的盲目跟庄等方面;
(3)处置效应,投资者在风险投资时,急于卖出赢利的资产,而不愿轻易卖出亏损资产。

许多投资者得到蝇头小利就卖出手中的证券,却长期持有套牢的证券;(4)日历效应,中国深沪两市在一定程度上郜存在周末效应,中国的年关效应受益最小的月份,一般都集中在下半年,多数收益最高的月份集中在每年三月。

2 简述封闭式基金的价格波动的特征?
(1)封闭式基金溢价发行:当发起人募集封闭式基金时,基金往往溢价发行,其溢价幅度大约为10%;
(2)封闭式基金交易价格从交易开始之后的约120天之内就会下降,其交易时折价超过10%,并且通常就一直保持折价交易;
(3)封闭式基金折价率大幅波动,交易的程度随着时间的变化而波动;
(4)当宣布封闭式基金清算或者转为开放式基金时,基金价格会显著上升,折价变小,但直到最终清算或转为开放式基金之前,仍会有小部分的折价留存下来。

3动量效应和反转效应产生的根源是什么?
动量效应和反转效应产生的根源在于市场对信息的反应速度。

当投资者对信息没有充分反应时,信息逐步在股价中得到体现,股价因此会在短期内沿着初始方向变动,即表现出动量效应;而当投资者受到一系列利好消息或利空消息的刺激,他们可能对股票未来的投资收益表现出过度乐观或者悲观的判断,从而导致股票定价过高或过低,而随后当投资者普遍意识到他们高估或低估股票收益时,股价则会表现出相反方向的变动,即为反转效应。

4比较标准金融和行为金融理论对封闭式基金折价之谜的解释。

标准金融对封闭式基金折价之谜的解释主要有:(1)“代理成本理论”(Agency costs)认为基金的日常运作需要成本,如基金管理人的报酬、管理费用等。

由于这些成本的存在,基金的市场价格应当低于其资产净值;(2)“限制性股票假说”认为一些基金把大量的资金投资于在限制性条件下流动性不足的股票,真实的市场价值应该低于对应的未受限制股票的市场价值;(3)“大宗股票折现假说”(block discount hypothesis)认为基金可能过多地持有某一公司的股票,由于流动性风险,这种股票的变现价值必然低于其公告的净资产现值,从这一角度来看,基金应当有一定程度的折价;(4)“资本利得税理论”提出,当投资者购买了含大量未实现资本升值的封闭式基金时,投资者需承担潜在的资本利得税赋;(5)“业绩预期理论”认为基金的折价反映了公众对基金业绩的预期。

而行为金融认为基金折价率的变化反映的是个人投资者情绪的变化,由此认为具有相同投资者结构的投资品种,将会受到类似的投资者情绪的影响。

持有封闭式基金的个人投资者中有一些是噪音交易者,噪音交易者对未来收益的预期很容易受到不可预测的因素变动的影响,当噪音交易者对收益持乐观态度时,基金的交易价格就会上涨,出现相对于基金资产净值的溢价或较小的折价;当噪音交易者对收益持悲观态度时,基金的交易价格就会下跌,出现相对于基金资产净值的较大的折价。

因此,持有封闭式基金就有两部分风险,
即基金资产价值的波动风险和噪音交易者情绪的波动风险。

5描述一个你知道的证券市场异象,为什么会出现?谈谈自己的观点。

现实的中国证券市场中,处置效应很常见,表现为投资者在风险投资时,急于卖出赢利的资产,而不愿轻易卖出亏损资产。

许多投资者得到蝇头小利就卖出手中的证券,却长期持有套牢的证券。

在证券市场上,多数投资者只关注利好和能增强自信心的消息,采用短线的交易办法频繁交易,自¨投资卖自己并不了解的证券,一有价差就抛售持有股票。

但事实证明,他们卖出的股票往往比他们买进的股票表现要好;另一面,投资者为了避免资产损失带来的后悔和挫败感,防止自己判断失误的痛苦,在证券被套牢时,又不肯轻易卖出亏损证券。

三案例分析
要点:
(1)基金的日常运作需要成本,如基金管理人的报酬、管理费用等。

由于这些成本的存在,基金的市场价格应当低于其资产净值。

如果管理费用太高或将来的投资组合管理达不到预期标准,则代理成本就可能导致基金折价。

行为金融学学者认为,基金折价率的变化反映的是个人投资者情绪的变化,由此认为具有相同投资者结构的投资品种,将会受到类似的投资者情绪的影响。

一方面,封闭式基金发行上市时,由于新基金没有可供比较的历史经营记录;另一方面,为保证新基金的发行成功,基金发起人通常也要做大量的宣传,将基金未来的收入前景描述得极近完美,给投资者以很大的想象空间。

由于认知偏差的存在,噪音交易者对封闭式基金会非常乐观,这种乐观的程度远远超出了对基金未来业绩的理性预期,从而导致基金的过度交易,使基金的交易价格高于其资产净值,产生溢价。

(2)
1)我国的“春节效应”与西方国家实证发现的“一月效应”相同点都是发生在各国的“年初”,收益率都是超过其它月份,但是我国与平均收益率之间的差异要大。

2)人们把年末视为结算时间而把春节过后视为新年的开始,他们倾向于在年度交替之际有不同的行为,从而造成了“春节效应”。

3)略。

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