石油工程专业英语下重点翻译完整版

All petroleum reservoirs experience pressure declines, and most wells require artificial lift at some point, most commonly where reservoir pressure is insufficient for natural flow. Artificial lift systems may also be used to enhance production from flowing wells with a reservoir pressure that is insufficient to produce a require amount of fluid. 所有的油气储层都要经历压力降低的过程，大多数井在某些阶段需要人工举升，通常是在储层的压力不足以自流自喷。

人工举升系统也可以用于自喷井和储层压力不足以生产所需量时的增产。

Extensive research and field studies have been conducted on a range of artificial-lift systems that have been developed and applied extensively to meet industry needs. These systems include beam pumping, gas lift, electrical submersible pumps, progressive cavity pumps, and hydraulic.为满足行业的需求，广泛的研究和实地调查已经进行了，人工举升系统得到了广泛的发展和应用。

这些系统包括游梁抽油机，气举，电潜泵（ESP），螺杆泵（PCP的），和液压泵。

Gas lift lightens the fluid gravity to increase the flow and correspondingly lower the sand-face pressure.气举减轻流体的重力增加流量并相应地降低砂表面压力。

One definition of lift system efficiency is found by dividing the power added to the fluid stream by the amount of power needed from external sources such as motors or compressors.升降系统效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以外加能量，例如电机或压缩机所需的功率量。

Beam pumping systems actuate a downhole plunger pump with traveling and standing valves. PCP pump rotate from rods or a downhole motor that spins a metal rotor inside a rubber stator and moves a cavity of fluid upward as the pump spins. 游梁式抽油系统驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井下柱塞泵。

螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下电机旋转橡胶定子内的金属转子，使一腔流体向上移动，由于泵的旋转。

ESP systems include a motor powered though a three-phase cable from the surface to rotate a stack of impellers inside a stack of diffusers.The hydraulic reciprocating pump is a rapidly reciprocating plunger pump with ball-and-seat check vavles.电潜泵系统包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器和里面的一堆分离器。

液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀的高速往复式柱塞泵。

In intermittent lift, the well is produced and is periodically shut in until sufficient pressure builds in the casing to lift liquids and to produce the well for a brief time before shutting the well in again. The same downhole equipment that was used for continuous lift may be adapted to perform equally well intermittently.在间歇气举时，油井生产和定期关闭，直到有足够的压力建立在套管上来举升流体，并在一个短暂的时间里生产，在再次关井之前。

相同的井下设备用于连续气举，同样也适用于间歇气举。

Tubing pressure-sensitive valves are used in annulus flow situations and when a particular tubing pressure is required, such as in an intermittent lift application where the valve is designed to remain closed until a sufficient fluid load is present in the tubing. The pressure-sensitive valves use either a dome charge or a spring to provide the closing force. Normally a bellows is used to contain the dome charge or to otherwise provide the operating area. All of the valves will include a reverse-flow check valve which prevents backflow. Tubing pressure valves may be used in places where casing pressure is limited. However, fluctuations in tubing pressure can cause periodic movement of the injection point up and down between lower valves, leading to inefficient lift or multi-point injection in some cases. 油管压力控制阀用于在环空环流的情况下，以及当一个特定的油管的压力是必需的，如在间歇气举的应用，控制阀保持关闭，直到有足够的流体负载存在于油管，压力控制阀使用一个圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。

波纹管通常被用来包含穹顶压力包或以其他方式提供的区域。

所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀，防止了回流。

油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方是有限的。

然而，油管压力波动会导致注入点在较低的阀之间上下周期性运动，从而导致低效的举升或在某些情况下，多点注入。

Hydraulic pumps provide another efficient artificial-lift option.Well candidates that lack the bottomhole pressure to sustain acceptable flowrates and have low GLRS,but which still have acceptable productivity capacity,are ideal candidates for hydraulic pumps .Two basic pump types are piston pumps and jet pumps .Both pump types requir similar surface ,offer good lift efficiencies ,and are serviceable with slickline well servicing operations.液压泵提供了另一种供选择的有效的人工举升方式。

缺乏井底压力来维持足够的流速和低气液比，但仍有可接受的生产能力的井，是理想的使用液压泵的候选井。

两种基本类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。

两种泵要求类似的地面装置提供良好的举升效率，便利的带绳索式的井下维修作业。

PCPs are generally the preferred method for lifting cold viscous, sand laden fluids. PCPs are a positive displacement pump with a helical metal rotor which rotates in an elastomeric stator. The elastomeric stator is attached to metal tubing.螺杆泵一般都是举升冷粘性，含砂流体的首选方法。

螺杆泵是一个正排量泵，带有在橡胶定子里旋转的螺旋形金属转子。

橡胶定子连接到金属油管。

Many challenges still in the design of artificial-lift systems. Modern well geometries differ significantly from the vertical wellbores where artificial lift has historically been applied. Horizontal wells, multilateral wells, high-temperature wells, wells with sand-laden production, wells with corrosive fluids, and otherconditions all contribute problems which must be considered when using artificial lift requirements may be for production of several thousands of barrels per day or may be for a very few barrels of water per day to be lifted from a gas well so that gas can produce efficiently.Unique challenges also exist in applying lift systems in subsea wells. Subsea well requirements do not significantly change the artificial-lift system but do emphasize the need for reliability more than in other applications.Even more complexity can be introduced if artificial-lift systems are considered in combination as ESPs in combination discussed as an alternative to increasing compression capabilities for the gas-lift system.These and other design issues will provide the future advances in the application of artificial-lift systems in well completions.此处跟以上内容相似故略去翻译。