独立主格结构精讲精练(定稿)
(完整word)高中英语语法-独立主格讲解与练习.doc
独立主格结构一、概念“独立主格构” 就是由一个相当于主的名或代加上非、形容（副）或介短构成的一种独立成分。
构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的不能考其、人称和数的化，它与主句之不能通并列接，也不能由从句阴道引，通常用逗号与主句隔开。
独立主格构在很多情况下可以化相的状从句或者其他状形式，但很多候不能化分形式，因它内部的主与主句主不一致。
二、独立主格的特点特点独立主格构的主主句的主不一致，她独立存在。
独立主格构一般置于句首，有置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开独立主格构中的 being 和having been 常可以省略。
大多数独立主格构可以用“with++” 构代替。
独立主格有其特殊的使用合，多用于面，尤其是描述性言中，口中不常使用。
示例Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.叶到，我一下注意到已是深秋了。
(独立主格的主是leaves,主句是 I) Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.允的，回复工作可以做得更好。
(独立主格的主是Time,主句是 the restoration work)The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly.划成功地完成了，一切展利。
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, othersto adjust his girdle, and so on.多官跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的袍，其他的他整理要等。
All the windows (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.所有的窗开着，屋子里的空气更新了。
英语独立主格结构精讲精练
英语：独立主格结构精讲精练I. 独立主格结构的基本概念由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格+ 分词①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格+ 副词① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
独立主格结构总结及练习
独立主格结构一、概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是一种特殊的结构，前一部分是名词或主格代词（作为逻辑主语），后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式和分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系, 在句中做状语，用于修饰整个句子。
其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子其它部分分开。
它有以下几个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
3. 做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语、伴随状语等时候，通常可转换成状语从句或并列句。
二、独立主格结构的三种类型：（一）非谓语动词独立主格结构逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词分词作状语,当其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。
用名词(代词)+现在分词时，名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
此时的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。
有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。
a) Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
b) He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
c) Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground.他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
(表示一般情况的状态或动作)2. 名词(代词)+ 过去分词名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系, 表示被动意义或完成意义。
07年高考语法复习独立结构精讲及练习
独立结构精讲及练习独立结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式和介词是主谓关系。
独立结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗号与主句分开。
需要特别注意的是，独立结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词。
一、独立主格结构的构成1.名词(代词)+现在分词The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cav e.Night falling, we hurried home.2.名词(代词)+过去分词He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.This done, we went home.3.名词(代词)+形容词She came into the room, her ears red with cold.The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside.4.名词(代词)+副词He put on his socks wrong side out.The meeting over, we all went home.5.名词(代词)+不定式Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.注意：不定式表示将来的动作。
6.名词(代词) +介词短语He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand (= with a rifle in his hand.)She came out of the library, a large book under her arm.二、独立结构在句中的作用1．时间状语The test finished, we began our holiday.（= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.）2．条件状语Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tom orrow.(=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach to morrow.)3．原因状语The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.(=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop wo rking.)4．伴随状语He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.(= He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)三、其它形式的独立结构1．在以上所讲的独立结构前加with, 这种结构在句中可作：1）伴随状语With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).He used to sleep with the window open.2) 原因状语He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.With Tom away, we have got more room.3）时间状语With everything well arranged, he left his office.2．It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）It being Monday, the library is closed.It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.3．倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）1) there be形式There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.2) such形式Such being the case, she had nothing to say.3) 介词短语形式In the sand being t he mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at i t, full of fear.独立结构练习I.指出下列句子中的独立结构1.In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees.2.The mid-term examination was over, the final examination to come in two months.3.The boy stood there, his eyes full of tears.4.A young policeman stood in the street, holding a little red flag, h is face red with cold.5.The teacher sat in her chair, surrounded by her students, a happy l ook in her eyes.6.With nothing to eat, he died of hunger.7.A tall man came into the bank, wearing a pair of dark glasses, his face hidden by an upturned (翻起的) collar and a cap pulled over hi s brows.8.Mary left left the office with tears in her eyes.9.Such being the case, you have no reasons for dismissing him.10.He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast, a nd his glaring eyes looking straight upward.II.用独立结构改正下列句子中的错误1.Being freezing cold, she had to dress herself in warm clothes.2.Having finished his homework, we went home.3.A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed her li ttle son.4.His bike wrong, he has to walk to school.5.Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covering with snow.6.They were angry with their money to be stolen.III.单项填空1.The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complai ned that his leaving distured the speaker.A.beganB.beginningC.having begunD.being beginning2.Such ______ the case, I have no other choices.A.beingB.isC.wasD.to be3.Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.A.setB.settingC.has setD.was set4.With all factors ______ ,we think this program may be better than a ll the others in achieving the goal.A.being consideredB.consideringC.consideredD.are considered5.A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent.A.to have been worked outB.having worked outC.working outD.having been worked out6.On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ear s ______, alert, listening.A.pointedB.pointingC.are pointedD.are pointing7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our wo rk ______, we didn’t accept the offer.A.not being finishedB.not having finishedC.had not been finishedD.was not finished8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).A.hasB.hadC.to haveD.having9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.A.a pipe in mouthB.with a pipe in mouthC.pipe in mouthD.pipe in his mouth10.The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasi ng supply of raw material (原料).A.has gone upB.is going upC.having gone upD.being gone up。
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案语法重点：独立主格结构。
1. 原文再现。
This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2. 独立主格结构定义。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
3. 独立主格结构用法。
A．用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
B. 用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
C. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
D. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
高中英语 独立主格结构精讲(配套练习和答案)
独立主格结构“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
（一）独立主格结构形式独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词/代词+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.5．名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
英语语法独立主格结构讲解和习题(完整版)
4、伴随状语 独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词 短语或并列谓语.如： 1>.We have lessons every day, __A______. A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above 2>.The boy fell asleep,___A______. A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above
• 不能省略being <having been>的情形在下列两 种情况下,独立主格结构中的being〔或having been不能省略.
•
<1> 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时.如：It
being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,
我们去了做礼拜.
•
<2>在There being＋名词的结构中.如：
三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合 宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与 主句之间不应有从属连词〔如when, if, as soon as, as, while等或并列连词〔如and, but, or, so等.例如：
1.__A___ the teacher told the class to go
B.Being
C.Having been
D.There was
2>___B____no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was
独立主格结构(精讲精练 翻译练习)
独立主格结构●独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中作状语的短语，用于修饰整个句子。
其位置灵活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
●独立主格结构具有两个特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
●独立主格结构类型：● 1.名词/代词+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）● 2.名词/代词+(being)+表语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）1.名词/代词+现在分词（doing）Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.=The winter comes,and it gets colder and colder.Time permitting,I will go with you.The girl looking at him,he didn’t know what to say.There being no bus,we had to walk home.2.名词/代词+过去分词He was listening carefully,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.The work done,he went back home.=After the work was done,he went back home.More time given,we can finish the work.=If more time is given to us,we can finish the work.3.名词/代词+动词不定式（由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态）His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.Many trees to be planted,our school will look even more beautiful.4.名词/代词+形容词He came into the room,his face red with cold.She went to party,her clothes beautiful.5.名词/代词+副词The meeting over,our headmaster soon left the meeting room.The lights off,we could not go on with the work.6.名词/代词+名词His first shot failure,he fired again.他第一枪没打中，又开了一枪A lot of people all over the world are fans of the smartphone,many of them Chinese.全世界很多人都是这款智能手机的粉丝，其中许多都是中国人。
（完整版）独立主格结构讲解及练习
（完整版）独立主格结构讲解及练习独立主格结构的用法一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词（代词）+现在分词例句：The storm drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm draw ing n ear在句中作：原因状语=Since the storm was drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a day由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。
（call it a day今天到此为止）例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。
Time permitt in g, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语=改写：ftime permits, I will go with you.造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。
The girl stari ng at him, he did n 'k now what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写：As the girl stared at him, he did n 'tk now what to say.2. 名词（代词）+过去分词例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
独立主格精讲精练
语法直击：独立主格结构口诀：主语不一样，主谓不一致。
1)独立主格结构例：The baby began to cry afresh, his face very pale and his lips colorless.主语不一样：the baby, his face.主谓不一致：his face very pale. 完整句型应该为his face was very pale.例：Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.主语不一样：class, all the student.主谓不一致：class over. 完整句型应该为class is over.1）with复合独立主格结构口诀不变，分句前加上with.例：Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep, with the lamp burning.主语不一样：he, the camp.主谓不一致：the lamp burning. 完整句型应该为the lamp is burning.例：Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open.主语不一样：Frank, his mouth主谓不一致：his mouth open.整句应该为his mouth was open.语法体现：The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.主语不一致：a large car, its headlight/its horn主谓不一致：its headlights on. 完整句应该为its headlights was on.应试难点：1)独立主格的作用2)独立主格的种类难点解析：1）独立主格的作用独立主格的使用范围非常的广泛，在需要表达时间，原因，条件，伴随等状语时，都可以使用独立主格结构。
独立主格精讲精练
独立主格精讲精练Absolute Structure独立结构，又称独立主格结构，是由名词/代词+现在分词/ 过去分词/不定式/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语构成。
这种结构在句子中通常作状语，表示原因，时间，条件，方式或伴随动作等。
独立主格中的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，要独立存在。
名词或代词为逻辑主语。
1). n./pron. +V.ing (主动关系)Weather permitting, we will go swimming.The old black woman used to tell stories under the tall tree, her grandchildren seated and ________ carefully. (listen )2). n. / pron.+ pp. (被动关系)Everyone went, me included.He lay on his back, his hands _crossed_____ under his head.The job _finished_____, they are packing up to leave.3). n./pron. + to do/ to be done （将来的动作或状态)Lots of homework to do, the little boy had to stay home all day.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. ( follow )4). n./ pron. + adj. (表伴随状态）His stomach empty, he looked for something to eat when he came back.It was snowing heavily outside. Jason hurried into the room, __his nose red with cold_____________________ .他的鼻子冻得发红。
（完整版）独立主格结构完整讲解
（完整版）独立主格结构完整讲解一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure ）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词（代词）+现在分词例句：The storm drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作：原因状语=Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。
（call it a day 今天到此为止）例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。
Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语=改写：f time permits, I will go with you. ___________造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。
The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say.2.名词（代词）+过去分词例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on theblackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
高三英语独立主格结构用法精讲精练
独立主格结构的用法详解独立主格复合结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。
它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
它由两部分构成，第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由动词非谓语形式（即动词不定式、动名词或分词）、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任。
两部分在逻辑上是主谓关系。
一、独立主格复合结构的类型1．名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是劳力。
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
2. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词The duty completed, he had three months' leave. 任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。
More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.考虑到各方面的情况，他们厂迅速提高产量是可能的。
All his ribs broken, he lay half dead. 他的肋骨全被打断，半死不活地躺着。
3．名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。
Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。
独立结构精讲及练习
高考语法复习独立结构精讲及练习状语有时可以由一个名词（代词）和另一成分构成的复合结构充当，称为独立（主格）结构。
独立结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式和介词是主谓关系。
独立结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗号与主句分开。
需要特别注意的是，独立结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词。
一、独立主格结构的构成1.名词(代词)+现在分词The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cav e.Night falling, we hurried home.2.名词(代词)+过去分词He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.This done, we went home.3.名词(代词)+形容词She came into the room, her ears red with cold.The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside.4.名词(代词)+副词He put on his socks wrong side out.The meeting over, we all went home.5.名词(代词)+不定式Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.注意：不定式表示将来的动作。
6.名词(代词) +介词短语He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand (= with a rifle in his hand.)She came out of the library, a large book under her arm.二、独立结构在句中的作用1．时间状语The test finished, we began our holiday.（= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.）2．条件状语Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tom orrow.(=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach to morrow.)3．原因状语The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.(=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop wo rking.)4．伴随状语He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.(= He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)三、其它形式的独立结构1．在以上所讲的独立结构前加with, 这种结构在句中可作：1）伴随状语With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).He used to sleep with the window open.2) 原因状语He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.With Tom away, we have got more room.3）时间状语With everything well arranged, he left his office.2．It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）It being Monday, the library is closed.It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.3．倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）1) there be形式There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.2) such形式Such being the case, she had nothing to say.3) 介词短语形式In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at i t, full of fear.独立结构练习I.指出下列句子中的独立结构1.In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees.2.The mid-term examination was over, the final examination to come in two months.3.The boy stood there, his eyes full of tears.4.A young policeman stood in the street, holding a little red flag, h is face red with cold.5.The teacher sat in her chair, surrounded by her students, a happy l ook in her eyes.6.With nothing to eat, he died of hunger.7.A tall man came into the bank, wearing a pair of dark glasses, his face hidden by an upturned (翻起的) collar and a cap pulled over hi s brows.8.Mary left left the office with tears in her eyes.9.Such being the case, you have no reasons for dismissing him.10.He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast, a nd his glaring eyes looking straight upward.II.用独立结构改正下列句子中的错误1.Being freezing cold, she had to dress herself in warm clothes.2.Having finished his homework, we went home.3.A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed her li ttle son.4.His bike wrong, he has to walk to school.5.Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covering with snow.6.They were angry with their money to be stolen.III.单项填空1.The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complai ned that his leaving distured the speaker.A.beganB.beginningC.having begunD.being beginning2.Such ______ the case, I have no other choices.A.beingB.isC.wasD.to be3.Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.A.setB.settingC.has setD.was set4.With all factors ______ ,we think this program may be better than a ll the others in achieving the goal.A.being consideredB.consideringC.consideredD.are considered5.A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent.A.to have been worked outB.having worked outC.working outD.having been worked out6.On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ear s ______, alert, listening.A.pointedB.pointingC.are pointedD.are pointing7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our wo rk ______, we didn’t accept the offer.A.not being finishedB.not having finishedC.had not been finishedD.was not finished8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).A.hasB.hadC.to haveD.having9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.A.a pipe in mouthB.with a pipe in mouthC.pipe in mouthD.pipe in his mouth10.The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasi ng supply of raw material (原料).A.has gone upB.is going upC.having gone upD.being gone upIV.用独立结构完成下列句子1.Jane ran into the classroom, _____________________________ (手里拿着一个新文具盒).2.______________________ (午饭时间到了), the students all went to the dining-hall.3.A little girl was making paper flowers, ___________________________ _________________________ (她的妈妈面带微笑坐在她旁边).4.Here comes the bus from Yiwu, _____________________________________ _____________ (永康来的班车十分钟后到).5.__________________________ (由向导带路),we set off on foot into the dark night.6.___________________________ (有那么多书要读), I can’t kill time by playing cards.7.At the gate stood a PLA man, __________________________ (手里握着枪).8._____________________________ (做完家庭作业), he went to bed.9.______________________ (她的钱包被偷了), she had no money to buy ev en a bus ticket.10.________________________ (所有的灯都亮着), our teaching building l ooks more beautiful.Keys:II.1.Being前加It 2.Having前加He或His homework finished 3.followe d her little son改为her little son following her 4.His bike wrong改为Something being wrong with his bike或There being something wrong w ith his bike5.covering改为covered6.to be stolen改为stolenIII.1.with a new pencil-box in her hand 2.It being time for lunch 3. her mother sitting beside her with a smile on her face 4.that/the bu s from Yongkang to come in ten minutes 5.(With) The guide leading th e way 6.With so many books to read 7.gun in hand (with a gun in his hand) 8.The/His homework done/finished (With his/the homework done/ finished) 9.Her wallet stolen 10.(With) All the lights onIV. 1—5 CABCD 6—10 AADCC。
独立主格结构讲练 文档 (2)
独立主格结构一．非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。
其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
可以表示时间，原因，条件，伴随或补充说明等。
其结构为：名词/代词+v—ing/v—ed/to do/adj/adv/n./prep phrase(动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
)独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。
在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A.作状语Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。
His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。
He seating himself/seated/sitting at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.——Will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？-----sorry, so many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
高考难点英语句型：独立主格精致讲义+练习
一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2.名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的常见形式1. 名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
2. 名词（代词）+过去分词The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
3. 名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
4. 名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
独立主格重点讲座及针对练习题
所以在语法上不是句子，独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。
独立主格之所以不叫独立主语，就是因为该名词或代词与后面的其它部分有逻辑上的句子关系，但无论长短，都不能构成句子，当后面是非谓语动词时，前面与后面能够构成逻辑上的偶尔作定语，使用时，注意要用逗号与句子的主体部分分隔开来。
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑主谓关系。
如：The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是逻辑动宾关系（逻辑谓宾关系）。
可以理解为被动句结构中删掉了“be”部分。
如：The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
注意：以上两种结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，只是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立主格结构中非谓语动词的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或主格代词。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑主谓关系，多表示将来的行为，表示“企图”“约定”等，指的是按计划安排要做的事，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
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独立主格结构一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。
在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
（3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。
（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。
(表示条件)②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。
(表示时间) 注意：（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。
例如：The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home.学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。
（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。
例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep.当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。
2.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成）名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。
①The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started.发出信号后，汽车开始前进。
(表示时间)②Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one.他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。
(表示原因)③All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours.若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。
（表示条件）④He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) .他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。
（表示伴随状况或方式）注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。
但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。
例如：The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop.工作完成以后，他离开了车间。
3.名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将来含义）(1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用主动形式。
①The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed.有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。
（表示条件和将来含义）②He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets).他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。
（表示补充说明和过去含义）(2) 如果名词/主格代词与不定式构成被动关系, 此时不定式用被动形式(to be done)。
The meeting to be held tomorrow (= Because the meeting is to be held tomorrow)，we must catch the first bus.因为会议明天要被召开，所以我们必须赶上第一班汽车。
（表示原因）4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词（表示状态或特征）形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质特征及所处状态。
在该结构中，形容词或副词前其实省略了being。
①Everything (being) ready (= When everything was ready), they started out.一切准备停当，他们开始出发。
（表示时间）②The children were making a snowman, hands (being) red with cold. (= and their hands were red with cold)孩子们在对雪人，手都冻红了。
（表示伴随状况）③The meeting (being) over (= When the meeting was over), the students were dismissed.会议结束，学生们解散了。
（表示时间）④The boy looked at the beautiful picture, eyes (being) wide open(= and his eyes were wide open).这个孩子看着这幅美丽的图画，眼睛睁得大大的。
（表示伴随状况）（wide: adv 完全地）5.名词/主格代词 + 介词短语（表示状态或特征）介词短语常用来说明名词或主格代词的特征或所处的状态。
①The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth (= and a book was in his hand and a pipewas in his mouth). 老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。
（表示伴随状况）②The old farmer came back, a large basket on his shoulder (= and a large basket was on his shoulder). 老农回来，一个大筐扛在肩上。
（表示伴随状况）注意：在该结构中，介词前后的名词前都可以加上限定词，也可以都不加。
不加限定词时，介词前后的名词一般用单数形式。
例如：He entered the classroom, hat on head. 他进入教室，帽子戴在头上。
6.名词或主格代词+名词在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。
此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋ being ＋名词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词it等时，being不能省略。
名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
①He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and a stick was his only weapon).他和这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。
②He has translated the whole book into English, an English-Chinese dictionary (being) his tool.(=and an English-Chinese dictionary was his tool.)用一本英汉字典作工具，他把整本书翻译成了英语。
③It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school.（句中的being不能省略）因为是星期天，我没有上课。
三、其他形式的独立主格结构1.It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）It being Monday, the library is closed.It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.2.倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）(1) there being形式（含义为“有……”, being不能省略）①There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 没有汽车，我们只好步行回家。
②There being lots of work to do, we can’t give you a hand. 有很多工作要做，我们无法帮助你。
(2) such being形式①Such being the case, she had nothing to say. 情况就这样，她没有什么要说。
②Such being the fact, he had to admit his mistake. 事实如此, 他只好承认他的错误。
(3) 介词短语形式In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.沙地里是一个男子的脚印，Crusoe注视着脚印，充满了恐惧。
注意：being在下列情况下不能省略：①独立主格结构的主语为it或there。
②独立主格结构用倒装句式。
③用于“名词/主格代词+being done”结构中。
四、介词with / without复合结构1.这种结构的构成和含义如下：doing (表示动作的主动和进行)done（表示动作的被动和完成）to do (表示将来)With / without + 名词/宾格代词+adj / adv (表示状态或特征)介词短语（表示状态或特征）名词（表示状态或特征）◆“With / without + 名词/宾格代词+名词”使用的情形很少。
◆该结构作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等含义；有时候也可以作定语。