AACEACE:胰岛素泵管理共识声明

合集下载

指南共识lAACEACE共识声明...

指南共识lAACEACE共识声明...

指南共识lAACEACE共识声明...Article Citation:Alan J. Garber, Yehuda Handelsman, George Grunberger, Daniel Einhorn, Martin J. Abrahamson, Joshua I. Barzilay, Lawrence Blonde, Michael A. Bush, Ralph A. DeFronzo, Jeffrey R. Garber, W. Timothy Garvey, Irl B. Hirsch, Paul S. Jellinger, Janet B. McGill, Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Leigh Perreault, Paul D. Rosenblit, Susan Samson, and Guillermo E. Umpierrez (2020) CONSENSUSSTATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICANCOLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENTALGORITHM – 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocrine Practice: January2020, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 107-139.AACE/ACE共识声明20202型糖尿病综合管理流程编译:陈康该文件代表了美国临床内分泌学家协会和美国内分泌学院的官方立场。

在临床实践中没有随机对照试验或美国FDA特定标签的情况下,参与的临床专家利用其判断和经验,尽一切努力在委员会成员中达成共识。

立场声明旨在提供指导,但不能被视为对任何个体患者的规范,也不能取代临床医生判断。

2023aace糖尿病管理流程共识心得

2023aace糖尿病管理流程共识心得

2023aace糖尿病管理流程共识心得下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成,希望大家下载以后,能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改,请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,如想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor.I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!深入理解2023AACE糖尿病管理流程共识:一份实践心得在糖尿病的治疗和管理领域,2023年美国内分泌医师协会(AACE)发布的糖尿病管理流程共识无疑为我们提供了一份权威且实用的指南。

2016AACEACE共识声明:糖尿病综合管理方案

2016AACEACE共识声明:糖尿病综合管理方案

2016 AACEACE 共识声明:糖尿病综合管理方案2016 年1 月,美国临床内分泌医师协会(AACE )和美国内分泌学会(ACE )共同更新了2 型糖尿病综合管理方案,指南内容涵盖生活方式干预、总体指导原则及相关药物组合。

指南发表于《Endocrine Practice 》。

指南要点概括如下。

基本原则1、生活方式治疗,包括药物辅助减重,是治疗 2 型糖尿病的关键。

2、应根据个体化制定A1C 目标。

3、血糖控制目标包括空腹血糖和餐后血糖。

4、根据患者个体特征、医疗费用对患者的影响、处方限制以及患者的个人喜好选择个体化治疗方式。

5、优先选择低血糖风险最小化的治疗方案。

6、优先选择体重增加风险最小化的治疗方案。

7、初始药物费用只是总医疗费用的一部分,后者还包括必要的监测费用、控制低血糖风险以及体重增加风险的费用、保证治疗安全性的费用等。

8、本方案的分层治疗基于初始A1C 水平。

9、联合用药治疗时应选择具有互补作用机制的药物。

10、综合治疗包括血脂、血压以及相关并发症的治疗。

11、治疗期间需要经常评估治疗效果(如每 3 个月一次)直至病情稳定,之后可降低评估频率。

12、治疗方案应尽可能简单以提高依从性。

13、本方案包含的糖尿病治疗药物均经过FDA 批准。

血糖控制根据个体化制定A1C目标• A1C三6.5% :针对无严重疾病并存及低血糖发生风险较低的患者。

• A1C > 6.5% :针对合并严重疾病以及有低血糖发生风险的患者。

生活方式治疗生活方式治疗从营养咨询和教育开始。

所有患者应保持以植物类为基础的饮食习惯;增加多不饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸的摄入,避免反式脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸摄入,以努力达到并保持最佳体重。

超重/肥胖患者应限制热量摄入以达到减重5%-10% 的目标。

结构化咨询(每周或每月一次的特定减肥课程)以及替代饮食已被证明比标准的办公室咨询更有效。

体力活动是减肥和维持计划的主要组成部分。

ACCEACE指南看糖尿病患者的ASCVD风险管理

ACCEACE指南看糖尿病患者的ASCVD风险管理

ACCE/ACE指南看糖尿病患者的ASCVD风险管理胆固醇尤其是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)的独立危险因素,也是ASCVD最重要的关键的致病因素。

LDL-C升高会引发较多的心血管疾病,在临床工作中最为关注的也是LDL-C。

今年内,美国临床内分泌医师协会(AACE)与美国内分泌学会(ACE)先后发布两项指南性文件,分别为“2型糖尿病综合管理共识声明”与“血脂管理和心血管病预防指南”。

两项指南性文件均对糖尿病患者的血脂管理做出了新的推荐建议,而其中最引人注目的是提出了超高危(或极度高危)的概念并为超高危患者的降胆固醇治疗提出了更为严格的靶目标值。

美国临床内分泌医师协会(AACE)在脂代谢紊乱临床实践指南中针对15个问题提出了87条推荐建议。

在这5个问题中六次提到脂质或脂代谢紊乱,四次提到动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD),充分说明了胆固醇是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)的独立危险因素,也是ASCVD最重要的关键的致病因素,干预血脂最终目的是减少动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)的发病和死亡率。

中国CVD患病率处于持续上升阶段。

依据以往各项调查,推算目前中国CVD现患人数2.9亿,其中脑卒中1 300万,冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)1 100万,2015年城乡居民疾病死亡构成比中CVD占首位,农村、城市CVD死亡占全部死因的比例分别为45.01%和42.61%,高于肿瘤及其他疾病。

每5例死亡中就有2例死于CVD(图1)。

尤其凸显的是,农村居民的CVD死亡率大幅增加,从2009年起超过并持续高于城市水平。

2015年,农村CVD死亡率为298.42/10万,其中心脏病死亡率为144.79/10万,脑血管病死亡率为153.63/10万;城市CVD死亡率为264.84/10万,其中心脏病死亡率为136.61/10万,脑血管病死亡率为128.23/10图1 2015年中国城乡居民疾病死亡构成比图2 25年间中国城乡居民心血管死亡率2010年新英格兰医学杂志发表的中国糖尿病大规模流行病学调查研究表明我国拥有14820万糖尿病前期人群,而60岁以上人群糖尿病前期的患病率高达24.5%。

2014 年胰岛素泵管理专家共识-AACE

2014 年胰岛素泵管理专家共识-AACE

2014 年胰岛素泵管理专家共识2015-02-02 14:55来源:丁香园作者:罗纳尔迪尼奥字体大小-|+近年来,胰岛素泵的使用日渐增多。

为引导临床工作者合理、安全地使用胰岛素泵,美国临床内分泌医师协会(AACE)于2010 年发布了第一个胰岛素泵管理专家共识,并于2014 年联合美国内分泌学会(ACE)对这一共识进行了更新,文章发表于近期的Endocrine Practice 杂志,Medscape 对此进行了报道。

胰岛素泵适用人群胰岛素泵适用于接受基础- 餐时胰岛素治疗的 1 型糖尿病患者。

最理想的胰岛素泵使用者应具备如下条件:1. 1 型糖尿病或需要强化治疗的胰岛素依赖型2 型糖尿病患者;2. 每日胰岛素注射≥4 次或每日血糖自我监测≥4 次;3. 希望严格控制血糖;4. 愿意并有能力安全有效地操作这一复杂工具;5. 愿意与医疗护理团队保持密切联系。

胰岛素泵在不同人群中的使用1、成人患者(1)在使用胰岛素泵治疗的初期,患者应每天与培训人员交流。

(2)胰岛素泵治疗开始后3-7 天内接受内分泌专家/ 糖尿病专家/ 资深护士的回访。

(3)定期进行教育咨询,最初每周或两周一次,之后按需进行。

(4)定期进行专家随访,最初至少每月一次,待胰岛素泵方案稳定后至少每 3 个月一次。

2、未成年患者(1)应用指征:接受胰岛素注射治疗后HbA1c 水平仍持续升高;频繁、严重的低血糖;血糖水平波动大;治疗方案影响了生活方式;出现微血管并发症和/ 或存在大血管并发症的危险因素。

(2)理想的未成年使用者应该是:积极自测血糖≥4 次/ 天,并掌握糖尿病管理基本知识的家庭。

(3)决定由每日多次注射换用胰岛素泵时,无需考虑患者的年龄和糖尿病病程。

3、妊娠期患者(1)目前尚无明确证据表明胰岛素泵是妊娠期 1 型糖尿病患者的最佳治疗方式。

(2)整个妊娠期间应加强教育并对注射部位密切观察。

(3)妊娠期糖尿病更为复杂,胰岛素需求量增加,胰岛素泵有利于更加安全有效地控制血糖。

2014年AACE/ACE胰岛素泵管理共识声明解读

2014年AACE/ACE胰岛素泵管理共识声明解读

T2 D M )的一次性 胰岛素泵 ,其为不含 电子部件的 小 型 贴 片样 胰 岛素 泵 ,输 注管 道 和储 药器 合为 一
体 ,提高 了泵治疗 的可接受性和使用率 。
( 4 )开发 了加速 胰岛 素作用 的技术 ,包括 在
管道 中添加透 明质 酸酶、加热注射部位 、胰 岛素皮 内注射 和速效胰 岛素 的新 配方。 ( 5 ) 目前正 在研 发把胰 岛素 的输注导 管和持 续血 糖监 测 ( c o n t i n u o u s g l u c o s e mo n i t o r i n g, C G M )的传感器 设 置在相 近位 置使 两者位 于一个 探头上 ,这将会提高患者 的方 便性 。 ( 6 )提 高胰 岛素泵 与其他设 备 的连接 , 目前 胰 岛素泵 可 以接收 血糖仪 的数据 并与 C GM数据显 示于 同一屏 幕上 ,还可 以与其 他远程设备共享 。未 来几年里这个 技术会更为普遍 ,最终胰岛素泵可 以
可 以减少 夜间低血糖的发生 。
● 专家 随访 应定期进行 ,最初 至少每 月 1 次,
胰 岛素 泵方案稳定后可每3 个 月1 次。 妊 娠期糖 尿病 ・ 目前 尚无证 据表明胰 岛素泵是T1 D M孕妇 的
最佳治疗方 式。 ● 强 化孕 期教 育 以及孕 期对 输注部 位 和输注
力 公司的佩戴 有E n l i t e 传感器 的Mi n i Me d 5 3 0 G, 这 是第一 台 可 以根 据 C G M传感器 数据 改变 胰 岛素 泵 输注 的仪 器 ,其具有 人工胰腺 所遵从 的 “ 阀值 一 暂停 ”功能 ,即当CG M传感器 检测 到血糖 下 降低 于某一 阈值 时 ,泵 将报警 并暂停 胰岛素 输送2 小时 ( 或直到 人为地 再次开启泵 ),这 项功能 已被证 明

AACE积极调整剂量安全达标-科室会

AACE积极调整剂量安全达标-科室会

《AACE糖尿病管理路径》更被专科医师所推崇
美国第22届AACE年会于2013年5月1日~5日在凤凰城召开 备受瞩目的《糖尿病管理路径》在会议期间隆重颁布
Garber AJ, et al. Endocr Pract. 2013 Mar-Apr;19(2):327-36.
血糖控制流程图
生活方式干预(包括医疗干预减轻体重)
NPH联合常规胰岛素治 疗方案或预混胰岛素治疗
血糖控制不达标**
方案不是理想选择,Less desirable
每2-3天调整一次胰岛素剂量以达到血糖控制目标: •增加基础胰岛素剂量: 固定方案:TDD增加2U 根据FPG调整方案:
基础胰岛素起始治疗后可考虑停止或减少磺脲类 药物(基础胰岛素类似物优于NPH)
糖尿病药物安全性整体评价一览表
Garber AJ, et al. Endocr Pract. 2013 Mar-Apr;19(2):327-36.
基础胰岛素:具备较好的安全性 备受专业指南推崇
生活方式干预(包括医疗干预减轻体重)
“基础胰岛素”
就诊时 A1c < 7.5%
两联及三联治疗方案中作为 就诊时 A1c ≥ 7.5% 唯一推荐 就诊时 A1c > 9.0% 若A1c>9%明确推荐作为起始胰岛素方案
FBG>10mmol/L:增加4U FBG 7.8-10mmol/L:增加2U FBG 5.6-7.7mmol/L:增加1U
达标是硬道理 安全作前提
优先实现 低血糖及体重增加风险 最小化
Garber AJ, et al. Endocr Pract. 2013 Mar-Apr;19(2):327-36.
无症状 两药联合治疗*
GLP-1 受体激动剂 DPP4-抑制剂 TZD ** SGLT-2 基础胰岛素

国内外胰岛素泵治疗管理专家共识及指南解读

国内外胰岛素泵治疗管理专家共识及指南解读
最新国内外胰岛素泵治疗管理共识及 指南
主要内容
2014年AACE胰岛素泵管理共识 2014年中国胰岛素泵治疗指南
2014年AACE胰岛素泵管理共识解读
主要内容
胰岛素泵技术现状 如何选择患者和医生 胰岛素泵在不同患者群体中的应用 教育与培训 总结
胰岛素泵技术现状
具有低血糖暂停输注和血糖恢复,重新输注功能的半自动闭环胰岛素泵
患者的选择
适合接受CSII治疗患者:
T1DM或强化治疗的胰岛素依赖性T2DM患者
目前每日≥4次胰岛素注射与每日≥4次自我血糖监测(SMBG) 积极地想要获得理想血糖控制 愿意并且能够执行要求能安全有效地使用这种治疗 愿意与他们的医疗卫生小组保持频繁的联系
患者的选择
适合胰岛素泵治疗的患者临床特点
主要内容
胰岛素泵技术状态
如何选择患者和医生
适合胰岛素泵治疗的患者 岛素泵治疗对医生的要求
胰岛素泵在不同患者群体中的应用
教育与培训
总结
患者和医生的选择
CSII治疗的成功实施很大程度上取决于患者和临床医生的选择 因为胰岛素泵的候选者和提供者二者都必须具有安全有效地 使用此复杂耗时治疗的知识、技能和资源!
缩写词:MDI = 每天多次注射;SMBG = 自我血糖监控
提供胰岛素泵治疗的医生的要求
相比患者的选择,较少关注胰岛素泵提供者的明确的 选择标准 建议: 胰岛素泵仅应该由具有必要的知识、技能、和资源的 临床医生开具处方,从而可以有效安全地启动和维护 这种治疗。
主要内容
胰岛素泵技术状态 如何选择患者和医生 胰岛素泵在不同患者群体中的应用
以及碳水化合物的计算

对于达到更加严格的葡萄糖控制,没有积极性,和/或曾有不遵守胰岛素注射

2009年AACE-ADA住院患者的血糖控制共识

2009年AACE-ADA住院患者的血糖控制共识
6.对需要治疗高血糖的大多数住院患者不适宜用非胰岛素制剂进行降糖治疗;
7.治疗高血糖时应每天进行评估和调整。
mmol/L),包括已诊或未诊糖尿病,应激性高血糖(HbA1c<6.5%~7%)等,均与较差预后明确相关。2.尽管胰岛素强化治疗(4.4 ~ 6.1
mmol/L)有较高的低血糖发生率,但这种风险可通过提高血糖控制目标而避免。3.与未控制的高血糖患者相比,略高于(4.4~6.1
mmol/L)的血糖控制仍可能有益。在临床实际中,更应该具体问题具体分析,针对不同的住院患者,血糖控制目标也应随之变化。
1. 摄入热量或碳水化合物发生改变(肠内或肠外营养);
2. 临床状态或药物发生改变(糖皮质激素或血管加压素);
3. 没有依据监测的血糖情况对降糖治疗进行调整;
4. 血糖监测与餐前胰岛素匹配较差;
5. 患者转交不同医疗护理组时,沟通较差;
6. 老年肝肾功能不全的患者使用长效磺脲类药物降糖药;
7. 医嘱下达或抄写出错。
尽管低血糖不能完全避免,但对于血糖<70 mg/dL (<3.9 mmol/L)的患者,及时早期的治疗可以避免中轻度低血糖[分别为40 和 69
mg/dL(2.2 和3.8 mmol/L)]引起的严重后果的发生。尤其应注意一些高危患者,胰岛素静脉输注治疗时,推荐30分钟~2小时监测一次血糖,持续
依据具体临床条件选择不同降糖措施
静脉胰岛素输注治疗
胰岛素静脉输注治疗是危重患者控制和维持血糖的理想治疗方案。最理想的输注方式是通过计算机程序依据血糖波动或胰岛素剂量预先对输注速度进行调节。当患者可以规律进餐或病情平稳后,可考虑改用皮下多次注射胰岛素治疗,通常基础和餐前大剂量的总和为静脉胰岛素全天用量的75%~80%。

2023年AACE2型糖尿病综合管理流程更新完整版

2023年AACE2型糖尿病综合管理流程更新完整版

2023年AACE2型糖尿病综合管理流程更新(完整版)摘要目标本共识声明提供(1)简明图形流程的视觉指导,以帮助医务专业人员在管理2型糖尿病患者时做出临床决策,从而改善患者诊治;(2)支持每种流程中的视觉指导的详细信息摘要。

方法美国临床内分泌学协会(AACE)选择了一个由医学专家组成的工作组,他们根据2023年AACE临床实践指南:制定糖尿病综合诊治计划(2023AACEC1inica1PracticeGuide1ine:Deve1opingaDiabetesMe11itusCo mprehensiveCareP1an前工作组作者的共识,更新了2023年AACE综合2型糖尿病管理流程。

结果这个2型糖尿病患者管理流程包括11个不同的部分:2型糖尿病管理原则;以并发症为中心的超重/肥胖人群诊治模式;糖尿病前期流程;动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病风险降低流程:血脂异常;动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病风险降低流程:高血压;以并发症为中心的血糖控制流程;以葡萄糖为中心的血糖控制流程;胰岛素添加/强化流程;降糖药物物概况;减重药物简介(新);糖尿病患者疫苗建议(新),总结了美国疾病控制和预防中心免疫实践咨询委员会的建议。

结论与2023年AACE糖尿病指南更新保持一致,2023年糖尿病流程更新强调生活方式调整和超重/肥胖治疗是糖尿病前期和糖尿病管理的关键支柱,并强调血脂异常和高血压等动脉粥样硬化风险因素适当管理的重要性。

一个值得注意的新主题是强调除血糖水平外的以并发症为中心的方法,以制定糖尿病患者治疗一线药物选择的决策。

该流程还将药物的可及,性/费用作为与健康公平性相关的因素纳入临床决策中予以考虑。

关键字糖尿病流程糖尿病管理糖尿病糖尿病治疗2型糖尿病缩略语AACE,美国内分泌学会;ABCD,以肥胖为基础的慢性疾病;ABI z踝臂指数;ACE,美国内分泌学院;ACEi,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂;AGI,α-葡萄糖苗酶抑制剂;AKI,急性肾损伤;apoB,载脂蛋白B;ARB,血管紧张素II受体阻滞剂;ASCVD,动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病;ATP z成人治疗小⅛S∕Adu1tTreatmentPane1; A1C z血红蛋白A1C;BeAM,就寝时间减去早晨睡前葡萄糖;BG,血糖;BMI7体重指数;BP,血压;BRC-QR,溪隐亭速释;CAD,冠心病;CCB,钙通道阻滞剂;CDC,美国疾病控制和预防中心;CGM,连续血糖监测;CHE充血性心力衰竭;CK,肌酸激酶;CKD,慢性肾脏疾病;CO1SV1z考来维仑;COQIO,辅酶q10;CPG,临床实践指南;CrC1肌酊清除率;CVD;心血管疾病;CVOT,心血管结果试验; DA,多巴胺激动剂;DASH,停止高血压的饮食方法;DKA,糖尿病酮症酸中毒;DKD,糖尿病肾病;DM、糖尿病;DPP-4i,二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂;eGFR,肾小球滤过率估计值;ER z延长发布;FBG,空腹血糖;FDA,美国食品药品监督管理局;FPG,空腹血糖;GERD,胃食管反流病;G1胃肠道;GIP/G1P-1RA、葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽和胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂;G1N,格列奈;G1P-1RA,胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂;GMI z葡萄糖管理指标;GU,泌尿生殖系统;HCP,医务专业人员;HD1-C,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;HF,心力衰竭;HFPEF,射血分数保留的心力衰竭; HR,危险比;HTN,高血压;IFG,空腹血糖受损;IGT,葡萄糖耐量异常;IPE,二十碳五烯酸乙酯;IV,静脉注射;1ADA,成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病;1D1-C,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;1p(a),脂蛋白(a);1V,左心室;MACE x重大心血管不良事件;MEN2,多发性内分泌肿瘤2型; MET,二甲双服;MI,心肌梗塞;MRA,盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂;MTC1甲状腺髓样癌;NAF1D z非酒精性脂肪性肝病;NASH,非酒精性脂肪性肝炎;NCEP1国家胆固醇教育计划;NPH,中性鱼精蛋白哈格多恩;OA z骨关节炎;OGTT j口服葡萄糖耐量试验;OSA,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停;PCOS,多囊卵巢综合征;PCSK9,前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶/克辛9型; PG,血浆葡萄糖;PPG,餐后血糖;PRAM1,普兰林肽;PVD,周围血管病;Rx,医疗处方;SAMS,他汀类药物相关肌肉症状;SCR,血清肌酸酊;SG1T2i,葡萄糖钠共转运体2抑制剂;SU,磺酰眼;TDD,每日总剂量TG,甘油三酯;TIA,短暂性脑缺血发作;TIR,时间在范围内;TZD,嗥嗖烷二酮;T1D,1型糖尿病;T2D,2型糖尿病;UACR,尿白蛋白与肌酊比值;V1D1极低密度脂蛋白介绍美国临床内分泌学会(AACE)血糖控制流程的首次迭代于2009年发布,并在美国内分泌学会(ACE)/AACE糖尿病路线图提供的视觉指导基础上进行了扩展,以帮助临床医生导航已批准的降糖药物扩展类别。

《中国胰岛素泵院内护理质量控制专家共识》解读PPT课件

《中国胰岛素泵院内护理质量控制专家共识》解读PPT课件
• 未来发展趋势预测与挑战应对策略 提出
01 胰岛素泵治疗背景与意义
胰岛素泵治疗发展历程
早期胰岛素泵技术
01
早期的胰岛素泵体积较大,携带不便,但实现了持续皮下胰岛
素输注的基础功能。
技术进步与更新换代
02
随着科技的发展,胰岛素泵逐渐变得小型化、智能化,输注精
度和稳定性显著提高。
闭环胰岛素泵系统
03
近年来,闭环胰岛素泵系统(人工胰腺)的研发和应用,使胰
岛素泵治疗进入了一个新的时代。
胰岛素泵治疗优势与局限性
胰岛素泵治疗能够模拟人体生理胰岛素分泌模式,持续稳定地控制血糖,减少低血糖和高血糖事件 的发生,提高患者的生活质量。
优势
局限性
胰岛素泵治疗需要患者具备一定的自我管理能力,同时泵的购置和维护成本相对较高,部分患者可 能因经济原因无法承担。
01
医保政策调整
随着医保政策的不断完善,胰岛 素泵及相关治疗费用可能纳入医 保范围,降低患者经济负担。
02
行业监管加强
03
政策支持创新
国家对医疗器械行业的监管将更 加严格,确保胰岛素泵等产品的 安全性和有效性。
政府将加大对医疗器械创新的支 持力度,鼓励企业研发更多创新 产品。
市场竞争格局演变趋势预测
胰岛素泵选择及安装前准备工作要点
胰岛素泵类型选择
根据患者病情、年龄、经济状况 及自我管理能力,选择适合的胰 岛素泵类型,如持续皮下胰岛素
输注泵(CSII)等。
安装前评估
评估患者的血糖水平、胰岛功能 、输注部位皮肤状况等,确保胰 岛素泵治疗的安全性和有效性。
患者教育
在安装前向患者详细解释胰岛素 泵的工作原理、使用注意事项及 可能的风险,提高患者的治疗依

2018AACEACE2型糖尿病综合管理策略更新要点(附原文及幻灯)

2018AACEACE2型糖尿病综合管理策略更新要点(附原文及幻灯)

2018AACEACE2型糖尿病综合管理策略更新要点(附原文及幻灯)编者按 近日,美国临床内分泌医师协会(AACE)联合美国内分泌学会(ACE)发布《2018AACE/ACE 2型糖尿病综合管理策略共识声明》主要原则如下: 1、生活方式优化对所有糖尿病患者均至关重要,其内容应涉及多个方面且具有持续性,并需要整个糖尿病团队的参与。

此外,药物治疗可与生活方式干预同时开始,并非只有在生活方式干预失败时才启动。

2、所有伴有超重或肥胖的糖尿病前期及2型糖尿病患者均应考虑减重,减重措施包括生活方式干预(低热量健康饮食、体力活动及行为干预)。

糖尿病前期及2型糖尿病患者为达到减重目标,可考虑应用减肥药。

3、2型糖尿病患者HbA1c的控制目标应个体化,根据患者的年龄、预期寿命、合并症、糖尿病病程、低血糖风险或低血糖的不良后果、患者意愿及依从性等因素来决定。

在保证安全性及患者可负担的情况下,将HbA1c水平控制在≤6.5%是比较理想的,当然某些患者可能适合选择相对较高的控制目标值,并随时间而调整。

4、血糖控制目标应涵盖空腹血糖及餐后血糖两方面。

5、糖尿病治疗药物的选择应个体化,需根据患者及药物本身的特性来决定,需考虑药物降糖疗效、作用机制、低血糖和体重增加风险、其他不良反应、耐受性、应用的方便性、可能的依从性、成本、对心脏/肾脏/肝脏的影响等因素。

6、将严重及非严重低血糖风险降至最低至关重要,因为这会影响到患者治疗的安全性、依从性及成本。

7、将体重增加风险降至最低也至关重要,对治疗的安全性、依从性、成本及患者的长期健康意义重大。

8、糖尿病管理成本不仅包括药物成本,还包括监测成本、低血糖及体重增加所导致的相关成本。

糖尿病的管理应更关注治疗的有效性及安全性而非药物成本。

9、新指南基于HbA1c基线值对治疗选择进行了分层,为不同患者提供了不同的起始治疗选择,并强调应充分遵循个体化的原则。

10、新指南认为,2型糖尿病患者通常需要进行联合治疗,联合治疗时应选择机制互补的药物。

AACEADA住院患者的血糖控制共识(全文)

AACEADA住院患者的血糖控制共识(全文)

AACE/ADA住院患者的血糖控制共识(全文)关键词:陆菊明糖尿病高血糖共识指南入院高血糖不仅在已诊或未诊的糖尿病患者中多见,也可发生在以前糖耐量正常患者的急性起病中(即应激性高血糖)。

但无论何种原因引起的高血糖,均与不良结局相关。

目前虽然对于理想血糖范围的探索有较多试验,但结果却并不一致。

Van den Berghe等最早对1548例外科重点监护病房接受机械通气的危重患者进行不同血糖控制的一项研究表明,强化组[血糖维持在80~110 mg/dL(4.4 ~ 6.1 mmol /L)]死亡率较常规降糖组[血糖维持在180~200 mg/dL(10.0 ~ 11.1 mmol /L)]降低42%(4.6% vs. 8.0%,P <0.04)。

但随后对内科ICU中的1200例患者进行同样的研究方法,结果却表明,强化治疗组的住院死亡率(主要转归)没有显著降低(37.3% vs. 常规组40.0%,P=0.33)。

Beardsall K对700名危重婴幼儿进行随机对照观察发现胰岛素强化治疗组尽管有较高的低血糖风险(25% vs. 5%),但可以降低死亡率及炎症指标。

Gandhi GY对399例接受心脏手术患者进行观察,发现术中接受胰岛素强化治疗的患者(4.4~5.6 mmol/L)的结局与非强化治疗组相近。

VISEP 研究报道胰岛素强化治疗并不能降低严重败血症患者的死亡率,并有较高的低血糖发生率(17% vs. 4.1%; P<.001)。

Hammer等人分析1175例接受同种造血干细胞移植的患者,发现高血糖、低血糖和血糖波动均与移植后200天内与复发无关的死亡率相关。

2009年3月新英格兰杂志发表的NICE-SUGAR试验,入选了6104例内外科综合性危重患者,随后观察了90天后显示,严格控制血糖组[81~108 mg/dL (4.5 ~ 6.0 mmol/L)]的死亡率高于常规组[180 mg/dL或以下(≤10.0mmol/L)](P=0.02)。

更新的AACE共识声明T2D综合管理方案

更新的AACE共识声明T2D综合管理方案

更新的AACE共识声明T2D综合管理方案根据最新研究和临床实践,很多专业医疗机构和学术机构都已经认识到2型糖尿病(T2D)的综合管理方案的重要性。

为此,我们特别更新了AACE(美国胰岛素学会)的共识声明,以提供最新的指导和建议。

下面是我们对T2D综合管理方案的更新内容:1.个体化治疗:T2D是一种复杂的疾病,治疗方案应该根据每个病人的个体情况进行定制化。

因此,临床医生应该仔细评估患者的年龄、性别、肥胖程度、合并症等因素,以制定最合适的治疗方案。

2.生活方式干预:生活方式干预是T2D治疗的基础,包括健康饮食、体育运动和心理支持等。

我们建议每个病人都应该接受定期的饮食和运动指导,以帮助他们控制体重、控制血糖水平和提高生活质量。

3.药物治疗:对于那些生活方式干预无效或不适用的病人,药物治疗是必要的。

我们推荐的药物治疗包括口服降糖药物、胰岛素和胰岛素类似物。

临床医生应根据病人的具体情况选择最合适的药物,并根据需要适时调整剂量。

4. 血糖管理目标:我们强调了血糖管理目标的重要性。

对于大多数患者,我们建议将空腹血糖控制在80-130 mg/dl之间,餐后2小时血糖控制在小于180 mg/dl。

对于老年人、合并症和特殊人群,血糖管理目标可以有所放宽。

5.提前筛查和诊断:我们强调了早期筛查和诊断的重要性,尤其是对于高风险人群,如肥胖、家族史和身体活动不足的人。

早期诊断可以帮助提供及时的治疗,避免并发症的发展。

6.持续监测和随访:T2D综合管理方案应该是一个持续的过程,包括定期的血糖监测、肾功能监测、血压监测等。

临床医生应与病人进行定期随访,以监测病情变化,并及时调整治疗方案。

总之,T2D综合管理方案需要根据个体化治疗、生活方式干预、药物治疗、血糖管理目标、早期筛查和诊断以及持续监测和随访等多个方面进行综合考虑。

我们希望这份更新的共识声明能够为临床医生和病人提供更准确和全面的指导,以改善T2D的管理和预防并发症的发展。

胰岛素泵操作指南和规范

胰岛素泵操作指南和规范

胰岛素泵操纵指南和规范之杨若古兰创作一、目的:1.控制糖尿病患者的高血糖,以减少糖尿病急,慢性并发症发生的风险.2.使胰岛素的接收波动;使胰岛素剂量的精确调整.3.减少严重低血糖的发生.4.可促进个性化的生活方式,便更适合进餐时间,活动,工作的安插.二、适应症:1.T1DM患者和须要持久胰岛素强化医治的T2DM患者,在住院期间可通过胰岛素泵医治波动控制血糖,缩短住院天数,并为优化多次胰岛素打针的方案提供参考数据.2.糖尿病患者的围手术期血糖控制及应激性高血糖患者的血糖控制.3.妊娠糖尿病或糖尿病合并妊娠者.4.血糖动摇大,虽采取多次胰岛素泵皮下打针方案,血糖仍没法得到平衡控制的糖尿病患者.5.无感知低血糖者.6.频发低血糖者.7.黎明景象严重导致血糖整体控制欠安者.8.作息时间不规律,不克不及按时就餐者.9.请求提高生活质量者.10.胃轻瘫或进食时间长的患者.三、操纵流程:1、评估1.病人的年龄、病情、认识形态、配合情况.2.病人腹部皮肤的洁净情况及完好性(有没有疤痕、炎症、硬结等).3.病人的认知能力,操纵能力.4.病人对CSII泵医治的目的,意义及留意事项的了解程度.5.病人对此操纵的心里反应,是否存在紧张、恐惧心思.2、筹办1.护士:着装整洁,洗手,戴口罩.2.物品:弯盘,皮肤消毒液,胰岛素泵,助针器,储药器,输注管路,棉签,医治巾.3.环境:清洁、舒适,光线充足.4.病人:取舒适体位,能配合医护人员的指点与医治,并进行适当的饮食控制及活动,能学会微量血糖测定方法,具备操纵胰岛素泵的能力和对各种警报的理解和处理能力.签署知情同意书.3、操纵程序表14、评价1.病人(家属)能说出CSII泵的目的及配合留意事项,自动配合操纵.2.病人能把握基本的胰岛素泵操纵技术,并能说出可能出现的不良反应和并发症.四、设置泵的胰岛素用量:开始胰岛素泵医治之前最次要的事就是确定本人全天须要多少剂量的胰岛素,即每日胰岛素总量.● 计算根据:1.根据泵医治前胰岛素剂量及患者血糖情况计算正凡人胰岛分泌胰岛素是以基础分泌与进食后高分泌两部分构成,其中基础分泌占全天分泌总量的50%(40%—60%),进食后分泌的胰岛素也大约占50%(40%—60%).胰岛素泵最大限制的模拟了人体胰腺的生理分泌方式,它将人体胰腺的基础分泌与进食后的分泌的胰岛素分别设计到了泵当中.它们分别是基础量与餐前大剂量.(一)基础量:是泵特有的模拟人非进食形态下胰岛素的给药方式.1 基础量的计算2 如何在泵上设置基础量3 泵的基础量设置准确与否要经过检测,其检测分以下四段时间进行:a 入睡后—清晨起床(睡前不加餐,空腹过夜)b 起床后---午饭前(不吃早饭)c 午饭前---晚饭前(不吃午饭)d 晚饭---睡前(不吃晚饭)4 基础量设置准确的尺度:c 任何一餐不吃的数小时内血糖平稳或仅有轻微地降低,其幅度≦30%或≦1.7mmol/l.5 基础量太多的标记:不吃饭血糖会降低在没有添加活动量的情况下经常要加餐,否则会出现低血糖三更低血糖早饭前低血糖白日低血糖6 基础量太少的标记不吃饭血糖也会升高基本都是高血糖经常要添加餐前大剂量或弥补大剂量来纠正高血糖7 调整基础量的准绳基础率的调整应在血糖动摇之前2—3小时(短效胰岛素)或1小时(超短效胰岛素)每次调整基础率应添加或减少0.1u/小时(特别对1型病人)比方:患者(使用短效胰岛素)血糖在临晨1点开始降低,这时候应当在10点和11点开始设置一个较低的基础率,这个基础率按照每小时降低0.1U慢慢达到目标.60%患者会出现黎明景象,若有该景象时,可将基础量加倍,特别是5am—7am临床上基础率常从3-5段开始(二)大剂量:胰岛素泵对B细胞进食后快速大量分泌胰岛素的模拟.这就是在进食前基础量不竭输入的情况下,通过胰岛素泵上的按键再追加注入必定剂量的胰岛素,我们将它叫做大剂量.大剂量的计算餐前大剂量的总和等于全天胰岛素总剂量的50%总餐前大剂量=1日总量×50%● 方法A 根据每餐的进餐量进行分配早饭前大剂量=1日总量×20%西餐前大剂量=1日总量×15%晚饭前大剂量=1日总量×15%● 方法B 根据碳水化合物计算因为个体的胰岛素敏感性分歧,大约每12-15克碳水化合物须要1单位胰岛素,体严重的人须要量大.判断餐前追加剂量是否合适与平安的根据:采取短效胰岛素医治者以餐后4-5小时血糖恢复至餐前目标血糖范围或较目标血糖略高30mg/dl(1.7mmol/l)为好.采取超短效胰岛素医治的者以餐后3—3.5小时血糖恢复至餐前目标血糖范围或较目标血糖略高30mg/dl(1.7mmol/l)为好.四、安装与开启胰岛素泵六、胰岛素泵的工作道理采取脉冲释放法,模拟正常胰岛素分泌模式,持续24H向病人体内输入微量胰岛素,并根据进食须要追加胰岛素控制餐后血糖.七、准确保护并有保护及使用情况登记本1.胰岛素泵使用1节碱性AAA 电池!!!使用分歧规定的电池会影响电池使用时间,可能形成存储记忆丢失,缩短元器件使用寿命.2. 只能使用湿布和暖和清洗剂水溶液清洁胰岛素泵外概况,擦完后,使用清水轻柔擦拭,然后使用干布擦干,使用70% 的酒精擦拭消毒.不要使用任何润滑剂!3. 应防止把运转中的胰岛素泵放置在高于40℃或低于0℃的环境中,在寒冷天气位于室外时,必须贴身佩戴胰岛素泵并使用保暖衣物盖住.处于较热环境时,必须采纳措施冷却胰岛素泵和胰岛素.4. 切勿将胰岛素泵流露在强磁场环境中,以避免惹起不测.如须要接受磁共振MRI 或其它能发生强磁场医学检查时,必定要把胰岛素泵临时分离,放在检查室外.5.胰岛素泵可以耐受包含飞机安检零碎在内的日常静电和电磁干扰.八、平安使用胰岛素泵1.有胰岛素泵管理指引及尺度的操纵流程2.建立患者知情同意轨制、签署胰岛素泵使用平安须知3.有保护及使用情况登记本4.准确选择输注部位,首选腹部(肚脐5cm之外),防止多骨或系皮的部位5.监测血糖6-8次/日,及时调整胰岛素剂量6.告知患者输注餐前大剂量后的进食时间,低血糖的症状及处理方法7.跟进患者的进食情况8.做好交班,检查胰岛素的剩余量,观察输注部位有没有红肿、渗液、出血、针头脱出及输注管路是否通畅,有没有松脱、空气等9.每3-5天更换管道一次,并记录10.及时处理胰岛素泵的各种报警。

血糖控制规则

血糖控制规则

美国临床内分泌学专家协会(AACE)和美国内分泌协会(ACE)《血糖控制规则》导读:血糖控制规则,——美国临床内分泌学专家协会(AACE)和美国内分泌协会(ACE)的共识专家组,这份报告提出了一个规则,协助初级保健医生、内分泌专家、参与非妊娠2型糖尿病成年患者管理的其他人,同时识别减少低血糖风险的个性化需求,我们按照安全性、低血糖风险、功效、易用性、患者依从预期,以A1C监测治疗、自我监测血糖、调整或提前治疗频率(每2至3个月)是至关重要的。

缩略语AACE=美国临床内分泌专家协会A1C=糖化血红蛋白ACCORD=控制糖尿病心血管危险行动ACE=美国内分泌协会ADA=美国糖尿病协会ADVANCE=糖尿病和血管疾病行动:百普乐(培哚普利吲达帕胺片)和达美康(甲磺吡脲)缓释片对照评价AGIs=α-糖苷酶抑制剂DCCT/EDIC=糖尿病控制和并发症试验/糖尿病干预措施和并发症流行病学DPP-4=二肽基肽酶ⅣEASD=欧洲糖尿病研究协会FDA=美国食品药品管理局GLP-1=肠促胰岛素类似物-1 LDL=低密度脂蛋白PROACTIVE=大血管事件的前瞻性临床试验RCTs=随机对照试验RECORD=在口服药物联合治疗2型糖尿病中罗格列酮的心血管事件评价SMBG=自我监测血糖TZDs=噻唑烷二酮类UKPDS=英国前瞻性糖尿病研究VADT=退伍军人糖尿病试验简介美国有近2400万糖尿病患者。

每年,130万人被诊断为2型糖尿病。

30至39岁、儿童和青少年2型糖尿病新病例的迅速增加值得特别关注。

2型糖尿病的流行是全球性的,而且反映了与超重、肥胖、代谢综合征和久坐生活方式流行的密切关系。

迫切需要一个权威的、实用的2型糖尿病患者管理规则,规则中应仔细考虑目前核准的药物,突出安全性和有效性,同时还要考虑诸如使用任何特定药物的成本或临床经验年数等次要因素。

在过去的几年,因为几类新药引入,特别是基于肠促胰岛素的治疗,如肠促胰岛素类似物和二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-4)抑制剂,还因为最近几个大型临床试验——ACCORD、ADVANCE、VADT、PROACTIVE和RECORD的结果,又结合最近报道的DCCT/EDIC、UKPDS和双通道研究的患者长期随访结果,为选择疗法,需要重新评估先前提出的规则。

2014美国内分泌医师协会(AACE)胰岛素泵专家共识[1]

2014美国内分泌医师协会(AACE)胰岛素泵专家共识[1]

ENDOCRINE PRACTICE Vol 20 No. 5 May 2014 463AACE/ACE Consensus StatementGeorge Grunberger, MD, FACP , FACE (Chair)1,2; Jill M. Abelseth, MD, FACE 3;Timothy S. Bailey, MD, FACP , FACE, ECNU 4,5; Bruce W. Bode, MD, FACE 6,7;Yehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP , FACE, FNLA 8; Richard Hellman, MD, FACP , FACE 9;Lois Jovanovič, MD, MACE 10,11,12; Wendy S. Lane, MD 13; Philip Raskin, MD, FACE 14;William V. Tamborlane, MD 15; Caitlin Rothermel, MA (Medical writer)From the 1Grunberger Diabetes Institute, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; 2Internal Medicine and Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; 3St. Peters Health Partners Diabetes Program, Slingerlands, New York; 4UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California; 5AMCR Institute, Escondido, California; 6Atlanta Diabetes Associates, Atlanta, Georgia; 7Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; 8Metabolic Institute of America, Tarzana, California; 9University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, North Kansas City, Missouri; 10Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; 11University of California, Santa Barbara, California; 12Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California; 13Mountain Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Asheville, North Carolina; 14University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; 15Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.Address correspondence to American Association of ClinicalEndocrinologists, 245 Riverside Ave., Suite 200, Jacksonville, FL 32202.E-mail: publications@. DOI:10.4158/EP14145.PSTo purchase reprints of this article, please visit: /reprints.Copyright © 2014 AACEThis document represents the official position of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology. Where there were no randomized controlled trials or specific U.S. FDA labeling for issues in clinical practice, the participating clinical experts utilized their judgment and experience. Every effort was made to achieve consensus among the committee members. Guidelines are meant to provide guidance, but they are not to be con -sidered prescriptive for any individual patient and cannot replace the judgment of a clinician.464Task Force for Insulin Pump ManagementChair, George Grunberger, MD, FACP, FACEJill M. Abelseth, MD, FACETimothy S. Bailey, MD, FACP, FACE, ECNUBruce W. Bode, MD, FACEYehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP, FACE, FNLARichard Hellman, MD, FACP, FACELois Jovanovič, MD, MACEWendy S. Lane, MDPhilip Raskin, MD, FACEWilliam V. Tamborlane, MDMedical Writer, Caitlin Rothermel, MA465AbbreviationsAACE= American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; CMS = Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; CGM = continuous glucose moni-toring; CSII= continuous subcutaneous insulin infu-sion; DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis; FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c= hemoglobin A1c; ICR = insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio; ISF= insulin sensitivity factor; MDI= multiple daily injections; RCT= random-ized controlled trial; SAP= sensor-augmented pump; SMBG = self-monitored blood glucose; T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitusEXECUTIVE SUMMARYInsulin pumps have come of age. With their prolifera-tion in medical practice, some guidance is necessary for prospective and current prescribers to ensure their optimal and safe use. This document summarizes the current state-of-the-art of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) options available to patients who are using basal-bolus insulin management to control their diabetes melli-tus. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) published its first Consensus Statement on Insulin Pump Management in 2010 (1). This document provides an update to that statement and attempts to avoid the repeti-tion of some general but still valid information.The current version includes extensive updates regard-ing the State of Insulin Pump Technology (Section 1). This section includes a discussion of improvements to the functional features of pumps and insulin action accelera-tion technology. Additionally, new devices are discussed, including the first pump with a low-glucose “threshold suspend” system (MiniMed 530G with Enlite; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) and a new disposable insulin deliv-ery system for type 2 diabetes (V-Go; Valeritas, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ).The section on Insulin Pump Use in Various Patient Populations (Section 5) includes an expanded discussion of CSII in pediatric patients and offers specific guidelines for selecting pediatric candidates, including recommendations from an international consensus conference of leading pediatric diabetes specialists. Data on the use of concen-trated regular U-500 insulin in CSII, a potentially effective option for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is also covered in the patient populations section.Section 6 on Training and Education has been sub-stantially expanded to discuss the need to develop uniform training and also suggests what this training should cover. This section now addresses training patients and their families to handle emergency situations, retraining when pumps are upgraded, and recommended training for medi-cal professionals and school personnel.Section 7 on Patient Safety Issues has been revised to discuss both pump problems related to the devices them-selves, as well as the effects of patient selection and educa-tion on safe CSII use.The recommendations made in this Consensus Statement are summarized below:• Based on currently available data, CSII is justified for basal-bolus insulin therapy in patients withtype 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)• Only providers whose practice can assume full responsibility for a comprehensive pump man-agement program should offer this technology • Appropriate patient selection is necessary and must include a thorough assessment of thepatient’s knowledge of diabetes managementprinciples• The ideal CSII candidate is:o A patient with T1DM or intensively managed insulin-dependent T2DMo Currently performing ≥4 insulin injec-tions and ≥4 self-monitored blood glucose(SMBG) measurements dailyo Motivated to achieve optimal blood glucose controlo Willing and able to carry out the tasks that are required to use this complex and time-consuming therapy safely and effectively o Willing to maintain frequent contact with their health care team• Adult patientso At CSII initiation, the patient should have daily contact with the pump trainero A return visit with the endocrinologist/diabe-tologists/advanced practice nurse is advisedwithin 3 to 7 days of initiationo Educational consults should be scheduled weekly or biweekly at first, then periodicallyas neededo Specialist follow-up visits should be sched-uled at least monthly until the pump regi-men is stabilized, then at least once every 3months• Pediatric patientso An international consensus conference of leading pediatric diabetes specialists agreedthat CSII was indicated for pediatric patientswith:§ Elevated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)levels on injection therapy§ Frequent, severe hypoglycemia§Widely fluctuating glucose levels466§ A treatment regimen that compro-mises lifestyle§ Microvascular complications and/or risk factors for macrovascularcomplicationso Ideal pediatric candidates are those with motivated families who are committed tomonitoring blood glucose ≥4 times/day andhave a working understanding of basic diabe-tes managemento Patient age and duration of diabetes should not be factors in determining the transitionfrom injections to CSII• Pregnant women with diabeteso The literature does not provide clear evidence that CSII is necessary for optimal treatmentof pregnant women with T1DMo Intensive education and surveillance of the infusion site and sets are required duringpregnancyo Insulin pump therapy seems to be safe and effective for maintaining glycemic control inpregnancies complicated by gestational dia-betes mellitus (GDM)/T2DM and requiringlarge insulin doseso After delivery, the insulin pump infusion should be stopped temporarily to avoid hypo-glycemia; once the blood glucose is >100mg/dL, infusion should be resumed at theprepregnancy settings• Pump use in hospital settingso At emergency room or hospital admission, should the patient not be able to manage his/her own pump, the specialist(s) responsiblefor the patient’s ambulatory pump manage-ment should be contacted promptly to makedecisions about infusion adjustmentso Hospitalized patients and their admitting physicians should be encouraged to not dis-continue the pump infusion and should con-sult a specialist as needed• Patient diabetes education and pump training should be implemented by a multidisciplinary team under the direction of an experienced endocrinologist/ diabetologisto Patients must be educated on the meaning of pump alarms, particularly those that may sig-nal a potential interruption to insulin delivery o Patients must be taught to keep backup sup-plies on hand in the event of a pump or infu-sion set failureo Patients/families should undergo periodic retesting of skills to maximize the effective-ness of pump therapy and maintain patientsafetyo Patients should have the knowledge and tech-nical ability to make recommended pumpsetting changes at homeo Patients/families should be trained to handle emergency situationso Patients should be retrained when switching to a new pump model• All patients should have periodic re-education and retraining to address knowledge gaps, as well as to troubleshoot any issues with the pump system and glycemic control• The health care team should periodically re-evaluate whether pump therapy is appropriate for the patient • Schools and hospitals should be provided with manu-facturers’ information describing insulin pump use, along with a contact to answer questions and provide further training• Providers should have on-call systems available 24 hours/day to handle patient questions; patients should also be periodically reminded of the pump manufac-turer’s emergency numberThis document summarizes available peer-reviewed publications and provides data that compare pumps with multiple insulin injections, address pump safety issues, and document the available cost-effectiveness analyses of insu-lin pump use. Essential issues related to the economic fea-sibility of pump use in medical practice are also addressed.1. PREAMBLEInsulin pumps have been used for more than 35 years (2). In the U.S. in 2005, the level of insulin pump penetra-tion was estimated at 20 to 30% in patients with type 1 dia-betes mellitus (T1DM) and <1% in insulin-treated patients with T2DM (3). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimated that the number of U.S. patients with T1DM using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) was approximately 375,000 in 2007, up from approximately 130,000 in 2002 (4). The actual number of patients using insulin pumps in the U.S. is difficult to ascertain, but has been reported to range from 350,000 to 515,000 (5-7).It has been estimated that by 2050, up to one-third of U.S. residents may have T2DM (8), and many of these individuals will require insulin. Therefore, it is increasingly important for more clinicians to develop a comprehensive understanding of these devices. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) published its first Consensus Statement on Insulin Pump Management in 2010 (1). This document updates that statement and attempts to avoid repetition of some general but still valid information.In the U.S., there is currently no official requirementfor medical supervision of this complex diabetes therapy.467In addition, no certifying process exists to guide com-munity physicians, patients and their families, payers, or regulators to qualified clinical settings for the initiation of insulin pump therapy.Many knowledge gaps hamper truly evidence-driven decisions regarding insulin pump use. Some of these include the influence of CSII on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, daily glucose levels, and glycemic variability; effect on weight control and/or hypoglycemia; reductions in emergency department visits and hospitalizations for acute events; effect on quality of life (e.g., easier travel across time zones and working various shifts); improved work habits and/or productivity; and liberalization of diet timing and composition.2. STATE oF InSULIn PUMP TECHnoLoGYInsulin pumps are advancing in form as well as func-tion. For many years, they were simply miniature syringe pumps, with all of the pitfalls associated with these devices (9). Although complex, insulin pumps are now easier and safer to use. Insulin dose calculators (“wizards”) are stan-dard features of all current pumps; these improve dosing consistency and may decrease the frequency of insulin “stacking” (i.e., administering an insulin bolus while a recent prior bolus is still active). However, it is impor-tant to recognize device-specific recommendations may differ among patient scenarios. Therefore, prescribers should be familiar with these differences and train patients appropriately.In the past, innovations in pump therapy were primar-ily cosmetic (e.g., availability in multiple colors) or incre-mental (e.g., allowing the storage of a customized series of basal rates or “profiles” to assist the user in adjusting pump settings to different life conditions). Insulin pumps are now following the lead of consumer electronics and have introduced features such as color touch screens, USB-rechargeable batteries, prefilled insulin cartridges, and disposability.The availability of multiple infusion set types, vari-ous catheter tubing lengths, and tubeless pumps (where the infusion set and reservoir are integrated) have enhanced the acceptability of pump therapy and led to increased pump usage. Clinical trials are underway to validate meth-ods that accelerate insulin action. These include the addi-tion of hyaluronidase to the tubing, heating of the injection site, intradermal insulin injection, and new formulations of rapid-acting insulin (10-13). Data that support the feasibil-ity of locating infusion sets and continuous glucose moni-toring (CGM) catheters in close proximity make it likely that combination sensor and infusion sets will be devel-oped (14), which will further increase patient convenience.Improved connectivity to other devices is another area of rapid improvement. For many years, insulin pumps have received data transmitted from glucose meters. Insulin pumps can now display data from a CGM on the same screen and share data for display on other remote devices. This feature is likely to become more common in the next few years. Ultimately, insulin pumps may send data con-tinuously to the “Cloud.” However, currently most require a computer connection.In 2013, the FDA approved Medtronic’s MiniMed 530G with Enlite, under its new Artificial Pancreas Device System-Threshold Suspend guidelines, as the first device that alters insulin delivery in response to CGM sensor data (15-18). The pump features “threshold suspend,” mean-ing that when CGM sensor glucose levels decline below a specified threshold, the pump alarms and suspends insu-lin delivery for 2 hours (or until the suspension is manu-ally overridden). The use of this device has been shown to reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia (19). Table 1 shows a comparison of major insulin pumps, and Table 2 shows the characteristics of V-Go, a new type of disposable insulin delivery device for T2DM.3. CLInICAL EVIDEnCE T1DMTable 3 provides a summary of clinical research find-ings on CSII efficacy and safety in patients with T1DM; included in this table are the results of selected meta-analy-ses covering clinical research on insulin pump therapy pub-lished after 2003. The goal of this section is not to provide an exhaustive summary of available CSII literature, but to provide a representative sample of available outcomes data as reported in a series of rigorous meta-analyses.In addition to these meta-analyses, 2 publications pro-vide more evidence. First, a 2010 Cochrane review com-pared CSII use with multiple daily injection (MDI) insu-lin regimens. This review included 23 randomized studies (duration, 6 days to 4 years) involving 976 patients with T1DM. A significant difference was documented in HbA1c response favoring CSII (weighted mean difference –0.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), –0.1 to –0.4%]). In addi-tion, CSII users demonstrated greater improvements in quality of life measures. No difference in body weight was observed between the 2 treatments. Severe hypoglycemia appeared to be reduced in CSII users, although no differ-ence was observed in the frequency of nonsevere hypo-glycemia (20). This report has been criticized because it included data from very short studies conducted in the 1980s, using less reliable technology in an era before monomeric rapid-acting insulin analogs were universally used in pumps (21). Furthermore, many of the patients had no prior problems with hypoglycemia at baseline (20).Additionally, the Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy for A1C Reduction (STAR-3) study showed significantly greater HbA1c reductions in patients with T1DM (adults and children) randomly assigned to sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy versus MDI with conventional self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG; final HbA1c7.5% 468H e a l t h S o l u t i o n s )H e a l t h S o l u t i o n s )S o l u t i o n s )(M e d t r o n i c M i n i M e d )M i n i M e d )C o r p o r a t i o n )(A n i m a s )D i a b e t e s C a r e )469470471vs. 8.1%, respectively, compared with a baseline of 8.3%; P<.001). A higher proportion of patients randomly assigned to pump therapy achieved an HbA1c level <7%; without any increase in the severe hypoglycemia rate or weight gain compared to the MDI group. This study did not assess the effect of sensor-augmented pump therapy versus the effect of insulin pump therapy alone (22).On the basis of this evidence and other currently available data, CSII appears to be justified for basal-bolus insulin therapy in patients with T1DM.T2DMFewer clinical investigations have examined CSII in patients with T2DM. In a published analysis of 4 ran-domized controlled trials (RCTs), no significant HbA1c improvements, differences in hypoglycemic risk, or weight differences were observed with CSII versus MDI over 12 to 52 weeks (Table 4). However, a nonsignificant trend toward decreased insulin requirements was observed among CSII patients (23-25).Additional published studies of CSII in patients with T2DM are summarized in Table 5. A large, randomized multicenter trial comparing CSII to MDI in 50+ T2DM patients failing MDI is ongoing in Europe and North America, with results expected in 2014 (26).4. PATIEnT AnD PRoVIDER SELECTIonSuccessful CSII implementation depends to a large extent on patient and clinician selection because both insu-lin pump candidates and providers must have the knowl-edge, skills, and resources to use this complex and time-consuming therapy safely and effectively.Patient SelectionThe selection of optimal candidates for CSII therapy has been debated since insulin pumps became available(Valeritas, Inc.)3 preset basal rates:472473for use in clinical practice during the late 1970s (27,28). Clearly, CSII is not appropriate for every patient with insu-lin-requiring diabetes. Box 1 provides a summary of the characteristics that may make a patient ill suited for this form of therapy, based on the AACE Insulin Pump Task Force Expert Consensus.The ideal CSII candidate would be a patient with T1DM or intensively managed insulin-dependent T2DM who currently performs ≥4 insulin injections and ≥4 SMBG measurements daily, is motivated to achieve optimal blood glucose control, and is willing and able to carry out the tasks required to use this complex and time-consuming therapy safely and effectively. Patients who tend to be most successful are those who are taking all the steps required to manage their glucose levels but are unable to achieve their HbA1c target despite their best efforts, are having difficulty with hypoglycemia, and/or are seeking a means to main-tain target glucose and HbA1c levels with greater ease and flexibility. Eligible patients should be capable of self-man-agement through frequent SMBG measurements and/or the use of a CGM device. Furthermore, candidates should have training in carbohydrate counting and/or matching food with insulin action, as well as knowledge of how to cal-culate insulin correction doses using the pump’s computer. Patients should also be willing to maintain frequent contact with members of their health care team, in particular their pump-supervising physician.On the basis of the AACE Insulin Pump Task Force’s comprehensive research and decades of clinical experience with CSII, the proposed clinical characteristics, or profiles, of suitable insulin pump candidates are summarized in Table 6.Should insulin pump therapy fail to provide a patient with the expected benefits or if there are safety issues, clini-cians must be willing to terminate pump therapy and offer suitable alternatives. This would be relevant, for example, in pump users who enjoy their pump experience but are not dosing correctly and thus have chronically and seriously uncontrolled glucose levels.Provider SelectionLess attention has been devoted to defining selection criteria for insulin pump providers than for patients, and no standardized guidelines have been established for this purpose in the U.S. As suggested by Skyler and colleagues, insulin pumps should only be prescribed by clinicians who possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and resources to provide effective and safe initiation and maintenance of this complex and time-consuming therapy (29). Furthermore, the availability of adequate patient education, training, and follow-up are mandatory to ensure optimal usage of this technology. Unfortunately, given the need for a multidis-ciplinary team to implement insulin pump therapy and the poor level of reimbursement available, relatively few clini-cians have the resources to incorporate this sophisticated treatment modality into their practice. It has been estimated that about 2,000 U.S. physicians prescribe insulin pumps (5).5. InSULIn PUMP USE In V ARIoUSPATIEnT PoPULATIonSIt is not the purpose of this document to detail the spe-cific therapeutic decisions required to design personalized474insulin pump programs. Several existing publications pro-vide the information required to establish basal and bolus insulin calculations in adults and in special populations (29-33). Instead, this section will summarize the therapeu-tic challenges associated with insulin pump use in specific patient populations and describe strategies for successful CSII implementation in each of these groups. A brief out-line of specific suggestions for initial pump settings for adult and pregnant patients is shown in Tables 7 and 8.AdultsAfter a clinician has determined that a patient is eli-gible for insulin pump therapy (see Box 1 and Table 6), he/she must ensure that the patient has a multidisciplinary CSII health care team in place before therapeutic initiation. Although the precise composition of this team depends on the clinical practice setting, its members should include an endocrinologist/diabetologist with demonstrated expertise in insulin pump therapy, a diabetes specialist nurse/diabe-tes educator, and a dietitian.The health care team’s initial task is to assess the patient’s level of expertise in the following areas:• Ability to check capillary glucose levels and maintain glucose meter• Knowledge of premeal, postmeal, and bedtime target glucose values• Knowledge of steps for hypoglycemia detection, pre-vention, and treatment • Sick-day management and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) prevention strategies• Ability to maintain food and physical activity records • Basic and advanced carbohydrate-counting skills Following this assessment, an education and train-ing plan can be designed to address gaps in the patient’s knowledge and to provide information about insulin pump and infusion set operation, maintenance, and troubleshoot-ing; infusion site preparation; and the calculation and con-figuration of basal insulin infusion rates, initial insulin-to-carbohydrate ratios (ICRs), boluses, and insulin sensitivity factor (ISF) (more details are provided in Section 6).A simplified scheme for initiating insulin pump therapy is presented in Table 7. Initial basal rates and bolus settings are calculated from the available knowledge of a patient’s previous basal and bolus insulin doses and weights, as well as considerations based on individual lifestyles.Once the patient is successfully transitioned from MDI to CSII, frequent (i.e., daily) contact with the pump trainer is mandatory. A return visit with the endocrinologist/dia-betologist/nurse specialist is advised within 3 to 7 days to begin fine-tuning the insulin infusion parameters using the initial glucose data provided by the patient. Educational consults (e.g., clinic visits, phone calls, e-mail communi-cation) should be scheduled weekly or biweekly at first and then periodically as necessary. Initially, some patients mayrequire daily contact. Often, patients can take advantage of475experienced Certified Diabetes Educators employed by a pump company, provided they follow the clinician’s orders for pump therapy. Specialist follow-up visits are recom -mended at least monthly until the pump regimen is stabi -lized and at least once every 3 months thereafter. As with any sophisticated device, the ability to use more complex pump features (e.g., adjusting bolus “wiz -ard” settings, configuring different basal settings depending on expected daily routine, and exploring different modes of bolus delivery, temporary as-needed basal settings, and/or adjustments for periods of physical activity) depends on each patient’s knowledge, skills, motivation, and ability to obtain sufficient data related to glucose levels, carbohy -drate intake, insulin administration, and physical activitylevels. This individualized, incremental approach is an ongoing process, as the patient and health care team work together to optimize glycemic control. All patients will require periodic re-education and retraining to improve diabetes management, and the health care team should regularly re-evaluate whether pump ther -apy should be withdrawn for those patients who are not benefiting from this form of insulin delivery.ChildrenThe first successful studies of CSII effectiveness were carried out more than 30 years ago in children (34), but it was not until the last 15 years that pediatric CSII use tookoff. Since then, randomized and nonrandomized pediatric476studies have shown CSII to be more effective in lowering HbA1c than injection therapy (35,36). CSII has also been associated with improved patient satisfaction and reduced hypoglycemia frequency (37).Some practical benefits of CSII compared to MDI include: the ability to program temporary basal rates, need-ing only 1 insertion site every 2 to 3 days, use of the dose calculator to adjust premeal bolus doses, customizable square- and dual-wave boluses, and programmable alter-nate basal rate patterns for weekends and nights follow-ing afternoon exercise. For the pediatric practitioner, the memory functions that record all pump-related activities are especially important because failure to administer pre-meal boluses is a prime cause of elevated HbA1c levels in adolescents (38).A specific risk of pump therapy for all patients is that prolonged accidental or purposeful interruption of insulin delivery over several hours can lead to increases in blood ketones and the subsequent development of diabetic keto-acidosis (DKA) because patients are only receiving rapid-acting insulin. This risk can be reduced or eliminated by regular blood glucose testing and standard patient protocols for hyperglycemia management. In addition, many pumps have alarms that can be set to indicate if no active bolus is provided within a specified time range. Recent data from the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry Group (39) indicate that HbA1c levels and the annual rate of DKA events are lower in pediatric patients receiving CSII than those receiving MDI.In 2006, an international consensus conference of leading pediatric diabetes specialists was convened in Berlin (37) to develop treatment guidelines for the use of CSII in children and adolescents. These experts agreed that CSII was indicated for pediatric patients with:。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

AACEACE:胰岛素泵管理共识声明
胰岛素泵应用35年以来,普及率呈逐年上升趋势。

2005年,美国有20-30%的1型糖尿病患者使用胰岛素泵,1%的2型糖尿病患者使用。

据估计,到2050年将有1/3的2型糖尿病患者使用胰岛素泵控制血糖,因此,让临床医生全面了解胰岛素泵的使用原则及管理办法已经成了一个迫切且重要的问题。

2010年,美国临床内分泌学协会首次公布了胰岛素泵管理共识声明,该声明包括了胰岛素泵的新技术、新设备的介绍,以及胰岛素泵的适应症、患者的安全性等问题。

本次指南意见归结如下:
·根据现有数据可知,胰岛素泵是适用于基础-餐时胰岛素治疗的1型糖尿病患者使用的治疗方法。

·供应商应提供全面的胰岛素泵管理技术支持并为此负责。

·选择合适的患者仍是必要的,并且患者需要全面了解糖尿病管理原则。

·理想的胰岛素泵使用者是:
① 每日胰岛素注射次数≥4次,或每日自测血糖≥4次的1型糖尿病患者和胰岛素依赖的2型糖尿病患者;
② 希望能严格控制血糖的患者;
③ 有能力安全而有效的操作这个复杂而耗时的机器进行血糖控制的患者;
④ 愿意与医疗团队保持紧密联系的患者。

·成人患者:
① 在胰岛素泵治疗开始时,患者需要每日与培训师交流;
② 每3-7天接受内分泌糖尿病专家或护士的回访;
③ 定期进行教育咨询,一开始每周或每两周进行一次,之后按需进行;
④ 至少每月进行一次专家随访,直到胰岛素泵使用方案稳定后,
改为没3个月一次。

·儿童患者
① 小儿患者具有高糖化血红蛋白水平、胰岛素注射治疗、频繁发生严重低血糖、血糖波动较大、治疗方案影响了生活方式、有微血管并发症或具有大血管并发症的危险因素者可使用胰岛素泵控制血糖;
② 理想的小儿使用者是:每日自测血糖≥4,并能理解糖尿病管理基本知识的家庭;
③ 患者的年龄和病程不应该成为使用胰岛素泵的考虑因素。

·患有糖尿病的孕妇
① 目前文献尚未提供证据表明,胰岛素泵是治疗患有1型糖尿病孕妇的最佳治疗方式;
② 强化孕期教育,监察输注部位是必要的;
③ 胰岛素治疗能够安全有效的帮助妊娠糖尿病以及合并了2型糖尿病孕妇维持血糖,并且需要增大胰岛素剂量;
④ 分娩后,胰岛素泵的使用应该暂时停止,以避免发生低血糖情况,一但血糖>100mg/dl(5.6mmol/L),胰岛素泵需继续按孕前设置剂量使用。

·在医院设置胰岛素泵
① 在急诊或住院病人,如果患者无法自行操作胰岛素泵,应有医师帮助患者及时作出胰岛素泵调整的决定;
② 主治医生应该鼓励住院患者不停止使用胰岛素泵,必要时咨询专家意见。

·患者糖尿病教育和胰岛素泵培训应该由一个多学科小组的内分泌专家指导。

① 患者必须接受关于胰岛素泵警报含义的教育,特别是那些意味着胰岛素泵终止工作的信号;
② 患者必须学会如何安装备用电源,以及胰岛素泵故障时如何操作;
③ 患者/患者家属需要定期接受技能操作检查,以确保最大限度的提高胰岛素泵治疗的有效性,并维护患者的安全;
④ 患者应该具备在家中更改胰岛素泵设置的知识和技能;
⑤ 患者/患者家属应接受处理紧急情况的培训;
⑥ 当更换新的胰岛素泵时,患者应重新接受培训。

·所有患者都应定期接受再教育和再培训,以弥补知识的缺陷,解决与胰岛素泵和血糖控制相关的问题。

·主治医疗团队应定期重新评估胰岛素泵是否适用于患者。

·学校和医院应该有制造商提供的如何使用胰岛素泵的信息,以及回答问题和提供进一步培训的联系方式。

·供应商应该保证能24小时解决患者的问题,并定期提醒患者制造商的紧急联系电话。

信源地址:/viewarticle/825844
本文由医学界内分泌频道独家编译,转载请注明出处!。

相关文档
最新文档