巴黎城市规划时间轴

早期[编辑]巴黎是世界上最古老的城市之一，考古学家认为巴黎地区在公元前4200年就已经有人类居住在此[30]。

凯尔特人当中的高卢人分支巴黎西人在公元前250年就已经居住在塞纳河沿岸[31][32]，所以巴黎市的核心就位于塞纳河上的西提岛（又译为“西岱岛”或“城岛”，Île de la Cité）。

公元前52年，罗马人征服了巴黎地区[30]。

在此之前，巴黎地区只是一个名为巴黎西（Parisii）的凯尔特高卢人部落的聚居地。

公元358年，罗马人在这里建造了宫殿，这一年被视为巴黎建城的开始。

罗马人起初将该这座城市命名为吕得斯（Lutetia），但是后来在四世纪时改名为巴黎。

但是罗马时期高卢行省的中心是在巴黎南方的里昂，巴黎当时只是一个小规模的人类居住地，而且人口都集中在塞纳河左岸。

巴黎在接下来的几个世纪中持续扩张，成为一个拥有宫殿、竞技场、浴场与花园的繁华城市[33]。

中古时期公元508年，法兰克人占领了巴黎，国王克洛维一世将巴黎定为墨洛温王朝的首都，法兰克人利用木板在这里建立教堂和宫殿。

但是此时的法兰克人统治的国家不过是一个部落的聚合体，并无严谨的组织。

克洛维一世死后，法兰克王国遭到他的儿子们瓜分，巴黎很快又沦为地方性城市。

在加洛林王朝时期，法兰克王国的首都并不在巴黎，而是在亚琛等城市之间移动，巴黎地区当时是由“强者”罗贝尔来统治。

公元9世纪，维京人入侵法国，并于公元845年进攻巴黎，于是巴黎人在城市周围建起了城墙抵御维京人侵略。

因为加洛林王朝的最后一个国王胖子查理软弱无能，于是在抵抗维京人进攻中享有盛誉的巴黎伯爵奥多（Odo），同时也是罗贝尔之子，在公元888年由大领主们推选为西法兰克王国的国王。

奥多的曾孙雨果·卡佩于987年加冕为法兰西国王，开创了卡佩王朝，同时巴黎也首次成为西法兰克王国的首都。

从公元11世纪开始，巴黎开始向塞纳河右岸发展。

路易六世在右岸地区建立了市场和道路。

腓力二世（奥古斯都）建设了首座环绕巴黎的城墙，还拓宽了城市道路，建设公共喷泉，同时修建了卢浮宫。

巴黎于公元1348年遭到黑死病袭击，当时巴黎约有200,000人居住[34]，而这次黑死病曾经在一天之内就造成800人死亡，并在1466年再度造成40,000人死亡[35]。

巴黎在百年战争中被英国和勃艮第公国的军队占领，但是后来瓦卢瓦王朝国王查理七世收复巴黎，在1453年结束了百年战争。

1356年巴黎修建了第二道城墙。

1356年，王太子查理召开三级会议，筹备军资和赎金，却无意应答巴黎市民代表要求扩大三级会议权限、限制王权。

1358年2月，巴黎市民艾蒂安·马赛（Étienne Marcel）领导下起义，冲入王宫，查理出逃。

后起义者联合扎克雷起义未果，查理调军围困巴黎，起义者遭镇压。

1436年，查理七世收复了巴黎。

虽然巴黎恢复首都的地位，但是法国真正的权力中心仍然在卢瓦尔河流域[36]。

到了16世纪初（1528年），弗朗索瓦一世在巴黎周边建造了众多的城堡，法国的权力中心才回到巴黎。

1564年，凯瑟琳·德·美第奇王太后下令在城市中央修建杜伊勒里宫和花园，并将它与卢浮宫连接起来。

1572年8月24日的圣巴托罗缪之夜，巴黎发生了天主教势力对基督新教雨格诺派的大屠杀，屠杀从巴黎扩散到其他一些城市，持续了几个月之久[37][38]。

波旁王朝时期，巴黎继续向四周发展，直到后来路易十四兴建凡尔赛宫，并将宫廷和行政机构迁往凡尔赛宫。

此时的巴黎环境肮脏，道路曲折，街道狭窄，房屋稠密，且多为木结构，是一座典型的中世纪城市，拥有近50万人口和25,000间房屋。

鼠疫在16及17世纪又多次侵袭巴黎，夺走许多人的生命[39]。

18至19世纪[编辑]1789年7月14日，法国大革命爆发，人民攻占巴斯第监狱[40]。

革命的其中一项措施是，更改了不少巴黎原有的地名：路易十五广场被更名为协和广场，巴黎圣母院被更名为“理性堂”，杰出的哥特式建筑圣雅克教堂被夷平，旺多姆广场的路易十四铜像、新桥的亨利四世铜像和巴黎其他各处的国王铜像被推翻。

法国大革命结束后，拿破仑对巴黎进行了新的扩建工作，兴建了巴黎凯旋门和卢浮宫的南北两翼，整修了塞纳河两岸，疏浚河道，并修建了大批古典主义[41]的宫殿、大厦、公寓。

拿破仑在1814年3月13日遭到击败后，巴黎遭到俄罗斯及联军势力占领，这是巴黎四百年来首次遭到外国势力占领[42]。

此后的巴黎历经反法同盟占领、1830年七月革命、1848年革命。

到了拿破仑三世时期，巴黎自中世纪沿革而成的市街风貌及古老狭隘的城市动线已不符合十九世纪西方对于一国之都的期待及需求。

1859年，拿破仑三世任命塞纳大省省长、巴黎警察局长乔治-欧仁·奥斯曼男爵（Baron Georges Eugène Haussmann）负责巴黎的大规模城市改造。

奥斯曼拆除了巴黎的外城墙，建设环城路，在旧城区开辟出许多笔直的林荫大道，并建设了众多新古典主义风格的广场、公园、住宅区、医院、火车站、图书馆、学校，以及公共喷泉和街心雕塑，还利用巴黎地下纵横交错的旧石矿建造了城市供水及排水系统。

但是他也拆掉了许多珍贵的历史遗产和文物，对巴黎旧城的破坏一直存在历史争议。

奥斯曼男爵在没有提供暂时住所的情况下拆除巴黎市区所有贫民区，将贫民全赶到城外，另外为避免革命再起，将许多运河地下化，让军方的瞭望塔没有死角，使反抗人士无法躲在河堤开枪与政府军对抗。

在这段期间，霍乱在1832年与1849年两度侵袭巴黎，造成巴黎人口严重下降。

单单1832年这次霍乱大流行就造成20,000人死亡，当时巴黎的人口也只有650,000人[43]。

1870年普法战争和1871年巴黎公社期间，巴黎再一次遭到战争的破坏。

巴黎公社在面临失败时，于1871年5月24日放火烧毁了巴黎的众多主要建筑[44]。

此后巴黎经历了第二次大规模发展时期。

作为法国大革命一百周年纪念，同时为了迎接1889年世界博览会，巴黎政府于1889年修建了埃菲尔铁塔，这次世界博览会也让巴黎成为世界上重要的观光与贸易中心[45]。

埃菲尔铁塔直到1930年帝国大厦落成之前都是世界上最高的建筑物。

巴黎政府为迎接1900年世界博览会修建了巴黎地铁，同时建造了大皇宫和小皇宫。

20世纪[编辑]1944年巴黎解放时，群众游行越过凯旋门。

在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战期间，巴黎都没有遭到严重破坏。

巴黎在战间期文化及艺术迅速发展，并吸引许多著名艺术家、音乐家与文学家聚集，例如伊戈尔·费奥多罗维奇·斯特拉文斯基、萨尔瓦多·达利、海明威与巴勃罗·毕加索等人[45]。

1940年6月14日，巴黎在法国战役开始5个礼拜后遭到德军占领。

当时德军从凯旋门通过，纪念拿破仑于1800年马伦哥战役胜利140周年[46]。

1944年巴黎解放前夕，希特勒曾经下令彻底摧毁这座城市，但是指挥官冯·寇尔蒂茨（Dietrich von Choltitz，法语念作肖尔蒂茨）最后并没有执行这个命令[47]。

德军最后在1944年8月25日撤出巴黎，巴黎终于获得解放[48]，法国人终于能越过凯旋门，庆祝战争的胜利。

第二次世界大战结束后，巴黎继续朝向四周发展，并于1970年代停止盲目扩张，改为发展郊区卫星城。

1970年代末开始，法国政府在巴黎西郊的上塞纳省（Hauts de Seine）建设了拉德芳斯中心商务区。

环城大道与区域快铁的完成让巴黎与邻近地区可以紧密连结，使得巴黎的大众运输系统更加完善[49][50][51]。

从1970年代开始，巴黎内部许多地区已经进行限制工业化程序，而许多外来移民也持续移入巴黎地区，失业者与外来移民造成许多社会问题[52][53]。

在此同时，巴黎与西方及南方的郊区已经从传统制造业成功转型为服务业与高科技制造业，居民的所得也晋升欧洲的顶尖行列[54][55][56]。

这种结果也导致区域之间产生社会鸿沟[57]，特别是从1980年代中期开始，例如2005年法国骚乱就是发生在巴黎东北郊区。

21世纪[编辑]为了去降低巴黎内部社会的紧张并促进经济发展，巴黎政府正在进行许多计划。

首都地区拓展事务国务秘书克里斯丁·布朗（Christian Blanc）于2008年就任，负责法国总统尼古拉·萨科齐的大巴黎计划（Grand Paris）。

在此同时，几栋摩天大楼于2006年获得政府批准，准备建造在拉德芳斯商业区，并预计于2010年代初完工。

这项计划也是巴黎自从蒙帕纳斯大楼在1973年完成后，首次进行的大规模摩天大楼兴建计划。

如今巴黎作为法国的首都和政治、文化、商业中心，仍然发挥着无可取代的功能。

Paris Urban Historyby Lisa MallnerParis began as a Celtic settlement on an island in the Seine. The earliest settlements were likely on various heights lining the river but away form the marshy banks. The Romans arrived with Cesar in 53 BC and occupied Paris. By the first century AD, the Roman settlement of Lutetia Parisiorum was a village with a few hundred inhabitants. The Romans built a wall surrounding the city, and made the town an important trade center. Roman architecture was consolidated organized -- there were planned temple and public districts built on a variation of a grid. Aqueducts brought water to imperial baths and public fountains. The city grew to include the Left Bank, and a road system was built to connect the city to the capital of Roman Gaul, Orleans./roman-paris.GIFBy the Carolingian age, the city had changed from being comprised primarily of Gallo-Romans to Christian Franks. By now the Roman city was in ruins and the building materials were recycled for new projects, especially the Frankish city developing on the right bank. Paris now included suburbs with massive plots of farmland worked by serfs. The relative quietude of the city was broken in 845,when Vikings began to repeatedly sack the city. The city shrank to only what could be contained within the old Roman walls, which were fortified for safety.Hugh Capet became the king of France in 987 and made Paris his capital. The city expanded during this period of relative stability, and building began in earnest. In 1108 Abbot Suger reconstructed the old Romanesque churches into Gothic cathedrals, especially Notre-Dame and the basilica of Saint-Denis. This architectural style dominated major buildings. However, it wasn't until Philip I that monarchs began to build grand palaces, pave streets, and encourage trade and education in the city./photos/2008/201/11420947_121658462748.jp gIn the late 12th century, Phillip II built the Louvre palace in the right bank and expanded the Roman wall around the city. He also built hospitals, aqueducts and fountains to provide fresh water, churches, and monasteries. Most importantly, he raised the streets, and refined the basic sewer system. As the high sulfur content of the local soil coupled with the Seine river and sewage was apparently nauseating for citizens and travelers alike, these changed helped simulate trade and commerce..By the 14th century, Paris was in turmoil because of the 100 YearsWar. Major building was stalled and Paris came under the English in 1420. The city and countryside were wasted by war and a long cold snap that ruined crops and caused mass starvation. Paris was liberated from the English by Charles VII, and by 1461 the Renaissance had reached Paris under Louis XI. During the Renaissance architects began to systematically study the shaping of urban space, and urban planning became a major consideration of rulers during building. Parts of old cities were rebuilt to create squares, straight roads, and symmetrical building arrangements. Thecity walls were again refurbished to accomodate advances in firearms and now contained large earthworks.Henry IV was a major figure in the renovation of Paris. He was a patron of the arts and took a personal interest in the field of architecture. Under his rule, Paris became the focal point of the newly unified country of France. The Place Royale (Place des Vosges) is perhaps his most famous building and is representative of Henry IV's rennovations. It is the oldest planned square in the city and is a prototype for residential squares across Europe. The Place Royale embraced simplicity, and this innovation extended to house fronts and planned spaces across Paris. Another archetypal innovation planned by Henry IV was the Place Dauphine. This too was among the earliest city planning projects in Paris. The Place Dauphine combinessemi-detached units of buildings that have shops at the ground floor and living quarters above. Additionally, a public square is integrated into the total design. Henry IV's promotion of domestic manufacturing is also embraced in his urban aesthetic, with many building materials and interior embellishments being produced locally./3165/3046294176_fdeb9f295f.jpgParis came into the Baroque style in the 1600s under Louis XIV andJean-Baptiste Colbert. The Versailles palace, which Louis made the seat of government because of his distaste for Paris is perhaps the best known example of this highly decorative style. For Louis XIV, architecture wasmeant to represent political power. Grand floor plans and ornate embellishment were well suited to this style. Versailles is considered the first modern real estate development. Louis XIV's superintendent of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who was left in charge of urban planning, understood that Paris had symbolic importance, and commissioned buildings in the classical style inspired by ancient Rome. Architecture was consciously used to define, and unify the nation (a strategy later used by Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin). The biggest construction project during this time was the Canal du Midi, which linked the Atlantic and the Mediterranean in order to facilitate the transport of goods. The signature contributions of this period were radiating road junctions, tree-lined boulevards, and major axes built onto the city grid starting in 1667. Building became more streamlined as first floors overhanging streets were also outlawed for fire safety. Streets were paved en masse with cobblestones, and sewers and street lamps were placed throughout Paris. By the 18th century the population of Paris expanded to more than half a million and the city was one of the wealthiest in the world. Rococo style brought decorative swirls and embellishments to the seventeenth century classicism in architecture./home/rwb/paris_1789.jpgThe next major movement in urban history came after the Revolution underLouis Napoleon III, who became emperor in 1852. Napoleon had a great deal of interest in developing Paris into a new modern city after the Industrial Revolution. He commissioned the Haussmann Plan, led by Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann, to realize this vision. Between 1852 and 1870, major renovations were undertaken in Paris, although work continued until the end of the century even after the fall of the Second Empire. These reforms are sometimes referred to as the “second empire reforms”. Haussmann not only renovated streets and utilities, but dictated the specific facades of buildings. Railway stations, monuments, and green spaces were included in his reforms. Haussmann designed street blocks as homogeneous architectural segments. Haussmann molded the entire city into a geometric grid, which divided the city into arrondissements. The districts started at the center of Paris and then spiraled outward. The streets were widened for improved traffic flow and public health (disease epidemics actually decreased as a result). Buildings were meant to be created and seen together in order to create a unified urban landscape. The favored decorative mode of these new buildings facades was neoclassicism. Haussmann enacted a revolutionary sewer system that divided clean water from dirty water, meant to deal with the growing popularity of bathrooms in upper class homes. These innovations effectively transformed Paris into a modern city./paris/magazine/diaporama/06/paris-vu-du-ciel/1 950/images/2.jpgIn 1960 a planning organization was founded (PADOG) to renovate theinner city. Growth of the city was limited as the plan included projections of population, economic development, and housing conditions as part of urban planning. Decentralization was necessary, factories were moved outside the city, and the garden city movement from England came to Paris. Architects like Le Corbusier advocated for the building of skyscrapers in order to concentrate activity in a small ground space and encourage more open green space. More recent movements include “cleaning up” the city, historical restoration, and a revival of traditional architectural styles.。