英国史论文

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英国文学史期末论文

The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingHenry Fielding is a famous novelist and dramatist in the 18th century. His master piece The History of Tom Jones, a foundling set a good example to later writers in the thematic presentation, character portrayal, plot construction and writing style and is considered by many critics to be the model of modern realistic novels, and Henry Fielding has been therefore called the father of realistic novels.The novel has eighteen books. The first six books give the cause of the action: Tom's open, sensual nature; the conflict with Blifil; the misunderstanding with Squire Allworthy; Tom's love for Sophia and their separation. The next six contain both the consequences of the first six and the incidents and details which will bring about a resolution. The last six books plunge Tom into disastrous circumstances through his actions and get him out of them again. When he is in prison about to be hanged, he hears that Sophia has refused to speak to or see him again as a result of his affair with Lady Bellaston. As if this were not enough, he even has to face the possibility that he might have committed incest. But it is this last misfortune which also brings about his change of fortune: it is through Jenny Jones, Tom's purported mother who is now known as Mrs. Waters, that the truth of Tom's birth emerges. This brings about a reconciliation with Squire Allworthy and Sophia, and the downfall of Blifil.The neatly constructed plot reflects a basic eighteenth century faith in the order of the world, which Fielding, despite skeptical overtones, displayed in this huge but far from sprawling novel. As one of the pioneers of English realistic literature, Fielding portrayed without disguising anything the real lives of men at that time. This novel differs from almost all other novels both in the range and the precision of its scale and scheme. Its personages are extremely numerous; its scenes are extremely varied, and each has its local colour adjusted with perfect propriety. It is not an exaggeration to say that this novel is the very panorama of the true reflection of the eighteenth century England social life. He exposed the hypocrisy and depravity of the upper class, and pictured he poverty and innocence of the lower people.As the founder of English realistic literature, Henry Fielding not only gives us a panoramic view of English life in the 18th century, but also pictures a series of characters in his masterpiece “Tom Jones”. He mainly portrays many characters such as Mr.Allworthy,Tom, Miss Sophia with the employment of the realistic theory and the art of imperfection. And he especially succeeds in revealing the humanity of the protagonist. Meanwhile, Fielding further strengthens the human writing principle through sharp contrast. Undoubtedly, such a writing principle has a certain significance in the history of British novels.Henry Fielding set up a multi-level and multi-angle contrast structure, by using which he not only created a series of vivid characters, but also clarified the theme of this great work powerfully. He not only uses the contras to of one character with another each representing a different type of human nature, but also the contrast of the same character in his different aspects such as his words and his actions, usually in contradiction with each other, in order to depict the true human nature through a kind of ironic effect. In depicting Tom and Blifil, Fielding’s purpose was obviously to emphasize the contrast between agood-hearted young man and a false-hearted blackguard. Although the former has also made some mistakes, he is sound at the core. Whereas the latter, though always with pious talk and outward exemplary manners, his inner nature is wholly corrupt.Feilding showed us his thorough and systematic male chauvinism in terms of this novel, namely, male was the main stay in that society. The history of“Tom Jones”was the one that male played a leading role. Fielding’s male Chauvinism embodied in this novel will be explored by analyzing male’s expanding of self-consciousness, and other women characters.For example, Sophia is aremarkable character representing the young women of the day who had sufficient courage and independence to defy the corrupted values of that time. She is a rare creation of a young woman of a good family, with sufficient courage and independence to struggle for her heart’s desire. Sophia is a real courageous and anti-traditional woman character. But she is not a very successful woman character since she fails to be an autonomous individual and has to make compromises with the patriarchal world created by Fielding. She has to make compromises with such a society since she has no power to counter against it. It is impossible for her, a dependent to the male authority, to be an autonomous individual and assert her own rights. So the ideal image of Sophia is only a sham, she is just one of the many“ideal” products of the patriarchal ideology.Underlying Sophia’s compromises were Fielding’s male Chauvinism. In Tom Jones, Fielding created a totally patriarchal and hierarchical world. Although Fielding successfully exposed the hypocrisy andextolled“good nature”in this novel, his treatment of the gender role and male Chauvinism need to be challenged especially in the modern society.From the digression in“Tom Jones”,in the form of jocular conversation with the reader, we can know Fielding’s philosophy of art.“Nature herself”, that is, the exact observation and study of real life, was thebasis of Fielding’s work. He would not, like the romance-writers’,re ly simply on his imagination for the creation of his characters. Nor would he content himself merely with imitating the figures depicted in the works of earlier authors. “Imitation here”,he once wrote,“will not do the business. The picture must be after “N ature herself”.By“Nature”he meant the close and constant study of men and women in life. The centre of Fielding’s writing philosophy was Man,common earthly Man with his earthly interests, needs and passions, which would be studied and portrayed in action,in clashes, and in development.According to Fielding, the appropriate subject of the novel is human nature .Human nature is what Fielding claims to reproduce in the characters of his novels. It is his endeavor to picture this human nature faithfully and accurately as he sees it He will not embellish or idealize. But in the delineation of his characters Fielding does not simply produce a series of literally exact portraits of the people he observes around him. Fielding holds the view that a truthful art ist’s duty was to reproduce human nature faithfully and accurately as he saw it.Thus,he drew his characters,not from his imagination,nor from models in literature,but from the living human nature which he observed in the people around him.The result was an assemblage of living characters in his novels. Based on a deep understanding of human psychology and sound criticism of social evils,“Tom Jones”gives us a truthful and comprehensive description of human nature. In the struggle between kindness and evil, honesty and hypocrisy, the former always triumphs over the latter, which has proved the educational function of Fielding’s novelHenry Fielding's Tom Jones is both one of the great comic masterpieces of English literature and a major force in the development of the novel form. Tom Jones gives a comprehensive ,all-embracing picture of the life of 18th century England, combined with understanding of human psychology and criticism of social evils, together with full-blooded characters, realistically depicted in brilliant, witty and highly artistic language. Let’s remember the words engraved on his tombstone.“No one is better than him at revealing the human secret; he lives for others, not for himself.” This is the best appraisal of Fielding’s writing and life.。

英国史论文浅谈英国崛起与工业革命

浅谈英国崛起与工业革命英国是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的简称，位于欧洲西部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士以及爱尔兰岛北部及附近许多小岛组成，国土面积24.41万平方公里。

英国由于受季风天气的影响，所以属海洋性温带阔叶林气候，全年气候温和。

主要的矿产资源有煤、铁、石油和天然气，并不算很丰富。

然而就是这样一个小小的岛国，是第一个全球金融资本的中心，是第一个真正意义上的世界超级大国。

“日不落帝国”和“世界工厂”这两个称谓可以概括为英国最伟大的成就。

那是什么将英国从一个岛国变成欧洲强国，最终成为世界霸主的呢？答案只有一个——工业革命。

那么，这一次工业革命是如何产生的呢？首先，政治上，17 世纪的英国资产阶级革命，推翻了英国的封建专制制度，建立了资产阶级和土地贵族联盟为基础的君主立宪制度，从而成为世界上第一个确立资产阶级政治统治的国家。

资产阶级利用国家政权加速推行发展资本主义的政策和措施，促进了工业革命各种前提条件的迅速形成；思想上，亚当斯密在《国富论》提出的最著名的观点就是：看不见的手，也就是今天经济学家常常讲的市场供求规律。

他认为在市场经济中，个体间的自然交易会创造出高效的资源分配模式，并有利于促进市场经济，创造出更高水平的收入。

根据这个理论，亚当•斯密提出了一个影响深远的对外贸易战略。

所以，经济上，随着君主立宪制的与资本主义制度的建立，英国加速了圈地运动，殖民地掠夺与奴隶贸易，给英国带来了巨额的货币资本，从而为工业革命累积了财力上的准备。

从十六世纪到十九世纪，英国继续了近三个世纪的圈地运动，为工业革命提供了大批廉价的劳动力。

同时海外贸易和殖民地的开发，使大量财富集中到英国资产阶级手中。

自然科学上，经典力学、热力学等学科的理论创新也为工业革命带来了契机。

1687年，牛顿出版了自己最著名的著作《自然哲学的数学原理》，用数学方法证明了万有引力定律和三大运动定律，这四大定律被认为是“人类智慧史上最伟大的一个成就”。

英国文学史论文

Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good NightWe often talk about love,but we rarely think about death.As long as human beings are alive,they always make every effort to avoid death.However, it can’t be denied that we have to face death.And the best way to face it is to make your every day count .Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night,a poem in the form of a villanelle written by Dylan Thomas deeply impresses me.How do people treat death？We should let nature take its course or fight against death bravely ?In my opinion,death is not such a terrifying and sad thing,instead ,it is a part of a man’s life.we need to face it bravely and take it as a necessary process in life.Dylan Thomas’s poems show that everyone should face death,fight with it and accept it in the end.In the book Instincts and Their Vicissitudes,Freud Sigmund said:“Instincts is a kind of stimulation to the soul”He divided instincts into two types:life instinct and death instinct,the cooperation and rebellion between both two types lead to the phenomenon of life.and death is the final destination of human beings.In the Dylan Thomas’s poems,the writer calls for fighting with death and meanwhile he also eulogizes death.In his poem And Death Shall No Dominion,the poet writes : Dead men naked they shall be oneWith the man in the wind and the west moon;When their bones are picked clean and the clean bones gone,They shall have stars at elbow and foot;Though they go mad they shall be sane,Though they sink through the sea they shall rise again;Though lovers be lost love shall not;And death shall have no dominion.In this poem, the poet personifies the death and claims that death shall have no dominion,which indicates that the poet’s fearlessness towards death.The word “And”strongly shows the poet’s firm attitude.Dylan Thomas deprecates death and also admits the truth that the death will rise up again .Therefore,that is to say the poet subjectively accept the death .In the poem Fem Hill,the poet writes:And as I was green and carefree,famous among the barns,About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home,In the sun that is young once only,Time let me play and beGolden in the mercy of his means,And green and golden I was huntsmanAnd herdsman, the calvesSang to my horn,the foxes on the hillsBarked clear and cold,And the sabbath rang slowlyIn the pebbles of the holy streams.From this poem, we can imagine that the poet may spend happy time in this place.At that time,he was a carefree child who enjoyed the beautiful nature very much.It also shows the poet’s nostalgia to his hometown and the good memory of his childhood.In other words,the poet’s love of nature also means the return to the essence of life itself.Although the poet still sings songs on his life journey with pain and sadness,but the destination is the road to death.As the professor LiuShouLan once said:the mountains and rivers in the nature are just the counterparts of life in Dylan Thomas’s poems.In the early stage of Dylan Thomas’s poems,the poet has shown the lament to life’s fragility and brevity.However, although the death ends life,the poet never fears it,because he subjectively accept the existence of death and he has the belief to fight against it.The poem Do not go gentle into that good night deeply impresses me.the poet writes:Do not go gentle into that good night,Old age should burn and rave at close of day;Rage,rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words had forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that good night.Good men, the last wave by,crying how brightTheir frail deeds might have danced in a green bay.Rage,rage against the dying of the light.Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,And learn,too late,they grieved it on its way,Do not go gentle into that good night.Grave men ,near death, who see with blinding sightBlind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,Rage,rage against the dying of the light.This poem is the poet writing to his father.He wants to encourage his father to fight against the death rather than go gentle into such good night.He uses many figure speeches such as metaphor and repetition to emphasize his strong willing to face death bravely.He describes four kinds of men:wise men,good men,wild men and grave men.the different attitudes and behaviors among the four kinds of men show human beings will all have the day to face death.And the poet calls out:Rage, rage against the dying of the light,do not go gentle into thatgood night.I want to learn more about death, not because I want it，but because I respect life and also respect death. I want to cherish my every day and face death bravely.From Dylan Thomas’s poems, I think a lot and gain a lot.Death is also a part of life that we need to know and learn.Words cite-ZhaoWenRong ,Yunnan Normal University,海外英语2010年04期-天津外国语学院学报2000年01期-语文学刊(外语教育与教学)2010年11期。

[英国历史文化概况的论文]关于英国历史文化论文

[英国历史文化概况的论文]关于英国历史文化论文英国历史文化的论文篇1浅谈英国诗歌的历史沿革据王佐良先生所著的《英国诗史》，英国诗歌发展共分为三大主要时期：古英语时期，主要指5世纪到12世纪;中古英语时期，主要指12世纪到15世纪;近代英语时期，主要是从15世纪至今。

我基本赞同这个观点，即按照语言的发展水平划分诗歌史，当然还有其他的划分方法，比如按照时间划分等。

虽然都是在“英语”范围内，但是古英语、中古英语以及现代英语的差异还是比较大。

古英语主要由三种日耳曼语形成的，中古英语则结合了日耳曼语和罗曼语，而近现代英语是在英格兰东南部方言基础上形成的。

我认为语言是人类思维的反映，不同的语言当然反映着不同的思维，诗歌作为一种语言的表现形式，当然在不同的阶段有不同的特色---无论是在诗歌语言特色，还是诗论方面。

首先要提到的就是古英语时期，这个时期英语诗歌据考证大多数不是由英格兰本岛人所写，而是由侵略者，如盎格鲁人，撒克逊人所写，因此题材和背景多半不是英格兰的，这一时期的诗人们喜爱用头韵体。

最开始的诗歌多是口头流传的，如《航海者》，而题材则多是歌颂英雄和一些宗教诗歌，从数量上来说，并不多。

古英语时期的诗歌多具有一种刚毅之气，描写宏大的场面。

一般认为古英语诗歌的集大成之作是《贝奥武夫》，该诗主要讲述了青年时期的贝奥武夫杀死二妖以及老年时期的贝奥武夫与火龙格斗最终两败俱伤的故事。

该诗采用的不再是单纯的描写方式来表现恢弘的场面，跌宕的情节，而是已经开始采用“夹叙夹议”(见王佐良《英国诗史》)手法，主要歌颂了贝奥武夫的英勇与爱民等美德。

总的来说中古英语时期的英语诗歌不仅数量大增且题材也日趋多样化。

1066年的诺曼征服又为英格兰诗歌注入了法国风格，如除了头韵体诗歌外，脚韵体诗歌也开始出现，前者的运用见《农夫皮尔斯之幻想》，后者见《坎特伯雷故事集》。

当然这一时期除了宗教诗歌外，还有许多故事性的诗歌，如《高文爵士与绿骑士》，诗中不仅描写了建筑、服饰、风景等方面，还涉及到了诸如猎鹿等细节，且文章富有悬念，可读性很强。

英国文学史论文2100字_英国文学史毕业论文范文模板

英国文学史论文2100字_英国文学史毕业论文范文模板英国文学史论文2100字(一)：“雨课堂”在“英国文学史及选读”课程教学中的应用论文【摘要】本文分析了现阶段“英国文学史及选读”课程教学现状，特别是传统教学方法的局限和问题，结合教学实践，总结了“雨课堂”在课程教学中的应用。

【关键词】雨课堂；英国文学史及选读；智慧教学一、“英国文学史及选读”教学现状2018年初教育部颁布的《外国语言文学类教学质量国家标准》中明确规定外语类专业学生应具备文学赏析能力，专业知识课程包括外国文学。

胡文仲先生曾说：“在外语教学中，文学作品往往是能够最生动、具体、深入、全面地提高学生文化素养的材料。

从这个角度看，可以说没有其他任何材料可以替代文学作品。

”随着本科专业必修课课时的缩减，许多学校对文学课尽量给其他应用课程让道，或将文学史与作品选读整合在一起。

在西南石油大学，“英国文学史及选读”仅有40学时。

“英国文学史及选读”目的在于培养学生阅读、理解及欣赏英语文学原著的能力，掌握基本文学常识，掌握文学批评的基本知识和基本方法，通过对文学作品阅读和分析，加强学生语言运用能力，同时提高人文素质。

但由于该课程内容涵盖广（从古英语到近现代英国文学），传统教学采用以讲授为主的教学模式下，“英国文学史及选读”课程教学面临着许多挑战。

有限课堂时间几乎只能让教师快速按照时间脉络介绍各时期文学概况，不足以深入文学文本；作品选读成了精读或故事梗概介绍，很少或基本不涉及到文学批评或欣赏，教学效果较差；学生对课外阅读的兴趣不大，或由于满篇的生单词产生畏难情绪；由于上课信息量大，老师讲课速度快，学生只有埋头抄笔记应付最后的考试，学习效果差；授课过程中；课后练习缺乏实效性，教师无法及时了解学生掌握情况。

二、“雨课堂”在“英国文学史及选读”课程中的应用“雨课堂”是由清华大学在线教育办公室组织研发的推动混合式教学，形成性评价，多通道互动的教学利器，将教学工具巧妙融入PowerPoint与微信全景式采集数据，驱动教学探微。

英国崛起历史小论文（精选五篇）

英国崛起历史小论文（精选五篇）第一篇：英国崛起历史小论文英国通过第一、二轮勃兴崛起为一个世界性的大国并最终攫取了海洋霸权，通过第三轮勃兴英国的霸主国地位得到了进一步的巩固和增强。

英国是通过其优越的地缘位置、制度领域的创新所导致的生产力的巨大发展、根据机会所制定的合理政策而崛起为一个世界性大国的。

虽然时代背景发生了巨大的变化，但是英国的崛起对当今寻求崛起的国家仍然具有重要的借鉴意义。

以下是英国崛起历史小论文，欢迎阅读。

英国从一个在15世纪并不为欧陆国家所重视的岛国逐步发展成为在19和20世纪大部分时间里其统治范围覆盖了非洲南部广大地区、南亚、东南亚、太平洋大部分地区及北美和加勒比海地区的庞大帝国。

这个帝国控制的区域范围相当于其国土面积的近40倍，人口达到了3亿多。

英国从一个位于北大西洋上的岛国崛起为一个庞大的殖民帝国是通过与西班牙、荷兰、法国争夺海上霸权三个阶段逐步实现的。

一、英国崛起的过程分析英国是在相继击败西班牙、荷兰、法国之后才真正荣登世界霸主的宝座的。

地理大发现对国际政治所造成的一个重要后果是使欧洲经济中心逐渐从地中海沿岸转移到大西洋西北沿岸诸国，这些国家包括了伊比利亚半岛上的葡萄牙、西班牙，欧陆大国法国，波罗的海沿岸的荷兰与隔英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望的英国，同时在某种程度上还有斯堪的那维亚国家。

英国通过第一、二轮勃兴崛起为一个世界性的大国并最终攫取了海洋霸权，通过第三轮勃兴英国的霸主国地位得到了进一步的巩固和增强。

（一）第一轮勃兴（1588—1674年）这里把英国第一轮勃兴的起始时间界定为1588年是从英西海战以西班牙失败而告终这一在国际关系中具有重要影响的历史事件这一角度来分析的。

英国的地缘政治条件和伴随着地理大发现而开始的国际性的海外贸易和拓殖决定了英国的崛起是一种海洋战略的崛起，而这不可避免的会与处于海上霸权地位的西班牙殖民帝国产生矛盾。

1588年，西班牙国王腓力二世派遣了一支由130多艘舰船组成的“无敌舰队”进攻英国，其结果是英国凭借着巧妙的战术和先进的技术取得了这次战争的胜利。

英国史论文

英国教会改革纵观英国历史，可以发现，教会起着不可或缺的的作用。

有时教皇的影响过于大了，所谓功高盖主，反而会使国王认为其危及到自己的权力。

正如电影《狙击生死线》中那样，将要当选的国王在暗中派人找一名狙击手，命其在公开演讲上将对其威胁很大的教皇射杀。

然而，由于教会在英国政治与人民心中有着特殊地位，所以很多国王在即位时都多多少少会针对教会采取一些措施，颁布一些法令，用以巩固自己的统治地位。

问题在于，他们的信仰很有可能不同，所以主教时常更改，这不免引起很多教派之间的冲突，影响国家统治与人民生活稳定。

英国史上较有名的教会改革有威克里夫宗教改革及都铎王朝期间的多次改革。

14世纪后期的教会过于和执政掌权者亲近、政教不分，且生活优渥不愁吃穿，教会腐化的程度超乎想像，教皇所立的多项规条也不符合圣经的教导。

于是当时名噪一时的神学教授威克里夫出现了。

他的改革思想主要包括四方面：一.驳斥教皇是教会最高首领的说法，坚持只有上帝是万众的主宰。

二.主张用英语布道，建立王权至上、隶属国家的民族教会。

因为14世纪，英国社会上层仍使用法语，法律界术语也多用法文，而在宗教教育界及官方文书都由拉丁文主宰。

三.主张简化宗教仪式，没收教会土地，否定教士阶层的中介作用，反对“变体论”。

四.《圣经》是信仰的唯一和绝对的权威，信徒可通过直接阅读《圣经》寄托精神，得到上帝点化。

为使平民得听福音起见，他派一些“贫穷神父”外出传道，他们都好像使徒那样二人一组，周游各地，工作大有果效，拥护他的人在当时称为“罗拉德派”。

该团体主要分为牛津大学学院派、下层民众、中产阶级三个分支。

然而在兰开斯特王朝时，他们被视为异端，遭到严厉镇压，信徒被活活烧死，该派活动一度停止。

这次宗教改革实在是影响很大，致使他多次遭到未能得逞的通缉，就连他的死也大大促进了教会的改革，时任教皇格列高利十一世不得不在其死后30年的一次会议上颁布谕令，宣告威克里夫乃声名狼籍之异端者，至死顽梗不化，不但被逐出教会，而且他所有对他的追思都是有罪的，当将他的骸骨挖出，丢在教会墓园之外，将其他忠诚之死者以示区别。

英国历史与文化_论文Inevitable sacrifice

Inevitable sacrifice ——After reading The Mill on the Floss——管院张某I. PrefaceWhen Ms. Feng told us the chapter “justice and law”, she had introduced many funny and amazing laws to us. And as a result I was attracted into the fascinating world of laws. So after class I would like to read some more things. While searching on Google, I found a book named The Mill on the Floss. After reading it, I thought that I can write something about the book.II. Abstract:George Eliot's The Mill on The Floss is a controversial one. In the novel there are conflicts among individuals as well as individuals between societies. One's own self-realization and acceptance are bonded by the outside world to some extent. One has to make sacrifice to fit into the society. This paper based on the main character's experience and social backgrounds. Through analysis, the papers try to reveal the relation between one's own will and the outside's bondage put him or her, then indicate only mutual understanding and love are important ways to solve the conflicts.III. Introduction of the writer and the story:For anyone living in a society, he or she is bonded by the outside world to some extent. His or her own self-fulfillment will be limited no matter what their own will is. In reality, individual has to sacrifice something for outside conciliation. However the conflicts which exist among society can‟t be solved easily. Usually after many twists and turns, mutu al understanding and love are proved to be the key to the problems. George Eliot‟s the Mill on the Floss reflects this phenomena clearlyIn fact George Eliot is a typical example who had undertaken pressure from the external force and taste the bitter of outside bondage. It can be seen from her name on one hand. Her origin name is Mary Ann Evans and Eliot seems to be more proper for a man‟s name. However, Evans chose writing as her occupation which was rare for a woman at that time. In order to meet fewer o bstacles she had to use a male‟s name as herpen name. On the other hand Eliot‟s own life experience told people one who wants to realize self-fulfillment must prepare for fighting against the outside world. “Eliot took over the management of the household only at sixteen. Finding local teachers to guide her she studied German, Italian, Greek and Latin.” With cumulative knowledge about science she refused to go to church at twenty two, which shocked her family and the society, then the conflicts between the religion and her own pursue for free spiritual world happens again and again. And she also does another surprising thing in a most conventual‟s society. She falls in love with G.H Lewes who had already got married; moreover she lives together with him publicly. There must be much courage taken for Eliot to defy an almost unanimous social disapproval in her way to seek true happiness. She got it at a high cost of losing many relatives including her beloved brother and some friends. Misunderstanding digs a deep gap between them.During Eliot‟s life she tries to escape from the society but involved in it, which is also reflected in her works. The Mill on the Floss is a classic one. The novel gives the detail of Tom and Maggie Tulliver‟ s life. They are brother and sister growing up on the river Floss near the village of St.Ogg. Their father Mr. Tulliver managers the mill handed down from their ancestors. He sent Tom to have better education he thought and had to borrow money from Waken a man Mr. Tulliver has deep prejudice. Unfortunately Mr. Tulliver fails in a suit case while Mr. Wakem is the opponent‟s counsel. Then Mr. Tulliver has to sell all his fortune to Wakem and become his employer in order to live. But he is not reconciled to the bad condition. After M r. Tulliver‟s bankruptcy Tom breaks his school study and become an accountant in a bank.Because of Tom‟s striving for success and diligent work their condition improved. However, when Tom tried to buy the mill Mr. Tulliver revenge himself fore Wakem but got stroke being too excited. His daughter Maggie is an intelligent and kind girl she keep pure friendship with Wakem‟s son Phillip in spite of the opposite from father and brother. Tom can‟t understand Maggie all the time and end their relation after Maggie‟s elopement. In the end when a flood happens in the floss, Maggie tries to rescue her brother Tom and they reconcile but die together in the flood.IV. The influence of societyThe story is a sad one, but the tragic destiny of the character is bonded closely with the outside world they live. In 19th century men and women have different responsibilities. Men are supposed to make a living for the whole family. In Mr. Tulliver‟s house Mr. Tulliver manages the business in the mill. After his bankruptcy his son Tom undertakes the heavy burden straightly. And women are confined in a very small circle. They are considered to be housewife in the household and dependent on men. Just illustrated with Maggie‟s story, although she is clever and independent to some extent, she still can‟t live herself, first under his father‟s protection then his brother‟s support, Maggie‟s aunts are all typical housewife in the society and Mrs. Maggie wants to educate Maggie to accept woman‟s role, too.One‟s social background has great influence on one‟s growth. A person‟s outlook, belief and behavior, etc are connected closely with his social background. One must adjust himself to the condition he lives in. take Maggie as an example, too. She sacrifices many things as a woman in Victorian England. Although she is intelligent she has got no right to get his education as boys like her brother, his father confirm Maggie is very clever, but thinks her “Too clever for a woman” “an over –clever woman is like a long –tailed sheep -- it doesn‟t add to her value” which is an almost unanimous social belief at that time. She love reading and Latin, but only learns them herself. Maggie can‟t work like his brother but only to stay at home, although she can do better than Tom at some things. Also in the pursuit of love and confirm she has no fair chance like men. She has to give up the companion of Phillip Wakem when his father and brother oppose. She also had to end her elopement in face of her family and the society. Maggie‟s educa tion, occupation and love are all influences by the society by the society at that time. She is a most tragic character in the novel.Tom as a male in 19th century is also restrained in many aspects by his social background. First “he is known to us as a l ively and adventurous boy and clearly enjoys traditionally manly activities such as fishing, riding big horses and thinking about owinga gun one day.” he may never worry much about his future before this time. There‟s suspect that Tom will enjoy a life laden with adventures and few responsibilities until it is his time to take over the family business and become a man. However, in order to meet his family‟s expectation, Tom is sent to school and receives an education where he is “a bit nimble with his tong ue and his pen, and [because] a smart chap” (Eliot, 1995:23). In the new environment all Tom‟s previous seems to be of no use to him. He also feels very strange to be of no use to him. He also feels very strange to his new subjects and failed to prove himself through his studies. He has become quite aware of his difficulties in grasping the new concept that were thrown at him every day make him appear “stupid” and this knowledge gives him a “girl‟s susceptibility” when Tom‟s school life has not ended, the terrible accident his family has been in makes him return home. Before this he is an immature boy, but he is pressed too quickly into manhood and soon becomes ultra-masculine. Tom manages to get a job to support his family and work hard to pay the family‟s debt. It can be summarized in the beginning Tom sacrifices his interest to satisfy his family‟s great expectations on him. Later he ends his childhood suddenly and undertakes a man‟s responsibility instead of a carefree boy.Phillip Wakem as Wakem‟s only s on should be happier than Tom for his rich family background. However he gets a deformed back when man is thought to be strong and masculine, he is often discriminated and pitied by others,, which makes him a sentimental boy, his father lawyer Wakem is tho ught to be a …rascal‟ by Mr. Tulliver，from which it can be known lawyer Wakem as a counsel may often make an enemy of other. Although Phillip show intelligence in his study and is a master of the arts, he is repeatedly described as womanly or feminine for his deficiency. He calls Tom‟s dislike for his weak body and his family background, and also loses many chances of meeting with Maggie. The weak side of Phillip is often sympathized by others.As discussed above, women are confirmed to household. There are much discrimination against women at that time. Maggie is a main character in the novel, fighting almost all her life towards discrimination on her. As a little girl, she is so naughty that a boy can‟t compare with her when her mother and aunts are not sa tisfied with heruncurled disordered hair, Maggie, a nine years old girl, cuts her hair short herself, as a child, she can‟t understand why people expect her to act in such “a way that would make her physically uncomfortable and deny her the right to express all of her vibrant feelings.” during her growth, she continually defies society‟s expectation for her actions. Though her father thinks school education is no use for a girl, she reads every book she can get her hands on and gives herself a sort of “sel f-education”. In p ursuit of love, she keeps secret friendship with Phillip in spite of family‟s opposition. Because of falling in love with Stephen, she makes a decision on impulse: elopement. Fighting is always the choice Maggie chooses. However, as Maggie ages and comes to deal with his father's illness. She begins to let herself be pushed into a more traditional mold. "she reads the writing of Thomad A Kempis and decides to live a life of piety and self-denial" She makes this decision because she feels the desire to fit into her society, now that she must take on more responsibilities at home due to her father's illness. In face of the love for Phillip Wakem, Maggie also showed expected behaviors for women at that time. She feels more completed by the sense that it is a selfless love because Phillip's deficiency in body. Maggie is fighting and conciliating all the time. So it can explain why Maggie runs away with Stephen but ends their elopement soon. On one hand she is against the outside wish because she wants to pursue her own happiness. It's the only way for a woman like Maggie to do so. "For what response could poor Maggie ever win except by wresting?" But on the other hand, as an individual she belongs to the society, so she must take the limitations imposed on women by nineteen-century society.Tom Tuliver also accepts his role as a man in contemporary society. As a boy, he loves outside doors and always wants to fight physically for gis place in the world. Tom's spiturial worl fits the spirit of knight in traditional England. He tries to satisfy his family's expectations and he studies hard on the subject he is not good at. After the family's accident he receives the family's burden without complains, as if it is natural for him to follow this. Tom is aligned himself with the narrow, self-serving ethic of the rising entrepreneur. In Tom's long seek of employment from Mr. Deane Tom managers to hold up his tears and behaves a man's way, when Mr. Deane says he is no use in many jobs.But he succeeds at last.Another character Phillip's response to the society can't be neglected, either. Comparing with Tom, he is a gentleman in many aspects. However, because of his deformity in body, he is considered weak throughout the entire novel. During the school time when Tom and Phillip are schoolmates, "Phillip is always depicted in a gentler light with finer features and more refined talents. When Tom goes out and experiences adventures, Philips only reads about them and retells the stories of others." Phillip's gentle gestures are especially showed when he has dealings with Maggie. He draws the picture and sings songs for her. He's always polite and knowledgeable. However, most his behaviors are not merits but a kind of compromise to the society. He accepts the role the society assumes to him. He can be strong to oppose sometimes, but he conciliates with the circumstance and his family Only his decision that marry Maggie is against his father's will , but it's only an episode and fails at lastV. Analysis of the conflicts showed by main characterThere are many conflicts in the novel which are showed in many characters and concentrated on Maggie. George Eliot explores the conflict between self-realization and acceptance that makes for the ambivalence at the heart of characters. It's also the origin of Maggie's inner conflict. Maggie is not willing to accept the role the society give to her, but at the same time she assumes duties a woman should have. Maggie Tulliver is trapped by being too compliant with other people's expectations of her, although she fights bravely but her inner struggle often brings her extreme pains. The climax is Maggie and Stephen‟s elopement. Maggie struggles between her love for Stephen and her duties to Phillip and Lucy, contracted as it were in her past .She rejects Stephen eventually and makes her way back to St.Oggs. Her last compromise implicates many women's plight at that time.Inner conflicts come from outside force. Maggie is influenced heavily by the external world. Her years for the education are not considered necessary or good for girls. She needs to love and be loved but is blocked by her brother's incomprehension. The plight ofwomen in general is showed by Maggie in a serious way. There are also many petty family obstacles to her freedom. Maggie has tasted and sought more of a forbidden knowledge for a woman. She shows her sympathy with others which is sharp contrast with many persons around her. She loves her brother Tom, but "as the heads strong Maggie grows into womanhood, the deep love which she has for Tom turns into conflict, because she can't reconcile his bourgeois standards with her own lively intelligence." Then Maggie's conflicts between her and the whole bourgeoisies‟ spirit exist. Also "Tom's pragmatics and reserved nature clashes with Maggie idealism and fervor for intellectual gains and experience."Lack of mutual understanding is another key reason for conflicts in the novel. Tom and Maggie are beloved brother and sister. They care about each other deep. But without understanding Maggie, Tom refuses Maggie many times, and at last he even roughly sends her away for Maggie's mistake on impulse, "telling her that she will never be welcome under his roof." and Mr. Tulliver's prejudice and contradiction with Phillip Wakem's father as well as Mr. Tulliver untimely death, serve both to intensify Tom and Maggie‟s prejudice, but in the same time highlight their love for each other. Confronting with difference, they don't talk the problem directly but misunderstand each other in a further step.Although Tom and Maggie have conflicts and differences, they reconcile at last. It is love and mutual understanding that solve the divergence especially in the end of the novel. Maggie tries to rescue Tom without concerning about her own life. Tom understands Maggie eventually and all their conflicts disappear.VI. ConclusionThe individual are influenced by their circumstances in many ways, Georg e Eliot‟s The Mill on the Floss reveals it clearly. The effect of society upon the individual is great and the individual responds the outside force different at different life's time.In Victorian England male and female have different roles in the society,. Men are assumed to have more right and responsibility than women. it is the same case with theirpressure. However, the limitations societies given to women are sadder for women. "Eliot herself once compares Victorian England to a prison" so under this condition individual fights the external force on one hand and on the other hand makes a compromise from time to time. In Eliot's novel each character is portrayed as behaving in various ways due to varied external and internal forces. This is reflected in Maggie very well. She is intelligent and not satisfied with the role family expected of her. she fight with the unfair in early years but later family's bankruptcy make Maggie's intellectual aptitude waste in her socially isolated state. She makes many sacrifices as to fit herself to the society needs for her.In sum the novel tries to tell us self-realization and acceptance is not an even way. There are many conflicts, here and there, now and then. One's own destiny is not dependent on its own choice. In order to meet with the external force, he has to sacrifice something for conciliation.。

英国史论文

从世界杯认识英国自从小学四年级第一次学习英语开始，我就对这门语言产生了极大的兴趣。

同时，也因为如此，我对英国这个曾经的“日不落帝国”多了几分兴趣，据说那里的人们爱聊天气，喜欢以天气互相问候，大概这就是英国文化的一部分吧。

正是如此，我选修了《英国史》作为这个学期的课程之一。

英国队与英格兰队最近除了上海世博会之外，南非的足球世界杯俨然成为了大家最热门的话题。

细心的人们会发现到，世界杯的决赛圈参加国里面，没有英国队这个词，取而代之的是，英格兰队。

于是那些不懂历史或是政治的球迷就会以为，英格兰队就是英国队，包括我初中以前也是这么想的。

其实我们大家都想错了。

英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个王国组成的联合王国，一统于一个中央政府和国家元首，简称联合王国（United Kingdom）或不列颠（Britain），我们大家通称为英国。

世界杯足球赛是由国际足联举办的，由国际足联的各个足球协会的代表队参加，因此，它实际上是协会与协会之间的比赛，只不过多数国家都只有一个足球协会，所以看上去，我们都以为是国家与国家的比赛。

早在19世纪,以上四个王国就已成立自己的足协,到国际足联成立时他们就是成立会员,因此规定在国际足联举办的各项足球比赛,例如世界杯，英国都可以派出四支球队——英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

也因为如此，某些英超联赛的著名球星是威尔士人，他一生只代表威尔士王国出战，所以直到现在，很遗憾始终无缘世界杯。

四个成员国现在大家应该明白了，英国队并不叫英格兰队，英格兰队仅仅是四支英国球队中的一个，只是实力最为强大。

英格兰（England），我们大家有时候会译做“英吉利”。

英格兰王国位于大不列颠岛的东南方，苏格兰以南，威尔斯以东，是联合王国四个主要区域中面积最大以及人口最多的地方，集中了英国本土人口的83％。

英格兰地区在政治上的统一则是从10世纪开始的。

直到公元10世纪之前，英格兰的历史其实是很难和整个英国的历史分割开来的。

英国历史文化论文

英国历史文化论文集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-英国历史文化现代世界的一个突出特征是许多国家都形成了宗教信仰多元化的现实，其中包括英国。

英国宗教信仰多元化的问题不但反映了这个国家宗教文化的历史进程，更重要的是从一个侧面说明了宗教与、经济、、民族等问题的密切关联，这些关联又证实了宗教在现代世界各国的重要意义所在。

但是，从我们掌握的情况看，国内有关英国宗教问题的研究成果很少，而专门研究英国宗教多元化问题的论着还没有见到。

因此，研究、分析和了解英国宗教多元化的历史成因、表现及其特点（注：本文为教育部重点研究基地重点项目“现代欧美人口迁移与宗教多元化”的阶段性成果。

），不但具有历史学科价值，也具有现实意义。

历史上宗教信仰多元化的起源与发展1054年基督教公开分裂为天主教和东正教以后，英国原本也是一个天主教国家。

1529年，都铎王朝的亨利八世以教皇不同意他与王后离婚为由开始与罗马教廷走向决裂。

与罗马教廷决裂后的英国教会称“安立甘宗(Anglican Communion)”，又称“圣公会(Anglican Churches)”，具有国教的地位。

由于英国与罗马教廷的决裂是经由亨利八世的改革来进行的，而且亨利八世并没有宣布放弃天主教信仰，改革后的英国国教保留了主教制等天主教传统，安立甘教成为一个既有罗马天主教传统、又有新教特点的教派。

由于国教内部对天主教残余问题存在不同看法，加之其他新教教派观点和思想的传入，使英国宗教从近代开始出现了多元化的趋向。

首先，英国安立甘教本身分为“高教会派”和“低教会派”两大教派。

所谓高教会派，又称“安立甘公教派”，也可以翻译为“英国天主教”，英语为Anglo-Catholicism，主张天主教传统礼仪和教义，但提倡改革教会；所谓低教会派，又称“安立甘宗福音派”，也有人翻译为“福音新教”，英语为Anglican Evangelicals，强调个人悔改和虔修，注重在圣公会中保持新教传统，贬低天主教礼仪和教义的重要性。

英国历史文化概况的论文（2）

英国历史文化概况的论文(2)英国文化的论文篇1浅谈从英国当代艺术看英国文化摘要：2011年11月1日，由英国大使馆文化协会推出的“英国制造――英国文化协会当代艺术展1980―2010”在苏州博物馆拉开大幕。

100多件参展作品全部是1980―2010年间创作完成的。

艺术家们用雕塑、绘画、摄影、录像等不同的方式向我们纪录和展示了由科技进步所带来的艺术创新和探索及其由此引发的艺术观念、艺术风貌的变化;同时透过这些作品，也让我们看到了英国近30年来的社会、文化变迁。

关键词：英国当代艺术;英国文化;英国制造2011年11月1日，由英国大使馆文化协会推出的“英国制造――英国文化协会当代艺术展1980―2010”在苏州博物馆拉开大幕。

这次英国制造的展品全部都是由英国文化协会提供的。

英国文化协会成立于1934年，收藏有八千多件现当代艺术家的作品。

2010年上海世博会结束后，为继续向中国观众介绍英国当代文化，英国文化协会在其八千多件藏品中，精挑细选了30几位当代艺术家的100多件作品到中国进行巡展。

先后在成都、西安和香港举行了展览。

苏州是这次巡展的第四站，也是最后一站。

这次参展的艺术家大多出生于20世纪的60年代和70年代早期，80年代末和90年代初开始活跃于英国艺术界，大多数是”英国青年艺术家”成员，其中包括迈克尔•兰迪，达明安•赫斯特，吉莉安•维尔林，莎拉•卢卡斯等，现在都是蜚声国际的知名艺术家。

这次参展艺术家中还有7位特纳奖的获得者。

特纳奖创立于1984年，以英国著名艺术家威廉.特纳的名字命名。

该奖项是英国首个给青年艺术家设立得奖项，以发展和推动先锋艺术为宗旨，被视为欧洲最重要和最有威信的视觉艺术大奖。

100多件参展作品全部是1980―2010年间创作完成的。

这30年，以科学技术的突飞猛进为动力带来了英国以及全世界生活、观念的革命。

艺术家们用雕塑、绘画、摄影、录像等等不同的方式向我们纪录和展示了由科技进步所带来的艺术创新和探索及其由此引发的艺术观念、艺术风貌的变化;同时透过这些作品，也让我们看到了英国近30年来的社会、文化变迁。

英国王室史论文——假如我是亨利八世

英国王室史结课论文都铎王朝历时一百一十八年，处于英国从封建社会向资本主义社会转型的关键时代。

亨利八世是英国都铎王朝的第二位国王，其父是都铎王朝的创始人，一个被英国人民誉为“商人国王”的伟大领袖。

在亨利七世统治期间，英国资本主义迅猛发展。

1509年亨利八世继承王位，亨利八世在位三十八年，这期间英国的社会经济状况、政治体制、文化、思想、宗教各方面都有了巨大的变化，作为一名专制的君主，亨利八世顺应时代潮流而起了巨大作用。

在英国人眼中这位年轻的国王身材魁梧，气概豪放，健壮勇武，多才多艺，给当时人们留下深刻的印象，他爱好文学和诗歌。

亨利八世在其统治初期，他的某些作为显示了文艺复兴新思潮的影响，他支持维护英国司法权，反对罗马教廷，虽然他的强烈反对一定程度上是为自己的离婚找借口，但不可否定的是宗教改革运动加强了英王的统治，创建了英格兰国教。

假如我是英王亨利八世，一定程度上加强专制权力，不会采取激进和决定性的手段来完成宗教改革，不会为了个人利益而盲目的反对罗马教会，不惜利益的得罪具有强大势力的西班牙王室。

我将避免引起国内外反改革势力的强烈反对。

将会建立一个政策措施和理论原则齐全的英国教会，而不是一味地反对罗马教会，让英国教会成为新教改革中最不彻底的一个教会。

英国宗教改革的导火线是亨利八世的一场离婚案，教会反对亨利的离婚要求，结果愤怒的亨利八世便开始了对抗教廷的活动，但是欧洲在路德宗教改革的影响下，反教皇的情绪已颇为普遍，亨利八世决定利用人们对教会的不满，加强自己的统治，一定程度上，宗教改革运动顺应了历史的潮流，冲破了封建神学思想的束缚，随着社会各阶层反教会不满情绪的高涨，日益强大的王权力图摆脱罗马教权的桎梏。

对于英国王室君主专制权力的加强产生了积极影响假如我是英王亨利八世，会对自己的婚姻严肃对待，避免酿成六段婚姻的悲惨后果。

亨利八世的婚姻问题也是风波迭起，他先后娶了六位夫人，第一位逼迫离婚，第二位和第五位妻子以通奸罪砍头处死，第三位妻子因病去世，第四位夫人协议离婚，此外他也有大量的情妇，亨利八世的婚姻问题均以国内外政治斗争密切相连，这是婚姻悲剧一再重演的根本原因。

abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）

abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）第一篇：a brief history of Britain 英国历史简述A Brief History of Britainby Pam BarrettWhen French and British construction workers met beneath the English Channel in 1990, Britain became linked to Continental Europe for the first time in 7,000 years.For it was then, when the last Ice Age ended, that melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea and turning Britain into an island.This fact of being “set apart” was one of the two seemingly contradictory factors which would affect every aspect of the country’s subsequent history.The other was a genius for absorbing every invader and immigrant, creating a mongrel breed whose energies would establish an empire incorporating a quarter of the population of the planet.Early settlers: Stone Age people arrived, probably from the Iberian peninsula, in around 3000 BC.They lived by farming but left few traces.The most dramatic ancient monument is Stonehenge in Wiltshire, built during the next 1,000 years.How and why it was built was a mystery, but it must have had religious and political significance.The Beaker people, named after their pottery, were next to arrive.But a more importance wave of immigration, in 700 BC, was that of the Celts from eastern and central Europe.The ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, they left behind a rich legacy of intricate and beautiful metalwork.The Romans: British recorded history began when Julius Caesar first crossed the English Channel in 55 BC.Roman rule continued for nearly 400 years, failing to subjugate only Scottish tribes, whose raiding parties were contained by Emperor Hadrian who built adefended wall right across the north of England.Eventually, threatened by barbarians at the gates of Rome, they abandoned Britain, leaving behind them a network of towns, mostly walled, a superb road system, and a new religion, Christianity.The next wave of invaders from central Europe – Angles, Saxons and Jutes – gradually pushed the native Celts west into Wales and north into Scotland.Anglo-Saxon dominance, too, lasted for four centuries, though it did not extend to Scotland, where a separate kingdom was forged by the Picts and the Scots.Although the Anglo-Saxons were a ferocious bunch, constantly squabbling, they laid the foundations of the English state, dividing the country into shires and devising an effective farming system.Their Teutonic religion, worshipping gods such as Woden and Thor, eclipsed Christianity until, at the end of the 6th century, the monk Augustine(once heard to remark “O Lord, make me chaste, but not yet”)converted the kings and the nobles.Monasteries sprang up, becoming places of learning.Treasures contained in the monasteries were a lure for the Vikings, whose ruthless raids from across the North Sea began in the 9th century.Initially they were defeated at sea by Alfred the Great, founder of the British Navy, but eventually they too were assimilated.Canute, the Danish leader, became king of Britain.The Norman Conquest: Links with Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings, were strong, and in 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne.His triumph at the battle of Hastings decisively changed English history.As W.C.Sellar and R.J.Yeatman put it in their classic humorous history 1066 And All That: “The Norman Conquest was a Good Thing, as from this time onwards England stopped being conquered and thus was able to become top nation.”William parceled out the land to barons in return for their loyalty, and the barons parceled out land in turn to lesser nobles in return for goods and services.At the bottom were the peasants, whose feudal status resembled slavery – hence the potency of the Robin Hood legend, celebrating the Nottingham outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor.Although much of the Norman kings’ energies were devoted to protecting their borders, there was a great flowering of Norman culture, producing many erudite historians and scholars.In 1167 Oxford University was founded.Thanks to the influence of William Shakespeare’s history plays, much of the next period of English history is popularly remembered through his view of the shifting alliances of the Plantagenet and Tudor kings who ruled from 1154 to 1547.During this period of conflict and disease –the Black Death alone killed nearly half the population in 1348-49 –the royal succession was by no means assured.Power struggles propelled to the throne those who could command the greatest military backing from the majority of the rival barons, a process vividly illustrated by the Wars of Roses, the tussles between the House of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485.Frequent strife with France(including the intermittent Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453)dominated international relationships.Internally, Wales was subjugated by 1288, though Scottish independence was recognized when Robert Bruce defeated English forces at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.Britain’s most famous king, Henry VIII, is remembered not only for his six wives(two of whom he had beheaded)but also for bringing about the Reformation, making England a Protestant rather than a Catholic countr y.His quarrel centred on the Pope’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who couldnot oblige him with a male heir.Doctrinal differences aside, however, Henry capitalized on a growing distaste for the church’s excessive privilege and wealt h, and was thus able to get away with seizing enough monastic lands and property to finance his rule.Under Henry, Wales was formally united with England in 1536.The Age of Elizabeth: England entered its Golden Age under Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter by Ann e Boleyn.The Elizabethan Age has a swashbuckling ring to it: the Virgin Queen and her dashing courtiers;the defeat of the Spanish Armada;Sir Walter Raleigh’s discovery of tobacco in Virginia;Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world.Poetry, plays a nd pageantry flourished during her 45-year reign.When Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”, died without an heir, the throne passed to James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England, inaugurating the Stuart dynasty and effectively joining together the two kingdoms.The Stuart period was one of conflict between Crown and Parliament.James I, a staunch believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred no Parliament at all, and Charles I dissolved Parliament and initiated an 11-year period of absolute rule.The upshot was a civil war from 1622 to 1649;Charles lost and was beheaded.A period of republicanism followed, under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, but after his death the monarchy was restored and prospered under Charles II.His brother, who succeeded him as James II, was less circumspect and tried to restore absolute monarchy and the Catholic religion.The newly emerging political parties, growing in confidence, forced him to flee and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orang e, to take the throne.This “Glorious Revolution”, although bloodless, was nonetheless a revolution and paved the way for Parliament’s permanent dominance overthe Crown.In 1707 an Act of Union united England and Scotland, although Scotland was allowed to retain its own Church and legislature.Many Scots felt that the union was bulldozed through by English politicians’ intent on improving their international trade prospects, and Scottish pressure to unravel the union is still a political issue.Political pragmatism triumphed again in 1714 when, a reliable Protestant monarch being needed in a hurry, a search through the family tree came up with George I of Hanover in Germany.Although he spoke no English and had little interest in his subjects, he founded a dynasty which was to span 115 years and encompass an expanding empire and an industrial revolution.The age of empire: Despite the loss of its American colonies in 1783, Britain’s trade-driven adventurism was undiminished, giving it control of West Africa and India, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, some Caribbean island, and Australia and New Zealand.At home, farmers embraced more efficient and profitable methods, which led to the eviction of many peasant farmers who either emigrated to the New World, carrying with them a resentment that would bequeathed to future generations, or left the land to find work in the towns, which rapidly became overcrowded.This combination of landowners with surplus capital to invest and laborers in search of a living was one reason why British became the first country to industrialize.Political stability helped too, as did the security of being an island, natural resources, good trade arrangements and a native genius for inventing things.The Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the steam engine in the 1770s, opening the way for the efficient powering of trains, ships and factory machinery.The invention of the Spinning Jenny and the power loom created mass production in textiles.The smelting ofiron with coke, instead of charcoal, hugely increased the production of iron.A massive building program of railways, roads and canals created a new class of industrialist, whose fortunes rivaled those of the aristocracy.But it also created abominable working conditions in mines and factories, conditions which led to the slow and painful development of trade unionism.Political reforms, seized elsewhere in Europe by revolution, came gradually in Britain.Parliamentary seats were distributed more fairly among the growing new towns, but voting was still based on property ownership and universal suffrage didn’t come until 1918(and even then was scarcely universal since it excluded women under 30).The problem that dominated parliamentary debate during this period was the intractable Irish Question.The resentment over centuries of British rule in Ireland bubbled to the surface after the potato famines of the mid-1840s, when about 20 percent of Ireland’s population died of starvation and more than a million people emigrated to escape a similar fate.Demands for Irish independence grew but they were demands which many English politicians, conscious of the security problems of having an independent and possibly none-too-friendly neighbor to their west, were reluctant to grant.As with today’s IRA campai gn, the debate had a backdrop of violence.T oday, however, the Victorian Age is remembered as a time of exuberant self-confidence, symbolized by the building in London of the Crystal Palace to showcase Britain’s industrial and technical achievements in the Great Exhibition of 1851.But many of London’s inhabitants might well have wondered when they would benefit from all these accomplishments.For them, the squalor and crime which Charles Dickens portrayed so evocatively in his novels were all too real.Working-class lifeimproved considerably during the last quarter of the 19th century.Many homes had gas lighting and streets were cleaned by the new municipal councils.A new police force contained crime.The music hall provided inexpensive entertainment in towns.Bicycles became a common method of transport, and a trip by train to seaside resorts was for many a highlight of summer.In London, trains in the world’s first underground railway began puffing their way through smoke-filled tunnels between Paddington and Farrington in 1863.Art and drama flourished.By the time of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897, the country was feeling quite pleased with itself.Britannia ruled the waves, and anything seemed possible.The 20th century: But all good things come to an end.The Boer War of 1900 ended in victory for the British in South Africa but damaged its international reputation.France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets.The newly united German state was flexing its military muscles.The Edwardian era of the early 20th century, seemingly an idyllic time, was built on shifting sands.Dragged into World War I by a complex web of international alliances, Britain faced unimaginable carnage in which more than a million of its young men died.Social unrest at the end of the war, though less devastating than in the defeated Germany, gave more power to women(who had shouldered a heavy burden while the men were at war)and led to a General Strike by dissatisfied workers in 1926.The Irish Question was partly answered with the creation of an independent Irish free State, but six Protestant-dominated counties in the north stayed under UK rule – a time bomb which exploded in 1969.The shock waves from the 1929 New York Stock Market crash plunged Britain into depression, throwing millionsout of work, especially in the industrial areas of northern England, south Wales and Clydeside in Scotland.The monarchy was rocked by crisis in 1936 when Edward VIII, who had just become king, decided to marry the twice-divorced Mrs Wallis Simpson.His family, the church and the government opposed the match, forcing him to abdicate.His brother, a reluctant George VI, restored the monarchy’s popularity, not least through the support which he and his wife Elizabeth(later the Queen Mother)gave to their subjects during the German air raids of World War II.Although Britain’s island status saved it from invasion, this war involved civilians in an unprecedented way.Cities like Coventry were devastated by bombing and the Blitz radically changed the face of London for the first time since the Great Fire of 1666.Many children were sent to live in the countryside.Most social inequalities were set aside during the war and, when peace returned in 1945, voters turned to the Labour party in hope that it could develop an even greater egalitarianism.It laid the basis of a welfare state, providing free medical care for everyone as well as financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.But the war had left Britain broke.While Germany and Japan rebuilt their industries almost from scratch, helped by international aid, Britain was left to patch together a severely damaged economy.It could no longer sustain an empire, and gradually its colonies became independent.Many former subjects, especially from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent, settled in Britain, raising fears of racial conflict that, despite some serious tensions, were never(quite)fulfilled.As the austere 1950s gave way to the ’60s, things started to look up.New universities were built, a motorway network launched, and a reinvigorated culture promoted by a group of writersdubbed “the angry young men”.Much of the explosion of new talent came from the north of England: actors like Albert Finney, playwrights like Alan Sillitoe, and pop groups galore, led by the Beatles.The swinging Sixties, powered by a newly affluent youth, had arrived.Britain’s heavy industry might be in trouble, but in fashion and pop music it led the world.The good times died in the 1970s as inflation and unemployment soared and labour unrest led to endless strikes.Joining the European Community in 1973 seemed to produce few obvious economic benefits and revenues from North Sea oil were quickly spent rather than invested.Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 promising tough new policies.Her popularity quickly faded, but was revived in 1982 by the Falklands War when an invading Argentinean force was beaten off the South Atlantic islands, remnants of the old empire.Although she went on to win two further elections convincingly, by 1990 her popularity, always firmer abroad than at home, was so shaky that her party, fearing that she would not win them the next election, replaced her with a less combative leader, John Major.He duly won the 1992 election, but a reinvigorated Labour Party under T ony Blair won in 1997.The overall problems did not change, though.The economy remained weak, distrust of the European Community did not abate, nationalism simmered in Wales and Scotland, the conflict in Northern Ireland dra gged on, and the Royal Family’s private life continued to obsess the tabloid press.It was business as usual, in fact – which, in a country obsessed by continuity, was immensely reassuring.第二篇：材料学的历史简述姓名：何莞晨学号：2014012075材料学的历史简述1.按材料划分的时代生活离不开材料，人类的一切生产活动所需的工具都建立在合适的材料的基础上。

关于英国历史的论文分享

关于英国历史的论文分享
论文摘要：19世纪中后期英国社会兴起的科技教育运动改变了英国教育的古典传统，打破了古典教育的垄断局面，奠定了现代科学在英国教育中的地位，促成了英国教育从社会边缘向社会中心的转移。

l9世纪中后期英国的科技教育运动之所以能够取得成功，得益于政府和社会各界将科技教育置于重要的战略地位，政府采取了适当的干预策略，在运动开展过程中正确处理了科技教育与古典教育的关系，注重科学教育与技术教育的协调发展，特别是加强了实验教学和实验研究。

这些因素共同推动了19世纪中后期英国科技教育运动的顺利开展，同时也给后世留下了宝贵的历史经验。

19世纪中后期，在面临政治、经济、科技等领域激烈竞争和严峻挑战的背景下，英国社会掀起了一场范围广阔、影响深远的科技教育运动。

这场涉及高等、中等和成人教育等领域的运动在很大程度上改变了英国教育的古典传统，使科学技术正式步人了英国教育舞台的中心，教育也由此实现了从社会边缘向社会中心的转移，进而成为英国工业经济发展的助推剂。

19世纪中后期英国的科技教育运动是如何兴起并最终取得成功的从历史的角度对这一问题加以分析、总结，有助于拓展学
界对19世纪中后期英国教育变革的认识，并对我国科技教育的发展有所借鉴。

英国史论文

英国大宪章人权思想的产生，是英国人民反对封建专制统治的结果。

在中世纪，英国王权过大，不仅广大的人民没有人权，就是上层统治阶级的权利也受到严重损害。

即使尊贵如贵族似的人物，也不过是国王的奴仆而已，贵族本人甚至不能决定自己的家务事情，例如妇女的婚姻大事等。

贵族家庭中妇女的婚嫁，要由国王来决定，这就损害了英国贵族的利益。

英国贵族争取权利的斗争，于是从反对国王干涉贵族家庭的内部事务开始。

因此，英国贵族成为反对王权、争取人权的斗士。

诺曼底公爵威廉在征服英国后，为了收买人心，争取英国教会、贵族和各阶层人民的支持，于1066年签署了给予臣民一定权利的“王冠宪章”。

征服者威廉在“王冠宪章”中宣布，保证要“用正义统治人民、把国王的一切供给人民”，他还保证要制定正义的法律，并且保卫它；他特别强调将禁止各种掠夺、暴力和不公正的审判。

这时发生了影响世界历史发展的十字军东征运动。

1099年十字军领导人从穆斯林手中夺取了耶路撒冷后，组织了耶路撒冷市政委员会，起草了《耶路撒冷审判书》。

这份重要文件规定了在耶路撒冷，各国国王都要服从耶路撒冷市政委员会的决议。

许多英国贵族参加了十字军东征，参与组织了耶路撒冷市政委员会。

当这些贵族返回英国后，他们就把限制国王权力的这种精神带回了英国。

此后在英国贵族反对王权的斗争中，就有了一个法律依据。

这样，十字军东征在世界人权史上占有重要的地位。

在英国贵族的斗争下，1100年国王亨利一世被迫颁布了一个宪章，史称“亨利宪章”。

这个宪章保证教会的自由，保证贵族的继承权。

其中最为重要的内容是亨利一世表示限制他在控制贵族家庭妇女婚姻问题上的权力。

上述英国人权实践的发展，为大宪章的诞生铺平了道路。

英国大宪章 - 历史意义虽然第一次发布的大宪章只维持了数星期，但是约翰死后的多次重新发布，使它成为了永久的法律；大宪章亦成为了日后英国宪法的基石。

之后亨利三世及他的继承人曾多次避开破坏大宪章的规定，然事实上中世纪英国皇室的皇权在大宪章之下，仍然是有增无减。

英国历史文化论文

英国历史文化论文英国历史文化公元前地中海伊比利亚人，比克人，凯尔特人，先后来到不列颠。

公元１－５世纪大不列颠岛东南部为罗马帝国统治。

罗马人撤走后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁人、萨克逊人、朱特人相继入侵并定居。

７世纪开始形成封建制度，许多小国并成七个王国，争雄达２００年之久，史称“盎格鲁—撒克逊时代”。

８２９年威塞克斯国王爱格伯特统一了英格兰。

８世纪末遭丹麦人侵袭，１０１６年至１０４２年为丹麦海盗帝国的一部分。

其后经英王短期统治，１０６６年诺曼底公爵渡海征服英格兰。

１２１５年约翰王被迫签署大宪章，王权遭抑制。

１３３８年至１４５３年英法进行“百年战争”，英国先胜后败。

１５８８年击败西班牙“无敌舰队”，树立海上霸权。

１６４０年英国在全球第一个爆发资产阶级革命，成为资产阶级革命的先驱。

１６４９年５月１９日宣布成立共和国。

１６６０年王朝复辟，１６６８年发生“光荣革命”，确定了君主立宪制。

１７０７年英格兰与苏格兰合并，１８０１年又与爱尔兰合并。

１８世纪后半叶至１９世纪上半叶，成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家。

１９世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期，１９１４年占有的殖民地比本土大１１１倍，是第一殖民大国，自称“日不落帝国”。

第一次世界大战后开始衰败。

英国于１９２０年设立北爱兰郡，并于１９２１年至１９２２年允许爱尔兰南部脱离其统治，成立独立国家。

１９３１年颁布威斯敏斯特法案，被迫承认其自治领在内政、外交上独立自主，大英帝国殖民体系从此动摇。

第二次世界大战中经济实力大为削弱，政治地位下降。

随着１９４７年印度和巴基斯坦的相继独立，到６０年代，英帝国殖民体系瓦解。

１９７３年１月加入欧共体。

文化宗教在英国，每个人都享有宗教自由，因此，在英国各中心地区也形成了多种不同的宗教信仰蓬勃发展的局面。

英国有两个“官方的”教堂：即英格兰教堂（英国圣公教会）和苏格兰教堂（长老教派），除此之外，各种不同的宗教和数不胜数的教派在英国都可以找到自己的代表。

英国历史文化论文

高北斗5901112240 机制126班通过本学期的学习，我虽然了解的不是太多，但是相较于以前，还是收获颇深，听了老师上的课以后，我对以往英国历史文化的认识有了很大的改观。

这门课程，老师通过让我们观看视频来进一步了解英国历史文化，在观看的同时，还会向我们讲解一下，这很好，改变了我以前看电影什么的只看，而不注重本质的坏习惯，让我认识到看外观历史电影的同时，要注意思考其细节，和我们国家相对比，看有哪些不同。

还有就是，老师会先讲课，告诉我们一些关于英国历史文化的知识，然后在给我们看视频，这很好，通过“讲”与“看”相结合的方法，既提高了我们学习的积极性，带动了我们学习的兴趣，也让我们更清晰明了的认识英国历史文化同我们国家的差异。

我记得老师让我们看一部《卢旺达饭店》，由于之前对于历史不是很感兴趣，我看的比较粗略，影片中的一幕让我久久不能忘怀：盛夏的天空，下着雨。

慈爱的神父领着一群在屠杀中幸存下来的孤儿，奔向停在饭店门口象征着安全与生命的大巴，一个荷枪实弹的联合国士兵拦住了神父：“卢旺达人不准上车”。

神父凄凉的眼神中不是无奈无助，而是一种绝望。

我以前没怎么看过这类的电影，刚开始看的时候感觉没什么意思，但是我还是继续看下去了，看过后，心里有些触动。

影片中的故事虽然已经结束十多年了，历史无法改变，再多的忏悔又有何用，但是痛定思痛。

卢旺达大屠杀是对人权的践踏，对种族的的灭绝更是令人发指。

在那样的一个时代里没有任何的权利可言，谁有权力谁就有权利。

卢旺达累累白骨警示我们不能让惨剧重演，惩处那些施暴之人，上慰死去的人，下抚活着的人，还要警戒后人。

今天的卢旺达已经恢复了和平，而且我们也希望他们的人民能一直这样和平地生活，但愿这样的惨剧不要在任何一个地方再次发生，让这些永远成为历史。

英国史论文

伊丽莎白一世在由BBC主持的民众公选的“最伟大的100名英国人”中，伊丽莎白列前十名。

她经常在话剧或小说中出现。

对后来不列颠的统治者来说伊丽莎白的统治期和当时的许多人物有特别的意义。

那么，现在就来从宗教政策、文化政策、军事成就、海外贸易这四个角度来解读她。

1559年1月15日，伊丽莎白一世在威斯敏斯特被加冕为女王。

在女王44年统治期间，英国发生了巨大的变化。

众所周知，在伊丽莎白一世的父亲在为治期间，英国发生了宗教改革。

加上后来她的弟弟和姐姐统治的期间，英国被宗教迫害的腥风血雨所笼罩。

女王本人作为新教徒，也深受其害。

在她统治的最初两年，她重新确立新教为国教。

颁布了至尊法和单一法令，规定国王同时是教会的最高领导人。

但她没有继续把异教徒送上火刑柱，而是说：“只有一个耶稣基督，这是惟一的信仰，其余的一切争论都是小事”。

她允许天主教徒在家中保持信仰，她对天主教徒唯一的“迫害”是罚款，而不是火刑柱。

在伊丽莎白统治期间，英格兰新教徒和天主教徒基本相安无事，他们之间的仇恨逐渐消解，英格兰保持了民族的统一。

伊丽莎白一世的宽容和智慧为英国的发展提供了和平的社会环境，为接下来的经济文化的发展创造了有利条件。

后来英格兰的历史证明，伊丽莎白的宽容和智慧并不仅仅体现在她的宗教政策上。

伊丽莎白时期是英国文化发展的一个重要时期。

文学，尤其是诗歌和话剧进入了一个黄金时代。

英国对其他大陆的考察，尤其是对美洲的考察进入了一个新的阶段。

如同她的父亲，她本人也从事写作和翻译，一些她生前的演说和翻译作品一直流传至今。

伊丽莎白宽容的治国之道尤其体现在对戏剧的扶持，伟大的作家莎士比亚就生活在伊丽莎白时期。

在伊丽莎白之前，英格兰就有严格的书籍和戏剧审查制度，还有血腥恐怖的“星法院”，以言犯禁者可以被处以绞死、分尸、挖出内脏等酷刑，但是在伊丽莎白时期我们并没有找到实施这类重刑的记录。

女王在军事方面的成就是著名的在1588年打败西班牙无敌舰队。

但是接下来的一系列海战，英格兰并没有占上风。

简介英国历史论文

简介英国历史论文The history of Britain is a long and complex tapestry, woven with threads of conquest, rebellion, and evolution. From the arrival of the Romans to the Norman Conquest, through the Tudor period and the industrial revolution, Britain's history is a study in resilience and adaptation.In this paper, we will examine several key moments in British history, analyzing the impact of these events on the shaping of modern Britain. We will explore the interplay of political, social, and economic forces, and how they have shaped the nation over time.Beginning with the Roman invasion, we will examine the impact of Roman rule on Britain, from infrastructure and governance to culture and religion. We will then move on to explore the era of Viking invasions and the eventual unification of England under the rule of the Anglo-Saxons.The Norman Conquest will be a focal point of our analysis, as we consider the profound changes brought about by William the Conqueror and the establishment of a new ruling class. We will then delve into the Tudor period, a time of great political and religious upheaval, and its lasting impact on the development of Britain.Moving forward, we will examine the industrial revolution and its transformation of the British economy, society, and urban landscape. We will also explore the rise of the British Empire and the subsequent decline of imperial power, and how this has shapedBritain's place in the world today.Through this historical analysis, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the forces that have shaped Britain, and to appreciate the resilience and adaptability of a nation that has weathered centuries of change.In addition to the historical events mentioned, it's important to also examine the impact of the two World Wars on Britain. The devastation and sacrifice of World War I and World War II left an indelible mark on the nation, reshaping its role in global politics and leading to significant social and economic changes.Following the wars, the emergence of the welfare state under Clement Attlee's Labour government marked a shift towards a more inclusive and socially responsible society. The post-war period also witnessed the process of decolonization, as Britain relinquished its imperial holdings and grappled with the challenges of a changing geopolitical landscape.The latter part of the 20th century saw Britain navigating through societal transformations, including the rise of multiculturalism, advancements in technology, and the complexities of European integration. The Thatcherite era brought about significant economic reforms and a redefinition of Britain's role in the global economy.More recently, the process of Brexit has exemplified the ongoing tensions between national sovereignty and supranational cooperation, reflecting the complexities of Britain's relationship with the European Union and its global identity.Furthermore, the evolution of British society has been shaped by movements for civil rights, gender equality, and environmental awareness. These developments have contributed to a more inclusive and diverse Britain, reflective of changing social norms and values.In conclusion, the history of Britain is characterized by a continuous process of adaptation and transformation. From Roman conquest to present-day challenges, the nation has demonstrated resilience in the face of adversity and a capacity for renewal. By understanding the complexities of its history, we can appreciate the rich tapestry of influences that have contributed to the shaping of modern Britain.。

英国史论文浅谈英国崛起与工业革命

英国由于受季风天气的影响，所以属海洋性温带阔叶林气候，全年气候温和。

主要的矿产资源有煤、铁、石油和天然气，并不算很丰富。

然而就是这样一个小小的岛国，是第一个全球金融资本的中心，是第一个真正意义上的世界超级大国。

“日不落帝国”和“世界工厂”这两个称谓可以概括为英国最伟大的成就。

那是什么将英国从一个岛国变成欧洲强国，最终成为世界霸主的呢？答案只有一个——工业革命。

他认为在市场经济中，个体间的自然交易会创造出高效的资源分配模式，并有利于促进市场经济，创造出更高水平的收入。

根据这个理论，亚当•斯密提出了一个影响深远的对外贸易战略。

从十六世纪到十九世纪，英国继续了近三个世纪的圈地运动，为工业革命提供了大批廉价的劳动力。

同时海外贸易和殖民地的开发，使大量财富集中到英国资产阶级手中。

自然科学上，经典力学、热力学等学科的理论创新也为工业革命带来了契机。

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