英国文学第三章
刘炳善《英国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解-第3章 英国资产阶级革命时期【圣才出品】
第3章英国资产阶级革命时期3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Background Knowledge（背景知识）The harmonious collaboration between Queen Elizabeth and the Parliament which represented the interest of the bourgeoisie was intensified at the end of Elizabeth’s reign. As JamesⅠ and Charles Ⅰ came to throne, the conflict between the monarch and the Parliament became more and more severe. In 1642, the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out. King Charles Ⅰ was beheaded in 1649, and the war ended. Monarchy was abolished. England was declared a commonwealth, i.e., a republic.After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles Ⅱ to England in 1660. Then followed the Restoration period. When James Ⅱ threatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie expelled him and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England in 1688. This was called “Glorious Revolution”, after this revolution, the state structure of England was settled, within which capitalism could develop freely.伊丽莎白女王和代表资产阶级利益的议会之间良好的合作在她统治的最后几年变得紧张起来。
文学Unit 3 William Shakespeare
△b. Period of rapid growth and development
(1595—1600)
• Mature period of “great comedies”(喜剧） and
historical plays（历史剧）: rapid growth and
development: the plays in this period are marked by more careful and artistic work, better plot, and a marked increase in the knowledge of human nature. • △Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 (1595)(悲剧） • Richard Ⅱ 《里查二世 》(1595) • △ A Mid-Summer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦 》 (1595) • King John《约翰王》 (1596) • △ The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人 》(1596) • Henry IV, Part I《亨利四世 》(1597)
★II. His literary career
Shakespeare's literary career can be roughly divided into 4 periods:
a. Period of early experimentation(1590—1594) b. Period of rapid growth and development (1595—1600) c. Period of gloom and depression (1601—1607) d. Period of calm after storm (1608—1612)
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第3章 乔叟时期(1350～1400)【圣才出品】
第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.在乔叟生活的年代，发生过两件大事，它们的影响力可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。
第一件大事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。
Chapters 3-4 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
the zenith of wealth and power during her reign. ➢ The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance transformed Chaucer’s medieval England into Shakespeare’s modern one.
➢ Plays, 37 in number
John Shakespeare's house, believed to be Shakespeare's birthplace, in Stratford-uponAvon.
William Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
Drama: period I
Drama: period III
➢ 1608-1612: the period of romances or serenity
➢ Cymbeline, Winter’s Tale, The Tempest
A Statue of William Shakespeare in Lincoln Park, Chicago.
First English comedy and tragedy
➢ Gammer Gurton’s Needle (1553/1575) ➢ Gorboduc (1561)
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
Introduction ➢ The most preeminent figure among the
英国文学选读unit3
Unit3 Francis Bacon (I561-1626)
Of Marriage and Single Life Of Studies
Francis Bacon (1561—1626)
• Francis Baconholas Bacon, Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.He went to Cambridge University at twelve. He took up law after graduation, and soon became successful. He became a member of the House of Commons(下议院) at the age of twentythree. His alliance with the bourgeoisie(中 产阶级) offended Queen Elizabeth who, up until that time had liked him. When James I came to the throne, Bacon became Lord Chancellor and was made a knight in 1618. In the course of his climbing to the top, however, he made enemies who brought about his final downfall. He died in disgrace in 1626.
paragraph. • b. the conciseness of expressions and phrases presents a plain style as well as
英国文学Unit3 FrancisBacon
• Bacon’s Essays • What is essay?
– As a form of literature, the essay is a composition of moderate length, usually in prose, which deals in an easy, cursory way with the external conditions of a subject, and, in strictness, with that subject, only as it affects the writer.
• The essay was invented by Montaigne.
– Montaigne introduced the fashion of writing briefly, irregularly, with constant digressions and interruptions, about the world as it appears to the individual who writes. – Bacon offers his views on a whole smorgasbord of topics ranging from Truth, Death,' Adversitie', Marriage & the single life, Love, Boldness, Superstition, Friendship, Health, Ambition, Youth, Beauty to Anger & Fame.
• Pope called Bacon • "the wisest, brightest, and meanest of mankind." • His famous saying, "knowledge is power", is found in the Meditations.
英国文学史及作品选读 Chapter 3
2. The two contemporaries of Chaucer:
John Wycliff: The “Father of English prose”. He translated the Bible into Middle English. William Langland: The Vision of Piers Plowman. An allegory.
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Notes (1)
prioress: (Madam Eglantyne) A nun in charge of a priory or ranking next below the abbess of an abbey. 小女隐修院院长或大女隐修院副院长 parson: An Anglican cleric with full legal control of a parish under ecclesiastical law; a rector. 教区牧师英国英车圣公会牧师，在基督教法律 下拥有对一个教区的完全的法律控制权；教区 长
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3. Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1343-1400)
Life: Born urban middle class； In the service of the ruling class； The diplomatic mission that sent Chaucer to Italy in 1372 was a milestone in his literary development. He had direct contact with the Italian Renaissance. Perhaps he acquired manuscripts of works by Dante, Petriarch, and Boccaccio.
英语文学Chapter 3
Chapter 3Directions: Please fill in the following blanks with appropriate information.1.The _________________ refers to the cultural movement from the 14th to the 17th century.It is considered the bridge between the ______________ Ages and modern history. (Renaissance; Middle)2.The Ren aissance began in Florence, Italy. It means the ______________ or revival of the European culture through the rediscovery of classical Greek culture. (rebirth)3.In essence, the Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the old ___________ ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (middle class), and to recover the purity of the early ___________ from the corruption of Roman Catholic church. (feudalist; church)4.___________ is the essence of Renaissance. Its philosophical foundation is the belief that “Man is the measure of all things”. It praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and the present life. Humanists believed that man had the right to enjoy life and had the ability to perfect himself and perform wonders. (Humanism)5.___________and drama were the most outstanding literary forms of the Renaissance. (Poetry)6.In England, the sixteenth century marked the beginning of the English Renaissance. The major figures were ______________, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More, Francis Bacon and a number of humanist scholars. (William Shakespeare)7.Thomas More’s best-known work is _____________. It is a picture of an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life, shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. (Utopia)8.Christopher Marlowe was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. A chief member of the group known as the ___________________, Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian of his day, who greatly influenced William Shakespeare. (University Wits)9.___________________ was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queen,an epic poem celebrating Elizabeth I. (Edmund Spenser)10.William Shakespeare produced a whole series of historical plays, _________________ and comedies: such as Henry V, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Twelfth Night. (tragedies)11.Ben Jonson’s comment on __________________________’s achievement is: “He was not of an age, but for all time!” (William Shakespeare)12.William Shakespeare’s great tragedies include ________________, Othello, King Lear, and ________________. (Hamlet; Macbeth)13.In “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”, “thee” means “____________”. (you)14.In “But thy eternal summer shall not fade”, “thy” means “____________”. (your)15.“So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this and this gives life to thee” istaken from William Shakespear e’s ____________________. (Sonnet 18)16.The rhyme scheme in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18is________________________________. (a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g)17. A typical Shakespearean sonnet has ____________ lines of iambic pentameter and ends in a rhymed ____________. (14; couplet)18.“To be, or not to be: that is the question”is taken from William Shakespeare’s tragedy ____________. (Hamlet)19.“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability”is taken from Francis Bacon’s __________________. (Essays)20.“Some books ar e to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested” is taken from ________________________’s Essays. (Francis Bacon)1，_________________指的是从第十四到第十七世纪的文化运动。
英国文学选读课件Unit 3 Francis Bacon
VI Useful on-line references for further study
I Bacon’s position and contribution
II A brief introduction to Bacon's Essays
1. Actual size • a collection of essays • the first published book in 1597 with 10 essays • a much-enlarged second edition in 1612 with 38 essays • the third published book in 1625 with 58 essays.
• about rumination on the subject of marriage and single life with all its pros and cons.
2. Discourse analysis
• Bacon's point of view: - wives and children, - impediment to great enterprises, or great deeds; - not necessarily a bad thing, - a virtue for both the wife and the children and even for the society; - marriage a good thing on the whole.
and some few to be chewed and digested.” 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。
英国文学选读unit3培训课件
• Writing Style of Bacon’s Essays:
• His essays have a literal style peculiar to their own. They are noted for their clearness, brevity and forces of expression. Bacon’s chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are short, pointed, incisive and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally speaking, Bacon’s literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness(简洁), and forcefulness.
paragraph. • b. the conciseness of expressions and phrases presents a plain style as well as
his simple language. • c. The simple metaphors have deep implications. • d. The omission makes the essay concise, clear and coherent. • e. The natural flow of parallels makes his logic and philosophical argument
【英】第三章 浪漫主义时期
但上述这些标志也并非精确而权威,因为作为一股文学潮流,浪漫主义早在《抒情歌谣集》之前就开始了。在前一章提到的感伤主义作家中,我们就可以发现他们对古希腊罗马的作品风范已失去兴趣,取而代之的是对文学与传奇的重新思考。这一切都是自蒲柏至约翰逊时期的新古典主义理性文学的叛逆。而英国文学史上最伟大的浪漫主义作品有不少都产生于激进与传统相冲撞的18世纪末,这时英国又面临着新的发展动力,一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
科勒律治认为想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。布莱克说过"充满想象的世界才是一种永恒,才是众神心中的世界,理智总是有限的会衰落的,只有想象才将我们与永恒联系在一起。"浪漫主义者们不仅推崇想象,还强调灵感与创作的自发性,认为有这两种才质才能创作出真正的诗歌。
在18世纪文学家看来,大自然是供大家观看的,而并非供大家研究熟知的。但对于浪漫主义者们,这一切恰恰相反。自然界正是诗人用于联想的丰富素材,并且成为许多名篇巨著的主题。华兹华斯是最亲近自然的诗人,他把自然看作自己心灵与道德的护士,导航及侍卫,在他眼中,大自然具有支配人类情感的力量:自然是心智纯洁与精神融通的源泉,是伟大的老师,是连接人类与上帝的云梯。
浪漫主义时期也是伟大的散文时代。由于中产阶级所受的教育大幅度提高,好读书之人越来越多,对读物的需求量也在增大,因此这个时期私人经营的报刊杂志繁荣起来。《爱丁堡新闻综述》(1802)、《新闻综述季刊》(1809)、《布莱克伍德杂志》(1817)、《伦敦杂志》(1820),都是比较有名的。这些刊物都刊登了高水准的文学评论文章,为新型评论散文的发展开辟了道路。而科勒律治、黑兹利特、兰姆及德昆西是这种新发展的代表人物。这些人知识渊博,富有同情心,对新兴的作家总是以一种积极的眼光尽力去探索他身上表现出的或潜藏的价值。他们的作品也人尽皆知。
英国文学史PART TWO---Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature
Chapter 3 The Flowering of English LiteratureAdela Class B Lanzhou UniversityI.The Flourishing of LiteratureII.Sidney and RaleighA.Sir Philip Sidney(1554-1586)-----a well-known poet and critic of poetryHis main works:1)Astrophel and Stella( love sonnets)爱星者和星星2)Apology for Poetry诗辩( according to Sidney, poetry has a superiorityover philosophy and history)n Plato’s “ Republic”:1, Idea理念；相2, Experienced world3, ArtB. Walter Raleigh(1552?-1618)--------another versatile man of action, thought and letters.His works:1)Discovery of Guiana ( literary history)2)History of the World3)His handful of lyricsIII.Edmund Spenser( 1552-1599)------- the Poet’s Poet of the period埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser，1552－1599），英国文艺复兴时期伟大诗人，代表作有长篇史诗《仙后》、田园诗集《牧人月历》、组诗《情诗小唱十四行诗集》、《婚前曲》、《祝婚曲》等。
斯宾塞早在1569年就翻译过法国诗人杜倍雷的诗歌，并通过法文转译了意大利诗人彼特拉克的诗歌。
自考英美文学选读 第三章 浪漫主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第三章浪漫主义时期西方文学史上的浪漫主义运动是不易用一言以蔽之的,尤其是它的确切时间与特点,因为这是一场席卷全欧及美国的浩大文学变革。
而英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年,标志为华滋华斯与柯勒治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版,终于1832年,标志为沃特·斯哥特的去世及议会第一个改革提案的通过。
但上述这些标志也并非精确而权威,因为作为一股文学潮流,浪漫主义早在《抒情歌谣集》之前就开始了。
在前一章提到的感伤主义作家中,我们就可以发现他们对古希腊罗马的作品风范已失去兴趣,取而代之的是对文学与传奇的重新思考。
这一切都是自蒲柏至约翰逊时期的新古典主义理性文学的叛逆。
而英国文学史上最伟大的浪漫主义作品有不少都产生于激进与传统相冲撞的18世纪末,这时英国又面临着新的发展动力,一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
法国哲学家让·亚克·卢梭是18世纪后半叶的主导思想家。
1762年,他出版了两部作品震惊欧洲,《社会契约论》与《爱弥尔》。
在这两部作品中,他探索了有关自然、社会与教育的新思想。
卢梭的这些思想为法国大革命做了必要的意识形态准备,因为它激起了人们对封建暴君的愤恨及对美好未来的希望。
法国革命的消息,尤其是《人权宣言》的发表及攻打巴士底狱也点燃了英国自由主义与激进主义者同情的火花。
英国遍地都成立了各种爱国者俱乐部或协会,宣传自由、平等与博爱。
1790年10月,埃德蒙·伯克出版了《法国大革命写照》。
他的这本政论小册子以笔墨诛伐了激进的革命以及对君主制与宗教特权摒弃,他对狂热的革命暴动及未来的暴民统治与军事独裁大泼冷水。
伯克的文章激起了要求打倒暴君、废除压迫政府的邀进派作家的反驳。
其中托马斯·潘因的《人权宣言》(1791-1792)最有力度。
潘因对欧洲的情势深为了解:大革命期间他本人就在法国,并在文章中下出结论,1789年以前的法国一片黑暗,处处都是压迫与不幸,除了革命,没有一条通向自由的路,此外,威廉·戈德温在他的《有关政治正义的研究》(1793)中强烈谴责了不合理的经济制度与政治压迫。
英国文学Chapter 3 ppt
II. The Elizabethan dramatists who influenced Shakespeare
A. University wits “大学才子”
Robert Greene (c. 1560-1592) John Lyly (c. 1554-1606) Thomas Nashe (1567-1601) Thomas Lodge (c. 1558-1625) Thomas Kyd (1558-1594) George Peele (1556- c. 1597) Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)
The 2nd period (1595-1600)
History plays: King John (c. 1595) Richard II (c. 1595) Henry IV (c. 1597) Henry V (c. 1598)
Shakespeare’s comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream (c. 1595) The Merchant of Venice (c. 1596) The Merry Wives of Windsor (c. 1599) Much Ado about Nothing (c. 1599) As You Like It (c. 1599) The 1st tragedy: Julius Caesar (c. 1599)
B. Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)
hristopher Marlowe’s life
Acknowledged as the greatest tragedy writer before Shakespeare. A son of a shoemaker Receives education at the University of Cambridge with MA Suspected as a secret agent of the government Stabbed to death in a pub as the victim of a political murder
Chapters 3-4 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
➢ The works of the first period are generally happy and cheerful
➢ Henry IV, Love’s Labor’s Lost, Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, As You Like It
Philip Sidney
(1554-1586)
➢ Educated at Oxford and was widely read. ➢ A good number of his poems appear in Arcadia. ➢ Astrophel and Stella contains his best poetic
• Introduction • Works
King James Bible
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Introduction ➢ The most popular and most widely
respected writer in all English literature ➢ Born on April 26, 1564 in Stratford on Avon; died on April 23, 1616 and buried at Stratford ➢ He excelled in the literary fields of poetry and drama
English Drama: A Sketchy Account
英国文学史Chapter 3
Three major themes of English Romances
1. the matter of Britain, about the Arthurian legend 2. the matter of France, about stories concerning Charlemagne and his knights 3. the matter of Rome, about tales of antiquity, from Trojan war to the feats of Alexander the Great.
Content of Sir Gawain and the Green knight
Four fits or sections 1st section tells at the New Year feast hold by King Arthur, his new nephew accepts the challenge from the Green Knight. 2nd section Four seasons past, it’s the time Sir Gawain set off to seek Green Knight and his Green Chapel , in the forest, he saw a castle and the host asks him to stay in the castle
英国文学选读课件Unit 3 Francis Bacon
cons: selfish: unmarried men's thoughts do end with themselves, and account future impertinences; not always best citizens, less loyal; a bachelor not fit to be a judge or magistrate, no restraint and no family, flippant and indiscrete in thinking and action; Unmarried men make the vulgar soldier more base; tend to be more cruel and hard-hearted in their conduct.
pros and cons concerning single life
pros: • The best works, and of greatest merit for the public, proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; • much richer, capable of making larger donations to charity; • enjoy liberty, no restraint; • unmarried men, best friends, best masters, and best servants.
IV A close analysis of “Of Studies” V Questions for further exploration
VI Useful on-line references for further study
英国文学Chapter III Geoffrey Chaucer
7
British Literature I
Geoffrey Chaucer’ life experiences (1343—1400)
● He was born in a wine merchant family, a
page to Elizabeth, countess of Ulster
● He contributed importantly in the second half
of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier, diplomat, and civil servant.
British Literature I
● In that career he was trusted and aided by three successive kings—Edward III, Richard II, and Henry IV. But it is his hobby—the writing of poetry—for which he is remembered.
● He was influenced by French and Italian literature.
His literary career
British Literature I
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Chinese version of the first part
Q2: in your own words, summarize the character of knight from brief introduction in this excerpt.
Worthy man: Loved the following: Chivalry; Truth; openhandedness; courtesy. Honored for his worthy.
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s literary career
3.the period of his maturity (1386-1400) (1386The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 坎特伯雷故事集》
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s contribution to English Literature and Language
The Canterbury Tales
The function of the Prologue to The
Canterbury Tales An Excerpt of the Prologue
Geoffrey Chaucer’s Life Chaucer’
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s Life Son of a wine merchant; page – way of court; army – prisoner in France; Diplomatic position in France and Italy; Other positions.
The General Prologue
The first part: the setting of the tales; The second Part: the cause of the book; The third part: the description of palmers.
The first part: the setting of the tales
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour; Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne croppes, Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, That slepen al the nyght with open ye (So priketh hem Nature in hir corages); corages); Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; halwes, londes;
The Function of the Prologue
A splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature A striking brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country A miniature of the English society of Chaucer’ Chaucer’s time. A framework for the tales
the holy orders: a parson, some nuns, a monk, a friar, a summoner, and a pardoner. and the middle class: a merchant, the Wife of Bath, a haberdasher, a dyer, a carpenter, a weaver, a carpet maker as well as a skipper
夏雨给大地带来了喜悦， 送走了土壤干裂的三月， 沐浴着草木的丝丝经络， 顿时百花盛开，生机勃勃。 西风轻吹留下清香缕缕， 田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿； 碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日， 青春的太阳洒下万道金辉。 小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美， 迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡—— 迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡—— 美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦， 多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢。 香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台， 僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海。 信徒来自全国东西南北， 众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷， 去朝谢医病救世的恩主， 以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒。
The third part: the description of palmers
Knight: an excellent man; Fought in many campaigns; Despite his prowess, honored in men’s eyes; men’ Deportment: Meek as a girl, gentle, Never spoke ignobly; Horse was good; Clothing: spattered by the rust, just returned.
Part Three Geoffrey Chaucer (1340(1340-1400)
Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer’s Life & works Chaucer’ Chaucer’ Chaucer’s contributions to English Literature and Language
The second Part: the cause of the book The author and other 29 palmers meet at the Tabard. They are all about to start the pilgrim journey to Canterbury.
Chaucer’ aucer’s literary career
1.the period of French influence (1359(13591372):
Romance of the Rose; 《玫瑰传奇》 玫瑰传奇》 Book of the Duchess; 《公爵夫人之书》 公爵夫人之书》
the “father of English poetry” poetry” the first most significant poet in English literary history to write in Middle English the “heroic couplet” couplet” did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for the modern English language
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Q1：how is the setting of the tales described? Q1： With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?
The description of what you see: bud and roots, showers, flowers, wood and field, sun; What you feel: breeze; What you hear: song of the birds. Spring: full of vigor; full of green which represents life, youth and hope.
Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体） (英雄双韵体）
The heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter （五步抑扬格）lines, is also （五步抑扬格）lines, called a closet couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines.
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s literary career
2.the period of Italian influence (1372(13721386)
The Legend of Good Women;《良妇传说》 Women;《良妇传说》 The House of Fame;《声誉之堂》 Fame;《声誉之堂》 The Parliament of Fowls;《百鸟议会》 Fowls;《百鸟议会》 Troilus and Criseyde.《特罗勒斯与克莱西》 Criseyde.《特罗勒斯与克莱西》
The Canterbury Tales