材料常用英语词汇

专业词汇列表晶体结构（structure of crystal）原子质量单位Atomic mass unit (amu)原子量Atomic weight键能Bonding energy共价键Covalent bond电子构型electronic configuration正电的Electropositive氢键Hydrogen bond同位素Isotope摩尔Mole泡利不相容原理Pauli exclusion principle原子atom分子量molecule weight量子数quantum number范德华键van der waals bond点群point group各向异性anisotropy体心立方结构body-centered cubic (BCC)布拉格定律bragg’s law晶体结构crystal structure晶体的crystalline中子衍射neutron diffraction晶界grain boundary鲍林规则Pauling’s rulesCsCl型结构Caesium Chloride structure纤锌矿型结构Wurtzite structure萤石型结构Fluorite structure尖晶石型结构Spinel-type structure岛状结构Island structure层状结构Layer structure滑石talc高岭石kaolinite长石feldspar各向同性的isotropic晶格lattice密勒指数miller indices多晶的polycrystalline原子数Atomic number波尔原子模型Bohr atomic model库仑力Coulombic force分子的构型molecular configuration负电的Electronegative基态Ground state离子键Ionic bond金属键Metallic bond分子Molecule元素周期表Periodic table极性分子Polar molecule价电子valence electron电子轨道electron orbitals对称要素symmetry elements原子堆积因数atomic packing factor(APF)面心立方结构face-centered cubic (FCC)配位数coordination number晶系crystal system衍射diffraction电子衍射electron diffraction六方密堆积hexagonal close-packed (HCP)NaCl型结构NaCl－type structure闪锌矿型结构Blende-type structure金红石型结构Rutile structure钙钛矿型结构Perovskite-type structure硅酸盐结构Structure of silicates链状结构Chain structure架状结构Framework structure叶蜡石pyrophyllite石英quartz美橄榄石forsterite各向异性的anisotropy晶格参数lattice parameters非结晶的noncrystalline多晶形polymorphism单晶single crystal电位electron states电子electrons金属键metallic bonding极性分子polar molecules衍射角diffraction angle粒度,晶粒大小grain size显微照相photomicrograph透射电子显微镜transmission electron microscope (TEM)四方的tetragonal配位数coordination number晶胞unit cell(化合)价valence共价键covalent bonding离子键Ionic bonding原子面密度atomic planar density合金alloy显微结构microstructure扫描电子显微镜scanning electron microscope (SEM) 重量百分数weight percent单斜的monoclinic晶体结构缺陷(defect of crystal structure) 缺陷defect, imperfection线缺陷line defect, dislocation体缺陷volume defect位错线dislocation line螺位错screw dislocation晶界grain boundaries小角度晶界tilt boundary,位错阵列dislocation array位错轴dislocation axis位错爬移dislocation climb位错滑移dislocation slip位错裂纹dislocation crack位错密度dislocation density间隙原子interstitial atom间隙位置interstitial sites弗伦克尔缺陷Frenkel disorder主晶相the host lattice缔合中心Associated Centers.电子空穴Electron Holes克罗各-明克符号Kroger Vink notation固溶体solid solution化合物compound置换固溶体substitutional solid solution不混溶固溶体immiscible solid solution有序固溶体ordered solid solution固溶强化solid solution strengthening点缺陷point defect面缺陷interface defect位错排列dislocation arrangement刃位错edge dislocation混合位错mixed dislocation大角度晶界high-angle grain boundaries 孪晶界twin boundaries位错气团dislocation atmosphere位错胞dislocation cell位错聚结dislocation coalescence位错核心能量dislocation core energy位错阻尼dislocation damping原子错位substitution of a wrong atom晶格空位vacant lattice sites杂质impurities肖脱基缺陷Schottky disorder错位原子misplaced atoms自由电子Free Electrons伯格斯矢量Burgers中性原子neutral atom固溶度solid solubility间隙固溶体interstitial solid solution金属间化合物intermetallics转熔型固溶体peritectic solid solution无序固溶体disordered solid solution取代型固溶体Substitutional solid solutions过饱和固溶体supersaturated solid solution非化学计量化合物Nonstoichiometric compound 表面结构与性质(structure and property of surface)表面surface同相界面homophase boundary晶界grain boundary小角度晶界low angle grain boundary共格孪晶界coherent twin boundary错配度mismatch重构reconstuction表面能surface energy扭转晶界twist grain boundary共格界面coherent boundary非共格界面noncoherent boundary应变能strain energy惯习面habit plane界面interface异相界面heterophase boundary表面能surface energy大角度晶界high angle grain boundary晶界迁移grain boundary migration驰豫relaxation表面吸附surface adsorption倾转晶界titlt grain boundary倒易密度reciprocal density半共格界面semi-coherent boundary界面能interfacial free energy晶体学取向关系crystallographic orientation非晶态结构与性质(structure and property of uncrystalline) 熔体结构structure of melt玻璃态vitreous state粘度viscosity介稳态过渡相metastable phase淬火quenching玻璃分相phase separation in glasses 过冷液体supercooling melt软化温度softening temperature表面张力Surface tension组织constitution退火的softened体积收缩volume shrinkage扩散(diffusion)活化能activation energy浓度梯度concentration gradient菲克第二定律Fick’s second law稳态扩散steady state diffusion扩散系数diffusion coefficient填隙机制interstitalcy mechanism短路扩散short-circuit diffusion下坡扩散Downhill diffusion扩散通量diffusion flux菲克第一定律Fick’s first law相关因子correlation factor非稳态扩散nonsteady-state diffusion 跳动几率jump frequency晶界扩散grain boundary diffusion上坡扩散uphill diffusion互扩散系数Mutual diffusion渗碳剂carburizing浓度分布曲线concentration profile驱动力driving force自扩散self-diffusion空位扩散vacancy diffusion扩散方程diffusion equation扩散特性diffusion property达肯方程Dark equation本征热缺陷Intrinsic thermal defect离子电导率Ion-conductivity浓度梯度concentration gradient扩散流量diffusion flux间隙扩散interstitial diffusion表面扩散surface diffusion扩散偶diffusion couple扩散机理diffusion mechanism无规行走Random walk柯肯达尔效应Kirkendall equation本征扩散系数Intrinsic diffusion coefficient 空位机制Vacancy concentration腐蚀与氧化（corroding and oxidation）氧化反应Oxidation reaction还原反应Reduction reaction价电子Valence electron腐蚀介质Corroding solution电动势Electric potential推动力The driving force腐蚀系统Corroding system腐蚀速度Corrosion penetration rate电流密度Current density电化学反应Electrochemical reaction 极化作用Polarization过电位The over voltage浓差极化Concentration polarization电化学极化Activation polarization极化曲线Polarization curve缓蚀剂Inhibitor原电池galvanic cell电偶腐蚀galvanic corrosion电位序galvanic series应力腐蚀Stress corrosion冲蚀Erosion-corrosion腐蚀短裂Corrosion cracking防腐剂Corrosion remover腐蚀电极Corrosion target隙间腐蚀Crevice corrosion均匀腐蚀Uniform attack晶间腐蚀Intergranular corrosion焊缝破坏Weld decay选择性析出Selective leaching氢脆损坏Hydrogen embitterment阴极保护Catholic protection穿晶断裂Intergranular fracture固相反应和烧结(solid state reaction and sintering) 固相反应solid state reaction烧成fire再结晶Recrystallization成核nucleation子晶，雏晶matted crystal异质核化heterogeneous nucleation铁碳合金iron-carbon alloy铁素体ferrite共晶反应eutectic reaction烧结sintering合金alloy二次再结晶Secondary recrystallization结晶crystallization耔晶取向seed orientation均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment渗碳体cementite奥氏体austenite固溶处理solution heat treatment相变(phase transformation)过冷supercooling晶核nucleus形核功nucleation energy均匀形核homogeneous nucleation形核率nucleation rate热力学函数thermodynamics function临界晶核critical nucleus枝晶偏析dendritic segregation平衡分配系数equilibrium distribution coefficient 成分过冷constitutional supercooling共晶组织eutectic structure伪共晶pseudoeutectic表面等轴晶区chill zone中心等轴晶区equiaxed crystal zone急冷技术splatcooling单晶提拉法Czochralski method位错形核dislocation nucleation斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition马氏体相变martensite phase transformation 成核机理nucleation mechanism过冷度degree of supercooling形核nucleation晶体长大crystal growth非均匀形核heterogeneous nucleation长大速率growth rate临界晶核半径critical nucleus radius局部平衡localized equilibrium有效分配系数effective distribution coefficient 引领（领先）相leading phase层状共晶体lamellar eutectic离异共晶divorsed eutectic柱状晶区columnar zone定向凝固unidirectional solidification区域提纯zone refining晶界形核boundary nucleation晶核长大nuclei growth有序无序转变disordered-order transition马氏体martensite成核势垒nucleation barrier相平衡与相图（Phase equilibrium and Phase diagrams）相图phase diagrams组分component相律Phase rule浓度三角形Concentration triangle成分composition相平衡phase equilibrium热力学thermodynamics吉布斯相律Gibbs phase rule吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy吉布斯熵Gibbs entropy热力学函数thermodynamics function过冷supercooling杠杆定律lever rule相界线phase boundary line共轭线conjugate lines相界反应phase boundary reaction相组成phase composition金相相组织phase constentuent相衬显微镜phase contrast microscope相分布phase distribution相平衡图phase equilibrium diagram相分离phase segregation相phase组元compoonent投影图Projection drawing冷却曲线Cooling curve自由度freedom化学势chemical potential相律phase rule自由能free energy吉布斯混合能Gibbs energy of mixing吉布斯函数Gibbs function热分析thermal analysis过冷度degree of supercooling相界phase boundary相界交联phase boundary crosslinking相界有限交联phase boundary crosslinking 相变phase change共格相phase-coherent相衬phase contrast相衬显微术phase contrast microscopy相平衡常数phase equilibrium constant相变滞后phase transition lag相序phase order相稳定性phase stability相稳定区phase stabile range相变压力phase transition pressure同素异晶转变allotropic transformation显微结构microstructures不混溶性immiscibility相态phase state相变温度phase transition temperature同质多晶转变polymorphic transformation 相平衡条件phase equilibrium conditions。