英语分词的用法

英语分词的用法英语中的分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。

及物动词的现在分词表示正在进行和主动意义，过去分词表示已经完成和被动意义。

现将常用的英语分词的用法归纳如下: 1.作定语分词可用来修饰名词或代词，并和所修饰的词在逻辑上有主谓关系。

(1)前置定语单个分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰名词之前，作前置定语。

例如：What exciting news it is!这是多么令人振奋人心的消息!There were a lot of excited people at the concert．演奏会上，很多人兴奋不已。

(2)后置定语a、少数单个分词(尤其是过去分词为多)作定语时，也可作后置定语。

例如：Make sentences with the words given ．用所给的词造句。

The goods ordered will be delivered soon.The money left is far from enough.Many people are dubious about the announcement from the authorities concerned.b、单个分词作不定代词的定语时，要放在被修饰代词之后，作后置定语。

例如：Is there anything unsolved ?还有没解决的问题吗?There is something missing ．有东西丢失了。

c、分词短语作定语时，要放在被修饰名词之后，作后置定语。

这时的分词短语相当于一个定语从句。

例如：Do you know the old woman sitting under the tree ?(=Do you know the old woman who is sitting under the tree ?)你认识坐在树下的那个老太太吗?There comes a girl dressed in red ．(=There comes a girl who is dressed in red ．) 一个穿红衣服的女孩走过来了。

2.作表语分词作表语，相当于形容词。

现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的性质或特征，含有“令人……的”意思。

过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的情形或状态，含有“感到……的”意思。

例如：The match was very disappointing ．这场比赛令人失望。

They were very disappointed ．他们都非常失望。

3.作补语(1)作宾语补语a、分词作宾语补足语，宾语和现在分词(主动意义)有逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语和过去分词(被动意义)有逻辑上的动宾关系。

分词通常用在see，hear, watch，notice，feel，find等感官动词或have，get，make等使役动词的宾语之后，补充说明宾语的动作或状态。

例如：I found the man beating his dog there ．(=I found that the man was beating his dog there ．)我发现那个人在那儿打狗。

I found the man beaten black and blue ．(=I found that the man was beaten black and blue ．)我发现那个人被打得浑身青一块紫一块儿的。

过去分词在动词have，get之后作宾语补足语时，常常表示这动作不是由主语完成的，而是由别人完成的。

例如：I want to have my shoes repaired ．(= My shoes are repaired by somebody ．)我想修鞋。

b、现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语在意义上有所不同。

现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行，即动作处在发生过程中，还没有结束；而不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程，即动作已结束了。

例如：I saw him going out．我看见他正在往外走。

(正在发生)I saw him go out．我看见他出去了。

(全过程)Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你听见有人在敲门吗?(正在发生)Yes，I heard him knock three times．是的，我听见他敲了三下。

(全过程)(2)作主语补足语带有分词作宾语补足语的句子如果改为被动语态时，分词不变，但这时分词就不再作宾补足语，而是作主语补足语。

例如：A man was seen sitting under the tree ．看见有个人坐在那棵树下。

The door was found opened.发现门被打开。

4.作状语现在分词作状语，一般句子主语就是分词的主语。

(1)时间状语分词作时间状语相当于when引导的时间状语从句，若两个动作同时发生，可以在分词前加入连词when或while。

例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up．(= When the students saw the teacher entering the room，they stood up．)学生们看到老师进来，都站了起来。

Seen from the moon，the earth looks like a ball．(= When the earth is seenfrom the moon，it looks like a ball．)从月球上看，地球像个圆球。

(2)原因状语分词作原因状语时相当于as，since或because所引导的原因状语从句。

例如：Not knowing what to do about it，I asked my teacher for advice．(= Because I didn’t know what to do about it，I asked my teacher for advice．)由于我不知道该怎么办，就征求老师的意见。

Encouraged by his speech，the students decided to work hard．(= As the students were encouraged by his speech，they decided to work hard．)受他讲话的鼓舞，学生们决定努力学习。

(3)条件状语分词作条件状语时相于if或unless引导的条件状语从句，也可在分词短语前加if 或unless。

例如：Reading more carefully，you’ll learn something new．(= If you read more carefully，you’ll learn something new．)如果你读得更认真些，你就会学到一些新东西。

Given another chance，he’ll succeed．(= If he is given another chance，he’ll succeed．) 如果再给他一次机会，他一定会成功。

(4)结果状语分词作结果状语时相当于that引导的结果状语从句或并列句。

例如：The bottle dropped to the ground，breaking into pieces．(=The bottle dropped to the ground that it broke into pieces．)瓶子掉在地上摔碎了。

The old writer died all of a sudden，leaving his works unfinished．(=The old writer died all of a sudden，and he left his works unfinished．)这位年迈的作家没有完成他的著作就突然离开人世了。

(5)让步状语分词短语作让步状语相当于让步状语从句。

例如：Tired，the old man continued to work．(= Even though the old man was tired ，he continued to work．)尽管老人累了，他仍继续干活。

Although built many years ago, the machines are still working in perfect order.(= Although the machines were made many years ago, they are still working in perfect order.) 虽然这些机器是很多年前制造的，但现在仍然运行良好。

(6)方式状语或伴随状语分词短语作方式状语或伴随状语时，没有对应的状语从句。

例如：He came，running back to tell me the good news．他跑回来告诉我这个好消息。

The teacher hurried to the office，followed by five students．五个学生跟着老师匆匆忙忙地走进了办公室。