大屏幕显示系统的研究毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

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大连东软信息学院
毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文
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大连东软信息学院
Dalian Neusoft University of Information
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【推荐】大屏幕显示系统LED的发展外文文献翻译

【word版本下载后可任意编辑】The research of the large screen display system'sLed developmentAlong with computer technology's high speed development, LED (Light Emitting Diode) the screen display system takes after the television, the broadcast, the newspaper, the magazine “the fifth big media” marches into the social life fast each aspect. Its collection microelectronic technology, the computer technology, the information processing and management technology in a body, may the information through the writing, the design, the animation and the video frequency four forms demonstrates. With media and so on bank of television monitors, magnetism vane compares, the LED large screen display system has the design to be artistic, the color is sharp; The design, the color change are rich, are fast; The low power loss, the long life, the use cost low, work stably reliable and so on characteristics. It demonstrated the chart article angle of view is big, the apparent distance is far, thus has widely applied in the large-scale square, the commercial advertizing, the sports complexes, the information dissemination, the news issue, the securities trading; It also applies in the industrial control and the industry reassignment system, is advantageous each kind of parameter, the alarm point, the technical process demonstrates clearly perfect, may satisfy the different environment the need. The LED display monitor is one kind of use computer and the complex digital signal processing electron advertisements propaganda screen. Its screen body part by the microprocessor (is mainly monolithic integrated circuit) and the driving circuit control movement, demonstrated the image or the writing obtain by the computer edition software editor. Because the LED display monitor this kind of new generation information graphic display device has the demonstration design to be stable, the power loss is low, life long and so on characteristics, moreover it synthesized each kind of information graphic display device's strong point, and has overcome own insufficiency, because specially a display monitor may demonstrate that the different content, the display mode is rich. Therefore in the public area, it has the intense advertisements propaganda and the information transmission effect, already in the solid demonstrated day by day occupies the dominant position. The LED display monitor's prospects for development are extremely broad, at present toward thehigh luminance, a higher weather fastness, the higher luminous density, the higher illumination uniformity, the reliability, the panchromatic direction is developing. Is composed of the different material's semiconductor can send out the different color the LED crystal spot. At present what applies is broadest is red, the green, yellow LED. But the blue color and the pure green LED development had already achieved the practical stage.LED display monitor's classificationLED display monitor's classified LED display monitor is many kinds of technical synthesis application product, involves photoelectronics, the semiconductor device, the digit electronic circuit, the large scale integrated circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit and the microcomputer and so on each aspect, both has the hardware and to have software. After the LED display monitor is takes the broadcast, the television, the newspaper, the magazine another new communication media. At present the LED display monitor basis uses the place to be different, may divide into the outdoor screen and the indoor screen two kinds, its main difference is photo tube's illumination brightness is different. But acts according to the content which demonstrated different also to be possible to divide into the image screen and the writing screen two kinds, the image screen may the display image as well as multimedia, but writing screen main demonstration writing or simple fixed image. Display image's multimedia outdoor screens are the investment huge (reaches as high as several millions) the large-scale upscale equipment, main application in large-scale public place, image project and some important places. The LED display monitor's application involves to social economy many domains, already spread the transportation, the negotiable securities, the telecommunication, the advertisement, the propaganda and so on each aspect.LED display monitor's trend of developmentAt present the LED display monitor's demonstration to the high luminance, a higher weather fastness, the higher illumination uniformity, a higher reliability, the panchromatic, the multimedia directions develops, system's movement, the operation and the maintenance also to the integration, the network, the intellectualized direction develop. The 21st century's display technology will be the panel display time, the LED display monitor takes one of panel display leadership products to have a bigger development.1. since the high luminance, entire color blue color and the green superelevation brightness LED product has appeared, the cost reduces fast year by year, causes the LED entire colored display monitor product cost to drop, the promoted speed speeds up. At the same time, along with control technology's development and the LED display monitor body stable enhancement, the entire colored LED display monitor's brightness, the color, white balanced achieves the quite ideal effect, definitely may satisfy the outdoors all-weather environmental condition request, moreover the image is clearer, is more exquisite, is sharper.2. after standardization, standardized material, technology mature and market price basic balanced, the LED display monitor's standardization and the standardization will become a tendency which the LED display monitor develops. In recent years industry in development, after several price recedes the adjustment achieves basically balanced, the product quality, the system reliable and so on will become the main competition factor, this had the high request to the LED display monitor's standardization and the standardization. Profession standard and standard system's formation, IS09000 series standard application, causes the LED display monitor profession the development tends the order.3. the product mix diversification along with the informationization society's formation, the information field is even more widespread, the LED display monitor's application prospect is broader. It is estimated that large-scale or the ultra-large LED display monitor will have the change for the mainstream product's aspect, will suit can have in the service industry characteristic and the specialized request small LED display monitor enhances greatly, will be richer face the information service domain's LED display monitor product class and the variety system, the part potential market demand and the application domain will have the breakthrough, like the mass transit, the parking lot, the dining, the hospital and so on comprehension service aspect's information display monitor demand will have a bigger enhancement.Involves the mentality and the principle of workThis system basis classics' circuit design mentality, uses the design method from bottom to top, from the display panel to the actuation board, arrives at the control panel again, carries on the hardware programming, after debugging successfully, receives a telegram the source plate, finally completes the data transmission board and PC machine connects, carries on the PC software programming, completes the demonstration data the production,the extraction, processing, the transmission as well as the demonstration effect real-time control. Each module uses 8 LED lattices to lighten each line by the line scan form red, green, the traffic light, the demonstration writing and the image. The LED lattice's actuation, the decoding, the lock save and so on to be responsible by control panel's digital circuit. Its data reads by the monolithic integrated circuit from the memory, simultaneously the monolithic integrated circuit uses the interrupt mode, carries on the two-way communication through the RS-232 data line and PC machine, from the PC machine gain order or the data, and carries out the movement or the stored datum according to the order. Not only but PC machine carries on many machine serial port correspondences with many monolithic integrated circuits, but must be responsible for the writing input and the typesetting, the production lattice data or the order character, realize the man-machine interaction function.Principle of work this article designs the large-scale LED display monitor becomes by the double primary color lattice LED combination, uses the line-by-line scanning the display mode to demonstrate red, green, the yellow three kind of color random lattice information. The display module uses the line-by-line scanning demonstration the way, its control system take monolithic integrated circuit AT89C52 as a core, uses 74HC154 memories to take the data-carrier storage, actuates 8*8 using latch 74HC595 and 8 group of line driver 2083The LED display module, simultaneously opens the serial port interrupt and superior PC machine carries on many machine correspondences. Through realizes display monitor's many kinds of animation pattern to the monolithic integrated circuit programming to demonstrate: Rolls the screen toward left, rolls the screen toward right, rolls the screen upwardly, rolls the screen downward, on rolls the screen toward left, on rolls the screen toward right, to the Zola curtain, pulls the curtain toward right, pulls the curtain upwardly, pulls the curtain downward, to the right lateral, lightens in turn from left to right, from among to two nearby, lightens in turn. Animation speed adjustable: Divides into 100 grades, lowest is 1 fast, highest is 100 fast. The pattern color is diverse: The background achromatic color, the writing red/green/yellow, the background is red, the writing does not have/the yellow/green, the background green, the writing does not have/yellow/red, the background yellow, the writing does not have/the red/green. Moreover, but also increased several dozens kind of neon light effect animation. The PC machine on display control software may realize functions and so on Chinese character input, typeface choice, words change, and after carrying on the data processing, may in left side simulatethe demonstration whole effect, simultaneously “sees namely obtained” demonstration in underneath preview region. Moreover, this control software also has additional functions and so on text designation, mouse localization, coordinate tracing, time date. PC machine realizes through the RS-232 connection with the demonstration part monolithic integrated circuit's correspondence, interrupts the real-time receive and the transmission data message using the monolithic integrated circuit serial port. Has also given dual attention to monolithic integrated circuit's antigambling ability in the system design, enhanced the systems operation reliability effectively.Shines the second-level tube characteristicThe light emitter diode (light emitting diode, LED), is one kind turns the electrical energy the energy of light the special component, when the electric current achieves the threshold current, the light emitter diode breakover, along with electric current passing, produces the visible light. Light emitter diode's structure mainly ties the chip, the electrode and the optical system constitution by PN. After PN ties performs the direct voltage, P area's hole injection to the N area, N area's electron-injection to the P area, the electron which and the hole meet, pours into after mutually namely produces compound, these minority carriers injection which ties in PN produce the radiation with compound to shine. It is the original radiation illumination, does not need the high injection current to have the granule number reverse distribution, also does not need the optical resonator, the launch right and wrong coherent light. Describes the LED characteristic to have many parameters, between these parameter's relations present misalignment. Therefore, describes these relations with the characteristic curve, has the use value in the project application.LED component's actuationMay know from the LED component's illumination mechanism, when exerts the direct voltage to the LED component, winds through component's forward current to cause its illumination. Therefore the LED actuation is must make its PN knot to be in the forward bias, simultaneously to control its luminous intensity, but must solve the forward current adjustment problem. The concrete drive type has [9] and so on direct-current actuation, constant flow actuation, pulse actuation and scanning actuation, in this system LED component's actuation for scanning actuation.1. direct-current actuation. The direct-current actuation is the simple the actuation。

毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文本

武汉工业学院毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文本2011届原文出处IBM SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL 35, NOS 3&4, 1996毕业设计(论文)题目音乐图像浏览器的设计与实现院（系）计算机与信息工程专业名称计算机科学与技术学生姓名郭谦学生学号070501103指导教师丰洪才译文要求：1、译文内容须与课题（或专业）有联系；2、外文翻译不少于4000汉字。

隐藏数据技术研究数据隐藏，是一种隐秘的数据加密形式，它将数据嵌入到数字媒体之中来达到鉴定，注释和版权保护的目的。

然而，这一应用却受到了一些限制：首先是需要隐藏的数据量，其次是在“主”讯号受到失真的条件影响之下，对于这些需隐藏数据的可靠性的需要。

举例来说，就是有损压缩以及对有损压缩来说数据遇到被拦截，被修改或被第三方移除等操作的免疫程度。

我们同时用传统的和新式技术来探究解决数据隐藏问题的方法并且对这些技术在以下三个方面的应用：版权保护，防止篡改，和增强型数据嵌入做出评估。

我们能非常方便地得到数字媒体并且潜在地改善了其可移植性，信息展现的效率，和信息呈现的准确度。

便捷的数据访问所带来的负面效果包括以下两点：侵犯版权的几率增加或者是有篡改或修改其中内容的可能性增大。

这项工作的目的在于研究知识产权保护条款、内容修改的相关指示和增加注解的方法。

数据隐藏代表了一类用于插入数据的操作，例如版权信息，它利用“主”信号能够感知的最小变化量来进入到各种不同形式的媒体之内，比如图像、声音或本文。

也就是说，嵌入的数据对人类观察者来说应该是既看不见也听不见的。

值得注意的是，数据隐藏虽然与压缩很类似，但与加密解密技术却是截然不同的。

它的目标不是限制或者管理对“主”信号的存取，而是保证被嵌入的数据依然未被破坏而且是可以恢复的。

数据隐藏在数字媒体中的两个重要应用就是提供版权信息的证明，和保证内容完整性。

因此，即使主讯号遭受诸如过滤、重取样，截取或是有损压缩等破坏行为，数据也应该一直在“主”信号中保持被隐藏的特点。

毕设外文文献+翻译1

毕设外文文献+翻译1外文翻译外文原文CHANGING ROLES OF THE CLIENTS、ARCHITECTSAND CONTRACTORS THROUGH BIMAbstract:Purpose –This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes.Design/methodology/approach–Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed.Findings –One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R).Originality/value –This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application inhospital building projects.Keywords:Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planningPaper type :General review1. IntroductionHospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still facesserious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility, end-user?s dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordination between the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different setof skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored. There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite for an effective collaboration between different building actors or disciplines.Building information modelling (BIM) offers an integrated solution to the previously mentioned problems. Therefore, BIM is increasingly used as an ICT support in complex building projects. An effective multidisciplinary collaboration supported by an optimal use of BIM require changing roles of the clients, architects, and contractors; new contractual relationships; and re-organised collaborative processes. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the practical knowledge on how to manage the building actors to collaborate effectively in their changing roles, and todevelop and utilise BIM as an optimal ICT support of the collaboration.This paper presents a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature review and case studies. In the next sections, based on literature and recent findings from European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Subsequently, through the observation of two ongoing pilot projects in The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. In conclusion, the critical success factors as well as the main barriers of a successful integrated collaboration using BIM are identified.2. Changing roles through integrated collaboration and life-cycle design approachesA hospital building project involves various actors, roles, and knowledge domains. In The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors in hospital building projects are inevitable due the new healthcare policy. Previously under the Healthcare Institutions Act (WTZi), healthcare institutions were required to obtain both a license and a building permit for new construction projects and major renovations. The permit was issued by the Dutch Ministry of Health. The healthcare institutions were then eligible to receive financial support from the government. Since 2008, new legislation on the management of hospital building projects and real estate has come into force. In this new legislation, a permit for hospital building project under the WTZi is no longer obligatory, nor obtainable (Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2008). This change allows more freedom from the state-directed policy, and respectively,allocates more responsibilities to the healthcare organisations to deal with the financing and management of their real estate. The new policy implies that the healthcare institutions are fully responsible to man age and finance their building projects and real estate. The government?s support for the costs of healthcare facilities will no longer be given separately, but will be included in the fee for healthcare services. This means that healthcare institutions must earn back their investment on real estate through their services. This new policy intends to stimulate sustainable innovations in the design, procurement and management of healthcare buildings, which will contribute to effective and efficient primary healthcare services.The new strategy for building projects and real estate management endorses an integrated collaboration approach. In order to assure the sustainability during construction, use, and maintenance, the end-users, facility managers, contractors and specialist contractors need to be involved in the planning and design processes. The implications of the new strategy are reflected in the changing roles of the building actors and in the new procurement method.In the traditional procurement method, the design, and its details, are developed by the architect, and design engineers. Then, the client (the healthcare institution) sends an application to the Ministry of Healthto obtain an approval on the building permit and the financial support from the government. Following this, a contractor is selected through a tender process that emphasises the search for the lowest-price bidder. During the construction period, changes often take place due to constructability problems of the design and new requirements from the client.Because of the high level of technical complexity, and moreover, decision-making complexities, the whole process from initiation until delivery of a hospital building project can take up to ten years time. After the delivery, the healthcare institution is fully in charge of the operation of the facilities. Redesigns and changes also take place in the use phase to cope with new functions and developments in the medical world.The integrated procurement pictures a new contractual relationship between the parties involved in a building project. Instead of a relationship between the client and architect for design, and the client and contractor for construction, in an integrated procurement the client only holds a contractual relationship with the main party that is responsible for both design and construction. The traditional borders between tasks and occupational groups become blurred since architects, consulting firms, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers all stand on the supply side in the building process while the client on the demand side. Such configuration puts the architect, engineer and contractor in a very different position that influences not only their roles, but also their responsibilities, tasks and communication with the client, the users, the team and other stakeholders.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method requires a shift of mindset of the parties on both the demand and supply sides. It is essential for the client and contractor to have a fair and open collaboration in which both can optimally use their competencies. The effectiveness of integrated collaboration is also determined by the client?s capacity and strategy to organize innovative tendering procedures.A new challenge emerges in case of positioning an architect in a partnership with the contractor instead of with the client. In case of the architect enters a partnership with the contractor, an important issues is how to ensure the realisation of the architectural values as well as innovative engineering through an efficient construction process. In another case, the architect can stand at the client?s side in a strategic advisory role instead of being the designer. In this case, the architect?s responsibility is translating client?s requirements and wishes into the architectural values to be included in the design specification, and evaluating the contractor?s proposal against this. In any of this new role, the architect holds the responsibilities as stakeholder interest facilitator, custodian of customer value and custodian of design models.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method also brings consequences in the payment schemes. In the traditional building process, the honorarium for the architect is usually based on a percentage of the project costs; this may simply mean that the more expensive the building is, the higher the honorarium will be. The engineer receives the honorarium based on the complexity of the design and the intensity of the assignment. A highly complex building, which takes a number of redesigns, is usually favourable for the engineers in terms of honorarium. A traditional contractor usually receives the commission based on the tender to construct the building at the lowest price by meeting the minimum specifications given by the client. Extra work due to modifications is charged separately to the client. After the delivery, the contractor is no longer responsible for the long-term use of the building. In the traditional procurement method, all risks are placed with theclient.In integrated procurement method, the payment is based on the achieved building performance; thus, the payment is non-adversarial. Since the architect, engineer and contractor have a wider responsibility on the quality of the design and the building, the payment is linked to a measurement system of the functional and technical performance of the building over a certain period of time. The honorarium becomes an incentive to achieve the optimal quality. If the building actors succeed to deliver a higher added-value thatexceed the minimum client?s requirements, they will receive a bonus in accordance to the client?s extra gain. The level of transparency is also improved. Open book accounting is an excellent instrument provided that the stakeholders agree on the information to be shared and to its level of detail (InPro, 2009).Next to the adoption of integrated procurement method, the new real estate strategy for hospital building projects addresses an innovative product development and life-cycle design approaches. A sustainable business case for the investment and exploitation of hospital buildings relies on dynamic life-cycle management that includes considerations and analysis of the market development over time next to the building life-cycle costs (investment/initial cost, operational cost, and logistic cost). Compared to the conventional life-cycle costing method, the dynamic life-cycle management encompasses a shift from focusing only on minimizing the costs to focusing on maximizing the total benefit that can be gained. One of the determining factors for a successful implementation of dynamic life-cycle management is the sustainable design of the building and building components, which means that the design carriessufficient flexibility to accommodate possible changes in the long term (Prins, 1992).Designing based on the principles of life-cycle management affects the role of the architect, as he needs to be well informed about the usage scenarios and related financial arrangements, the changing social and physical environments, and new technologies. Design needs to integrate people activities and business strategies over time. In this context, the architect is required to align the design strategies with the organisational, local and global policies on finance, business operations, health and safety, environment, etc.The combination of process and product innovation, and the changing roles of the building actors can be accommodated by integrated project delivery or IPD (AIA California Council, 2007). IPD is an approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. IPD principles can be applied to a variety of contractual arrangements. IPD teams will usually include members well beyond the basic triad of client, architect, and contractor. At a minimum, though, an Integrated Project should include a tight collaboration between the client, the architect, and the main contractor ultimately responsible for construction of the project, from the early design until the project handover. The key to a successful IPD is assembling a team that is committed to collaborative processes and is capable of working together effectively. IPD is built on collaboration. As a result, it can only be successful if the participants share and apply common values and goals.3. Changing roles through BIM applicationBuilding information model (BIM) comprises ICT frameworks and tools that can support the integrated collaboration based on life-cycle design approach. BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward (National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS, 2007). BIM facilitates time and place independent collaborative working. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. BIM in its ultimate form, as a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability, can become a virtual information model to be handed from the design team to the contractor and subcontractors and then to the client.BIM is not the same as the earlier known computer aided design (CAD). BIM goes further than an application to generate digital (2D or 3D) drawings. BIM is an integrated model in which all process and product information is combined, stored, elaborated, and interactively distributed to all relevant building actors. As a central model for all involved actors throughout the project lifecycle, BIM develops andevolves as the project progresses. Using BIM, the proposed design and engineering solutions can be measured against the client?s requirements and expected building performance. The functionalities of BIM to support the design process extend to multidimensional (nD), including: three-dimensional visualisation and detailing, clash detection, material schedule, planning, costestimate, production and logistic information, and as-built documents. During the construction process, BIM can support the communication between the building site, the factory and the design office– which is crucial for an effective and efficient prefabrication and assembly processes as well as to prevent or solve problems related to unforeseen errors or modifications. When the building is in use, BIM can be used in combination with the intelligent building systems to provide and maintain up-to-date information of the building performance, including the life-cycle cost.To unleash the full potential of more efficient information exchange in the AEC/FM industry in collaborative working using BIM, both high quality open international standards and high quality implementations of these standards must be in place. The IFC open standard is generally agreed to be of high quality and is widely implemented in software. Unfortunately, the certification process allows poor quality implementations to be certified and essentially renders the certified software useless for any practical usage with IFC. IFC compliant BIM is actually used less than manual drafting for architects and contractors, and show about the same usage for engineers. A recent survey shows that CAD (as a closed-system) is still the major form of technique used in design work (over 60 per cent) while BIM is used in around 20 percent of projects for architects and in around 10 per cent of projects for engineers and contractors.The application of BIM to support an optimal cross-disciplinary and cross-phase collaboration opens a new dimension in the roles and relationships between the building actors. Several most relevant issues are: the new role of a model manager; the agreement on the access right and IntellectualProperty Right (IPR); the liability and payment arrangement according to the type of contract and in relation to the integrated procurement; and the use of open international standards.Collaborative working using BIM demands a new expert role of a model manager who possesses ICT as well as construction process know-how (InPro, 2009). The model manager deals with the system as well as with the actors. He provides and maintains technological solutions required for BIM functionalities, manages the information flow, and improves the ICT skills of the stakeholders. The model manager does not take decisions on design and engineering solutions, nor the organisational processes, but his roles in the chain of decision making are focused on:the development of BIM, the definition of the structure and detail level of the model, and the deployment of relevant BIM tools, such as for models checking, merging, and clash detections;the contribution to collaboration methods, especially decision making and communication protocols, task planning, and risk management;and the management of information, in terms of data flow and storage, identification of communication errors, and decision or process (re-)tracking.Regarding the legal and organisational issues, one of the actual questions is: “In what way does the intellectual property right (IPR) in collaborative working using BIM differ from the IPR in a traditional teamwork?”. In terms of combine d work, the IPR of each element is at tached to its creator. Although it seems to be a fully integrated design, BIM actually resulted from a combination of works/elements; for instance: the outline of the building design, is created by the architect, the design for theelectrical system, is created by the electrical contractor, etc. Thus, in case of BIM as a combined work, the IPR is similar to traditional teamwork. Working with BIM with authorship registration functionalities may actually make it easier to keep track of the IPR.How does collaborative working, using BIM, effect the contractual relationship? On the one hand,collaborative working using BIM does not necessarily change the liability position in the contract nor does it obligate an alliance contract. The General Principles of BIM A ddendum confirms: …This does not effectuate or require a restructuring of contractual relationships or shifting of risks between or among the Project Participants other than as specifically required per the Protocol Addendum and its Attachments? (ConsensusDOCS, 2008). On the other hand, changes in terms of payment schemes can be anticipated. Collaborative processes using BIM will lead to the shifting of activities from to the early design phase. Much, if not all, activities in the detailed engineering and specification phase will be done in the earlier phases. It means that significant payment for the engineering phase, which may count up to 40 per cent of the design cost, can no longer be expected. As engineering work is done concurrently with the design, a new proportion of the payment in the early design phase is necessary.4. Review of ongoing hospital building projects using BIMIn The Netherlands, the changing roles in hospital building projects are part of the strategy, which aims at achieving a sustainable real estate in response to the changing healthcare policy. Referring to literature and previous research, the main factors that influence the success of the changing roles can be concluded as: the implementation of an integrated procurementmethod and a life-cycle design approach for a sustainable collaborative process; the agreement on the BIM structure and the intellectual rights; and the integration of the role of a model manager. The preceding sections have discussed the conceptual thinking on how to deal with these factors effectively. This current section observes two actual projects and compares the actual practice with the conceptual view respectively.The main issues, which are observed in the case studies, are: the selected procurement method and the roles of the involved parties within this method;the implementation of the life-cycle design approach;the type, structure, and functionalities of BIM used in the project;the openness in data sharing and transfer of the model, and the intended use of BIM in the future; and the roles and tasks of the model manager.The pilot experience of hospital building projects using BIM in the Netherlands can be observed at University Medical Centre St Radboud (further referred as UMC) and Maxima Medical Centre (further referred as MMC). At UMC, the new building project for the Faculty of Dentistry in the city of Nijmegen has been dedicated as a BIM pilot project. At MMC, BIM is used in designing new buildings for Medical Simulation and Mother-and-Child Centre in the city of Veldhoven.The first case is a project at the University Medical Centre (UMC) St Radboud. UMC is more than just a hospital. UMC combines medical services, education and research. More than 8500 staff and 3000 students work at UMC. As a part of the innovative real estate strategy, UMC has considered to use BIM for its building projects. The new development of the Faculty ofDentistry and the surrounding buildings on the Kapittelweg in Nijmegen has been chosen as a pilot project to gather practical knowledge and experience on collaborative processes with BIM support.The main ambition to be achieved through the use of BIM in the building projects at UMC can be summarised as follows: using 3D visualisation to enhance the coordination and communication among the building actors, and the user participation in design;integrating the architectural design with structural analysis, energy analysis, cost estimation, and planning;interactively evaluating the design solutions against the programme of requirements and specifications;reducing redesign/remake costs through clash detection during the design process; andoptimising the management of the facility through the registration of medical installations andequipments, fixed and flexible furniture, product and output specifications, and operational data.The second case is a project at the Maxima Medical Centre (MMC). MMC is a large hospital resulted from a merger between the Diaconessenhuis in Eindhoven and St Joseph Hospital in Veldhoven. Annually the 3,400 staff of MMC provides medical services to more than 450,000 visitors and patients. A large-scaled extension project of the hospital in Veldhoven is a part of its real estate strategy. A medical simulation centre and a women-and-children medical centre are among the most important new facilities within this extension project. The design has been developed using 3D modelling with several functionalities of BIM.The findings from both cases and the analysis are as follows.Both UMC and MMC opted for a traditional procurement method in which the client directly contracted an architect, a structural engineer, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) consultant in the design team. Once the design and detailed specifications are finished, a tender procedure will follow to select a contractor. Despite the choice for this traditional method, many attempts have been made for a closer and more effective multidisciplinary collaboration. UMC dedicated a relatively long preparation phase with the architect, structural engineer and MEP consultant before the design commenced. This preparation phase was aimed at creating a common vision on the optimal way for collaboration using BIM as an ICT support. Some results of this preparation phase are: a document that defines the common ambition for the project and the collaborative working process and a semi-formal agreement that states the commitment of the building actors for collaboration. Other than UMC, MMC selected an architecture firm with an in-house engineering department. Thus, the collaboration between the architect and structural engineer can take place within the same firm using the same software application.Regarding the life-cycle design approach, the main attention is given on life-cycle costs, maintenance needs, and facility management. Using BIM, both hospitals intend to get a much better insight in these aspects over the life-cycle period. The life-cycle sustainability criteria are included in the assignments for the design teams. Multidisciplinary designers and engineers are asked to collaborate more closely and to interact with the end-users to address life-cycle requirements. However, ensuring the building actors to engage in an integrated collaboration to generate sustainable design solutions that meet the life-cycle。

【推荐】大屏幕显示系统LED的发展外文文献翻译

大屏幕显示系统LED的发展外文文献翻译The research of the large screen display system'sLed developmentAlong with computer technology's high speed development, LED (Light Emitting Diode) the screen display system takes after the television, the broadcast, the newspaper, the magazine “the fifth big media” marches into the social life fast each aspect. Its collection microelectronic technology, the computer technology, the information processing and management technology in a body, may the information through the writing, the design, the animation and the video frequency four forms demonstrates. With media and so on bank of television monitors, magnetism vane compares, the LED large screen display system has the design to be artistic, the color is sharp; The design, the color change are rich, are fast; The low power loss, the long life, the use cost low, work stably reliable and so on characteristics. It demonstrated the chart article angle of view is big, the apparent distance is far, thus has widely applied in the large-scale square, the commercial advertizing, the sports complexes, the information dissemination, the news issue, the securities trading; It also applies in the industrial control and the industry reassignment system, is advantageous each kind of parameter, the alarm point, the technical process demonstrates clearly perfect, may satisfy the different environment the need. The LED display monitor is one kind of use computer and the complex digital signal processing electron advertisements propaganda screen. Its screen body part by the microprocessor (is mainly monolithic integrated circuit) and the driving circuit control movement, demonstrated the image or the writing obtain by the computer edition software editor. Because the LED display monitor this kind of new generation information graphic display device has the demonstration design to be stable, the power loss is low, life long and so on characteristics, moreover it synthesized each kind of information graphic display device's strong point, and has overcome own insufficiency, because specially a display monitor may demonstrate that the different content, the display mode is rich. Therefore in the public area, it has the intense advertisements propaganda and the information transmission effect, already in the solid demonstrated day by day occupies the dominant position. The LED display monitor's prospects for development are extremely broad, at present toward the high luminance, a higher weather fastness, the higher luminous density, the higher illumination uniformity, the reliability, the panchromatic direction is developing. Is composed of the different material's semiconductor can send out the different color theLED crystal spot. At present what applies is broadest is red, the green, yellow LED. But the blue color and the pure green LED development had already achieved the practical stage.LED display monitor's classificationLED display monitor's classified LED display monitor is many kinds of technical synthesis application product, involves photoelectronics, the semiconductor device, the digit electronic circuit, the large scale integrated circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit and the microcomputer and so on each aspect, both has the hardware and to have software. After the LED display monitor is takes the broadcast, the television, the newspaper, the magazine another new communication media. At present the LED display monitor basis uses the place to be different, may divide into the outdoor screen and the indoor screen two kinds, its main difference is photo tube's illumination brightness is different. But acts according to the content which demonstrated different also to be possible to divide into the image screen and the writing screen two kinds, the image screen may the display image as well as multimedia, but writing screen main demonstration writing or simple fixed image. Display image's multimedia outdoor screens are the investment huge (reaches as high as several millions) the large-scale upscale equipment, main application in large-scale public place, image project and some important places. The LED display monitor's application involves to social economy many domains, already spread the transportation, the negotiable securities, the telecommunication, the advertisement, the propaganda and so on each aspect.LED display monitor's trend of developmentAt present the LED display monitor's demonstration to the high luminance, a higher weather fastness, the higher illumination uniformity, a higher reliability, the panchromatic, the multimedia directions develops, system's movement, the operation and the maintenance also to the integration, the network, the intellectualized direction develop. The 21st century's display technology will be the panel display time, the LED display monitor takes one of panel display leadership products to have a bigger development.1. since the high luminance, entire color blue color and the green superelevation brightness LED product has appeared, the cost reduces fast year by year, causes the LED entire colored display monitor product cost to drop, the promoted speed speeds up. At thesame time, along with control technology's development and the LED display monitor body stable enhancement, the entire colored LED display monitor's brightness, the color, white balanced achieves the quite ideal effect, definitely may satisfy the outdoors all-weather environmental condition request, moreover the image is clearer, is more exquisite, is sharper.2. after standardization, standardized material, technology mature and market price basic balanced, the LED display monitor's standardization and the standardization will become a tendency which the LED display monitor develops. In recent years industry in development, after several price recedes the adjustment achieves basically balanced, the product quality, the system reliable and so on will become the main competition factor, this had the high request to the LED display monitor's standardization and the standardization. Profession standard and standard system's formation, IS09000 series standard application, causes the LED display monitor profession the development tends the order.3. the product mix diversification along with the informationization society's formation, the information field is even more widespread, the LED display monitor's application prospect is broader. It is estimated that large-scale or the ultra-large LED display monitor will have the change for the mainstream product's aspect, will suit can have in the service industry characteristic and the specialized request small LED display monitor enhances greatly, will be richer face the information service domain's LED display monitor product class and the variety system, the part potential market demand and the application domain will have the breakthrough, like the mass transit, the parking lot, the dining, the hospital and so on comprehension service aspect's information display monitor demand will have a bigger enhancement.Involves the mentality and the principle of workThis system basis classics' circuit design mentality, uses the design method from bottom to top, from the display panel to the actuation board, arrives at the control panel again, carries on the hardware programming, after debugging successfully, receives a telegram the source plate, finally completes the data transmission board and PC machine connects, carries on the PC software programming, completes the demonstration data the production, the extraction, processing, the transmission as well as the demonstration effect real-time control. Each module uses 8 LED lattices to lighten each line by the line scan form red, green, the traffic light, the demonstration writing and the image. The LED lattice'sactuation, the decoding, the lock save and so on to be responsible by control panel's digital circuit. Its data reads by the monolithic integrated circuit from the memory, simultaneously the monolithic integrated circuit uses the interrupt mode, carries on the two-way communication through the RS-232 data line and PC machine, from the PC machine gain order or the data, and carries out the movement or the stored datum according to the order. Not only but PC machine carries on many machine serial port correspondences with many monolithic integrated circuits, but must be responsible for the writing input and the typesetting, the production lattice data or the order character, realize the man-machine interaction function.Principle of work this article designs the large-scale LED display monitor becomes by the double primary color lattice LED combination, uses the line-by-line scanning the display mode to demonstrate red, green, the yellow three kind of color random lattice information. The display module uses the line-by-line scanning demonstration the way, its control system take monolithic integrated circuit AT89C52 as a core, uses 74HC154 memories to take the data-carrier storage, actuates 8*8 using latch 74HC595 and 8 group of line driver 2083The LED display module, simultaneously opens the serial port interrupt and superior PC machine carries on many machine correspondences. Through realizes display monitor's many kinds of animation pattern to the monolithic integrated circuit programming to demonstrate: Rolls the screen toward left, rolls the screen toward right, rolls the screen upwardly, rolls the screen downward, on rolls the screen toward left, on rolls the screen toward right, to the Zola curtain, pulls the curtain toward right, pulls the curtain upwardly, pulls the curtain downward, to the right lateral, lightens in turn from left to right, from among to two nearby, lightens in turn. Animation speed adjustable: Divides into 100 grades, lowest is 1 fast, highest is 100 fast. The pattern color is diverse: The background achromatic color, the writing red/green/yellow, the background is red, the writing does not have/the yellow/green, the background green, the writing does not have/yellow/red, the background yellow, the writing does not have/the red/green. Moreover, but also increased several dozens kind of neon light effect animation. The PC machine on display control software may realize functions and so on Chinese character input, typeface choice, words change, and after carrying on the data processing, may in left side simulate the demonstration whole effect, simultaneously “sees namely obtained” demonstration in underneath preview region. Moreover, this control software also has additional functions and so on text designation, mouse localization, coordinate tracing, time date. PC machine。

关于LED的外文文献和中文译文

多个LED发光装置的新型采集系统作为光源的一种，发光二极管（LED）有很多优点。

LED集成度更高，颜色种类多，使用寿命更长，而且工作电压较低。

但是，它仍有一个非常大的缺陷：一只LED的光照强度还是比较低。

这个缺点导致显示屏上的光通量不会很高。

但是无论如何，LED还是以其出色的性能在低电压装置中普遍应用。

因此，利用此系统采集多个LED的光，集成为更高强度的照明装置。

本设计提出三种采集系统，来实现增强光强的功能。

效率最好的一种采集系统可以达到96%。

同时，还分析了本系统的制造误差以及预算。

1 简介利用传统的光源来设计一个便携式探照灯，尺寸和能耗会很大。

而利用LED 来设计将会避免这些问题。

LED有很多优点：节能、体积较小、使用寿命长（约100,103小时）等，尤其是LED的光很适合环境工作。

Carel Zeiss和Philips打算用LED光源设计两种便携式探照灯。

尽管LED有诸多优点，可以让他们设计出的探照灯更加便携和小巧，但是由于光学元件的转换效率问题，导致系统有很多困难。

解决这个困难将是本文研究的重点。

通常，用一种合成非线性集中器（CPC）来减小分散度。

但是，这种传统的CPC采集效率仅为72%，必须要改善采集效率来提高光的利用率。

本文中将解决分散度和采集效率两个问题。

为实现这个目标，设计了三种不同的采集系统，以提高效率，下面逐一介绍。

2 仿真部分利用光学仿真软件和标签查找模块（BRO），来设计并分析采集系统的性能。

LED光源部分来自Osram-Opical半导体。

远程LED光源是一种Lambertian模式，LED的规格见表1。

在采集系统的底部有四个LED。

系统各个LED之间的位置关系如图1。

通光部分为2.1×2.1mm2，孔径3.26mm。

LED阵列对称的分布于系统的底部。

采集系统的第一个光学元件为均质器。

这个均质器的受光角度是12.5°。

因此，这个系统就是要把LED的受光角度的范围控制在±60°到±12.5°之间。

LED显示屏控制程序开发外文文献3

A Robotic Spectrometer System for LED Display MeasurementsGlennMercierJonathanRoss UNLV UNLVmercierg@ tothenorth@ Dr.PaoloGinobbiDr.RamaVenkat UNLV UNLV ginobbi@ venkat@AbstractModern display systems use expensive Light Emitting Diode (LED)s, which eventually may fail or not perform as expected due to harsh weather and other environmental factors. A robotic spectrometer system is developed for measuring the output characteristics of each LED in every pixel and store them in a lookup table. This allows the system to adjust the output of each LED based on the results of the lookup table and helps to maintain the picture quality of the display. This system also allows the use of off-the-shelf LEDs, whose operating characteristics are measured by the robotic spectrometer system in order to identify the optimal operating point. This system facilitates a viable method to improve existing displays, obtain better picture quality, and build displays with off-the-shelf components.1. IntroductionAutomation is a large part of the technological world today. Automation has not only relieved humans of mundane and repetitive tasks on the factory assembly line, it has also insured quality and precision of the assembled products.The quality of LED displays deteriorate over time due to natural degradation of the LEDs and various environmental factors such as heat, humidity, dust, rain, and snow. Since high picture quality LED displays are very expensive, it is not economical to change the entire display. Also, degradation of the quality of the picture may be subtle and may occur over a long period of time, which is hard for human beings to identify. Additionally, LED displays are expensive because the LEDs themselves are very expensive due to negligible quality variation of the LEDs in terms of the luminosity characteristics. If one were to use LEDs from a lot with varying quality, the cost of the displays can be brought down considerably.The aim of this project is to develop a robotic system with a spectroscopic head so that measurements of luminosity and operating characteristics of each individual LED can be measured accurately and stored in memory. If such an automated system can be incorporated as part of a display and hidden at the back of the display when not in use, it will facilitate periodic measurements (e.g. six months) in the field. The measurement, in turn, will help in identifying the need to change the operating characteristics and rectify the problem when identified. Such a system will also help build low-cost displays with reasonable picture quality by allowing for variable operating conditions (such as current duty cycle) for different LEDs.2. Description of the Robotic Spectroscopic HeadA photograph of the robotic platform is shown in Figure 1. The head can move along one horizontal axis (x-axis) and one vertical axis (z-axis). The pitch of its movement along each of the axis is 1 mm. Stepper motors are used for high precision movement with a speed of approximately 2” per second. The spectrometer head is attached with a custom fitting to the motor platform.The spectrometer used is an off-the-shelf USB4000 by Ocean Optics containing a 3648 element Toshiba linear CCD array for increased signal to noise. The wavelengths measured are a range of 200-1100nm, which equates to approximately a 1.4nm resolution. This device has a sensitivity of 130 photons/count at 400nm and 60 photons/count at 600nm.19th International Conference on Systems EngineeringFigure 1. A photograph of the roboticspectrometer headFigure 2. A photograph of the UNLV motorcontrollerThe motor platform is controlled with our custom motor controller, system shown in Figure 2. This motor controller allows for dual-axis control, with an extra backup driver in case of failure. This contains controller has a USB interface to communicate with our Windows based GUI software, and is driven by an Atmel Atmega2561 Microcontroller. There is sufficient isolation between the digital electronics and analog power electronics.Due to mechanical tolerances and minor variances in the assembly of the LED grid arrays, when the motor is instructed to move between LEDs, we cannot automatically assume that it will actually move exactly to the intended location . To address this issue, we employ a method of intensity-peak-seeking through an optical intensity feedback algorithm. This will guarantee that the spectrometer is accurately positioned during intensity measurements.Figure 3. Schematic diagram illustrating the spectrometer head position by peak detectionIn Figure 3, a schematic diagram illustrates the problem of positioning the spectrometer accurately in front of the LEDs. The arrow points the horizontal (x) direction, which corresponds the movement from one LED to the next. As the spectrometer head moves closer to the next LED, the intensity increases and then decreases if the motor overshoots the position of the spectrometer. When the intensity decreases, it indicates the previous location corresponds to the maximum intensity and that position can be used for making the intensity measurement. This procedure provides confidence in the accuracy of location of the spectrometer for intensity measurements in the x direction. Although this finds the peak intensity in horizontal direction, the spectrometer head may not be aligned with the location of the LED in the vertical direction (y axis) Additionally, the process of peak-seeking is implemented for the vertical direction also so that the spectrometer is accurately aligned with respect to both the horizontal and vertical directions in order to obtain the maximum intensity.Figure 4. A photograph of the UNLVpreprocessorThe UNLV motor controller controls the movement of the motor only. To process the spectrometer data and analyze the spectrum, a separate processor, called UNLV Preprocessor was developed by UNLV, which is shown in Figure 4. This preprocessor provides an interface to the USB4000 spectrometer (RS232 communications) and uses the intensity feedback to position the UNLV motor controller (FIGURE 5).Figure 5. A photograph showing thespectrometer placementInitial placement of the motors and spectrometer is essential. If the starting position is unknown, only a relative position can be assumed. Optical sensors are used to reset the motors to a default position at initial startup. This procedure is also implemented if the system goes awry to prevent damage to any parts. A photograph of the optical sensors is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6. A photograph of the optical sensorsWiring of the sensors is handled by routing a 14-bit bus, which we can tap into at any point in the bus for sensor input. This is shown in FIGURE 7Figure 7. A photograph of a 14-bit data busThe motor controller and preprocessor possess microcontrollers that must be programmed to operate properly. We have designed our own dual controller programming board which allows simultaneous writing code and programming from two different computers using the same hardware programmer. A photograph of the dual microcontroller is shown in FIGURE 8. The programmer is an improvement over the highly popular Atmel STK500which requires external power because it uses a serial port. Whereas our system draws its power from the USB ports and can program multiple processors. Additionally, it has an improvement with an optional single inline programming connection for breadboard based programming. This also has a 700kHz clock output which can be useful for certain functions.Figure 8. A photograph of the dualmicrocontroller programmerThe motors we use are unipolar stepper motors run with the option for half step or full step sequencing. We are using motors from Applied Motion, model HT34-487 shown in FIGURE 9. These motors are operated at 24V DC and can handle a max current of 6.3A as wired.Figure 9. A photograph of the stepper motorsWe are using dedicated power supplies from Mean Well (FIGURE 10). The power supply for the motor isa regulated 24V DC output with a max current of12.5A.. The power supply used for the digital logic is a Mean Well S-320-5 which has a regulated DC output of 5V and a max current of 50A.Figure 10. A photograph of the Mean Wellpower suppliesOnce the system is setup, a FPGA board or a specialized video source will pulse the LED for different lengths of time, and we can characterize each LED of each pixel. This data will be stored on a computer.Figure 11. UNLV custom graphical userinterfaceShown in Figure 11 is our custom made Graphical User Interface (GUI). There is an option to include a white LED in the measurement if desired. During the initial setup of the software, the user can select how the dimensions of the LED brick being measured, orientation of the colors, and spacing between pixels. This particular image shows an 8x8 LED brick including white LED. The currently measured LED is in the second row, fifth column over, blue LED. This is much easier than trying to interpret fast-scrolling text in terminal software. Each LED brick is expected to have a unique ID which is stored with the physical characteristics of the brick along with intensity information.Figure 12. UNLV motor controller schematics The motor controller does not use off-the-shelf motor drivers. We wanted to have the flexibility to write our own driver firmware and to be sure we could handle the power requirements. Figure 12 has the schematics of the motor controller which contains a logic processing unit, electrical isolation protection between the power drivers and the logic, and a USB interface to send or receive information.3. Results and DiscussionThe limiting factor in our measurement system is the time to acquire the intensity count and spectrum information. Measurement time is approximately 200ms per reading. This is because the Ocean Optics spectrometer acquires all 3648 pixels of intensity. For example, if we wish to receive wavelengths of exactly 480nm, 540nm, and 700nm, the spectrometer continues to measure the intensity of the entire spectrum with a resolution of 1,4 nm. Due to the long acquisition time, it is very important to minimize the time between measurements. A few ways to improve speed that we have implemented are: (a) increase the data-send speed to 115,200 baud (b) receive the critical wavelengths. Even with these changes, the speed of measurement is limited to about 5 measurements per second. The spectrometer has 16-bit resolution which allows for an intensity reading between 0 and 65,535. If the device reaches saturation, we can simply modify the distance between the spectrometer head and the LEDs under test.Figure 13. Spectrum data for 460nm blue LEDFigure 14. Spectrum obtained for fluorescentlighting4. Planned Future WorkWe would like to redesign the motor driver to implement microstepping functionality. This would improve the smoothness of the motor movement.We will also research the use of higher speed servo motors instead of stepper motors. It may be necessary to buy an off- the- shelf photometer, or design our own optical measurement system. These changes will help improve speed of measurement immensely.The software GUI needs to be modified to allow a user to have more control over the system. In particular, the user needs to modify the exact types of measurement rather than selecting a pixel, moving to that pixel and taking and logging a measurement.A spectrometer system is needed that can sample at a frequency of at least 60 Hz to be able to analyze live video isolated at a single pixel. There is also too much time taken to move the motors and we need a better mechanical test bed. There is still much work to be done to make this a commercial viable device, but the test results we have are very encouraging.5. ConclusionsWith the abundance of LED display systems, there is a need for a complete system that can optimize displays from an optical and electrical perspective at the individual light emitting diode level. Current plans are in motion to apply the design to a proposed university display.。

LED显示屏控制程序开发外文文献5

LED Driver with Self-Optimized Channel Voltage A Switch-Mode Voltage Regulator Optimizes an Active Current Regulator for a LED Driver.Jae-Hyoun Park*, Hyung-Do YoonGreen Energy Research CenterKorea Electronics Technology InstituteSeongnam, Koreajhpark@keti.re.krAbstract—A novel L ED driver with multiple L ED-channels is presented, consisting of an active current regulator and a switch-mode voltage regulator for each channel. The active current regulator means no current-sensing resistor and directly controls an L ED-current. The switch-mode voltage regulator optimizes the channel voltage by means of keeping a minimum voltage drop across the active current regulator to barely supply a desired current to the LEDs. This self-optimization can be independently achieved for each channel. The proposed driver is designed by 0.35ȝm 40V high voltage process. Simulation results show that when the voltage drop across the L EDs is different for each channel, the proposed LED driver can adapt the channel voltage to a threshold voltage for normal operation and regulate an LED-current to obtain desired luminous intensity. Roughly, the proposed driver has a power-conversion efficiency of above 85%.Keywords-component; LED driver, active current regulator, switch-mode voltage regulatorg, self-optimized channel voltageI.I NTRODUCTIONRecently, high-brightness LEDs have been extensively applied to back lighting for a liquid crystal display (LCD), flashlights for camera phones, automotive illuminations, traffic signals, lighting therapy, and general-purpose lighting because of their many advantages, such as high luminous efficiency and intensity, super longevity, low maintenance requirements, and safety for environment [1]-[9].The brightness of LEDs is directly proportional to their forward current not to their forward voltage. Namely, LEDs are current-driven devices. There are two reasons to drive them with a constant current: one is to avoid violating the absolute maximum current rating and compromising the reliability; the second is to obtain predictable and matched luminous intensity and chromaticity from each LED [1]-[4]. A simply method to guarantee that uniform brightness is obtained by each LED is to connect them in series. Series connection of LEDs, however, suffers from their cumulative forward voltage drop that finally restricts the number of LEDs in a channel. Even so, parallel connection of LEDs and/or LED channels is undesirable because current mismatch problems should be occurred by two electrical characteristics of an LED, one is the exponential voltage-current characteristic and the other is the negative temperature coefficient of the forward voltage drop. A straightforward approach for driving the paralleled multiple LED-channels is to independently regulate a current and/or a voltage for each channel, that is, an LED-current is regulated for an individual channel, as shown in Fig. 1 [1]-[3].The LED driver can be realized by linear or switch-mode type [1]. Compared with a switch-mode driver, a linear drivers, such as a low-dropout (LDO), are less expensive, smaller in area, lower noise, and easier to be used. The linear drivers, however, suffer from poor operating efficiency because the voltage drop across the linear driver cannot be minimized under all operating conditions. In more detail, the input voltage of the LDO linear driver should be designed considering the worst-case condition for the maximum forward voltage of the LEDs, to guarantee that the current of each LED channel is regulated in the entire temperature and current range. As a result, the LDO linear drivers should operate with poor efficiency when the connected LEDs have a below maximum forward voltage drop. This is suitable for battery-powered illumination fields such as automotive illumination which are sensitive to noise and electro-magnetic interference (EMI) [5]. On the other hand, the switch-mode drivers are common choices for a high-current or high-power LED driver because they can drive high output current with high power-conversion efficiency. This approach, however, has more complex, expensive, and noisy [1], [6].In this paper, a novel multi-channel LED driver which consists of an active current regulator and a switch-mode voltage regulator for each channel is proposed. The active current regulator is realized by linear type and directly controls an LED-current without a current-sensing resistor. The proposed driver makes a feature of self-optimization of thelinear current regulator by the switch-mode voltage regulator.Figure 1. Typical LED Driver with a current regulator in each channel.This work was supported by the IT R&D program of MKE/KEIT [2009-S-001-01, Development of Informative & Electronic Core Technology in Company Needs].II. C IRCUIT D ESIGNA. Design ConsiderationsThe linear and the switch-mode driver are both basically a kind of an output voltage regulator, and thus have to be converted to an output current regulator [5], [6]. In general, commercial products use a passive element, such as a sensing resistor, placed in series to the LEDs for the purpose of sensingthe LED-current and converting it to a feedback voltage for constant current control, as shown in Fig.2 [4]-[8]. However, this sensing resistor approach has some serious problems as high-brightness LEDs are widely used. One is power dissipation that increases in square rate to an LED-current [5]-[7]. As a driving current increased, this sensing scheme will dissipate higher power and further limit power efficiency. The second is accuracy of an LED-current and ease of use. This problem is also originated from power efficiency, as above-mentioned. To increase power efficiency, the feedback voltage which is a voltage drop across the sensing resistor should be lowered, typically below 300mV. For example, a certain driver has a feedback voltage of 250mV and should drive an output current of 350mA which is general with a high-brightness LED. In this case, a current sensing resistor should be set to 0.7 but the smallest resistance of a standard surface-mounted resistor is 1 . Therefore, we can simply select a 1 resistor or should connect several resistors in series and/or in parallel. The former can achieve ease of use but has inaccuracy of an LED-current, i.e. 250mA, and then undesired luminous intensity and chromaticity should be obtained. On the other hand, the later has design complexity but can obtain current accuracy and desired optical properties. Therefore, a advanced current regulating method has to be developed to meet the requirements for the LED driver such as efficiency, accuracy, ease of use, and so on [7], [9].B. Proposed LED DriverA block diagram of the proposed LED driver is shown in Fig. 3, which has four channels for parallel connection. The proposed LED driver consists of an LDO regulator for an internal bias, constant current control circuits with current-sink transistors, complimentary switching transistors with a controllogic and gate-drive buffers for switch-mode voltage regulators,Figure 2. Block diagram of a typical LED driver with a switch-moderegulator and a sensing resistor for a current regulation.a soft-start circuit, error amplifiers, comparators, a sawtooth waveform and clock generator, a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) generator, and a thermal shutdown circuit. As shown in Fig. 3, the proposed driver forms buck converters with external components, such as an inductor and a capacitor. The current-sink transistors and the complementary switching transistors are connected in series with each LED channel. It is possibleby controlling these transistors that a channel voltage and an LED-current are both independently regulated for an individual channel. The external capacitor C EXT and the external resistor R EXT determine a PWM frequency for dimming control and an LED current, respectively. The proposed driver is designed andsimulated by 0.35ȝm 2-poly 4-metal 40V high voltage process. A layout of the designed LED driver is shown in Fig. 4. Thechip area is 3mm by 1.8mm. Compared with a typical LED driver shown in Fig. 2, the proposed driver has the current-sink transistors, instead of theexternal sensing resistor and the dimming transistor, which compose the constant current control circuit. In a typical driver, the sensing resistor converts the LED current to the feedback voltage and regulates the LED current. But the sensing resistorhas some problems, as mentioned above. In the proposed LEDFigure 3. Block diagram of the proposed LED driver with a switch-modevoltage regulator and a self-optimized active current regulator.Figure 4. Layout of the designed LED driver.driver, however, the LED current is actively regulated using the constant current control circuit which is based on a current-mirroring circuit. The main idea of the proposed driver is as follows. The current mirroring circuit including the current-sink transistor can regulate the desired LED-current if and only if the current-sink transistor operates in a saturation region. In other words, the drain-source voltage V DS of the current-sink transistor should be enough high to saturate the current-sink transistor for normal operation of the proposed driver. Additionally, power consumption in the current-sink transistor should be minimized for high efficiency. Thus, it is desired that the V DS is always set to the minimum saturation voltage, regardless of a forward voltage drop across LEDs. Using a feedback of the V DS, the switch-mode voltage regulator can control the channel voltage which is equal to a sum of the cumulative forward voltage drop and the V DS. That is, the switch-mode voltage regulator self-optimizes the active current regulator in the proposed LED Driver.This proposed method may offer solutions for easy of use and current accuracy as the requirements for the LED driver. First of all, this method has relatively more freedom than the sensing resistor method to design the external resistor for a desired LED-current because there is scarcely restriction on the voltage across that resistor. This will be confirmed in the next chapter. Next, although the proposed driver should have the external resistor R EXT to bias the current-mirroring circuit, power loss in the R EXT could be neglected because the designed current-mirroring circuit has current gain of approximately 104, that is, the current through the R EXT is 10-4 times the LED-current. In the proposed driver, main power loss is occurred in the current-sink transistor. For given device parameters of that transistor, power loss should be minimized by the proposed self-optimization method. In order to improvement on power efficiency, therefore, the minimum saturation voltage V DS_sat of the transistor should be lowered, which is determined by process of a foundry service. For an ideal MOS transistor, the V DS_sat is zero, and then power loss in the current-sensing transistor should be zero and maximum power efficiency can be obtained.III.R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSIONA simulation result about the LED-current as a function of resistance of the external resistor is shown in Fig. 5. This simulation is done with only standard resistance of surface-mounted resistors. As shown in the result, the LED current is inverse proportion to resistance of the R EXT and can be set to 350mA, exactly 340mA, at 2.7k for a high-brightness LED as well as 20mA at 47k for a small LED. It is confirmed that the proposed method is easier to design the external resistor for the desired LED-current than the sensing resistor method.A simulation about self-optimization of the channel voltage is done by means of connecting a different number of LEDs, such as four, six, eight and ten, in series for each channel and observing the output voltage of the switch-mode regulator, the drain-source voltage of the current-sink transistor, and the LED-current through each channel, as shown in Fig. 6, Fig. 7, and Fig. 8, respectively. The simulation conditions are a supply voltage PVDD of 30V, a reference voltage V REF of 0.62V, inductance of the external inductor of 0.47ȝH, a switching frequency of the buck converter of 100kHz, and resistance of the external resistor of 15k for an LED current of 60mA. An LED which is SPICE-modeled and used in this simulation approximately has the forward voltage of 2.75V at the forward current of 60mA.As shown in Fig. 6, it is verified that the output voltage of the buck converter automatically goes to the sum of the voltage drop across the LEDs and the minimum saturation voltage. Delay of several ms and inflections of the waveforms are caused by a soft-start function. The more LEDs need the longer delay because the soft-start circuit makes the feedback voltage or the drain-source voltage V DS start from zero, as shown in Fig.7. In any number of LEDs, it should be confirmed that the drain-source voltage V DS goes to the reference voltage V REF or the minimum saturation voltage V DS_sat of 0.62V. This voltage is a little high because the 40V high voltage process used in this research is not optimized for the proposed method. It is sure that advance and optimization of the high voltage process can lower the minimum saturation voltage. It is also confirmed in Fig. 8 that the LED current is always regulated to 60mA inall cases.Figure 5. Simulation result about the LED-current as a function of resistanceof the external resistor R EXT.Figure 6. Simulated voltage waveforms at the output nodes of the switch-mode voltage regulators under a different number of LEDs for each channel.(a) four LEDs (b) six LEDs (c) eight LEDs and (d) ten LEDsFigure 7. Simulated waveforms of the drain-source voltage of the current-sink transistors under a different number of LEDs for each channel.(a) four LEDs (b) six LEDs (c) eight LEDs and (d) ten LEDsFigure 8. Simulatin results about the current through the LED under adifferent number of LEDs for each channel.(a) four LEDs (b) six LEDs (c) eight LEDs and (d) ten LEDsThe power-conversion efficiency of the designed LED driver is above 85% at the supply voltage of 30V, the output current of 60mA, and the switching frequency of 100kHz, even though these are not yet optimized conditions for the buck converter.IV.C ONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel multi-channel LED driver is proposed, consisting of an active current regulator and a switch-mode voltage regulator for each channel. The active current regulator directly controls an LED current using a current mirroring circuit and an external resistor for biasing. The switch-mode voltage regulator with integrated complimentary switching transistors and an external inductor forms a buck converter and optimizes the channel voltage by means of keeping a minimum voltage drop across the current-sink transistor of the current mirroring circuit to only regulate a desired LED current. This self-optimization can be independently achieved for each channel. The proposed driver is designed by 0.35ȝm 40V high voltage process. Self-optimization of the proposed driver is simulated by means of observing the output voltage of the switch-mode regulator for a different voltage drop across the LEDs for each channel. It is confirmed that the driver can self-adapt the channel voltage to the threshold voltage for normal operation and always regulate the LED current for desired luminous intensity. Roughly, the designed driver has a power-conversion efficiency of above 85% at the output current of 60mA. This self-optimization method, therefore, should meet requirements for an LED driver such as efficiency, accuracy, ease of use. It is concluded that the proposed LED driver is suitable for a high-brightness LED application as well as a small LED application without any restriction on current regulation.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to thank Mr. Yong-Seok Hahn and Yong-Suk Choi, the technical director and the chief engineer, respectively, of the mSilicon Co., Ltd., for their useful discussion and technical supports throughout this work.R EFERENCES[1]Y. Hu and M. M. Jovanoviü, “LED driver with self-adaptive drivevoltage,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 3116–3125, Nov. 2008.[2]Y. H. Fan, C. J. Wu, C. C. Fan, K. W. Chih, and L. D. Liao, “Asimplified LED converter design and implement,” presented at the 9th Joint Conf. Inf. Sci. (JCIS), Taipei, Taiwan, Oct. 2006.[3]S. Y. Tseng, S. C. Lin, and H. C. Lin, “LED backlight power systemwith auto-tuning regulation voltage for LCD panels,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. (APEC), pp. 551–557, Feb. 2008.[4]Maxim-Dalls Semiconductor, “Why drive white LEDs with constantcurrent,” Jun. 2004.[5]Y. Y. Lin, J. Zhang, X. C. Zou, and W. Li, “An efficiency-enhanced lowdropout linear HB LED driver for automotive application,” presented at IEEE Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits Conf. (EDSSC), Hong Kong, China, Dec. 2008.[6]W. Y. Leung, T. Y. Man, M. Chan, “A high-power-LED Driver withpower-efficient LED-current sensing circuit,” in Proc. the 34th European Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ESSCIRC), pp. 354-357, Sept. 2008.[7]I. H. Oh, “An analysis of current accuracies in peak and hystereticcurrent controlled power LED drivers,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. (APEC), pp. 572–577, Feb. 2008.[8]X. Zou, K. Yu, Z. Zheng, X. Chen, Z. Zou, and D. Liao, “Dynamiccurrent limitation circuit for white LED driver,” in Proc. IEEE Asia Pacific Conf. Circuits and Systems (APCCAS), pp. 898-901, Dec. 2008.[9]G. Carraro, “Solving high-voltage off-line HB-LED constant-currentcontrol-circuit issues,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf.(APEC), pp. 1316–1318, Feb. 2007.。

点阵LED外文文献+翻译

基于AT89C52的LED概述LED（Light Emitting Diode），发光二极管，是一种固态的半导体器件，它可以直接把电转化为光。

LED的心脏是一个半导体的晶片，晶片的一端附在一个支架上，一端是负极，另一端连接电源的正极，使整个晶片被环氧树脂封装起来。

半导体晶片由两部分组成，一部分是P型半导体，在它里面空穴占主导地位，另一端是N型半导体，在这边主要是电子。

但这两种半导体连接起来的时候，它们之间就形成一个“P-N结”。

当电流通过导线作用于这个晶片的时候，电子就会被推向P区，在P区里电子跟空穴复合，然后就会以光子的形式发出能量，这就是LED发光的原理。

而光的波长也就是光的颜色，是由形成P-N结的材料决定的。

LED历史50年前人们已经了解半导体材料可产生光线的基本知识，第一个商用二极管产生于1960年。

LED是英文light emitting diode（发光二极管）的缩写，它的基本结构是一块电致发光的半导体材料，置于一个有引线的架子上，然后四周用环氧树脂密封，即固体封装，所以能起到保护内部芯线的作用，所以LED的抗震性能好。

发光二极管的核心部分是由P型半导体和N型半导体组成的晶片，在P 型半导体和N型半导体之间有一个过渡层，称为P-N结。

在某些半导体材料的PN结中，注入的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出来，从而把电能直接转换为光能。

PN结施加反向电压时，少数载流子难以注入，故不发光。

这种利用注入式电致发光原理制作的二极管叫发光二极管，通称LED。

当它处于正向工作状态时（即两端加上正向电压），电流从LED阳极流向阴极时，半导体晶体就发出从紫外到红外不同颜色的光线，光的强弱与电流有关。

最初LED用作仪器仪表的指示光源，后来各种光色的LED在交通信号灯和大面积显示屏中得到了广泛应用，产生了很好的经济效益和社会效益。

以12英寸的红色交通信号灯为例，在美国本来是采用长寿命、低光效的140瓦白炽灯作为光源，它产生2000流明的白光。

单片机LED显示控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

单片机LED显示控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于AT89C52单片机的LED显示屏控制系统设计摘要这篇文章介绍了基于AT89C52单片机的LED显示控制系统软硬件的设计过程。

我们用一个简单的外部电路控制尺寸为32*192的显示屏，通过一个动态显示模块，这个显示屏也能显示六个32*32的汉字，也能分成两个小的显示屏，能够显示24 个16*16的汉字。

我们能通过修改程序来改变显示内容。

字幕可以实现滚动功能且滚动速度可以根据要求调节，屏幕也具有暂停功能。

汉字代码储存在数据存储器中，储存器的容量可以根据显示汉字的需要扩展。

该显示屏具有低电压，硬件电路简单等优点。

关键字：LED，汉字，AT89C52一、简介LED显示屏已成为一个重要的标志，在城市照明、现代化、信息社会不断的改善和美化人们的生活环境。

LED灯可以应用于大型购物商场、车站、码头、地下车站,各种管理窗口等等。

LED业务已成为一个快速增长的新兴产业,具有巨大的市场空间和前景。

文本,图片,动画和录像显示(LED)的亮度和内容是可以改变的。

一些元器件的显示装置的模构通常是由显示模块、控制系统和电力系统。

显示模块构成的网格结构由领导,并负责发光显示;屏幕上可以显示文本,图片、视频等，在相应的区域控制系统操控LED光亮或黑暗;电力系统是一个负责屏幕上转换输入电压和电流流进的电压和电流。

LED点阵显示提取显示字符的字体通过PC,通过单片机,然后显示在点阵屏,主要用于室内和室外的显示。

LED点阵显示可分为图形显示,图像显示和视频显示器显示的内容。

相比提高了图像显示的特点图形显示没有区别,无论它是在这两种颜色单色或彩色显示。

因此,图形显示也不能反映丰富的颜色,录像显示不能只把清晰、彩色图像,而且也表现在电视和电脑的信号。

虽然三者之间有一些差异,但是最基本的原则是类似。

单片机具有良好的性价比,小体积、高可靠性强的控制,并广泛应用于聪明仪器、机电一体化,真正的-时间过程控制、机器人、家用电器、模糊控制、通讯系统等。

毕业论文外文文献翻译LaserD...

毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译LaserD...毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献、资料中⽂题⽬：⽂献、资料英⽂题⽬：激光显⽰器的设计与制作⽂献、资料来源：Laser display design and production ⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译⽇期： 2017.02.14Laser display design and productionDisplay technology is the use of electronic technology to provide flexible transform visual information technology.Laser display technology, known as the fourth generation" revolutionary" display technology of laser display technology, known as the fourth generation" revolutionary" display technology. Laser display is widely used in TV, projector, public information screen, digital cinema, home theater, pilot training, big screen command display system, water curtainimaging performances and other fields, in the successful realization of miniaturization, but also can be applied in mobile phone projection, individualized helmet display system.ProspectReportedly, the display industry is an important part of information industry. Laser display with high color saturation and three color laser as the display light source, a color gamut range, long service life, environmental protection, energy-saving advantages, so that the display system comprehensive performance substantially span, is considered to be" a revolution in the field of display".Laser display colors, color performance ability is flat TV 2 ~ 3 times; the service life is flat TV light source more than 10 times; the production process is environmentally friendly, no waste water, waste gas, waste discharge. In addition, the laser source is the core device composed of semiconductor material, each 18 months performance can be doubled and the cost is reduced by half, its cost reduction potential is tremendous." These advantages make the laser display to the rapid speed of development.ProspectReportedly, the display industry is an important part of information industry. Laser display with high color saturation and three color laser as the display light source, a color gamut range, long service life, environmental protection, energy-saving advantages, so that the display system comprehensive performance substantially span, is considered to be" a revolution in the field of display".Laser display colors, color performance ability is flat TV 2 ~ 3 times; the service life is flat TV light source more than 10 times; the production process is environmentally friendly, no waste water, waste gas, waste discharge. In addition, the laser source is the core device composed of semiconductor material, each 18 months performance can be doubled and the cost is reduced by half, its cost reduction potential is tremendous." These advantages make the laser display to the rapid speed of development.Current situation analysisThe domestic status quoChinese laser display technology level completely in sync with the world. In China the concept first laser display, laser display technology leader, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering Xu Zuyan under the leadership of academician, laser display technology research projects after 3 National 863 project, and contained more than 10, in 2003 to obtain major breakthrough, has launched many generation of laser TV principle prototype. In 2006 the group completed the research phase of the mission objectives, 2007 laser display technology begins to enter industrialization stage.Foreign statusAs the" next generation" display technology competition the focal point, SONY, Panasonic, Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, EPSON, Samsung and other well-known international showed giant, have increased in the laser display field development. Since 2005 there have been many companies introduce laser television concept prototype. According to the United States of America" laser focus world" professional media optimistic forecasts, 2010 before and after laser display technology in the world will form a $57000000000 / year in industrial scale.In recent years, the International German, Japan and the United States, South Korea and other countries have invested enormous human and material resources for the full color laser display technology research. Japanese industry calls it" the human visual revolution in history", and to the power of the state, a well-known multinational companies to participate in joint development. In 2005, the Japanese Sony company in Aichi Expo launched a large-scale laser theater, show its technology development achievement; 2006 March, Japan Seiko Epson Corporation announced and the United States Novalux strategic cooperation, commondevelopment of laser display technology; 2006 February, Japan's Mitsubishi Electric announced the launch of laser TV prototype, and initially set up the industrialization program, to seek in the the future high technology competition to occupy the strategic commanding elevation. Laser show beyond all dispute to become a monochrome display, color display, digital display after the next generation display technology.Different display devices based on different physical principles. Any electronic display method is to change the optical properties of certain. Active display device is the device of self-luminous display device; passive by external light irradiation and the realization of display. There are a number of display method is the use of light refraction, diffraction and polarization to achieve.Display device:Display device by a display device and relevant circuits, used by the display device can be divided into different, electron beam display device, flat panel display device and projection type display device. The display processor is constituted of a display device is an important component, its function is to buffer, timing, control and coordinate transformation, data insertion and deletion, image changes, rotation, shift and various other data control. The display processor includes a refresh memory, its capacity to accommodate one or more digital data, to fit the vision requirements. In a display device such as a keyboard input device, a graphics tablet,,, trackball and lever, is man machine combination method, used to strengthen the function of display device.Laser is a kind of energy is highly concentrated, highly monochromatic coherent light source, with several different color, in a display of attention. In the military and public place of entertainment, use of the holographic principle can form stereoscopic image holographic display. However, the practical application of laser display by the light intensity and efficiency of a certain limit.Display software:In a computer controlled display device, display software is an important component in a computer system, is based on the software compiled. Interactive display device capable of interacting by the graphic software. Interactive graphic display software generally consists of basic graphics software, special graphics software and application software is composed of three parts. In a display system in certain applications, requires the application ofthree-dimensional rotation technique. 3D rotation, zoom and cross-sectional profile technique in medical, construction design and mechanical design display applications is very useful, is a complicated problem to display software.Display system:Depending on the application, by one or more, one or a plurality of display device is composed of the availability of visual information electronic system. It received from various electronic equipment or system signal. Display system generally need to be equipped with the appropriate input device and the necessary recording equipment, in order to realize man machine contact and for later investigation by.Electron beam tube display device in display technique is still occupied the main position, but all board or wall display device (i.e., a matrix display ) superiority, will get developing quickly. Projection display technology has been flat screendisplay replaces the trend. Display software in intelligent display device is very important. Graphic language standardization, the wide application of computer display has a huge impact, thus great attention. Computer display technology development will promote the development of display software.A new image reconstruction technology makes full use of the advantages of the laser itself. In the light of the dissemination method, laser light source with the traditional incandescent lamp has a fundamentally different: ordinary incandescent light in all directions。

显示技术外文文献阅读

外文文献阅读及翻译译文及原稿译文题目光电显示发展趋势原稿题目Photoelectric display development trend原稿出处Photoelectric display the 10th period John Smith Display the information publishing house姓名：郑航天学号：31102138班级：通信1102光电显示发展趋势摘要：光电显示技术的简介。

分析中国光电显示市场现状以及发展趋势。

介绍光电显示技术的类型及其主流产品。

介绍一些有较好发展前景的未成熟技术。

关键字：光电显示；显像管技术；液晶显示技术；等离子显示技术；发展现状；前景。

一光电显示技术简介：光电显示技术是多学科的交叉综合技术，主要有: 1、阴极射线管（Cathode Ray Tube－CRT）。

是传统的光电信息显示器件，它显示质量优良，制作和驱动比较简单，有很好的性能价格比，但同时它也有一些严重的缺点，如有电压高、软x－射线、体积大、笨重、可靠性不高等。

2、液晶显示（Liquid Crystal－LC）。

液晶是一种介于固体于液态之间的有机化合物，兼有液体的流动性与固体的光学性质，即现在的液晶显示器LCD。

3、等离子体显示（Plasma Display Panel－PDP）。

等离子体显示是利用气体放电发光进行显示的平面显示板，可以看成是有大量小型日光灯排列构成的。

等离子体显示技术成为近年来人们看好的未来大屏幕平板显示的主流。

4、电致发光（Electro Luminescnce Diode－ELD）等。

或场致发光显示－Field Emitting Tube，FET，是另一种很有发展前途的平板显示器件，它是将电能直接转换成光能的一种物理现象。

1.1阴极射线管（CRT）阴极射线管的关键部件是连在荧光屏后部成为一体的电子枪。

电子枪发射出一束经过图像信号调制的窄电子流，经过加速、聚焦、偏转后打在荧光屏的荧光粉上使之发光。

毕业设计的论文中英翻译

Anti-Aircraft Fire Control and the Development of IntegratedSystems at SperryT he dawn of the electrical age brought new types of control systems. Able to transmit data between distributed components and effect action at a distance, these systems employed feedback devices as well as human beings to close control loops at every level. By the time theories of feedback and stability began to become practical for engineers in the 1930s a tradition of remote and automatic control engineering had developed that built distributed control systems with centralized information processors. These two strands of technology, control theory and control systems, came together to produce the large-scale integrated systems typical of World War II and after.Elmer Ambrose Sperry (I860-1930) and the company he founded, the Sperry Gyroscope Company, led the engineering of control systems between 1910 and 1940. Sperry and his engineers built distributed data transmission systems that laid the foundations of today‟s command and control systems. Sperry‟s fire control systems included more than governors or stabilizers; they consisted of distributed sensors, data transmitters, central processors, and outputs that drove machinery. This article tells the story of Sperry‟s involvement in anti-aircraft fire control between the world wars and shows how an industrial firm conceived of control systems before the common use of control theory. In the 1930s the task of fire control became progressively more automated, as Sperry engineers gradually replaced human operators with automatic devices. Feedback, human interface, and system integration posed challenging problems for fire control engineers during this period. By the end of the decade these problems would become critical as the country struggled to build up its technology to meet the demands of an impending war.Anti-Aircraft Artillery Fire ControlBefore World War I, developments in ship design, guns, and armor drove the need for improved fire control on Navy ships. By 1920, similar forces were at work in the air: wartime experiences and postwar developments in aerial bombing created the need for sophisticated fire control for anti-aircraft artillery. Shooting an airplane out of the sky is essentially a problem of “leading” the target. As aircraft developed rapidly in the twenties, their increased speed and altitude rapidly pushed the task of computing the lead out of the range of human reaction and calculation. Fire control equipment for anti-aircraft guns was a means of technologically aiding human operators to accomplish a task beyond their natural capabilities.During the first world war, anti-aircraft fire control had undergone some preliminary development. Elmer Sperry, as chairman of the Aviation Committee of the Naval Consulting Board, developed two instruments for this problem: a goniometer,a range-finder, and a pretelemeter, a fire director or calculator. Neither, however, was widely used in the field.When the war ended in I918 the Army undertook virtually no new development in anti-aircraft fire control for five to seven years. In the mid-1920s however, the Army began to develop individual components for anti-aircraft equipment including stereoscopic height-finders, searchlights, and sound location equipment. The Sperry Company was involved in the latter two efforts. About this time Maj. Thomas Wilson, at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia, began developing a central computer for firecontrol data, loosely based on the system of “director firing” that had developed in naval gunn ery. Wilson‟s device resembled earlier fire control calculators, accepting data as input from sensing components, performing calculations to predict the future location of the target, and producing direction information to the guns.Integration and Data TransmissionStill, the components of an anti-aircraft battery remained independent, tied together only by telephone. As Preston R. Bassett, chief engineer and later president of the Sperry Company, recalled, “no sooner, however, did the components get to the point of functioning satisfactorily within themselves, than the problem of properly transmitting the information from one to the other came to be of prime importance.”Tactical and terrain considerations often required that different fire control elements be separated by up to several hundred feet. Observers telephoned their data to an officer, who manually entered it into the central computer, read off the results, and telephoned them to the gun installations. This communication system introduced both a time delay and the opportunity for error. The components needed tighter integration, and such a system required automatic data communications.In the 1920s the Sperry Gyroscope Company led the field in data communications. Its experience came from Elmer Spe rry‟s most successful invention, a true-north seeking gyro for ships. A significant feature of the Sperry Gyrocompass was its ability to transmit heading data from a single central gyro to repeaters located at a number of locations around the ship. The repeaters, essentially follow-up servos, connected to another follow-up, which tracked the motion of the gyro without interference. These data transmitters had attracted the interest of the Navy, which needed a stable heading reference and a system of data communication for its own fire control problems. In 1916, Sperry built a fire control system for the Navy which, although it placed minimal emphasis on automatic computing, was a sophisticated distributed data system. By 1920 Sperry had installed these systems on a number of US. battleships.Because of the Sperry Company‟s experience with fire control in the Navy, as well as Elmer Sperry‟s earlier work with the goniometer and the pretelemeter, the Army approached the company for help with data transmission for anti-aircraft fire control. To Elmer Sperry, it looked like an easy problem: the calculations resembled those in a naval application, but the physical platform, unlike a ship at sea, anchored to the ground. Sperry engineers visited Wilson at the Frankford Arsenal in 1925, and Elmer Sperry followed up with a letter expressing his interest in working on the problem. He stressed his company‟s experience with naval problems, as well as its recent developments in bombsights, “work from the other end of the pro position.” Bombsights had to incorporate numerous parameters of wind, groundspeed, airspeed, and ballistics, so an anti-aircraft gun director was in some ways a reciprocal bombsight . In fact, part of the reason anti-aircraft fire control equipment worked at all was that it assumed attacking bombers had to fly straight and level to line up their bombsights. Elmer Sperry‟s interests were warmly received, and in I925 and 1926 the Sperry Company built two data transmission systems for the Army‟s gun directors.The original director built at Frankford was designated T-1, or the “Wilson Director.” The Army had purchased a Vickers director manufactured in England, but encouraged Wilson to design one thatcould be manufactured in this country Sperry‟s two data tran smission projects were to add automatic communications between the elements of both the Wilson and the Vickers systems (Vickers would eventually incorporate the Sperry system into its product). Wilson died in 1927, and the Sperry Company took over the entire director development from the Frankford Arsenal with a contract to build and deliver a director incorporating the best features of both the Wilson and Vickers systems. From 1927 to 193.5, Sperry undertook a small but intensive development program in anti-aircraft systems. The company financed its engineering internally, selling directors in small quantities to the Army, mostly for evaluation, for only the actual cost of production [S]. Of the nearly 10 models Sperry developed during this period, it never sold more than 12 of any model; the average order was five. The Sperry Company offset some development costs by sales to foreign govemments, especially Russia, with the Army‟s approval 191.The T-6 DirectorSperry‟s modified version of Wilson‟s director was designated T-4 in development. This model incorporated corrections for air density, super-elevation, and wind. Assembled and tested at Frankford in the fall of 1928, it had problems with backlash and reliability in its predicting mechanisms. Still, the Army found the T-4 promising and after testing returned it to Sperry for modification. The company changed the design for simpler manufacture, eliminated two operators, and improved reliability. In 1930 Sperry returned with the T-6, which tested successfully. By the end of 1931, the Army had ordered 12 of the units. The T-6 was standardized by the Army as the M-2 director.Since the T-6 was the first anti-aircraft director to be put into production, as well as the first one the Army formally procured, it is instructive to examine its operation in detail. A technical memorandum dated 1930 explained the theory behind the T-6 calculations and how the equations were solved by the system. Although this publication lists no author, it probably was written by Earl W. Chafee, Sperry‟s director of fire control engineering. The director was a complex mechanical analog computer that connected four three-inch anti-aircraft guns and an altitude finder into an integratedsystem (see Fig. 1). Just as with Sperry‟s naval fire control system, the primary means of connection were “data transmitters,” similar to those that connected gyrocompasses to repeaters aboard ship.The director takes three primary inputs. Target altitude comes from a stereoscopic range finder. This device has two telescopes separated by a baseline of 12 feet; a single operator adjusts the angle between them to bring the two images into coincidence. Slant range, or the raw target distance, is then corrected to derive its altitude component. Two additional operators, each with a separate telescope, track the target, one for azimuth and one for elevation. Each sighting device has a data transmitter that measures angle or range and sends it to the computer. The computer receives these data and incorporates manual adjustments for wind velocity, wind direction, muzzle velocity, air density, and other factors. The computer calculates three variables: azimuth, elevation, and a setting for the fuze. The latter, manually set before loading, determines the time after firing at which the shell will explode. Shells are not intended to hit the target plane directly but rather to explode near it, scattering fragments to destroy it.The director performs two major calculations. First, pvediction models the motion of the target and extrapolates its position to some time in the future. Prediction corresponds to “leading” the target. Second, the ballistic calculation figures how to make the shell arrive at the desired point in space at the future time and explode, solving for the azimuth and elevation of the gun and the setting on the fuze. This calculation corresponds to the traditional artillery man‟s task of looking up data in a precalculated “firing table” and setting gun parameters accordingly. Ballistic calculation is simpler than prediction, so we will examine it first.The T-6 director solves the ballistic problem by directly mechanizing the traditional method, employing a “mechanical firing table.” Traditional firing tables printed on paper show solutions for a given angular height of the target, for a given horizontal range, and a number of other variables. The T-6 replaces the firing table with a Sperry ballistic cam.” A three-dimensionally machined cone shaped device, the ballistic cam or “pin follower” solves a pre-determined function. Two independent variables are input by the angular rotation of the cam and the longitudinal position of a pin that rests on top of the cam. As the pin moves up and down the length of the cam, and as the cam rotates, the height of the pin traces a function of two variables: the solution to the ballistics problem (or part of it). The T-6 director incorporates eight ballistic cams, each solving for a different component of the computation including superelevation, time of flight, wind correction, muzzle velocity. air density correction. Ballistic cams represented, in essence, the stored data of the mechanical computer. Later directors could be adapted to different guns simply by replacing the ballistic cams with a new set, machined according to different firing tables. The ballistic cams comprised a central component of Sperry‟s mechanical computing technology. The difficulty of their manufacture would prove a major limitation on the usefulness of Sperry directors.The T-6 director performed its other computational function, prediction, in an innovative way as well. Though the target came into the system in polar coordinates (azimuth, elevation, and range), targets usually flew a constant trajectory (it was assumed) in rectangular coordinates-i.e. straight andlevel. Thus, it was simpler to extrapolate to the future in rectangular coordinates than in the polar system. So the Sperry director projected the movement of the target onto a horizontal plane, derived the velocity from changes in position, added a fixed time multiplied by the velocity to determine a future position, and then converted the solution back into polar coordinates. This method became known as the “plan prediction method”because of the representation of the data on a flat “plan” as viewed from above; it was commonly used through World War II. In the plan prediction method, “the actual movement of the target is mechanically reproduced on a small scale within the Computer and the desired angles or speeds can be measured directly from the movements of these elements.”Together, the ballistic and prediction calculations form a feedback loop. Operators enter an estimated “time of flight” for the shell when they first begin tracking. The predictor uses this estimate to perform its initial calculation, which feeds into the ballistic stage. The output of the ballistics calculation then feeds back an updated time-of-flight estimate, which the predictor uses to refine the initial estimate. Thus “a cumulative cycle of correction brings the predicted future position of the target up to the point indicated by the actual future time of flight.”A square box about four feet on each side (see Fig. 2) the T-6 director was mounted on a pedestal on which it could rotate. Three crew would sit on seats and one or two would stand on a step mounted to the machine. The remainder of the crew stood on a fixed platform; they would have had to shuffle around as the unit rotated. This was probably not a problem, as the rotation angles were small. The direc tor‟s pedestal mounted on a trailer, on which data transmission cables and the range finder could be packed for transportation.We have seen that the T-6 computer took only three inputs, elevation, azimuth, and altitude (range), and yet it required nine operators. These nine did not include the operation of the range finder, which was considered a separate instrument, but only those operating the director itself. What did these nine men do?Human ServomechanismsTo the designers of the director, the operato rs functioned as “manual servomechanisms.”One specification for the machine required “minimum dependence on …human element.‟ The Sperry Company explained, “All operations must be made as mechanical and foolproof as possible; training requirements must visualize the conditions existent under rapid mobilization.” The lessons of World War I ring in this statement; even at the height of isolationism, with the country sliding into depression, design engineers understood the difficulty of raising large numbers of trained personnel in a national emergency. The designers not only thought the system should account for minimal training and high personnel turnover, they also considered the ability of operators to perform their duties under the stress of battle. Thus, nearly all the work for the crew was in a “follow-the-pointer”mode: each man concentrated on an instrument with two indicating dials, one the actual and one the desired value for a particular parameter. With a hand crank, he adjusted the parameter to match the two dials.Still, it seems curious that the T-6 director required so many men to perform this follow-the-pointer input. When the external rangefinder transmitted its data to the computer, it appeared on a dial and an operator had to follow the pointer to actually input the data into the computing mechanism. The machine did not explicitly calculate velocities. Rather, two operators (one for X and one for Y) adjusted variable-speed drives until their rate dials matched that of a constant-speed motor. When the prediction computation was complete, an operator had to feed the result into the ballistic calculation mechanism. Finally, when the entire calculation cycle was completed, another operator had to follow the pointer to transmit azimuth to the gun crew, who in turn had to match the train and elevation of the gun to the pointer indications.Human operators were the means of connecting “individual elements” into an integrated system. In one sense the men were impedance amplifiers, and hence quite similar to servomechanisms in other mechanical calculators of the time, especially Vannevar Bush‟s differential analyzer .The term “manual servomechanism”itself is an oxymoron: by the conventional definition, all servomechanisms are automatic. The very use of the term acknowledges the existence of an automatic technology that will eventually replace the manual method. With the T-6, this process was already underway. Though the director required nine operators, it had already eliminated two from the previous generation T-4. Servos replaced the operator who fed back superelevation data and the one who transmitted the fuze setting. Furthermore, in this early machine one man corresponded to one variable, and the machine‟s requirement for operators corresponded directly to the data flow of its computation. Thus the crew that operated the T-6 director was an exact reflection of the algorithm inside it.Why, then, were only two of the variables automated? This partial, almost hesitating automation indicates there was more to the human servo-motors than Sperry wanted to acknowledge. As much as the company touted “their duties are purely mechanical and little skill or judgment is required on the part of the operators,” men were still required to exercise some judgment, even if unconsciously. The data were noisy, and even an unskilled human eye could eliminate complications due to erroneous or corrupted data. The mechanisms themselves were rather delicate and erroneous input data, especially if it indicated conditions that were not physically possible, could lock up or damage the mechanisms. Theoperators performed as integrators in both senses of the term: they integrated different elements into a system.Later Sperry DirectorsWhen Elmer Sperry died in 1930, his engineers were at work on a newer generation director, the T-8. This machine was intended to be lighter and more portable than earlier models, as well as less expensive and “procurable in quantities in case of emergency.” The company still emphasized the need for unskilled men to operate the system in wartime, and their role as system integrators. The operators were “mechanical links in the apparatus, thereby making it possible to avoid mechanical complication which would be involved by the use of electrical or mechanical servo motors.” Still, army field experience with the T-6 had shown that servo-motors were a viable way to reduce the number of operators and improve reliability, so the requirements for the T-8 specified that wherever possible “electrical shall be used to reduce the number of operators to a minimum.” Thus the T-8 continued the process of automating fire control, and reduced the number of operators to four. Two men followed the target with telescopes, and only two were required for follow-the-pointer functions. The other follow-the-pointers had been replaced by follow-up servos fitted with magnetic brakes to eliminate hunting. Several experimental versions of the T-8 were built, and it was standardized by the Army as the M3 in 1934.Throughout the remain der of the …30s Sperry and the army fine-tuned the director system in the M3. Succeeding M3 models automated further, replacing the follow-the-pointers for target velocity with a velocity follow-up which employed a ball-and-disc integrator. The M4 series, standardized in 1939, was similar to the M3 but abandoned the constant altitude assumption and added an altitude predictor for gliding targets. The M7, standardized in 1941, was essentially similar to the M4 but added full power control to the guns for automatic pointing in elevation and azimuth. These later systems had eliminated errors. Automatic setters and loaders did not improve the situation because of reliability problems. At the start of World War II, the M7 was the primary anti-aircraft director available to the army.The M7 was a highly developed and integrated system, optimized for reliability and ease of operation and maintenance. As a mechanical computer, it was an elegant, if intricate, device, weighing 850 pounds and including about 11,000 parts. The design of the M7 capitalized on the strength of the Sperry Company: manufacturing of precision mechanisms, especially ballistic cams. By the time the U.S. entered the second world war, however, these capabilities were a scarce resource, especially for high volumes. Production of the M7 by Sperry and Ford Motor Company as subcontractor was a “real choke” and could not keep up with production of the 90mm guns, well into 1942. The army had also adopted an English system, known as the “Kerrison Director” or M5, which was less accurate than the M7 but easier to manufacture. Sperry redesigned the M5 for high-volume production in 1940, but passed in 1941.Conclusion: Human Beings as System IntegratorsThe Sperry directors we have examined here were transitional, experimental systems. Exactly for that reason, however, they allow us to peer inside the process of automation, to examine the displacement of human operators by servomechanisms while the process was still underway. Skilled asthe Sperry Company was at data transmission, it only gradually became comfortable with the automatic communication of data between subsystems. Sperry could brag about the low skill levels required of the operators of the machine, but in 1930 it was unwilling to remove them completely from the process. Men were the glue that held integrated systems together.As products, the Sperry Company‟s anti-aircraft gun directors were only partially successful. Still, we should judge a technological development program not only by the machines it produces but also by the knowledge it creates, and by how that knowledge contributes to future advances. Sperry‟s anti-aircraft directors of the 1930s were early examples of distributed control systems, technology that would assume critical importance in the following decades with the development of radar and digital computers. When building the more complex systems of later years, engineers at Bell Labs, MIT, and elsewhere would incorporate and build on the Sperry Company‟s experience,grappling with the engineering difficulties of feedback, control, and the augmentation of human capabilities by technological systems.在斯佩里防空炮火控和集成系统的发展电气时代的到来带来了新类型的控制系统。

毕业设计外文文献翻译

毕业设计外文文献翻译Graduation design of foreign literature translation 700 words Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market Abstract:With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), concerns arise about its impact on the job market. This paper explores the potential effects of AI on various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation, and the implications for employment. The findings suggest that while AI has the potential to automate repetitive tasks and increase productivity, it may also lead to job displacement and a shift in job requirements. The paper concludes with a discussion on the importance of upskilling and retraining for workers to adapt to the changing job market.1. IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI has made significant advancements in recent years, with applications in various industries, such as healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation. As AI technology continues to evolve, concerns arise about its impact on the job market. This paper aims to explore the potential effects of AI on employment and discuss the implications for workers.2. Potential Effects of AI on the Job Market2.1 Automation of Repetitive TasksOne of the major impacts of AI on the job market is the automation of repetitive tasks. AI systems can perform tasks faster and moreaccurately than humans, particularly in industries that involve routine and predictable tasks, such as manufacturing and data entry. This automation has the potential to increase productivity and efficiency, but also poses a risk to jobs that can be easily replicated by AI.2.2 Job DisplacementAnother potential effect of AI on the job market is job displacement. As AI systems become more sophisticated and capable of performing complex tasks, there is a possibility that workers may be replaced by machines. This is particularly evident in industries such as transportation, where autonomous vehicles may replace human drivers, and customer service, where chatbots can handle customer inquiries. While job displacement may lead to short-term unemployment, it also creates opportunities for new jobs in industries related to AI.2.3 Shifting Job RequirementsWith the introduction of AI, job requirements are expected to shift. While AI may automate certain tasks, it also creates a demand for workers with the knowledge and skills to develop and maintain AI systems. This shift in job requirements may require workers to adapt and learn new skills to remain competitive in the job market.3. Implications for EmploymentThe impact of AI on employment is complex and multifaceted. On one hand, AI has the potential to increase productivity, create new jobs, and improve overall economic growth. On the other hand, it may lead to job displacement and a shift in job requirements. To mitigate the negative effects of AI on employment, it is essentialfor workers to upskill and retrain themselves to meet the changing demands of the job market.4. ConclusionIn conclusion, the rapid development of AI has significant implications for the job market. While AI has the potential to automate repetitive tasks and increase productivity, it may also lead to job displacement and a shift in job requirements. To adapt to the changing job market, workers should focus on upskilling and continuous learning to remain competitive. Overall, the impact of AI on employment will depend on how it is integrated into various industries and how workers and policymakers respond to these changes.。

LED显示屏外文翻译

附录3 中英文翻译The led manifestation holdThe LED manifestation hold(LED panel):The LED is a light emitting diode, give out light the English abbreviation of diode, brief name LED. It is 1 kind to passThe control semi-conductor give out light diode of manifestation way, it probably of appearance be from a lot of usually is red of the small light constitute, depend light of bright put out to manifestation character list. Using to the manifestation writing, sketch, picture, animation, condition of the market, video frequency and recording image signal's etc. is various manifestation screen of information.The LED manifestation hold to is divided into a diagram text's manifestation to hold with video frequency manifestation hold, is all constitute by LED matrix piece. The diagram text's manifestation hold can with calculator synchronous manifestation Chinese characters, English The text text origin and sketch，The video frequency manifestation hold adoption microcomputer to carry on control, diagram text, picture combine luxuriant, with solid hour, synchronous, clear information dissemination the way sow Putting various information, returning can manifestation two dimensions, 3D animation, record image, television, VCD program and the spot actual condition. The LED manifestation hold a manifestation an appearance color fresh and gorgeous, Stereoscopic the feeling be strong, quiet like oil painting, move like movie, extensive application in finance, tax administration, industry and business, post and tele, athletics, advertisement, factory mineral business enterprise, transportation, Teach system station, wharf, airport, market, hospital, guest house, bank, stock market, building market, sale line, industry business enterprise management and other public place.The LED's manifestation hold can manifestation variety of numeral, writing, sketch picture，Can not only used for an indoor environment but also used for outdoors environment, have to cast shadow an instrument, television wall, LCD manifestation to hold the advantage that can't compare to.The reason that, the LED be extensively valued but get quick development, is with it have of advantage inseparable. These advantages summarize BE，Bright degree Gao, work the electric voltage be low, achievement consume small and small scaled turn, life span long, bear pound at and function stability. The LED development foreground is extremely vast, currently just toward the higher and bright degree, higher bear weather, higherly give out light density and higherly give out light even, the credibility, whole color turn a direction development.the LED manifestation hold a development process 30 year review1970's at the earliest stage of GaP, GaAsP together quality knot red, Huang, green low give out light the LED of efficiency a beginning already application at the indicator, numeral and writing manifestation .From now on the LED start get into a variety application realm and include astronautics, airplane, car, industry application, correspondence, consume type product etc., all over each section of national economy and thousand 10000.To 1996 LED is in the whole world of sale sum already arrive several USD 1,000,000,000.Though the LED has been be subjected to a color and give out light therestriction of efficiency over several years, have a longevity life because of the GaP and the GaAsP LED, Gao credibility, work the electric current be small, can and TTL, CMOS numeral electric circuit and permit many advantage of etc. as a result has been be subjected to the green Mi of user. Recent decade, Gao Liang4 Du4 turn, whole color's turn has been being LED material and spare part craft technique research of front follow a topic. The extremely high and bright degree(UHB) is that give out light strength to attain or more than 100 mcd LED, call hole again virtuous pull(cd) class LED. Gao Liang4 Du4 the A1 GaInP and InGaN LED develop to make progress very quick, now already arrive normal regulations material GaA1 As, GaAsP, GaP impossible attain of function level.1991 Toshiba in Japan company and the United States the HP company develop into the InGaA1 P 620 nm an orange and extremely high and bright degree LED, 1992 the InGaA1 p 590 nm yellow extremely high and bright degree the LED be practical to turn At the same year, Toshiba company develop the InGaA1 P 573 nm Huang green an extremely high and bright degree LED, method to light as strong as 2 cd.1994 Japan day the second company develop into InGaN450 nm blue(green) color extremely high and bright degree LED. Go to this, color manifestation three Ji colors need be red, green, blue and orange, Huang variety the LED of the color all come to a hole virtuous pull give out light of class strength, realization the extremely high and bright degree turn, the whole color turn and make to give out light tube of outdoor whole color manifestation become reality. Our country development LED start in 70's, the industry appear in 80's.There is around more than 100 business enterprise in whole country, 95% factory house all be engaged in behind way pack produce, need tube Xin almost all from the abroad import. Pass the technique of a few "five years plan" reformation, the technique offend pass and usher in abroad forerunner equipments and parts of key technique, make our country LED of produce the technique have already step forward into one step.Two, extremely high and bright degree LED function:The extremely high and bright degree red A1 GaAsLED and GaAsP-GaP LED compare, have to higherly give out light an efficiency, the flow of transparent Chen low(TS) A1 GaAs LED(640 nm) clear efficiency already close 10 lm/w, ratio the red GaAsP-GaP LED big 1000%.Color and GaAsP-GaP that the extremely high and bright degree InGaAlP LED provide LED homology include，academy blue(560 nm), shallow academy blue(570 nm), yellow(585 nm), shallow Huang(590 nm),orange(605 nm) and pink(625 nm deep red.(640 nm)The transparent Chen bottom A1 GaInP LED give out light an efficiency and the other LED structure and white Chi light source of comparison, the InGaAlP LED absorb the flow of Chen bottom(AS) clear efficiency as 101 m/w, the transparent Chen bottom(TS) want to be 10 －s in height than the GaAsP-GaP flow of LED clear efficiency within the scope of the wave-length of 590 －626 nm for the 201 m/w 2000%;In 560 －s 570 wave-length scopes ratio GaAsP-GaP LED Gao Chu's 2 －s 400%.The extremely high and bright degree InGaN LED provided an orchid color light and green light, its wave-length scope orchid color is 450 －480 nm, orchid green is 500 nm, green is 520 nm，It flow the clear efficiency as 3 －151 m/ws. Extremely high and bright degree LEDcurrently flow a clear efficiency have already exceeded to take the incandescent lamp of color filter, can replace the power incandescent lamp within 1 w, and use a LED array can replace the power incandescent lamp within 150 w. For many application, all of incandescent lamps be an adoption color filter to get red, orange, green and orchid color, but use an extremely high and bright degree LED can then get homology of color. The extremely high and bright degree of the material and InGaN material manufacturing of the recent years AlGaInP LED many extremely high and bright degree LED chip combination together, need not color filter also ability get various color. Include red, orange, Huang, green and blue, currently its giving out light an efficiency all have already exceeded an incandescent lamp, is connecting toward the fluorescent lamp near. Give out light a bright degree Gao have already canned satisfy outdoors at the 1000 mcd all-weather, whole color manifestation of demand, use LED color big screen can performance the sky and ocean, realization 3D animation. The new generation red, green and blue and extremely high and bright degree LED come to an unprecedented function.Three, extremely high and bright degree LED application:rmation indicatorCar signal designation，car indicator's exterior in car's being main be a turn signal, tail lamp and brake light，Main is various appearance in the inner part of car of illuminate and manifestation. The extremely high and bright degree LED used for car indicator and the incandescent lamp of tradition to compare to have many advantage, in the car industry have extensive of market .The LED can experience a stronger machine to pound at and vibrate. Average work life span MTBF ratio incandescent lamp bubble Gao Chu Ji3 quantity class, far far Gao Chu's car of work life span, so flow bottom work, typical model of drive electric current an incandescent lamp to only at least have 12 red, yellow, blue green signal beacon.2.great screen manifestationGreat screen manifestation is extremely high and bright degree LED application of another one huge market, include，color and whole color of the monochrome, double of the sketch, writing, numeral manifestation. Tradition of the big screen have a source manifestation general adoption incandescent lamp, fiber optic, cathode ray tube etc.，Have no source manifestation general adoption turn over the method of card .Form 3 listed a few kinds manifestation of function comparison. The LED manifestation once had been be subjected to LED function and the restriction of the color .Now the extremely high and bright degree AlGaInP, TS-AlGaAs, InGaN LED have already can provide brightness of red, Huang, various green and blue color, can complete satisfy realization whole color big screen manifestation of request. LED manifestation hold can assemble into various structure according to the pixel size, figurine vegetable diameter general small at the 5 mm, monochrome manifestation of each pixel use a LED light of T-1(3/4), double color manifestation of each pixel is double the LED light of T-1(3/4) of the color, whole color manifestation demand 3T-1 be red, green, blue light, perhaps assemble much aer LED light of T-1(3/4) of chip be a pixel. The big pixel then pass pair of many T-1(3/4) red, green, the blue LED light combination together constitute e InGaN(480 nm) blue, InGaN's(515nm) being green be three Ji colors of LED manifestation with the ALGaAS(637 nm) red LED light, can provide a lifelike whole color function, and have bigger color scope to include: blue and green and green and red etc., with international television system committee(NTSC) provision of television color the scope be basic to agree with.3.the LCD manifestation(LCD) carry on the back to illuminateHave 10% adoption to have source light as to carry on the back illuminate atleast in the LCD manifestation, the light source can make LCD manifestation hold of dark of environment bottom easy read, whole color LCD manifestation also demand light source. The LCD carry on the back to illuminate the light source need main have，incandescent lamp bubble, field with the result that give out light, cold cathode fluorescence, LED etc., they be listed on form 4 carry on comparison, among them,the LED have a competition ability most in the LCD carry on the back the lighting,the new extremely high and bright degree AlGaInP, AlGaAs, InGaN LED can provide to high-efficiencily give out light with the color of breadth scope.The LED used for LCD to carry on the back to illuminate main have three kinds of way.(1)Most simple is LED light direct install spread to shoot a film in the LCD of behind, can use many pack of LED light, they should have very breadth of light beam Cape with make stalk to light the even be better. Can also adoption don't pack of tube Xin, general use GaP LED, however use AlGaInP, TS-AlGaAs LED can then under the small electric current work, let up achievement consume.(2)Another a way are an edge light the LCD carry on the back illuminate and use a transparent or translucent rectangle plastics a piece conduct and actions lead light body, is direct it install to spread to shoot a film in the LCD of behind, plastics piece of empress surface Tu2 Shang4 white reflection material, LED light shoot from a flank of plastics piece go into, rest the flank make with white reflection material.(3)LED send out of light ducting fiber optic bunch in, fiber optic bunch of spread and shoot film behind constitute a flat of thin slice, can use dissimilarity of method's taking out from the thin slice the light be a carry on the back of LCD illuminate .Adoption LED conduct and actions carry on the back illuminate of the liquid crystal display can used for ambulation telephone, notebook, along with the small scaled liquid crystal display isin the stanza the electricity the type the correspondence the product of extensive usage, will have greater need to the extremely high and bright degree LED.4.the solid shine on a lightWhole color extremely high and bright degree LED of practical turn with commercialize, make to illuminate a technique to face a new of revolution, solid floodlight make into by many extremely high and bright degree red, blue and green three color LEDses not only can send out a wave-length continuous various adjustable color light, and also can send out a bright degree can reach several 10-100 candlelights of white become lighting light source .Recen Japan day second company make use of its InGaN be blue light LED and fluorescence technique, again released white light the solid give out light a spare part product, its color is 6500 K, the efficiency reach each tile 7.5 flow clear .For homology give out light incandescent lamp and LED solid floodlight of bright degree to say, the achievement of the latterconsume a have the former of 10% －be 20% and the life span of the incandescent lamp's being general be not over 2000 hours, but the life span of the LED light be as long as tens of thousands hours. This kind of physical volume is small, the weight be light and directive good, economy energy, life span long, bear various bad condition of solid light source necessarily will to tradition of the light source market result in pound at. Though this kind of is new to illuminate the cost of solid light source still higher, can application like mineral mountain at some special situation, dive, rob insurance, for use by the military equip of illuminate etc From farsighted see, if the LED the further extension of the production scale of the extremely high and bright degree, cost further lower, it at economy energy and longevity life of the advantage is good enough to make up its price higher bad situation .The extremely high and bright degree LED will probably become a kind of new lightning source which have much of a competition ability.LED显示屏LED显示屏：LED就是light emitting diode ，发光二极管的英文缩写，简称LED。

大屏幕显示系统的研究-外文文献翻译

大屏幕显示系统的研究LED的发展随着计算机技术的高速发展，LED屏幕显示系统作为继电视、广播、报纸、杂志之后的“第五大媒体”正快速步入社会生活的各个方面。

它集微电子技术、计算机技术、信息处理技术于一体，可以将信息通过文字、图案、动画及视频四种形式显示出来。

与电视墙、磁翻板等媒体相比，LED大屏幕显示系统具有图案美观、色彩亮丽；图案、色彩变化丰富、快速；低功耗、长寿命、使用成本低、工作稳定可靠等特点。

它显示的图文视角大、视距远，因而已广泛应用于大型广场、商业广告、体育场馆、信息传播、新闻发布、证券交易；它还应用于工业控制和工业调动系统，便于把各种参数、报警点、工艺流程显示得更加清晰完美，可以满足不同环境的需要。

LED显示屏是一种利用计算机和复杂数字信号处理的电子广告宣传屏。

它的屏体部分由微处理器（主要是单片机）和驱动电路控制运行，显示的图像或文字由计算机编辑软件编辑获得。

由于LED显示屏这种新一代信息显示设备具有显示图案稳定、功耗低、寿命长等特点，而且它综合了各种信息显示设备的长处，并且克服了自身的不足，特别是由于一幅显示屏可以显示不同的内容，显示方式丰富。

所以在公共场合，它具有强烈的广告宣传和信息传递效果，日趋在固体显示中占主导地位。

LED显示屏的发展前景极为广阔，目前正朝着更高亮度、更高耐气候性、更高的发光密度、更高的发光均匀性、可靠性、全色化方向发展。

由不同材料的半导体组成能发出不同色彩的LED晶点。

目前应用最广的是红色、绿色、黄色LED。

而蓝色和纯绿色LED的开发已经达到了实用阶段。

LED显示屏的分类LED显示屏是多种技术综合应用的产品，涉及光电子学、半导体器件、数字电子电路、大规模集成电路、单片机及微机等各个方面，既有硬件又有软件。

LED显示屏是作为广播、电视、报纸、杂志之后的又一新传播媒体。

目前LED显示屏根据使用场所不同，可以分为室外屏和室内屏两种，其主要区别是发光管的发光亮度不同。

基于AT89C52单片机的LED显示屏控制系统的设计外文原文和中文翻译

Design of LED Display Control System Based onAT89C52 Single Chip MicrocomputerInstitute of Machinery, on 5 February 2004Maurice WilkesABSTRACT ：THIS paper introduces display design process about hardware and softwarebased on AT89C52 single chip microcomputer. We use a simple external circuit to control the display screen,which size is 32 ×192. The display screen also can display the size of the six 32 × 32 dot matrix Chinese characters by a dynamic scan mode, and can be divided into two small display screens, which can display twenty-four Chinese characters whose size is 16×16. We can modify the code to change the content of the display, subtitles can achieve scrolling function and the scroll speed can be adjusted according to requirements, subtitles can also achieve pause function. The Chinese character code stored in external data memory, the capacity of data memory is expanded according to the requirements of Chinese characters we want to show. This display screen has advantages of small volume, few hardware and simple circuit structure.KEY WORDS: LED, Chinese Character Display, AT89C52I. INTRODUCTIONLED display has become an important symbol of the city lighting, modernization and informationsociety with continuous improvement and beautificatio n of people’s living environment. LED lights can be seen in the large shopping malls, railway station, docks, underground station, and a variety of management window and so on. LED business has become a fast-growing new industry, a huge market space and bright prospects. The text, pictures, animation and video are displayed by LED’s light, and content can be changed. Some components are the display devices of the modular structure, and which usually consists of a display module, control system and power system. The display module is constituted by the lattice structure which consists of LED, and is responsible for light-emitting display; the screen can display text, pictures, video and so on by control system which can control light or dark of LED in the corresponding region; Power system is responsible for transforming input voltage an d current into voltage and current which the screen needs. LED dot matrix display extracted display character font through PC, and sent to the microcontroller, then displayed in the dot matrix screen, which mainly used for display of indoor and outdoor characters. LED dot matrix display can be divided into graphic display, image display and video display by displayed content. Compared with the image display，the characteristics of graphic display is no difference in gray color whether it is monochrome or color display. Therefore, graphic display also fails to reflect the richness of color, and video display can not only show exercise, clear and full-color images but also show television and computer signals. Although there are some differences between the three, but the most basic principles are similar.II. System Overall Structure DesignSingle Chip Microcomputer (SCM) models were selected according to the target, function,reliability, cost, accuracy and speed of the control system. According to the actual situation of the subject, the choice of SCM models mainly considered from the following two aspects: First, SCM has strong anti-interference ability; Second, SCM has a higher cost-effective. Due to MCS-51 is widely used in China, has more information and can compatible with the more peripheral chips too, in particular, ATMEL Corporation, introduced a new generation microcontroller in 2003, that is 89S series, and its typical products with high performance and low cost microcontroller is AT89C52. AT89C52 is a low voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller, the chip includes 8 KB read-only program memory (PEROM) which erase can be repeated, 256byte random access data memory (RAM), devices adopt high-density nonvolatile memory technology to produce, compatible with the standard MCS-51 instruction set and the 8052 products, while the chip built-in general-purpose 8-bit central processing (CPU). Flash storage unit, can be applied to the more complex control applications.The system was realized by the circuitry which is made up of AT89C52 chip, Clock circuit, reset circuit, column scan driver circuit, line drive circuit and the six 32×32 LED dot matrix, the overall structure of LED characters display is shown in Fig.1. A display unit is composed of dot matrix and two 74HC154. Line data signal is divided into two parts, which is given by the two 8255A respectively, but the 8255A data are from the P0 port the master controller AT89C52. The column scanning signal of each character was given by the two 74HC154, the 74HC154 12 pieces and was divided into six groups. The input signal of 74HC154 was given by the P1.0 ~P1.3 of AT89C52. External data memory 6264 connected with the AT89C52 the P0 port.III. SYSTEM HARDW ARE CIRCUIT DESIGNA .Circuit Design of MCU Control SystemThe size of Chinese characters is 32 ×32, but microcontroller has 32 I/O port, and can’t meet design requirements, so the I/O port must expand, the data port expansion was implemented by two 8255A. The data port expansion is shown in Fig.2, 74HC373 is the address latch, and latch low eight address, the low eight address signals of 6264 provided by it, but the high eight address signals of 6264 provided by P2.0 ~P2.4, Internal port of 8255A was chosen by A0 and A1. 74HC139 is 2-4 decoder, whose input signals are provided by P2.6 and P2.7 of SCM, and provided strobe for the external I / O devices, because the system has more than one external device, make sure that they can not be gated, so that their addresses is the only and do not repeat. The clock circuit of AT89C52 composed of 18, 19feet from the clock side (XTALI and XTAL2), and 12MHz crystal, capacitor C1 and C2.B .The Circuit Design of Display Memory UnitThe size of Chinese characters is 32×32 in the design, each character composed of four parts which each part composed of four LED matrix which the size is 8 × 8, circuit decomposition map of display unit. In addition because the Chinese character for each display needs 128 bytes storage space, but AT89C52 microcontroller chip is only 256 bytes data memory, it is far less than the design requirements, so we the expanded storage space by 8K × 8 external data memory 6264. C. The communicate Design of PcInte1 8255A is a universal programmable parallel input/output interface chip. Its function can be set through the software program, and has a strong versatility. It can be directly through the CPU data bus connected to external devices, easy to use and flexible. Inte18255A interface chip has three 8-bit parallel input and output ports, programming methods can be used to set three ports asinput ports or output ports. Chips work have the basic input and output, strobe input/output and bi-directional input / output. When the data were transmitted by data bus of CPU, its can choose to unconditionally transfer, query transmission or interrupt transmission. During Inte18255A chip three-port, the port C can be used as not only the data port, but also the control port. When the port C is taken as a data port, it can be used as not only 8-bit data port, but also separately as two 4-bit data port, and each bit of the port C can be operated, can set a particular bit to input or output, so provide convenient conditions for bits control.D. Serial Communication Interface CircuitPC and SCM are linked via a serial communication interface. In order to implement serial communication function between MCU and PC, and serial interface level of SCM will be changed into standard RS-232C level. MCU and PC, taking into account the short distance communication, and microcontroller is mainly responsible for receiving commands and data, so the PC is directly connected with the microcontroller, this is the simplest connection method. the signals which is from Pac’s TXD-side were changed into a current signal through the communication circuit, the infrared light emitting diodes of optocouper have current when a signal occurs, the light signals which is emitted by diode projected onto the and photo transistor, converted to electric signal, then input to the microcontroller RXD side so photoelectric conversion is implemented, and electrical is completely isolated to avoid the feedback and interference which is produced by output side.IV. SOFTW ARE DESIGNThe entire software design mainly composes of display program and communication program. The Chinese characters to be displayed on the screen, character and other data for transmission control and display functions were achieved by dynamic scan. Real time communication parts which communicate with PC receive data information by SCM serial disruption, so real-time data information transmission with PC was implemented. The host computer software was implemented by Visual Basic. In the standard serial communication, MSCOMM which is the power communication control is provided by VB, it can set the serial communication of data sent and received, and the serial communication port.Status, message formats and protocols are set, directly send data by Pac’s RS-232/RS-485 serial ports. In order to realized to PC reliable communication with SCM, and ensure that both sides have the same data format and baud rate, this design uses RS-232 communications, a 10 bits data format, 9600bit / s baud rate. Software program composed of the beginning, initialization, display program, front, which the main.Character code stored in the static memory 6264, and the SCM will wait for signal is given, that is, the input signal of SCM pin P3.0. When P3.0 is from low to high, display program begin to be run. First, control words written to 8255A control port, 8255A work in the form of mode 0 in the design. After control word was finished, the data will be displayed which is transferred to the 8255A from the 6264, the display data is output for four times because the line width of the characters screen is 32, a row of data is input and transported from top to bottom each, signal of the first rows which is controlled by SCM is gated after data transmission is over, so the first column data is displayed, then call delay procedures to display the contents of the stable. The next column of data is read after delay procedures is over, and the next row is gated, so that the second column of data is also displayed, and so on, because the serene size is 32 ×192, 192 row are shown, and 192 rows constitute an image. Then, scanning begin from the first column, and thestarting address of display date backward shift on the basis of the original, which has an address overflow issues, it will assign start address to the address pointer when the data address is overflow, the display data content will be constantly repeated. Flow chart of communication with PC and 4 SCM is shown in Figure 10. Real-time communication parts which communicate with PC receive data information by SCM serial disruption, so real-time data information transmission with PC was implemented.CONCLUSIONLED display system that was designed adopted the host computer and slave structure, the host computer is PC, and communicated with slave computer display system through the serial communication interface, which can implement string modification, display mode settings, time setting and other functions; The slave mainly implement display of LED dot matrix display screen. This was controlled by SCM. Chinese character display is 32×32 dot matrix model, and to achieve real-time screen display changes, and have to display the current time and date functions. The design of LED dot matrix display control system has a simple circuit, stability, low power consumption, long life, easy to display characteristics, and include the LED display basic principles and procedures. As long as the microcontroller I/O interface is expanded, and increase the number of LED dot matrix and related chips, you can design a larger are and more tricks of the LED display. This article has some reference value of theory and practice. As the core control unit of the system, that it AT89C52, has lower frequency, in the future, in order to achieve LED video display in real time, and the display image can be compressed, which will increase the burden on the system. We can take advantage of high-speed DSP as the core control unit, and solve the above mentioned problems.基于AT89C52单片机的LED显示屏控制系统的设计机械研究所，2004年2月毛里斯威尔克斯摘要：本文介绍了显示器的硬件与软件设计过程基于AT89C52单片机。

矩阵键盘与液晶显示器外文文献翻译

矩阵键盘与液晶显示器外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Carl Poy英文原文THE DESIGN OF MATRIX KEYBOARD AND LCD DISPLAYBASED ON MCUCarl PoyAbstractThe development of microelectronics technology and industrial measure requirement bring a good opportunity for development and research system, which makes it a broad prospects. The equipment has the advantages of small size, single power supply and a variety of output voltage leads it has a special module. Through the analysis of the hardware structure, we can summarizes each module needs.For example,we often go through the keys to realize the control of the electronic device. Small to watch mobile phone, to the TV computer, to a variety of complex instruments, all need to realize various operations through the buttons. This design is an important part of step for the further research, using buttons to control the display , include some modules like LCD 1602 liquid crystal display , 4*4 matrix keyboard , STC89C52single-chip microcomputer and other bine with the Proteus software, the simulation results are displayed on the LCD in 1602type of data.KEY WORDS: Single-chip; LCD 1602 liquid crystal display; 4*4 Matrix keyboard1 IntroductionWith the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, Microprocessors and peripheral chips have developed rapidly. The newest development of the integrated technology is the CPU chip and external. Like the program memory, data memory, parallel, serial, I/O timing / counter, interrupt controller and other control components are integrated in a chip—single chip. SCM 2 has a manufacturing process CMOS, The smaller lithography process improves integration which make the chip space smaller, lower cost, lower working voltage, lower power consumption. Adopts double CPU structure, increasing the width of data bus, improve the speed and the ability of data processing, a pipeline structure, improve the processing and computing speed, in order to meet the needs of real-time control and processing. To increase the storage capacity, the internal EPROM EPPROM, secure program, to improve the driving capability of parallel port, in order to reduce the peripheral driving chip, increase the logic function and control the external I/O port flexibility. Peripheral in serial mode based expansion; peripheral circuit internal installation is an obvious trend to connect the internet. Reliability and application level is getting higher and higher.Some high-end microcontroller and launched in recent years also contains many special function unit, Such as A/D converter, modem, communication controller, PLL, DMA, floating point unit etc.So,as we add some external expansion of the circuit and channel interface it can constitute a variety of computer applications, such as industrial control systems, data acquisition system, automatic test system, intelligent instrument, intelligent interface, function module etc. With MCU development and complete structure,SCM has become a powerful tool and will have a higher level and broader development.2 Design of the whole structure of systemThis design is based on single-chip, include matrix keyboard and LCD display module. Single-chip is the first model to select the appropriate target, function, reliability, cost, accuracy and speed control system. According to the actual situation of the topic selection, configuration management model different mainly from the following two aspects: First, supply chain management has strong anti-interference ability; second, SCM has a higher price. For information input module, keyboard selection can use economic benefits and meet the requirements of the 4*4 key matrix keyboard can realize multi function key requirements. As for the output module, using LCD 1602 liquid crystal display module, liquid crystal to achieve key information processing functions after the show. The circuit of the system is required byAT89C51 chip, clock circuit, reset circuit, driving circuit, scanning line driving circuit and LCD1602 LCD screen. 4*4 matrix keyboard access of P1.0 — P1.7,LCD 1602 screen to access P0.0— P0.7.3 System hardware circuit design3.1 Liquid crystal moduleThe principle of liquid crystal display is the use of physical properties of liquid crystal, The display control area voltage, power is displayed, it can display graphics. Liquid crystal display with thin thickness, suitable for large scale integrated circuit directly driven, easy to realize full color display characteristics, has been widely used in many fields of portable computer, digital camera, PDA mobile communication tools etc.1602 liquid crystal is also called the 1602 character LCD, which is a special used to display letters, numbers, symbols of the LCD module. It is composed of a plurality of 5X7 or 5X11 dot matrix character components, each dot matrix character who can display a character, there is a distance between the interval of each, there are intervals between each line, played the character spacing and row spacing, and because of this it is not well display graphics (with custom CGRAM, show the effect is not good). 1602 LCD refers to the display of the content for the 16X2, which can display two lines, 16 characters per line (LCD module display characters and numbers).3.2 Matrix keyboard moduleKey characteristicsThe keyboard is composed of a number of separate keys, press and release key is through the closed mechanical contact and off to achieve, because of the elastic action of mechanical contact, in the closing and the opening of the moment has a dither. Jitter must be eliminated, include software and hardware elimination.Scanning principleFirst determine whether a key is closed, and then one by one scan to further determine which button closure;(1) D0 ~ D3 output 0, level detection line D4 to D7. If the D4 - level D7 all high, said no key was pressed. If the D4 - level D7 is not all high, said the key was pressed.(2) If no key closure, return the scanning. If there is a button closure, in column by column scanning, closed key key number to find out. The D0=0, D1 ~ D3=1, D4 ~ D7 level, if D4=0, said the K1 key is pressed; similarly, if the D5 ~ D7=0, K5 respectively, K9, K13 key is down; if the D4 ~ D7=1, said that without a key is pressed. Then the D1=0, D0, D2, D3 was 1, the scanning of the second columns, which were carried on, until the closure of the key found.4 Software designThe software design mainly consists of keyboard scanningprocedures, write instruction code program of LCD module, LCD module display data initialization code written subroutine, liquid crystal display module, liquid crystal display a character subroutine, time delay subroutine and so on. Programming for each module, software programming ended, Keil software was used for debugging, when the various parts of the program debugging is correct, according to the source sequence of calls, the parts together, compile, compile successfully downloaded to the mcu. The result is when the user presses a key, LCD display of the button is pressed after the realization of functional parameters corresponding to the. When the system power supply, P1 port scan cycle and the key button debounce, after completion of input through the SCM processing, output in the P0 port, through the liquid crystal display program content, complete system function.5 ConclusionWith the continuous development of high and new technology, the miniaturization and the miniaturization of electronic products has been achieved. And all kinds of new technology, as a single field of the new method, the development trend of new products and symbol -- intelligent significantly is one of the trends in development. The module design display microcontroller matrix keyboard and LCD, make us understand to this technology innovation, through in-depth study on this technology, we can master the use in other areas, such as the design of electronicpassword lock, adjustment and control of indoor temperature and humidity, field access control system design etc.. Technological progress and economic development are the main themes of the present era, the improvement of people's living standard is bound to the requirements of electronic products increase, the design of any a small system is for a foundation, design of system innovation, the hardware, software integration, method and technology of virtual display and soft measurement artificial intelligence, I firmly believe that our life will be more colourful.中文译文基于单片机的矩阵键盘与液晶显示器的设计作者：Carl Poy摘要微电子技术和工业测量需求的发展为开发研究体系带来了良好的发展机遇，具有广阔的前景。

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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：大屏幕显示系统的研究文献、资料英文题目：The research of the large screendisplay system's文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14译文：大屏幕显示系统的研究LED的发展随着计算机技术的高速发展，LED屏幕显示系统作为继电视、广播、报纸、杂志之后的“第五大媒体”正快速步入社会生活的各个方面。

它集微电子技术、计算机技术、信息处理技术于一体，可以将信息通过文字、图案、动画及视频四种形式显示出来。

LED显示屏是一种利用计算机和复杂数字信号处理的电子广告宣传屏。

它的屏体部分由微处理器（主要是单片机）和驱动电路控制运行，显示的图像或文字由计算机编辑软件编辑获得。

所以在公共场合，它具有强烈的广告宣传和信息传递效果，日趋在固体显示中占主导地位。

LED显示屏的发展前景极为广阔，目前正朝着更高亮度、更高耐气候性、更高的发光密度、更高的发光均匀性、可靠性、全色化方向发展。

由不同材料的半导体组成能发出不同色彩的LED晶点。

目前应用最广的是红色、绿色、黄色LED。

而蓝色和纯绿色LED的开发已经达到了实用阶段。

LED 显示屏是作为广播、电视、报纸、杂志之后的又一新传播媒体。

目前LED显示屏根据使用场所不同，可以分为室外屏和室内屏两种，其主要区别是发光管的发光亮度不同。

而根据所显示的内容不同也可以分为图像屏和文字屏两种，图像屏可以显示图像以及多媒体，而文字屏则主要显示文字或简单的固定图像。

显示图像的多媒体室外屏是投资巨大(高达数百万)的大型高档设备，主要应用在大型公共场所、形象工程和一些重要场所。

LED显示屏的应用涉及到社会经济的许多领域，已经遍及交通、证券、电信、广告、宣传等各个方面。

L ED显示屏的发展趋势目前LED显示屏的显示向更高亮度、更高耐气候性、更高的发光均匀性、更高的可靠性、全色化、多媒体方向发展，系统的运行、操作与维护也向集成化、网络化、智能化方向发展。

二十一世纪的显示技术将是平板显示的时代，LED显示屏作为平板显示的主导产品之一将有更大的发展。

1．高亮度、全彩化蓝色及绿色超高亮度LED产品出现以来，成本逐年快速降低，使LED全彩色显示屏产品成本下降，推广速度加快。

同时，随着控制技术的发展和LED显示屏体稳定性的提高，全彩色LED显示屏的亮度、色彩、白平衡均达到比较理想的效果，完全可以满足户外全天候的环境条件要求，而且图像更清晰、更细腻、更亮丽。

2．标准化、规范化材料、技术的成熟及市场价格基本均衡之后，LED显示屏的标准化和规范化将成为LED显示屏发展的一个趋势。

近几年业内的发展中，几番价格回落调整达到基本均衡后，产品质量、系统的可靠性等将成为主要的竞争因素，这就对LED显示屏的标准化和规范化有了较高的要求。

行业规范和标准体系的形成，IS09000系列标准的应用，使LED显示屏行业的发展趋于有序。

3．产品结构多样化随着信息化社会的形成，信息领域愈加广泛，LED显示屏的应用前景更为广阔。

预计大型或超大型LED显示屏为主流产品的局面将会发生改变，适合于服务行业特点和专业性要求的小型LED显示屏会有较大提高，面向信息服务领域的LED显示屏产品门类和品种体系将更加丰富，部分潜在市场需求和应用领域将会有所突破，如公共交通、停车场、餐饮、医院等综合服务方面的信息显示屏需求量将有更大的提高。

涉及思路及工作原理本系统根据经典的电路设计思路，采用自下而上的设计方法，从显示板到驱动板，再到控制板，进行硬件编程，调试成功后接电源板，最后完成数据传输板与PC机相连接，进行PC软件编程，完成显示数据的生成、提取、处理、传输以及显示效果的实时控制。

每个模块采用8个LED点阵以行扫描形式点亮各行的红、绿、红绿灯，显示文字和图像。

LED点阵的驱动、译码、锁存等由控制板的数字电路负责。

其数据由单片机从存储器中读取，同时单片机采用中断方式，通过RS-232数据线与PC机进行双向通信，从PC机获取命令或数据，并按命令执行动作或者存储数据。

而PC机不但与多个单片机进行多机串口通信，还要负责文字录入和排版，生成点阵数据或者命令字，实现人机交互功能。

工作原理本文设计的大型LED显示屏由双基色点阵LED组合而成，采用逐行扫描的显示方式显示红、绿、黄三种颜色的任意点阵信息。

显示模块采用逐行扫描显示的方式，其控制系统以单片机AT89C52为核心，采用62256存储器作为数据存储器，利用锁存器74HC377和8组线驱动器2083A驱动8*8的LED显示模块，同时开放串口中断与上位PC机进行多机通信。

通过对单片机编程实现显示屏的多种动画模式显示：向左滚屏，向右滚屏，向上滚屏，向下滚屏，向左上滚屏，向右上滚屏，向左拉幕，向右拉幕，向上拉幕，向下拉幕，向右移，从左向右、依次点亮，从中间到两边、依次点亮。

动画速度可调：分为100档，最低为1速，最高为100速。

图案颜色多样：背景无色、文字红/绿/黄色，背景红色、文字无/黄/绿色，背景绿色、文字无/黄/红色，背景黄色，文字无/红/绿色。

另外，还增加了几十种霓虹灯效果动画。

PC机上的显示控制软件可以实现汉字录入、字体选择、字号更改等功能，并且在进行数据处理后，可以在左侧模拟演示整体效果，同时“所见即所得”的显示在下方预览区域。

另外，该控制软件还具有文本选定、鼠标定位、坐标追踪、时间日期等附加功能。

PC机通过RS-232接口实现与显示部分的单片机的通信，利用单片机串口中断实时接收和发送数据信息。

在系统设计中还兼顾了单片机的抗干扰能力，有效地提高了系统运行的可靠性。

发光二级管特性发光二极管(light emitting diode,LED)，是一种把电能变成光能的特种器件，当电流达到门限电流时，发光二极管导通，随着电流的通过，产生可见光。

发光二极管的结构主要由PN结芯片、电极和光学系统构成。

当在PN结上加以正向电压之后，P区的空穴注入至N区，N区的电子注入至P区，相互注入的电子与空穴相遇后即产生复合，这些少数载流子在PN结的注入和复合中产生辐射而发光。

它是自发辐射发光，不需要较高的注入电流产生粒子数反转分布，也不需要光学谐振腔，发射的是非相干光。

描述LED的特性有许多参数，这些参数之间的关系呈现非线性。

因此，用特性曲线来描述这些关系，在工程应用中更具有使用价值。

LED器件的驱动从LED器件的发光机理可以知道，当向LED器件施加正向电压时，流过器件的正向电流使其发光。

因此LED的驱动就是要使它的PN结处于正向偏置，同时为了控制它的发光强度，还要解决正向电流的调节问题。

具体的驱动方式有直流驱动、恒流驱动、脉冲驱动和扫描驱动等，本系统中LED器件的驱动为扫描驱动。

1．直流驱动。

直流驱动是最简单的驱动方法。

LED的工作点由电源电压VCC，串联电阻R和LED器件的伏安特性共同决定。

这种驱动方式适合于LED器件较少，发光强度恒定的情况。

例如公交车上使用的用来固定显示“XX路”字样的显示屏。

2．恒流驱动。

由于LED器件的正向特性较陡，加上器件的分散性，使得在同样电源电压和同样限流电阻的情况下，各器件的正向电流并不相同，从而引起发光强度的差异。

若对LED器件进行恒流驱动，只要恒流值相同，发光强度就比较接近。

晶体管的输出特性具有恒流特性，所以可以用晶体管驱动LED。

3．脉冲驱动。

利用人眼的视觉惰性，采用向LED器件重复通断电的方式使之点燃，就是脉冲驱动方式。

脉冲驱动主要有两个方面的应用：扫描驱动和占空比驱动。

扫描驱动的主要目的是节约驱动器，简化电路。

采用这种方式时应该注意两个问题:确定脉冲电流幅值和选择重复频率。

首先，要想获得与直流驱动方式相当的发光强度，脉冲驱动电流的平均值就应该与直流驱动的电流值相同。

4．扫描驱动。

扫描驱动通过数字逻辑电路，使若干LED器件轮流导通，用以节省控制驱动电路。

LED显示屏将发光灯按行按列布置，驱动时也按行按列驱动。

在扫描驱动方式下可以按行扫描，按列控制；也可以按列扫描，按行控制。

所谓“扫描”的含义，就是指一行一行地循环接通整行的LED器件，而不管这一行的哪一列的LED器件是否应该点亮，具体某一列的LED器件是否应该点亮，则由所谓的列控制电路来负责。

外文资料原文:The research of the large screen display system'sLed developmentAlong with computer technology's high speed development, LED (Light Emitting Diode) the screen display system takes after the television, the broadcast, the newspaper, the magazine “the fifth big media” marches into the social life fast each aspect. Its collection microelectronic technology, the computer technology, the information processing and management technology in a body, may the information through the writing, the design, the animation and the video frequency four forms demonstrates. With media and so on bank of television monitors, magnetism vane compares, the LED large screen display system has the design to be artistic, the color is sharp; The design, the color change are rich, are fast; The low power loss, the long life, the use cost low, work stably reliable and so on characteristics. It demonstrated the chart article angle of view is big, the apparent distance is far, thus has widely applied in the large-scale square, the commercial advertizing, the sports complexes, the information dissemination, the news issue, the securities trading; It also applies in the industrial control and the industry reassignment system, is advantageous each kind of parameter, the alarm point, the technical process demonstrates clearly perfect, may satisfy the different environment the need. The LED display monitor is one kind of use computer and the complex digital signal processing electron advertisements propaganda screen. Its screen body part by the microprocessor (is mainly monolithic integrated circuit) and the driving circuit control movement, demonstrated the image or the writing obtain by the computer edition software editor. Because the LED display monitor this kind of new generation information graphic display device has the demonstration design to be stable, the power loss is low, life long and so on characteristics, moreover it synthesized each kind of information graphic display device's strong point, and has overcome own insufficiency, because specially a display monitor may demonstrate that the different content, the display mode is rich. Therefore in the public area, it has the intense advertisements propaganda and the information transmission effect, already in the solid demonstrated day by day occupies the dominant position. The LED display monitor's prospects fordevelopment are extremely broad, at present toward the high luminance, a higher weather fastness, the higher luminous density, the higher illumination uniformity, the reliability, the panchromatic direction is developing. Is composed of the different material's semiconductor can send out the different color the LED crystal spot. At present what applies is broadest is red, the green, yellow LED. But the blue color and the pure green LED development had already achieved the practical stage.LED display monitor's classificationLED display monitor's classified LED display monitor is many kinds of technical synthesis application product, involves photoelectronics, the semiconductor device, the digit electronic circuit, the large scale integrated circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit and the microcomputer and so on each aspect, both has the hardware and to have software. After the LED display monitor is takes the broadcast, the television, the newspaper, the magazine another new communication media. At present the LED display monitor basis uses the place to be different, may divide into the outdoor screen and the indoor screen two kinds, its main difference is photo tube's illumination brightness is different. But acts according to the content which demonstrated different also to be possible to divide into the image screen and the writing screen two kinds, the image screen may the display image as well as multimedia, but writing screen main demonstration writing or simple fixed image. Display image's multimedia outdoor screens are the investment huge (reaches as high as several millions) the large-scale upscale equipment, main application in large-scale public place, image project and some important places. The LED display monitor's application involves to social economy many domains, already spread the transportation, the negotiable securities, the telecommunication, the advertisement, the propaganda and so on each aspect.LED display monitor's trend of developmentAt present the LED display monitor's demonstration to the high luminance, a higher weather fastness, the higher illumination uniformity, a higher reliability, the panchromatic, the multimedia directions develops, system's movement, the operation and the maintenance also to the integration, the network, the intellectualized direction develop. The 21st century's display technology will be the panel display time, theLED display monitor takes one of panel display leadership products to have a bigger development.1. since the high luminance, entire color blue color and the green superelevation brightness LED product has appeared, the cost reduces fast year by year, causes the LED entire colored display monitor product cost to drop, the promoted speed speeds up. At the same time, along with control technology's development and the LED display monitor body stable enhancement, the entire colored LED display monitor's brightness, the color, white balanced achieves the quite ideal effect, definitely may satisfy the outdoors all-weather environmental condition request, moreover the image is clearer, is more exquisite, is sharper.2. after standardization, standardized material, technology mature and market price basic balanced, the LED display monitor's standardization and the standardization will become a tendency which the LED display monitor develops. In recent years industry in development, after several price recedes the adjustment achieves basically balanced, the product quality, the system reliable and so on will become the main competition factor, this had the high request to the LED display monitor's standardization and the standardization. Profession standard and standard system's formation, IS09000 series standard application, causes the LED display monitor profession the development tends the order.3. the product mix diversification along with the informationization society's formation, the information field is even more widespread, the LED display monitor's application prospect is broader. It is estimated that large-scale or the ultra-large LED display monitor will have the change for the mainstream product's aspect, will suit can have in the service industry characteristic and the specialized request small LED display monitor enhances greatly, will be richer face the information service domain's LED display monitor product class and the variety system, the part potential market demand and the application domain will have the breakthrough, like the mass transit, the parking lot, the dining, the hospital and so on comprehension service aspect's information display monitor demand will have a bigger enhancement.Involves the mentality and the principle of workThis system basis classics' circuit design mentality, uses the design method from bottom to top, from the display panel to the actuation board, arrives at the control panel again, carries on the hardware programming, after debugging successfully, receives a telegram the source plate, finally completes the data transmission board and PC machine connects, carries on the PC software programming, completes the demonstration data the production, the extraction, processing, the transmission as well as the demonstration effect real-time control. Each module uses 8 LED lattices to lighten each line by the line scan form red, green, the traffic light, the demonstration writing and the image. The LED lattice's actuation, the decoding, the lock save and so on to be responsible by control panel's digital circuit. Its data reads by the monolithic integrated circuit from the memory, simultaneously the monolithic integrated circuit uses the interrupt mode, carries on the two-way communication through the RS-232 data line and PC machine, from the PC machine gain order or the data, and carries out the movement or the stored datum according to the order. Not only but PC machine carries on many machine serial port correspondences with many monolithic integrated circuits, but must be responsible for the writing input and the typesetting, the production lattice data or the order character, realize the man-machine interaction function.Principle of work this article designs the large-scale LED display monitor becomes by the double primary color lattice LED combination, uses the line-by-line scanning the display mode to demonstrate red, green, the yellow three kind of color random lattice information. The display module uses the line-by-line scanning demonstration the way, its control system take monolithic integrated circuit AT89C52 as a core, uses 62256 memories to take the data-carrier storage, actuates 8*8 using latch 74HC377 and 8 group of line driver 2083The LED display module, simultaneously opens the serial port interrupt and superior PC machine carries on many machine correspondences. Through realizes display monitor's many kinds of animation pattern to the monolithic integrated circuit programming to demonstrate: Rolls the screen toward left, rolls the screen toward right, rolls the screen upwardly, rolls the screen downward, on rolls the screen toward left, on rolls the screen toward right, to the Zola curtain, pulls the curtain toward right, pulls the curtain upwardly,。