英语专业英国文学中世纪时期名词解释
英国文学各个时期流派
英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派古英语和中古英语时期古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期.最早的文学形式是诗歌, 以口头形式流传,主要的诗人是吟游诗人.到基督教传入英国之后,一些诗歌才被记录下来.这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》,用头韵体写成.古英语时期(1066?1500)从1066年诺曼人征服英国,到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语.文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇,民谣和诗歌.在几组骑士传奇中,有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事,其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就.中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣,最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣.3,最重要的诗人是被称为"英国诗歌之父"的乔叟,代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》,取得了很高的艺术成就.他首创了诗歌的双韵体?每两行压韵的五步抑扬格,后被许多英国诗人采用.乔叟用伦敦方言写作,奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础,促进了英语语言文学的发展.文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展,在诗歌,散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛.诗歌方面,新的诗体形式如十四行诗,无韵体诗被介绍到英国.重要的诗人有Philip Sidney,他不仅写了许多优美的十四行诗,还创作了最早的诗歌理论作品之一《诗辩》.Edmund Spenser用斯宾塞诗节创作了着名长诗《仙后》.莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人,着有两部叙事诗,两部长诗和154首十四行诗.英文的《圣经钦定本》作成于1611年,不仅具有重大的宗教意义,也是一部伟大的文学作品,并且对英国的语言文化产生了深远的影响.它的纯朴,平易,明晰的散文风格奠定了英国散文的传统.一个着名的哲学家兼散文家是Francis Bacon,他的文学着作主要有《随笔》,收录了他在各个时期发表的58篇随笔,思想深刻,文笔简洁,富有警句格言.戏剧代表文艺复兴时期英国文学的最高成就.主要戏剧家有马洛(Christopher Marlowe), 莎士比亚(W. Shakespeare).17世纪的英国文学17世纪是英国社会剧烈动荡的时期之一,由于君主专制和资产阶级之间的矛盾,爆发了1642年的内战并导致了1688年的"光荣革命".与政治斗争和资产阶级革命思想紧密相连的是宗教斗争和清教徒思想.因此这一时期的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长,并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向.两个代表作家是弥尔顿和班扬.弥尔顿的代表作〈失乐园〉和班扬的代表作〈天路历程〉都取材于〈圣经〉.〈天路历程〉是一部寓言作品,用"基督徒"到达天国的历程象征人类追求美好未来的进程.18世纪的英国文学18世纪产生了一种进步思潮?启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).18中期兴起了英国现代小说,出现了大批有影响的小说家.理查逊(Samuel Richardson)的小说〈帕美拉〉(Pamela)采用书信体形式对人物的心理活动进行细致的描写,大大丰富了小说的创作方法.哥尔德史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith)的〈威克菲牧师传〉(The Vicar of Wakefield)是英国文学史上着名的感伤小说之一.劳伦斯斯特恩(Laurence Sterne)打破传统的叙事方法,创作了〈项迪传〉,而被认为是英国现代派文学的先驱.迪福(Daniel Defoe)是英国文学史上第一个现实主义小说家,代表作是〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉.讲述故事情节并分析鲁滨逊这一人物形象.斯威夫特是英国文学史上着名的讽刺小说家,以犀利的文笔对教会和社会的虚伪腐败进行了辛辣的讽刺.代表作是〈格列佛游记〉菲尔丁是英国最杰出的小说家之一,在理论与实践上都为英国小说的发展作出了贡献.在他的代表作〈汤姆?琼斯〉中,他塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物,展示了错综复杂的社会矛盾.讲述故事情节,分析主题和主要人物形象19世纪的英国文学19世纪英国文学主要包括上半期的浪漫主义时期和中后期的批判现实主义小说.布来克和罗伯特?彭斯属于前浪漫主义诗人.布来克的代表作品有〈天真之歌〉和〈经验之歌〉.彭斯是着名的苏格兰民族诗人,写了很多脍炙人口的歌颂友谊,爱情,自由,平等的诗歌,其中〈一朵红红的玫瑰〉广为流传.浪漫主义全盛时期以华滋华斯与柯律维治联合发表〈抒情歌谣集〉为开始,到瓦尔特斯各特的逝世为止,主要文学成就为诗歌,涌现了华滋华斯为代表的"湖畔派"诗人和拜伦,雪莱,济慈等富有革命理想,颂扬自由与解放的诗人.19世纪中后期的批判现实主义作家真实地描写了英国资产阶级的社会生活,暴露和批判了资产阶级社会的罪恶,对人民群众寄予了深刻的同情.狄更斯是英国最杰出的批判现实主义小说家,善于描写社会底层人们的生活和思想,作品题材广泛,思想深刻;萨克雷则善于描写上层社会形形色色的人物.批判现实主义女性小说家及她们的代表作品:Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot.分析简?爱这一人物形象并分析小说的主题思想.托马斯?哈代是19世纪末20世纪初英国最伟大的现实主义小说家,他称自己的作品是"性格与环境的小说".代表作品是〈德伯家的苔丝〉.20世纪的现代派作家人们对西方文明的危机感和第二次世界大战的恶果促成了西方现代派文学的形成.主要表现为意识流小说,代表作家有詹姆斯乔伊斯和弗洁尼亚沃尔夫.乔伊斯的小说〈尤利西斯〉描写的是现代都市居民庸俗,猥琐的精神生活.弗洁尼亚的〈到灯塔去〉则运用了娴熟的象征手法和意识流技巧.英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点毋庸置疑，英国小说是世界艺术之林中的一大景观。
英国文学最全名词解释
英国文学最全名词解释名词解释1、Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. It usually have a caesura in the middle and two stresses (or accents) in each half. The number of unstressed syllables in the two halves may vary. Yet, the same consonant is repeated at the beginning of the accented syllables, either twice in the first half of the verse line and once in the second half, or vice versa. Or we can say there are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. Alliteration makes Anglo-Saxon poetry very musical in sound and acts almost the same part that rhyme plays in later poetry. English poets till today still love to use alliteratione.g. “True is the tale (caesura) I tell of my travels,/ Sing of my seafaring (caesura) sor rows and woes.2、Blank verse无韵诗，素体诗（不押韵的五音步诗行）: also called unrhymed poetry, has been the dominant verse form of English drama and narrative poetry since the mid-sixteenth century. In 1540, from Italy, this verse form was brought into English literature by the poet Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey), who first used it in his translation of The Aeneid.Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and soon became a popular form fornarrative and dramatic poetry.E.g. Paradise Lost by Milton3、Comedy of humours: The comedy of humours is a genre of dramatic comedy that focuses on a character or range of characters, each of whom exhibits two or more overriding traits or 'humours' that dominates their personality, desires and conduct. the English playwrights Ben Jonson and George Chapman popularized the genre in the closing years of the sixteenth century. In the later half of the seventeenth century, it was combined with the comedy of manners in Restoration comedy.In which the prevailing eccentricities and ruling passions of character are exposed to ridicule and satireE.g. Every Man in His HumourEvery Man out of His Humour4、Dramatic monologue：a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent ‘audience’of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet‘s own thoughts; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric，while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy.E.g. My Last Duchess by Browning5、Epic (史诗)appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition. A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple,but full of magnificence. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf ( the pagan异教徒secular(非宗教的) poetry)Iliad 《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》The Divine Comedy《神曲》6、Gothic Novels tales of macabre, fantastic and supernatural happenings, set in haunted castles, graveyards, ruins and wild landscapes and often with a weak or innocent heroine going through some horrible experiences. Derives its name from similarities to Medieval(中古的,中世纪) Gothic architecture.A thriller designed not only toterrify or frighten the audience, but to convey a sense of moral failure or spiritual darkness. The Gothic in England begins with The Castle of Otranto in 1760, by Horace Walpole, which emphasized the supernatural mixed with the grotesque in a medieval setting.E.g. Anne Radcliffe in Mysteries of UdolphoFrankenstein(1817) by Mary Shelley7、Heroic Couplet(英雄双韵体)Heroic couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameter Heroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc). The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhymeis masculine. 3) Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.E.g. Cooper's Hillby by John Denham(德纳姆)8、Iambic pentameter: a verse lines of feet of the iambic rhythmIambic(adjective of iambus): a metrical foot consisting of one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. (cf. Trochaic/trochee: a metrical foot consisting of one stressedsyllable followed by an unstressed one)Pentameter: a verse line of 5 feet.E.g. sonnet 18 by Shakespeare9、Ode：a poem intended or adapted to be sung in the ancient time, but a rhymed lyric poem often of an address in the modern times, with dignified and exalted or simple and familiar subjects. a long lyric poem, serious and dignified in subject, tone and style, sometimes with an elaborate stanzaic structure, often written to commemorate or celebrate an event or individual. Representative poets: Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats Representative：Ode to Psyche, Ode to a Nightingale10、Romance: a medieval tale based on legend, chivalric love and adventures, or a prose narrative treating imaginary characters involved heroic, adventurous, or mysterious events remote in time and place. It became a popular form of literature. The plots of romance tend to be complex, with uprising and even magical actions common.e.g. The Tempest by Shakespeare11、Sonnet：a poem consisting of 14 lines of 10 syllables each in English (11 syllables in Italian and12 syllables in French)The English sonnet: a sonnet of 14 iambic pentameter lines divided into an octave and sestet rhyming abba abba cde cde (or other rhymes in the sestet)The Shakespearian sonnet: a sonnet of 14 iambic pentameter lines divided into a 12-line unit followed by a 2-line conclusion rhyming abab cdcd efef ggE.g. sonnet 18 by Shakespeare12、Three unities （三一律）: referring to the rules set by Aristotle for tragedy which are observedin Greek tragedies and Neoclassic drama, that is a tragedy must have one single action which takes place within one day and in one place. It required that the events of a play not exceeda single day (time), be confined to a single location or to several locations within a small area (pla ce), and not have subplots (action). It is term given by Aristotle and strictly adhered in 17th Franc e and then over Europe.e.g. Cid by Pierre Corneille13、Topographical poetry: a local poetry focusing on the presentation of landscapes and praising particular parks, estates and gardens. The emergence of this kind of poetry of which can be traced to the 1730s and was defined by Dr Johnson as “local poe try, of which the fundamental object is some particular landscape.e.g. The Seasons by James Thomson14、Graveyard Poets: This group of poets mainly comprises Thomas Parnell, Edward Young, Robert Blair and Thomas Gray. They wrote melancholy poems, often with the poet meditating on human mortality problems at night or in a graveyard. Gray is the most representative and successful among them and his poem Elegy written in a Country Church-yard is partly responsible for this group to be named graveyard poets.15、Metaphysical Poetry: Metaphysical poetry is defined as poetry dating from the 17th century in Britain that has an abstract and ethereal style. Such poetry used a variety of form and structures, but employed similar styles. The term was first coined by John Dryden in 1693 when he described a poem by John Donne as affecting “the metaphysical.” It was later popularized by Samuel Johnson in 1781.e.g. The flea by John Donne16、Allegory A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, orsettings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is astory with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does nor have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to teh eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of mimetic, or represent are.The etylmological meaning of the word is broader than the common use of the word. Though it is similar to other rhetorical comparisons. An allegory is sustained lnger and more fully in its details than a metaphor, and appeals to imagination, while an analogy appeals to reason or logical. The fable or parable is a short allegory with one definite moral.E.g. The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan。
英国文学名词解释【英语专业英国文学复习资料之一】
1. epic 史诗史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic heroic ideals ideals ideals of of of a a a nation nation nation or or or race race race in in in the the the making. making. Beowulf is is the the the English English English national national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. 2. caesura 停顿停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line. 3. alliteration 头韵头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that that are are are close close close to to to each each each other. other. other. It It It is is is a a a feature feature feature of of Beowulf and and other other other Old Old Old English English poems. 4. alliterative verse 头韵诗头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf , is heavily heavily alliterative, alliterative, alliterative, and and and the the the pattern pattern pattern is is is fairly fairly fairly standard standard standard –– with with either either either two two two or or or three three stressed syllables in each line alliterating. 5. kenning 隐喻语隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full o f kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6. protagonist 主角主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet . 7. antagonist 反角反角In In drama drama drama or or or fiction fiction fiction the the the antagonist antagonist antagonist opposes opposes opposes the the the hero hero hero or or or protagonist. protagonist. protagonist. In In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet. 8. romance 传奇传奇a a type type type of of of literature literature literature that that that was was was popular popular popular in in in the the the Middle Middle Middle Ages, Ages, Ages, usually usually usually containing containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown. 9. bob and wheel 诗节末尾的短行与叠唱诗节末尾的短行与叠唱诗节末尾的短行与叠唱 a a rhyming rhyming rhyming section section section of of of five five five lines lines lines that that that concludes concludes concludes a a a stanza stanza stanza in in Sir Sir Gawain Gawain Gawain and and and the the Green Green Knight Knight . . The The The “bob” “bob” “bob” is is is a a a very very very short short short line, line, line, sometimes sometimes sometimes of of of only only only two two two syllables, syllables, followed by the “wheel”, lon ger lines with three stresses and internal thyme. 10. poet’s corner 诗人角诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton. 11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet. 12. ballad meter 民谣体民谣体traditionally traditionally a a a four-line four-line four-line stanza stanza stanza containing containing containing alternating alternating alternating four-stress four-stress four-stress and and and three-stress three-stress lines, usually with a refrain an d the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13. refrain 叠句，副歌叠句，副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the end of a stanza. It It is is is very often found in very often found in English English ballads, such as Robert B ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with with humanism humanism humanism as as as its its its keynote. keynote. keynote. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet Hamlet is is is considered considered considered the the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学伊丽莎白时代的文学literature literature written written written in in in the the the Elizabethan Elizabethan Elizabethan Age Age Age (1558-(1558-(1558-1603). 1603). 1603). William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period. 16. sonnet 十四行诗十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets. 17. iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格五步抑扬格the the basic basic basic line line line in in in English English English verse, verse, verse, with with with five five five feet feet feet in in in a a a line, line, line, usually usually usually an an an unaccented unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales . . 18. meter 格律格律the the pattern pattern pattern of of of stressed stressed stressed and and and unstressed unstressed unstressed syllables syllables syllables in in in verse. verse. verse. In In In English English English verse verse verse a a a line line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses; the the commonest commonest commonest meter meter meter is is is iambic. iambic. iambic. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s sonnets sonnets sonnets are are are written written written in in iambic. 19. foot 音步音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllable variation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of of the the the alphabet alphabet alphabet to to to denote denote denote the the the recurrence recurrence recurrence of of of rhyming rhyming rhyming lines. lines. lines. For For For example, example, example, heroic heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It It is the commonest is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22. image 意象意象a a concrete concrete concrete representation representation representation of of of an an an object object object or or or sensory sensory sensory experience. experience. experience. Typically, Typically, such such a a representation representation helps helps helps evoke evoke evoke the the the feelings feelings feelings associated associated associated with with with the the the object object object or or or experience experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23. poetic license 诗的破格诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns – “Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24. verse drama 诗剧诗剧drama drama written written written in in in the the the form form form of of of verse. verse. verse. It It It was was was most most most widely widely widely used used used in in in the the the Elizabethan Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous. 25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed unrhymed iambic iambic iambic pentameter, pentameter, pentameter, the the the most most most widely widely widely used used used of of of English English English verse verse verse forms forms forms and and usually usually used used used in in in English English English dramatic dramatic dramatic and and and ep ep epic ic ic poetry. poetry. poetry. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s play play Hamlet is written in blank verse. 26. Globe Theatre 环球剧场环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt ’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997. 27. essay 散文散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. topics. It It It is is is one of the one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义英国浪漫主义a literary m ovement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and and flourished flourished flourished in in in the the the early early early 1919th century century England. England. England. A A A great great great representative representative representative of of of this this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.29. lake poets 湖畔诗人湖畔诗人the the three three three romantic romantic romantic poets poets poets who who who lived lived lived in in in the the the Lake Lake Lake District District District of of of England England England and and and wrote wrote poems about nature. William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.30. poet laureate 桂冠诗人桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original original duties duties duties included included included the the the composition composition composition of of of odes odes odes in in in honor honor honor of of of the the the sovereign’s sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释1、Romanticism:浪漫主义An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.English literary romanticism is from the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.2、Byronic hero: 拜伦式英雄an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Byron:＊an exile流亡者, an outcast流浪者or an outlaw 歹徒＊being cynical愤世嫉俗的, rebellious反抗的, lonely＊against government, religion or moral values singly逐一地＊being passionate热情的, energetic积极的, talented多才的3、ottava rima ：Italian stanza form established by Boccaccio,An eight-line stanza of poetry in iambic pentameter (a five-foot line in which each foot consists of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable), following the abababcc rhyme scheme.4、Critical realism:批判现实主义English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The representative realists of the time were Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, the Bronte sisters, Mrs. Gaskell, etc.The critical realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling class, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.5、Dramatic monologue：戏剧独白a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent ‘audience’of one or mor e persons. Such poems reveal not the poet ‘s own thoughts; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric，while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson，Browning and T. S. Eliot.6、Aestheticism：美学主义the doctrine that regards beauty as an end in itself, and attempts to preserve the arts from subordination to moral, didactic, or political purposes. The term is often used synonymously with the Aesthetic Movement, a literary and artistic tendency of the late 19th century which may be understood as a further phase of Romanticism in reaction against vulgar bourgeois values of practical efficiency and morality.7、Naturalism:自然主义A literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions,heredity遗传and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.8、Modernism:现代主义A general term applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early 20th century. It takes the irrational philosophy and the theory ofpsycho-analysis as its theoretical base. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base ofrealism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration etc. , which are essential to realism.9、Imagism:意象派A literary movement started by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of short lyrics, free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images. Greatly under the influence of Symbolism, and was initially led by Ezra Pound.10、Stream of Consciousness:意识流One of the modern literary techniques, which is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than plot, story themselves. It adopts the psycho-analytic approach in literary creation to explore the existence of sub-conscious and un-conscious elements in the mind. And it neglects totally “fetters of grammar, syntax, and logic”。
英国文学名词解释
Humanism
• this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine elements ---or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively----in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome.
• Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.
• . It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.
英国文学概述
Anthony Trollope
英格兰南部农村青年男女走投无路，陷于绝望的悲惨故事 Tess of the D'Urbervilles Jude the Obscure
幕布 - 极简大纲笔记 | 一键生成思维导图
主要作品是巴塞特郡系列小说Barchester Series
Samuel Bulter Erehwon The Way of All Life 批评中产阶级的价值观,矛头直指维多利亚时代的家庭，宗教，道德
以幻灭为主题的小说 Thomas Hardy
以多塞特郡及该郡附近的农村地区作为背景，早期作品描述的是英国农村的恬静景象与明朗的田 园生活，后期作品明显变得低沉，其主题思想是无法控制的外部力量和内心冲动决定着个人命运 并造成悲剧
启蒙时期（17世纪后-18世纪中
1688年，光荣革命推翻复辟王朝，确立君主立宪制，进入相对稳定的发展时期
18世纪初:新古典主义
推崇理性，强调明晰对称，极致，优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐
Alexander Pope
模仿罗马诗人诗，以说教于讽刺为主，多采用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚情感
散文繁荣，其风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上
公元1066年：法国诺曼底人征服英格兰，法文化成为主流，时兴浪漫传奇（骑士精神） Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一 关于亚瑟王与他的骑士，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德 与其相关的传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国 封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现
英国文学 名词解释
英国文学名词解释
英国文学是指英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰地区的文学作品。
它的历史可以追溯到中世纪，经历了文艺复兴时期、启蒙时代、浪漫主义时期、维多利亚时代等不同的文学风格和时期。
英国文学的特点之一是其丰富多样的文学形式。
从中世纪的骑士传奇和中世纪诗歌到现代小说和诗歌，英国文学涵盖了各种各样的文学体裁。
其中一些最重要的文学体裁包括史诗、戏剧、诗歌、小说和散文。
这些不同的文学形式为英国文学带来了不同的风格和主题。
英国文学的另一个重要特点是其丰富多样的主题和风格。
从中世纪的宗教作品和史诗到现代小说和诗歌，英国文学涵盖了各种各样的主题。
它反映了社会、政治、宗教和文化变革的演变。
一些最常见的主题包括爱情、战争、自然、宗教、社会道德和个人发展。
不同的作家和时代也采用了不同的文学风格和技巧来表达这些主题。
英国文学的另一个重要方面是它的历史和文化意义。
通过阅读英国文学作品，我们可以了解英国历史的演变，了解英国社会和文化的发展。
英国文学作品中经常出现的历史事件、人物和地点也成为了文学研究和文化遗产的重要组成部分。
在英国文学中，有很多重要的作家和作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德、简·奥斯汀和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫都是英国文学史上的重要人物。
他们的作品不仅在英国有着广泛的影响力，也
对世界文学产生了重要的影响。
总之，英国文学是一个丰富多样的文学传统，它的作品涵盖了各种各样的文学形式、主题和风格。
通过阅读和研究英国文学作品，我们可以深入了解英国的历史、文化和文学发展。
英国文学的一些名词解释
英国文学的一些名词解释英国文学是世界文学宝库中的明珠，众多文学名著诞生于这片土地上。
提到英国文学，我们不仅仅要了解其中众多名著的作者和故事情节，我们还需要掌握一些专业术语和概念。
在本文中，我将为大家解释一些与英国文学相关的名词，帮助读者更好地理解英国文学的精髓。
一、浪漫主义浪漫主义是18世纪末到19世纪初兴起的一种文学运动，它强调个人感受、想象力和超凡脱俗的体验。
浪漫主义充满了激情和对自然、人类内心世界的热爱。
在英国文学史上，浪漫主义给予了众多优秀的作品，如《弗兰肯斯坦》、《唐吉诃德》等。
二、维多利亚时代维多利亚时代是指1837年至1901年英国女王维多利亚统治下的时期。
这个时代是英国工业革命达到巅峰的时期，但也是社会动荡和不平等的时期。
维多利亚时代的文学作品通常描写社会阶级落差、人性的复杂以及对女性地位的思考。
其中最著名的代表作品包括《雾都孤儿》、《呼啸山庄》等。
三、现代主义现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学运动，它试图打破传统的叙事形式，挑战读者的理解和想象力。
现代主义作品通常以碎片化的结构、内心独白和流露出的不确定性为特点。
英国文学史上的现代主义代表作品有《尤利西斯》、《荒原》等。
四、战后文学战后文学是指第二次世界大战结束后，英国文学的新兴潮流。
在这一时期，英国文学持续呈现多样性和实验性。
战后文学关注社会变革、性别政治以及民族认同，并通过多种不同的写作风格和技巧来探索个体心理和文化理解。
该时期的代表作品包括《动物农场》、《1984》等。
五、北方现实主义北方现实主义是19世纪中叶至20世纪初期在英国出现的文学派别，它对于社会的现象和底层人民的生存状况进行了深刻而真实的描写。
北方现实主义作品通常关注社会困境和阶级冲突，以真实主义的手法展现人物的命运和社会环境的影响。
代表作品有《红与黑》、《战争与和平》等。
六、文学奖项文学奖项是评选和表彰优秀文学作品和作者的机构或组织举办的活动，也是文学界的重要盛事。
英国文学人物作品（英语专业必备）
英国⽂学⼈物作品（英语专业必备）英国⽂学史复习⼤纲(English Literature)以下复习⼤纲仅罗列重要条⽬，请参照课本、课件、笔记复习备考。
⼀、中古时期英语⽂学（Old and Medieval English Literature）包括古英语时期或盎格鲁--萨克森时期(449-1066)（The Old English Period or The Anglo-Saxon Period ）和中世纪（1066-ca.1485/ 1500）(The Medieval Period /The Middle English Period)1. 主要的作家、作家概况及其代表作品2. ⽂学术语：epic, alliteration, heroic couplet , romance, ballad (Textbook I, p51) , iambic pentameter1)英国中古时期主要的⽂学作品：《贝奥武甫》Beowulf《⾼⽂爵⼠与绿⾊骑⼠》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight2) 杰弗⾥·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer (The Founder of English Poetry)《坎特伯雷故事集》The Canterbury Tales⼆、英国⽂艺复兴时期⽂学（The Renaissance Period）(1500-1660)1．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特⾊、代表作品及其语⾔风格2．⽂学术语：Renaissance，humanism, sonnet, Shakespearean sonnet, blank verse, comedy, tragedy, history, tragicomedy, Spenserian stanza, comedy of humours, metaphysical poetry, conceit, elegy1) 英国⽂艺复兴时期主要作家：埃德蒙·斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser （后⼈称之为“诗⼈的诗⼈”。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学史-名词解释
名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英国文学知识简单整理
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）(该作属于epic民族英雄史诗)开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）Romance (浪漫传奇) 《亚瑟王之死》头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国民谣ballad：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）.托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）.前者将意大利十四行诗引入英国；后者在此基础上，发展了英国十四行诗歌。
英国文学简史术语解释总结（英文）[模版]
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英国文学简史术语解释总结（英文）[模版]第一篇：英国文学简史术语解释总结(英文)[模版]1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements.2.Romance （名词解释）a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.3，Ballad民谣（名词解释）Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).4，4，Heroic couplet(名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格).Renaissance （名词解释）Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.555 humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement 556 The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class ofbourgeoisie against feudalism6，.Sonnet（名词解释）The sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme schme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, expecially in Italy ,France and England.7，Blank verse（名词解释）: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.8，Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almostcertainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima.Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c.The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter.He used this form in his epic poem The Faerie Queene.John Keats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St.Agnes.,9 Enlightenment(1650-1800)（名词解释）A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy Individualism--emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights Rationalism--the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.Relativism--was the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit.Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)10，Classicism（名词解释）In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity.In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity;Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.11 Sentimentalism（名词解释）Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness toprofound gloom.RomanticismLake Poets（名词解释）The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain.It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement.It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism.It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.Stream-of-consciousness（名词解释）The “stream ofconsciousness” is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.第二篇：英国文学选读术语（本站推荐）一．Local ColorismIt is said that Bret Harte was one of the first realists to introduce local color into American literature.His “The Luck of Roaring Camp”(1868)marked a significantdevelopment in the brief history of local color fiction.It was the result of historical & aesthetic forces.1.historical2.aesthetic forceLocal Color:Term applied to literature which emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialects, costumes, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences.The local color movement came into particular prominence in Am after the Civil War, perhaps as an attempt torecapture the glamour of a past era, or to portray the sections of the reunited country.In local color literature one finds the dual influence of romanticism and realism since the author frequently looks away from ordinary life to distant lands,strange customs, or exotic scenes, but retains through minute detail a sense of fidelity and accuracyof description.二．Beat Generation The Beat Generation refers to a group of American post-WWII writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired Central elements of “Beat” culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being三．symbolA symbol is an object that represents, stands for, or suggests an , belief, action, or material.Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, or visual images and are used to convey ideas and beliefs.For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for “STOP”.On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite.are symbols for.Personal names are symbols representing individuals.A red rose symbolizes love and compassion四．Code HeroThe Code Hero is typically an individualist and free-willed.Although he believes in the ideals of courage and honor he has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance.A code hero never shows emotions;showing emotions and having a commitment to women shows weakness.Qualities such as bravery,adventuresome and travel also define the Code Hero 五．Free verseFree verse is an open form(see)of.It does not use consistentpatterns, , or any other musical pattern.It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.另free verse(or, in French, vers libre), a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular : the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme—if any.Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexibleor rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported byand other devices of repetition.Now the most widely practised verse form in English, it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poems of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman, the French , and the poets of.Free verse should not be confused with , which does observe a regular metre in its unrhymed lines.六．Naturalism Naturalism is “the idea or belief that only(as opposed toor)laws and forces operate in the world;(occas.)the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world.”Adherents of naturalism(i.e.naturalists)as sert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe, that theis a product of these laws.naturalism, a more deliberate kind ofin novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social.As a literary movement, naturalism wasinitiated in France by Jules and Edmond Goncourt with their novel Germinie Lacerteux(1865), but it came to be led by Émile Zola, who claimed a ‘scientific’ status for his studies o f impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects in Thérèse Raquin(1867),Germinal(1885), and many other novels.Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society七．American PuritanismAmerican Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature Puritan Beliefs1.Original SinThrough Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful.2.PredestinationOnly a few are selected by God for salvation.3.Limited Atonement(赎罪)Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.4.Irresistible GraceGrace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.Puritanism1.Idealismpracticality and purposiveness八．ExpositionThe exposition is the portion of athat introduces importantbackground information to the audience;for example, information about the setting, events occurring before the main plot, characters' , etc.Exposition can be conveyed through dialogues, through a character's thoughts, through background details, throughmedia such as newspaper clippings, trial reports and letters, or through a narrator telling aor by establishing scenes where a character is followed.Exposition is considered one of fourof discourse, along with , , and九．Imageryour senses through imagery.Imagery is more incidental to a poem than metaphors, symbols and theme and they are often confused.Nevertheless, an image should conjure up something more than the mere mentioning of the object or situation.A mistake often made is to take every image as though it were a symbol or metaphor第三篇：英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.① 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体)by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation andeconomic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世;Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜;第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor.温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure（一报还一报）Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution，学术的推进 III：the period of the English bourgeois ton：1608~1674Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，复乐园我的失明论出版自由为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）The Flea;跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning，Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗，emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century：EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。
英国文学重要的名词解释
英国文学重要的名词解释英国文学是世界文学宝库中的一颗明珠，自古以来，它给我们带来了许多杰出的作品和经典的人物形象。
本文旨在解释英国文学中的一些重要名词，帮助读者更好地了解这个丰富多彩的领域。
1. 文艺复兴（Renaissance）文艺复兴是英国文学历史上的一个重要时期，大约从16世纪初到17世纪中叶。
这个时期，英国人开启了一场"重建古典精神"的运动，受到希腊罗马古典文化的启发。
著名的文艺复兴作家包括莎士比亚、培根和斯宾塞。
他们的作品反映了人类情感、思想和道德，并对后世产生了深远的影响。
2. 浑然一体（Organic Unity）浑然一体是英国文学中的一个重要概念，指的是作品的整体结构和主题之间的紧密联系。
这个概念最早由浪漫主义时期的作家塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治提出，并被广泛运用于文学评论中。
浑然一体使得作品成为一个有机的整体，每个部分都相互依存，共同构成了作品的精髓。
3. 寓言（Fable）寓言是一种通过虚构的故事来传达道德教训或智慧的文学形式。
英国文学中最著名的寓言作家之一是伊索。
寓言通常通过人物化的动物或非人类事物来呈现故事情节，让读者通过故事中的冲突和解决方式去思考并得出教训。
4. 古典主义（Classicism）古典主义是英国文学中的一个重要流派，主要受到希腊罗马古典艺术的影响。
古典主义强调理性、秩序和对称，追求完美和纯粹的艺术形式。
著名的古典主义作家包括亚历山大·蒲柏、乔恩·德赛和约翰·米尔顿。
5. 民间传说（Folklore）民间传说是英国文学中丰富多样的一部分，它包括神话、传说、谚语、童话故事等。
这些传统的口头文学作品常常通过讲故事的方式传递历史、道德和文化的价值观。
著名的民间传说角色有亚瑟王和罗宾汉等。
他们的形象经过历代改编和传承，成为英国文学中不朽的经典。
6. 女性主义（Feminism）女性主义在英国文学中有着重要的地位，它关注女性在社会中的地位和权益，并试图改变现有的性别关系。
西方文学的名词解释
西方文学的名词解释西方文学是指欧洲、北美洲以及其他主要讲英语、法语、德语、西班牙语等西方语言国家创作的文学作品。
它涵盖了许多文学流派、风格和时期，包括古希腊文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴文学、启蒙时代文学、浪漫主义文学、现代主义文学等等。
1. 古希腊文学古希腊文学被认为是西方文学的奠基之作。
它涵盖了从公元前8世纪到公元前4世纪的古希腊诗歌和戏剧作品。
其中最著名的是荷马的两部史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，这两部作品以其史诗性、叙事性和人物塑造而闻名于世。
2. 中世纪文学中世纪文学跨越了从公元5世纪到15世纪的时期，包括文艺复兴之前的时期。
其中最具代表性的是英国的《贝奥武夫》和法国的《罗兰之歌》。
这些作品描绘了中世纪骑士的英勇事迹、宫廷爱情和宗教信仰。
3. 文艺复兴文学文艺复兴是15世纪到17世纪的欧洲文化运动，文艺复兴文学主要是指在这一时期创作的文学作品。
莎士比亚是文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家之一，他的戏剧作品如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等至今仍广为人知。
4. 启蒙时代文学启蒙时代文学兴起于18世纪，是对传统权威和传统价值观的质疑和批判。
法国启蒙运动的代表作家包括伏尔泰、卢梭和蒙田，他们的作品提倡人本主义、理性思维和个人自由。
5. 浪漫主义文学19世纪的浪漫主义文学强调情感、个人表达和幻想。
英国的浪漫主义诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈创作了许多描写自然和人类情感的诗歌作品。
法国的奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克则以他的长篇小说《人间喜剧》闻名。
6. 现代主义文学20世纪的现代主义文学拒绝传统的叙事结构和明确的意义，追求形式的创新和人类存在的复杂性。
爱尔兰作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯的小说《尤利西斯》被视为现代主义文学的杰作。
此外，弗朗茨·卡夫卡和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫等作家也在现代主义文学领域有卓越的贡献。
通过对西方文学的名词解释，我们可以了解到西方文学的多样性和丰富性。
从古希腊的史诗到现代主义的实验性作品，西方文学一直在探索人类的情感、思想和文化。
英国文学名词术语解释
Ballad(民谣) a balladis a narrati ve poem consisting of quatrai ns of iambictetrame ter alterna ting with iambic trimete r. Commontraitsof the balladare that(a) the beginni ng is often abrupt ,(b) the story is told through dialogu e and action(c) the languag e is simpleor “folksy,” (d) the theme is often tragic---thoughcomic ballads do exist, (e) the balladcontain s a refrain repeate d several times. The balladbecamepopular in England in the late 14th century and was adopted by many writers. One of the most importa n t antholo g ies of ballads is F. J. Child’s The English and Scottis h Popular Ballads. ，民谣指的是抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗。
民谣的共同特色包括：（a）诗歌的起首通常十分出其不意。
（b）故事通过对话和行为讲述。
（c）语言简单，民风十足。
（d）尽管存在喜剧民谣，但大多数民谣的主题具有悲剧意味。
（e）民谣通常包含重复多遍的叠句。
民谣这种诗歌形式在14世纪晚期的英格兰十分盛行，从此以后许多作家对其进行模仿创作。
外国文学名词解释
一、名词解释（一）古希腊罗马文学部分：俄林波斯神系——是以宙斯为中心的神的家族，因宙斯及其家族居住在希腊北部的俄林波斯山上而得名。
俄林波斯神系有12位主神：众神之王兼雷电之神宙斯，天后赫拉、海神波塞冬，冥神哈得斯（有些书说是家神：赫斯提亚），太阳神阿波罗，智慧女神雅典娜，月神和猎神阿耳特弥斯，战神阿瑞斯，爱神和美神阿佛洛狄忒，火身和匠神赫淮斯托斯，神使赫耳墨斯，农神得墨特耳。
另外还有9个缪斯是文艺女神，三个摩伊拉是命运女神。
狄俄倪索斯是酒神。
众神居住在希腊最高的奥林波斯上。
不和的金苹果——根据神话传说，特洛伊战争的起因是这样的：相传阿基琉斯（又译阿喀琉斯）的父母举行盛大的婚礼时，邀请了所有的神，偏偏没有邀请不和女神（争吵女神）厄里斯，她来到席间扔下一个“不和的金苹果”，上写着“赠给最美的女子”，果然，引起三位女神（赫拉、雅典娜和阿佛洛狄忒的争夺。
宙斯要他们找特洛伊（特洛亚）王子帕里斯（Paris）评判。
三位女神各许给帕里斯以最大的好处，赫拉许他为最伟大的君子，雅典娜许成为最勇敢的战士，阿佛洛狄忒特答应他娶一个最美丽的女子。
帕里斯把苹果判给了阿佛洛狄忒。
女神便帮助他到斯巴达做客时拐走了王后海伦(Helen)，并抢走了大批财物。
于是希腊各部落推迈锡尼王阿伽门农为联军的统帅，攻打特洛伊。
战争进行了10年，众神各助一方，是后，希腊联军将领伊塔克岛之王奥德修斯设木马计攻下了特洛伊城，战后希腊人中携财宝、奴隶返乡。
有的一帆风顺回到家园，有的长年在海上漂泊。
木马计——又称“特洛伊木马”，是希腊神话传说的故事。
特洛伊战争时期，希腊联军久围特洛伊不下，最后联军足智多谋的将领——伊塔克岛国王奥德修斯献出了木马计，即造一只大木马，内藏精兵，弃置城外，佯装败腿，特洛伊将木马作为战利品运入城内，晚上，木马的将士与城外，联军里应外合，一举攻占了特洛伊城，木马后来成为内藏阴谋诡计的代名词。
三联剧——又称三部曲。
指情节连贯、内容相关的三部悲剧。
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①Beowulf:The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).
②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.
③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.
④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original
epics.
⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).
⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟:He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the father of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed
couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.
Canterbury Tales
contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey
Southwark on their return.The tales cover practically all the major types of medieval literature: courtly romance, folk tale, beast fable, story of travel and adventure, saint’s（圣徒）life, allegorical tale, sermon, alchemical account, and others.The main themes of those stories are ove and marriage and revealing church.。