宏观经济学第33章作业
曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）课后习题详解（第33章--总需求与总供给）
曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）课后习题详解（第33章--总需求与总供给）曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）第12篇短期经济波动第33章总需求与总供给课后习题详解跨考⽹独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这⾥查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少⾛弯路，躲开⼀些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考⽹独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学⼀对⼀在线咨询进⾏咨询。
⼀、概念题1．衰退（recession ）答：衰退指收⼊减少与失业增加较为缓和的经济时期。
⼀般的衡量标准是国民⽣产总值连续两个季度下降。
⼀个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条、复苏四个阶段。
在繁荣阶段，经济活动全⾯扩张，不断达到新的⾼峰。
在衰退阶段，经济在短时间保持均衡后出现紧缩的趋势。
在萧条阶段，经济出现急剧的收缩和下降，很快从活动量的最⾼点下降到最低点。
在复苏阶段，经济从最低点恢复并逐渐上升到先前的活动量⾼度，进⼊繁荣。
2．萧条（depression ）答：萧条是真实GDP 严重减少的时期，指商业周期的紧缩阶段。
经济处于萧条阶段时，经济活动远低于正常⽔平，企业和消费者的严重悲观情绪持续很长的⼀个时期，它紧接着在达到⼀个⾼峰之后，以周期的低⾕⽽告终。
其特点是：⽣产急剧缩减，资本投资减少，信⽤规模收缩，价格持续下滑，失业增多，就业⽔平降低，企业家与消费者的情绪悲观。
在美国历史上曾发⽣过两次严重的萧条，⼀次发⽣在1873～1879年，⼀次发⽣在1929～1933年。
政府采取经济政策⼲预经济的⽬的在于缩短或消除这种经济萧条。
3．总需求与总供给模型（model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply ）答：总需求与总供给模型指将总需求与总供给结合在⼀起来分析国民收⼊与价格⽔平的决定及其变动的国民收⼊决定模型。
曼昆宏观经济学原理第五版chap33to35课后习题答案(中文)
答：这种“为了安全的资本外逃”对美国经济是件好事。
当外国人增加了对美国政府债券的需求时，这种行动减少了美国的资本净流出。
国外净投资减少时，美国可贷资金市场上的可贷资金需求减少，可贷资金的需求减少使利率下降，利率下降增加了国内投资，减少了国民储蓄。
资本净流出减少使得美国外汇市场上的美元供给减少，外汇市场上美元供给的减少引起实际汇率上升，实际汇率上升使贸易余额倾向于赤字。
13．假设美国共同基金突然决定更多地在加拿大投资。
A．加拿大的资本净流出、储蓄和国内投资会发生什么变动?答：加拿大的资本净流出会下降，加拿大的国内投资会增加，储蓄会下降。
B．这对加拿大资本存量的长期影响是什么?答：这会增加加拿大的长期资本存量。
C．资本存量的这种变化将如何影响加拿大劳动市场？这种美国在加拿大的投资使加拿大工人状况变好还是变坏?答：资本存量的这种变化会增加加拿大劳动市场的劳动需求。
这种美国在加拿大的投资使加拿大工人状况变好。
D．你认为这将使美国工人状况变好还是变坏？你能想到有什么原因一般会使这对美国公民的影响与对美国工人的影响不同?答：这将使美国工人状况变坏。
因为美国共同基金增加在加拿大的投资增加了美国公民的投资利润，但由于国内投资下降，美国工人的情况变坏。
第十二篇短期经济波动第三十三章总需求与总供给复习题1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量。
写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量。
答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。
2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期总供给的曲线的图。
仔细并正确地标出坐标轴。
答：图33—1经济的长期均衡3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的三个原因。
答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。
(1)庇古的财富效应：物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。
黄亚钧《宏观经济学》(第4版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
《宏观经济学》课后答案-黄亚钧版
《宏观经济学》课后重要习题答案第一章导论1．宏观经济学的研究对象是什么？它与微观经济学有什么区别？答：宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为研究对象，即以国内生产总值、国内生产净值和国民收入的变动及就业、经济周期波动、通货膨胀、财政与金融、经济增长等等之间的关系作为研究对象。
微观和宏观的区别在于：ａ研究对象不同；宏观的研究是整个国民经济的经济行为，微观研究的是个体经济行为。
ｂ研究主题不同：宏观是资源利用以至充分就业；微观是资源配置最终到效用最大化。
ｃ中心理论不同：宏观是国民收入决定理论；微观是价格理论。
2、宏观经济学的研究方法是什么？答：（1）三市场划分：宏观经济学把一个经济体系中的所有市场综合为三个市场：金融市场，产品和服务市场，以及要素市场。
（2）行为主体的划分：宏观经济学将行为主体主要分为：家庭、企业和政府。
（3）总量分析方法。
在宏观经济分析中，家庭和企业并不是作为分散决策的个体单位选择存在，而是最为一个统一的行动的总体存在。
宏观经济学把家庭和企业作为个别的选者行为加总，研究他们总体的选择行为，这就是总量分析。
（4）以微观经济分析为基础。
宏观经济学分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析基础上。
3、在经济周期的波动中，哪些宏观变量与周期波动同步？哪些变量具有超前性？答：实际GDP、通货膨胀率、失业率与周期波动同步，股票价格变量具有超前性。
4、宏观经济政策的主要治理对象是什么？答：宏观经济政策的主要治理对象是：失业和通货膨胀。
失业为实际变量，通货膨胀为名义变量。
5、什么是GDP和GNP？它们之间的差别在什么地方？答：GDP是指一定时期内（通常是一年）一国境内所生产的全部最终产品和服务的价值总和。
GNP是指一国公民在一定时期内所产出的全部最终产品和服务的价值总和。
两者的差别：（1）GDP是个地域概念而GNP是个国民概念；（2）GNP衡量的是一国公民的总收入，而不管其收入是从国内还是从国外获取的；GDP衡量的是一国国境内所有产出的总价值，而不管其所有者是本国公民还是外国公民。
(NEW)克鲁格曼《宏观经济学》(第2版)课后习题详解
答：税后平均个人收入的增长率为：（33705-6517）/6517=4.17。
学费、住宿费以及生活费总数的增长率为：（135892038）/2038=5.67。
由此可知，学费的增长率大于税后平均收入的增长率，学费的上升使得 学生支付大学学费更困难了。
11每年5月，《经济学家》杂志会刊登巨无霸汉堡包在不同国家的价格 以及汇率数据。下表列出了2003年和2007年的部分数据。请利用这些信 息回答下面的问题。
全景综览第23章宏观经济学循迹第24章失业和通货膨胀第11部分长期经济增长第25章长期经济增长第26章储蓄投资和金融系统第12部分短期经济第27章收入和支出第27章附录乘数的代数推导第28章总供给和总需求第13部分稳定政策第29章财政政策第29章附录税收与乘数第30章货币银行业和美国联邦储备体系第31章货币政策第32章通货膨胀通货膨胀减缓和通货紧缩第14部分事件和思想第33章宏观经济学
b．这个问题属于宏观经济学的研究范围。因为它考虑了消费者的总支 出与经济衰退之间的关系。
c．这个问题属于微观经济学的研究范围。它研究了单一市场上价格的 影响因素。
宏观经济学课后习题答案
宏观经济学课后习题答案问题1：什么是宏观经济学？它的研究对象是什么？宏观经济学是一门研究整体经济运行的学科。
它关注的是经济中的总体现象和经济运行的规律，包括国民经济的总体规模、增长速度、物价水平、就业水平、物资供求关系等。
宏观经济学的研究对象是整个经济系统，即国民经济的各个部门和各个经济主体之间的关系。
问题2：GDP的定义是什么？它的计算方法有哪些？GDP（国内生产总值）是一个国家或地区在一定时间内所生产的最终产品和服务的总价值。
它可以通过产出法、收入法和支出法进行计算。
•产出法：根据产品的产出量和售价来计算GDP。
主要包括产业增加值、商品增值税和净关税三个部分。
产业增加值是国内企业生产商品和服务所增加的价值，商品增值税是销售商品过程中增加的税费，净关税是进口商品关税减去出口商品的关税。
•收入法：根据国民收入的构成来计算GDP。
主要包括工资、利润、利息和租金等因素。
•支出法：通过对整体需求的衡量来计算GDP。
主要包括消费支出、投资支出、政府支出和净出口四个部分。
问题3：什么是通货膨胀？它有哪些影响因素？通货膨胀是指货币购买力下降，物价水平普遍上涨的现象。
通货膨胀导致货币价值的贬值，影响经济体制和社会生活的稳定。
通货膨胀的影响因素包括：1.需求拉动型通货膨胀：需求过高导致价格上涨。
当居民收入增加，需求上升，商品供不应求时，市场价格会上涨，从而导致通货膨胀。
2.成本推动型通货膨胀：成本上升导致价格上涨。
生产成本的上升，如劳动力成本、原材料成本等，将推动产品价格上涨，从而导致通货膨胀。
3.货币发行过多：当国家通过货币发行扩大经济增长，而没有相应的经济增长，会导致货币供应过剩，从而出现通货膨胀。
4.供给不足：当出现自然灾害、生产能力下降或政策限制等因素，会导致供给不足，进而推动商品价格上涨，引发通货膨胀。
问题4：什么是经济增长？有哪些推动经济增长的因素？经济增长指的是一个国家或地区在一定时间内经济总量的扩大。
宏观经济学原理习题
宏观经济学原理ppt 习题第23章 一国收入的衡量主动学习 1 GDP 及其组成部分在下面的各种情形下，计算GDP 及它受影响的组成部分的变化量 A. Debbie 在波士顿最好的饭店花了$200请他丈夫吃晚饭B. Sarah 为了出版业务的需要，花$1800买了一台新笔记本。
这台笔记本是在中国制造的C. Jane 为了她编辑业务的需要花了$1200购买一台新电脑，这台电脑是由本地的制造商在去年生产的D. 通用汽车公司生产了价值5亿美元的汽车，但消费者只购买了价值4.7亿美元的汽车主动学习 2A. 计算 2007年的名义GDPB. 计算2008年真实GDPC. 计算2009年的GDP 平减指数第24章 生活费用的衡量主动学习 1 计算 CPI CPI 篮子：{10 磅牛肉, 20 磅鸡肉}在2004年CPI 篮子的费用是120 美元，以2004年为基年 A. 计算2005年的CPIB. 2005年到2006年以CPI 计算的通货膨胀率是多少主动学习 2 替代偏向CPI 篮子： {10 磅牛肉, 20 磅鸡肉}2004-5: 家庭购买CPI 篮子2006：家庭买 {5 磅牛肉, 25 磅鸡肉} A. 计算2006年家庭购买篮子的费用 B. 以2005年6月家庭篮子费用来计算增长率，并与CPI 通货膨胀率比较主动学习 3CPI与GDP平减指数在下列情况下，说出对CPI和GDP平减指数的影响A. 星巴克提高了法布奇诺咖啡的价格B. 卡特彼勒提高了它在伊利诺伊州工厂生产的工业拖拉机的价格C. 亚曼尼提高了它在美国销售的意大利牛仔的价格主动学习 4转换为“今天的美元”美国普通的公立四年制学院与大学每年的教育费用：1986-87: $1,414 (1986的CPI = 109.6)2006-07: $5,834 (2006的CPI = 203.8)经过通货膨胀校正，学生在哪一年会支付更多的费用，1986年还是2006年？将1986年的数字转化为2006年的美元进行比较第25章生产与生长主动学习1 问题讨论你认为下述哪种政策能够在长期内最有效地促进不发达国家的经济增长和生活水平的提高?a. 对本地企业提供投资的税收激励b. 给经常去上课的学生发现金c. 打击政府腐败d. 限制进口来保护国内产业e. 允许自由贸易f. 赠送避孕套主动学习 2 生产率概念的复习▪列出生产率的决定因素▪列出可以通过增加生产率的一个决定因素来提高生活水平的三种政策第26章储蓄、投资和金融体系主动学习 1 A. 计算假定GDP等于10万亿美元，消费等于6.5万亿美元，政府支出为2万亿美元，预算赤字3千亿美元。
南京大学宏观经济学各章提要、习题答案、练习
《宏观经济学》考研复习指南第一部分各章提要、补充说明、习题选答及补充练习第1章宏观经济学导论一、本章提要本章是全书的导论部分，因此，它要告诉读者的首先是宏观经济学的研究对象、内容、研究方法以及这门学科存在的意义，也就是说，它力图要给出宏观经济学这门学科的一个大概轮廓。
宏观经济学是一门以一个国家的宏观经济运行作为主要研究对象的学科，它需要揭示的最主要问题是宏观经济在短期内为何会发生不同程度的波动，在长期又是什么力量决定一国经济的增长。
经济运行中最常见的宏观问题是通货膨胀和失业，因此，宏观经济学必将以相当的篇幅来讨论这两个问题。
由于本书是以中国读者为主要对象的教材，因此我们在导论中还特别描述了中国宏观经济运行的一个大概状况。
宏观经济学存在意义，是通过宏观经济学的理论研究，对宏观经济现象作出的有效的分析，然后判断和预测宏观经济运行的现状和趋势，从而为政府实施宏观经济调控政策提供依据。
从历史的角度来看待宏观经济学，两个主要流派（凯恩斯主义和新古典主义）之争构成了宏观经济经济学发展的主要线索，它们在市场机制能否保证使经济波动回复到均衡状态上面有着截然相反的哲学信念和观点，但是，宏观经济学作为一门科学，毕竟有着各个流派都遵循的规则和方法。
二、补充说明1.宏观经济学导读宏观经济学的核心内容，从短期看，是要解决实际总产出的决定问题以及为什么实际总产出会围绕潜在总产出发生波动；从长期看，是要探讨潜在总产出在怎样的条件下才能增长，为什么有的国家经济增长迅速而另外的一些国家经济增长则基本处于停滞状态。
因此，在学习宏观经济学时，需要特别注意的是时间概念，因为在不同的时间范围内，宏观经济学关注的对象是不一样的，当然，所采用的分析方法和分析手段也各自不同。
在短期里，宏观经济学假定潜在总产出水平和价格水平均固定不变。
在这一假定之下来分析实际总产出的决定与波动问题。
由于潜在总产出水平既定，因而实际总产出的大小就主要取决于总需求。
宏观经济 第33章 总需求与总供给(题目+答案)
第33章总需求与总供给1. People will want to buy more when thea. price level rises, because the interest rate rises.b. price level rises, because the interest rate falls.c. price level falls, because the interest rate rises.d. price level falls, because the interest rate falls.2. A decrease in U.S. interest rates leads toa. a depreciation of the dollar that leads to greater net exports.b. a depreciation of the dollar that leads to smaller net exports.c. an appreciation of the dollar that leads to greater net exports.d. an appreciation of the dollar that leads to smaller net exports.3. Other things the same, as the price level falls, a country's exchange ratea. and interest rates rise.b. and interest rates fall.c. falls and interest rates rise.d. rises and interest rates fall.4。
Which of the following will both make people spend more?a. wealth and interest rates rise.b. wealth rises and interest rates fall.c. wealth falls and interest rates rise.d. wealth falls and interest rates fall.5。
曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解【讲解】
目 录第一部分 笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频讲解]第8篇 宏观经济学的数据第23章 一国收入的衡量23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解23.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第24章 生活费用的衡量24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解24.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第9篇 长期中的真实经济第25章 生产与增长25.1 复习笔记25.2 课后习题详解25.3 考研真题详解第26章 储蓄、投资和金融体系26.1 复习笔记26.2 课后习题详解26.3 考研真题详解第27章 基本金融工具27.1 复习笔记27.2 课后习题详解27.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第28章 失 业28.1 复习笔记28.2 课后习题详解28.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第10篇 长期中的货币与物价第29章 货币制度29.1 复习笔记29.2 课后习题详解29.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第30章 货币增长与通货膨胀30.1 复习笔记30.2 课后习题详解30.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第11篇 开放经济的宏观经济学第31章 开放经济的宏观经济学：基本概念31.1 复习笔记31.2 课后习题详解[视频讲解]31.3 考研真题详解第32章 开放经济的宏观经济理论32.1 复习笔记32.2 课后习题详解[视频讲解]32.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第12篇 短期经济波动第33章 总需求与总供给33.1 复习笔记33.2 课后习题详解33.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第34章 货币政策和财政政策对总需求的影响34.1 复习笔记34.2 课后习题详解34.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第35章 通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍35.1 复习笔记35.2 课后习题详解35.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第13篇 最后的思考第36章 宏观经济政策的六个争论问题36.1 复习笔记36.2 课后习题详解36.3 考研真题详解[视频讲解]第二部分 模拟试题及详解曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）模拟试题及详解（一）曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）模拟试题及详解（二）第一部分 笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频讲解]第8篇 宏观经济学的数据第23章 一国收入的衡量23.1 复习笔记1．经济的收入与支出在一国的宏观经济中，收入必定等于支出。
宏观经济 习题31-33.doc
Chapter 31Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic ConceptsMultiple Choice1.International tradea.raises the standard of living in all trading countries.b.lowers the standard of living in all trading countries.c.leaves the standard of living unchanged.d.raises the standard of living for importing countries and lowers it for exporting countries.2.One year a country has negative net exports. The next year it still has negative net exports and imports have risenmore than exports.a.its trade surplus fell.b.its trade suiplus rose.c.its trade deficit fell.d.its trade deficit rose3・ You buy a new car built in Sweden. Other things the same, your purchase by itselfa.raises both U.S. exports and U.S. net exports.b.raises U.S. exports and lowers U.S. net exports.c.raises both U.S. imports and U.S. net exports.d.raises U.S. imports and lowers U.S. net exports. capital outflow refers to the purchase ofa.foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreign residents.b.foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchase of foreign goods and services by domestic residents.c.domestic assets by foreign residents minus the purchase of domestic goods and services by foreign residents.d.domestic assets by foreign residents minus the purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents. capital outflow measuresa.foreign assets held by domestic residents minus domestic assets held by foreign residents.b.the imbalance between the amount of foreign assets bought by domestic residents and the amount of domesticassets bought by foreigners.c.the imbalance between the amount of foreign assets bought by domestic residents and the amount of domesticgoods and services sold to foreigners.d.None of the above is correct.6.Suppose that more Chinese decide to vacation in the U.S. and that the Chinese purchase more U.S. Treasury bonds.Ignoring how payments are made for these purchases,a.the first action by itself raises U.S. net exports, the second action by itself raises U.S. net capital outflow.b・ the first action by itself raises U.S. net exports, the second action by itself lowers U.S. net capital outflow.c.the first action by itself lowei-s U.S. net exports, the second action by itself raises U.S. net capital outflow.d.the first action by itself lowers U.S. net exports, the second action by itself lowers U.S. net capital outflow.7.Which of the following would be U.S. foreign direct investment?a. A Polish company opens a shipbuilding plant in the United States.b.A Bolivian bank buys U.S. corporate bonds.c. A U.S. bank buys Bolivian corporate bonds.d・ A U.S. furniture maker opens a plant in Mexico.8.Which of the following would be U.S. foreign portfolio investment?a.Disney builds a new amusement park near Barcelona, Spain.b・ A U.S. citizen buys stock in companies located in Asia.c. A Dutch hotel chain opens a new hotel in the United States.d. A citizen of Singapore buys a bond issued by a U.S. corporation.9.Bob, a Greek citizen, opens a restaurant in Chicago. His expendituresa.increase U.S. net capital outflow and have no affect on Greek net capital outflow.b.increase U.S. net capital outflow and increase Greek net capital outflow.c.increase U.S. net capital outflow, but decrease Greek net capital outflow.d.decrease U.S. net capital outflow, but increase Greek net capital outflow. capital outflowa.is always greater than net exports.b.is always less than net exports.c.is always equal to net exports.d.could be any of the above.12.If a country has negative net capital outflows, then its net exports area.positive and its saving is larger than its domestic investment.b.positive and its saving is smaller than its domestic investment.c.negative and its saving is larger than its domestic investment.d.negative and its saving is smaller than its domestic investment.13.Which of the following equations is always correct in an open economy?a./= K-Cb.I = Sc. 1 = S・NCOd. 1 = S + NX14.The nominal exchange rate is thea.nominal interest rate in one country divided by the nominal interest rate in the other countiy.b.rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another.c.price of a good in one countiy divided by the price of the same good in another.d.the number of goods a person can trade for a similar good in another country.15.The real exchange rate is the nominal rate exchange defined as foreign currency per dollar timesa.U.S. prices minus foreign prices.b.prices in the United States divided by foreign prices.c.foreign prices divided by U.S. prices.d.None of the above is correct.16.Other things the same, the real exchange rate between U.S. and South African goods would be higher ifa.prices in the U.S. were higher, or the number of South African rand the dollar purchased were higher.b.prices in the U.S. were higher, or the number of South African rand the dollar purchased were lower.c.prices in the U.S. were lower, or the number of South African rand the dollar purchased were higher.d.prices in the U.S. were lower, or the number of South African rand the dollar purchased were lower.17.If the real exchange rate between the U.S. and Argentina is 1, thena.purchasing-power parity holds, and I U.S. dollar buys 1 Argentinean bolivar.b.purchasing power parity holds, and the amoimt of currency needed to buy goods in the U.S. is the same as theamount needed to buy enough Argentinean bolivars to buy the same goods in Argentina.c.purchasing power parity does not hold, but 1 U.S. dollar buys 1 Argentinean bolivar.d.purchasing power parity does not hold, but the amount of cunency needed to buy goods in the U.S. is the same as theamount needed to buy enough Argentinean bolivars to buy the same goods in Argentina.18.A depreciation of the U.S. real exchange rate induces U.S. consumers to buya.fewer domestic goods and fewer foreign goods.b.more domestic goods and fewer foreign goods.c.fewer domestic goods and more foreign goods.d.more domestic goods and more foreign goods.19.If P = domestic prices, P* = foreign prices, and e is the nominal exchange rate, which of the following is implied bypurchasing-power parity?a.P = e/P*b. 1 = e/P*c. e = P*IPd.None of the above is correct.True 压alse2. A country with negative net exports has a trade surplus.3.If a country sells more goods and services abroad than it purchases abroad, it has positive net exports and a tradesurplus.4.Perhaps the most dramatic change in the U.S. economy over the past four decades has been the increasing relativeimportance of intemational trade and finance. capital outflow is the purchase of domestic assets by foreign residents minus the purchase of foreign assets bydomestic residents.7.Other things the same, the purchase of a U.S. government bond by a resident of Singapore decreases U.S. net capitaloutflow and increases Singapore's net capital outflow.8.When a company from Germany builds an automobile factory in the United States, the German firm has engaged inforeign direct investment.9. A rational investor will always purchase the bond that pays the highest real interest rate.10.For an economy as a whole, net exports must equal minus one times net capital outflow.11.If people in the United States buy MP3 players made in Japan, both U.S. net exports and U.S. net capital outflowdecrease.16.In an open economy, U.S. national savings can be less than U.S. investment.17.If the exchange rate is 10 pesos per U.S. dollar, it is also 1/10 U.S. dollars per peso.18.If the exchange rate is 125 yen per dollar. Then a hotel room in Tokyo that costs 25,000 yen costs $200.19.If the real exchange rate of the U.S. dollar falls, U.S. net exports will fall.20.The theory of purchasing-power parity states that a unit of any given currency should be able to buy the same quantityof goods in all countries.21.Many economists believe that the theory of purchasing-power parity describes the forces that determine exchangerates in the long run.22.According to purchasing-power parity theory, the real exchange rate should equal the nominal exchange rate.23.If the purchasing power of the dollar is always the same at home and abroad, then the nominal exchange rate definedas units of foreign currency per dollar decreases if the U.S. price level rises more than the price level in foreigncountries.24.According to the theoiy of purchasing-power parity, the real exchange rate defined as foreign goods per unit of U.S.goods will equal the exchange rate defined as units of foreign currency per dollar times the domestic price leveldivided by the foreign price level.25.In the 1970s and 1980s the U.S. dollar depreciated against the German mark and appreciated against the Italian lirabecause the United States experienced more inflation than Germany but less inflation than Italy.26.When the central bank of some countiy prints large quantities of money, that county's currency loses value both interms of the goods and services it buys and in terms of the amount of foreign currencies it can buy.Chapter 32A Macroeconomic Theory of the Open EconomyMultiple Choice1.The open-economy macroeconomic model includesa.only the market for loanable funds.b.only the market for foreign-currency exchange.c.both the market for loanable funds and the market for foreign-cuiTency exchange.d.neither the market for loanable funds or the market for foreign-currency exchange.2.In an open economy, the market for loanable funds equates national saving witha.domestic investment. capital outflow.c.the sum of national consumption and government spending.d.the sum of domestic investment and net capital outflow.3.In the open-economy niacroeconomic model, the market for loanable funds identity can be written asa.S = Ib.S = NCOc.S = / + NCOd.S + I = NCO4.If interest rates rose more in France than in the U.S., then other things the samea.U.S. citizens would buy more French bonds and French citizens would buy more U.S. bonds.b.U.S. citizens would buy more French bonds and French citizens would buy fewer U.S. bonds.c.U.S. citizens would buy fewer French bonds and French citizens would buy more U.S. bonds.d・ U.S. citizens would buy fewer French bonds and French citizens would buy fewer U.S. bonds.5.An increase in the U.S. real interest rate inducesa.Americans to buy more foreign assets, which increases U.S. net capital outflow.b.Americans to buy more foreign assets, which reduces U.S. net capital outflow.c.foreigners to buy more U.S. assets, which reduces U.S. net capital outflow.d.foreigners to buy more U.S. assets, which increases U.S. net capital outflow.6.In the open economy macroeconomic model net capital outflow is equal to the quantity ofa.dollars supplied in the foreign exchange market.b.dollars demand in the foreign exchange market.c.funds supplied in the loanable funds market.d.None of the above is coiTect.7.Which of the following would tend to shift the supply of dollars in the market for foreign-cuiTency exchange of theopen-economy macroeconomic model to the left?a.The exchange rate rises.b.The exchange rate falls.c.The expected rate of return on U.S. assets r ises.d.The expected rate of return on U.S. assets falls.8.The price that balances supply and demand in the market for foreign-currency exchange in the open-economymacroeconomic model is thea.nominal exchange rate.b.nominal interest rate.c.real exchange rate.d.real interest rate.9.The theory of purchasing-power parity implies that the demand curve for foreign-currency exchange isa.downward sloping.b.upward sloping.c.horizontal.d.vertical.10.In the open-economy macroeconomic model, the key determinant of net capital outflow is thea.nominal exchange rate.b.nominal interest rate.c.real exchange rate.d.real interest rate.11.Suppose that the United States imposes an import quota on automobiles. In the open-economy macroeconomic modelthis quota shifts thea.U.S. supply of loanable funds left.b.U.S. demand for loanable funds left.c.demand for U.S. dollars in the market for foreign-cuiTency exchange right.d.supply of U.S. dollars in the market for foreign-currency exchange left.12.A large and sudden movement of funds out of a country is calleda.arbitrage.b.capital flight.c.crowding out.d.capital mobility.True/False2.In the open-economy macroeconomic model we focus on the determination of GDP and the price level.3.In an open economy, the supply of loanable funds comes from national saving.4.Tn an open economy, the demand for loanable funds comes from both domestic investment and net capital outflow.5. A drop in the Peruvian real interest rate reduces Peruvian net capital outflow.6.In the open-economy macroeconomic model, at the equilibrium real interest rate, the amount that people (includinggovernment) want to save exactly balances desired domestic investment.7.If the real interest rate were above the equilibrium rate, there would be a shortage of loanable funds. capital outflow represents the quantity of dollars supplied in the foreign-currency exchange market.9.In the open-economy macroeconomic model, net exports equal the quantity of dollars demanded in the foreign-cuiTency exchange market.10.Other things the same, when the real exchange rate of the dollar appreciates, U.S. goods become more attractive to U.S.residents, but less attractive to foreign residents.11.In the open-economy macroeconomic model, the supply curve of currency is vertical because the quantity of currencysupplied does not depend on the real exchange rate.12.If the real exchange rate of the U.S. dollar were above its equilibrium level, the real exchange rate of the U.S. dollarwould appreciate.13.Tn the open-economy macroeconomic model, other things the same, when a U.S. resident imports a foreign good, ourmodel treats this as a decrease in the demand for dollars in the tbreign-cunency exchange market.14.The key determinant of net capital outflow is the real exchange rate.15.Because depreciation of the real exchange rate of the dollai* increases U.S. net exports, the demand curve for dollarsin the foreign-currency exchange market is downward sloping.16.Other things the same, when an Australian company imports sporting equipment from the U.S., the open-economymacroeconomic model treats this transaction as an increase in the quantity of dollars demanded in the U.S. foreign-cuiTency exchange market.17.In the open-economy macroeconomic model, net capital outflow links the markets for loanable funds and foreign-cuiTency exchange.18.When the government increases the government budget deficit, national saving decreases.19.According to the open-economy macroeconomic model, if the U.S. government reduced its government budget deficit,both U.S. domestic investment and U.S. net capital outflow would fall.23.When a country imposes a trade restriction, the real exchange rate of that country's cuiTency appreciates.24.An import quota imposed by Egypt would reduce Egyptian imports, but have no impact on Egyptian exports.25.Although trade policies do not affect a country's overall trade balance, they do affect specific firms and industries.26.If policymakers impose import restrictions on electronics, the U.S. trade deficit will shrink.27.If Argentina suffers from capital flight, Argentinean domestic investment w川fall and Argentinean net exports willincrease.Chapter 33Aggregate Demand and Aggregate SupplyMultiple Choice1.Which of the following explains why production rises in most years?a.increases in the labor forceb.increases in the capital stockc.advances in technological knowledged.All of the above are correct.2. A short period of falling incomes and rising unemployment is called aa.depression.b.recession.c.expansion.d.business cycle.3.According to classical macroeconomic theory, changes in the money supply affecta.nominal variables and real variables.b.nominal variables, but not real variables.c.real variables, but not nominal variables.d.neither nominal nor real variables.4.Most economists believe that classical macroeconomic theory is a good description of the worlda.in neither the short nor long run.b.in the short run and in the long run.c.in the short run, but not in the long run.d.in the long run, but not in the short run.5.The model of short-run economic fluctuations focuses on the price level anda.real GDP.b・ economic growth.c.the neutrality of money.d.None of the above is correct.6.Other things the same, as the price level falls, the real value of a dollara.rises, and interest rates rise.b.rises, and interest rates fall.c.falls, and interest rates rise.d.falls, and interest rates fall.7.Other things the same, as the price level rises, exchange ratesa.and interest rates rise.b・ and interest rates fall.c.fall and interest rates rise.d.rise and interest rates fall.8.Changes in the price level affect which components of aggregate demand?a.only consumption and investmentb.only consumption and net exportsc.only investmentd.consumption, investment, and net exports9.When taxes decrease, consumptiona.increases as shown by a movement to the right along a given aggregate demand curve.b.increases, shifting aggregate demand to the right.c.decreases, shifting aggregate supply to the right.d.None of the above is correct.10.Which of the following shifts aggregate demand to the right?a.an increase in the money supplyb.an increase in net exports due to something other than a change in domestic pricesc.an investment tax creditd.All of the above are correct.I L Which of the following is correct?a.The short-run, but not the long-run, aggregate supply curve is consistent with the idea that nominal variables donot affect real variables.b.The long-run, but not the short-run, aggregate supply curve is consistent with the idea that nominal variables donot affect real variables.c.The long-run and short-run supply curves are both consistent with the idea that nominal variables affect realvariables.d.Neither the long-nin nor the short-run aggregate supply curve is consistent with the idea that nominal variablesaffect real variables.12.The sticky-wage theory of the short-run aggregate supply curve says that when the price level rises more than expected,a.production is more profitable and employment rises.b.production is more profitable and employment falls.c.production is less profitable and employment rises.d.production is less profitable and employment falls.13.The equation: quantity of output supplied = natural rate of output + 6/(actual price level - expected price level), wherea is a positive number, representsa. an upward-sloping, short-nm aggregate supply curve.b・ a vertical, long-nm supply curve.c. a downward-sloping aggregate demand curve.d.None of the above is correct.True/False1.Because we understand what things change GDP, we can predict recessions with a fair amount of accuracy.2.Like real GDP, investment fluctuates, but investment fluctuates by a larger percentage.3.When output rises, unemployment falls.4.An increase in the money supply causes output to rise in the long run.5.Most economists believe that classical theory explains the world in the short run, but not the long run.6. A change in the money supply changes only nominal variables in the long run.7.The explanations for the slopes of the aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply curves are the same as theexplanations for the slopes of demand and supply curves for specific goods and services.8. A decrease in the price level makes consumers feel wealthier, so they purchase more. This logic helps explain why theaggregate demand curve slopes downward.9.Other things the same, a decrease in the price level makes the interest rate increase, which leads to an appreciation ofthe dollar in the foreign-currency exchange.10.The downward slope of the aggregate demand curve is based on logic that as the price level rises, consumption,investment, and net exports all fall.11.Aggregate demand shifts to the left if the money supply decreases.12. A decrease in the money supply causes the interest rate to rise so that investment rises.13.If speculators bid up the value of the dollar in the market for foreign-currency exchange, U.S. aggregate demand wouldshift to the left.14.An increase in the money supply shifts the long-run aggregate supply curve to the right.15.Technological progress shifts the long-run aggregate supply curve to the right.16.Because the price level does not affect the long-run determinants of real GDP, the long-run aggregate-supply is vertical.17.We could explain continued increases in both output and the price level by supposing that only aggregate demandshifted right over time.18.Because not all prices adjust instantly to changing circumstances, an unexpected fall in the price level leaves somefirms with higher-than-desired prices, and these higher-than-desired prices depress sales and induce firms to reduce the quantity of goods and services they produce.19.All explanations for the upward slope of the short-run aggregate supply curve suppose that the quantity of outputsupplied increases when the actual price level exceeds the price level that was expected.20.An increase in the actual price level does not shift the short-mn aggregate supply curve, but an expected increase in theprice level shifts the short-nm aggregate supply curve to the left.21.Fluctuations in real GDP are caused only by changes in aggregate demand and not by changes in aggregate supply.22.Increased uncertainty and pessimism about the future of the economy decreases investment spending, shiftingaggregate demand to the left.23.Pessimism about the future leads to falling prices and rising unemployment in the short run.24.Tn response to a decrease in output the economy would revert to its original level of prices and output whether thedecrease in output was caused by a decrease in aggregate demand or a decrease in aggregate supply.。
宏观经济学学习笔记(曼昆经济学原理)33章节
《经济学原理_宏观经济学》第33章总需求与总供给一、重要名词解释衰退：真实收入下降和失业增加的时期。
萧条：严重的衰退。
总需求与总供给模型：大多数经济学家用来解释经济活动围绕其长期趋势的短期波动的模型。
(总需求与总供给模型指将总需求与总供给结合在一起来分析国民收入与价格水平的决定及其变动的国民收入决定模型。
)总需求曲线：表示在每一种物价水平时，家庭、企业、政府和外国客户想要购买的物品与服务数量的曲线。
总供给曲线：表示在每一种物价水平时，企业选择生产并销售的物品与服务数量的曲线。
自然产出水平：一个经济在长期中当失业处于其正常率时达到的物品与服务的生产水平。
滞胀：产量减少而物价上升的时期。
二、重要摘抄1.关于经济波动的三个关键事实：经济波动是无规律的且不可预测的；大多数宏观经济变量同时波动；随着产量减少，失业增加。
经济中的波动通常被称为经济周期，但事实上，经济波动并不会遵循一种有规律的、可预测的形式。
真实GDP是最普遍地用于监测经济中短期变动的一个变量，因为它是经济活动的一个最全面的衡量指标。
衰退是经济的总体现象，所以它们反映在宏观经济数据的许多来源上，只是波动的幅度并不相同而已，其中投资支出的变动最大。
之前章节的分析都是基于两种相关的思想——古典二分法和货币中性。
古典二分法是把变量分为真实变量（衡量数量或相对价格的变量）和名义变量（按货币衡量的变量）。
根据古典宏观经济理论，货币供给的变动影响名义变量，而不影响真实变量，也即货币是中性的。
在某种意义上说，在古典世界中货币无关紧要。
如果经济中的货币量翻了一番，每一种东西的成本就会翻一番，而且每个人的收入也会翻一番，因为变动是名义的。
这种古典观点有时也可以用“货币是一层面纱”这句俗语来描述。
这就是说，当观察经济时，名义变量可能是我们看到的第一样东西，因为经济变量通常用货币单位来表示。
但是，重要的是真实变量和决定它们的经济力量，因此这需要透过面纱去观察。
大多数经济学家认为，古典理论描述了长期世界，但并没有表述短期世界。
高鸿业版-宏观经济学每章课后习题答案全
第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别？为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的，有效的，而从宏观看却是不合理的，无效的？解答：两者之间的区别在于：(1)研究的对象不同。
微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为，而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。
(2)解决的问题不同。
微观经济学要解决资源配置问题，而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。
(3)中心理论不同。
微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论，所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的，而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论，所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决定展开的。
(4)研究方法不同。
微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法，而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。
两者之间的联系主要表现在：(1)相互补充。
经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。
为此，既要实现资源的最优配置，又要实现资源的充分利用。
微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题，而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。
它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。
(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。
(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。
当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究，即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。
由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同，分析方法也不同，因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的，而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。
例如，在经济生活中，某个厂商降低工资，从该企业的角度看，成本低了，市场竞争力强了，但是如果所有厂商都降低工资，则上面降低工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强，而且职工整体工资收入降低以后，整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。
同样，一个人或者一个家庭实行节约，可以增加家庭财富，但是如果大家都节约，社会需求就会降低，生产和就业就会受到影响。
曼昆宏观经济学英文版参考答案第33章.docx
Chapter 30Problems and Applications1 • a. The current state of the economy is shown in Figure 6. The aggregate-demandcurve and short-run aggregate-supply curve intersect at the same point on theIong-run aggregate-supply curve.b. A stock market crash leads to a leftward shift of aggregate dema nd. Theequilibrium level of output and the price level will fall ・ Because the quantity ofoutput is less than the natural rate of output, the unemployment rate will riseabove the natural rate of unemployment.c. If nominal wages are unchanged as the price level falls, firms will be forced to cutback on employment and product! on. Over time as expect at i ons adjust, theshort-run aggregate-supply curve will shift to the right, moving the economy backto the natural rate of output.2. a When the United States experiences a wave of immigration, the labor force increases, so long-run aggregate supply shifts to the right.b ・ When Congress raises the minimum wage to $10 per hour, the natural rate ofunemployment rises, so the long-run aggregate-supply curve shifts to the left.c. When Intel invents a new and more powerful computer chip, productivityincreases, so long-run aggregate supply in creases because more output can beproduced with the same in puts ・d. When a severe hurricane damages factories along the East Coast, the capitalstock is smaller, so Iong-run aggregate supply declines ・OAQ-JQoudThe current state of the economy is shown in Figure 7. The aggregate-demand curve and short-run aggregate-supply curve intersect at the same point on the Iong-run aggregate-supply curve ・If the cen tral bank increases the money supply, aggregate dema nd shifts to the right (to point B)・ In the short run, there is an increase in output and the price level.Over time, nominal wages, prices, and perceptions will adjust to this new price level. As a result, the short-run aggregate-supply curve will shift to the left ・ The economy will return to its natural rate of output (point C).According to the sticky-wage theory, nominal wages at points A and B are equal. However, nominal wages at point Care higher.According to the sticky-wage theory, real wages at point B are lower than real wages atpoint A. However, real wages at points A and C are equal.Yes, this an alysis is con sistent with Ion g-r un mon etary n eutrality ・ In the longrun, an increase in the money supply causes an increase in the nominal wage, butleaves the real wage un ch a nged ・ 3. a. b. c. d. e. Price LevelOutputFigure 7The idea of lengthen!ng the shopping period between Thanksgiving and Christmas was to increase aggregate dema nd. As Fgure 8 shows, this could increase output back toits long-run equilibrium level.5. a The statement that “the aggregate -demand curve slopes downward because itis the horizontal sum of the demand curves for individual goods n is false ・ Theaggregate-demand curve slopes downward because a fall in the price level raisesthe overall quantity of goods and services demanded through the wealth effect,the interest-rate effect, and the exchange ・rate effect.b ・ The statement that H the Iong-run aggregate-supply curve is vertical because economicforces do not affect long-run aggregate supply 1* is false ・ Economic forces ofvarious kinds (such as population and productivity) do affect long-run aggregatesupply ・ The Iong-run aggregate-supply curve is vertical because the price leveldoes not affect long-run aggregate supply.c. The statement that M if firms adjusted their prices every day, then the short-runaggregate-supply curve would be horiz on tal H is false .If firms adjusted pricesquickly and if sticky prices were the only possible cause for the upward slope ofthe short-run aggregate-supply curve, then the short-run aggregate-supply curvewould be vertical, not horizontal. The short-run aggregate supply curve would behorizontal only if prices were completely fixed ・d ・ The statement that H whenever the economy enters a recession, its Iong-runaggregate-supply curve shifts to the left'1 is false ・ An economy could enter arecession if either the aggregate-demand curve or the short-run aggregate-supplycurve shifts to the left.6. a. According to the sticky-wage theory, the economy is in a recession because the price level has declined so that real wages are too high, thus labor demand is too low. Over time, as 4. Quantity of OutputFigure 8 -aAQ-Jaoudnominal wages are adjusted so that real wages decline, the economy returns to full employment ・According to the sticky-price theory, the economy is in a recession because not allprices adjust quickly. Over time, firms are able to adjust their prices more fully,and the economy returns to the Iong-run aggregate-supply curve ・According to the misperceptions theory, the economy is in a recession when theprice level is below what was expected ・ Over time, as people observe the lowerprice level, their expectations adjust, and the economy returns to the long-runaggregate-supply curve.b ・ The speed of the recovery in each theory depends on how quickly price expect at ions, wages, and prices adjust ・Figure 97.If the Fed increases the money supply and people expect a higher price level, theaggregate-demand curve shifts to the right and the short-run aggregate-supply curve shifts to the left, as shown in Fgure 9・ The economy moves from point A to point B, with no ch a nge in output and a rise in the price level (to FQ. If the public does not cha nge its expect at i on of the price level, the short-r un aggregate-supply curve does not shift, the economy ends up at point C, and output in creases along with the price level (to 马.Fgure 10 depicts an economy in a recession. The short-run aggregate-supply curve is ASi and the economy is at equilibrium at point A, which is to the left of the long-run LRAS 丫1 丫2Quantity of Output a>Ao)J aoudP2aggregate-supply curve・ If policymakers take no action, the economy will return to theIong-run aggregate-supply curve over time as the short-run aggregate-supply curve shifts to the right to The economy*s new equilibrium is at point B.Figure 1 09. a. People will likely expect that the new chairman will not actively fight inflation sothey will expect the price level to rise.b. If people believe that the price level will be higher over the next year, workers will want higher nominal wages・c. Higher labor costs lead to reduced profitability.d・ The short-run aggregate-supply curve will shift to the left as shown in Fgure11.Quantity of OutputFigure 11e. A decline in short-run aggregate supply leads to reduced output and a higherprice level.f. No, this choice was probably not wise ・ The end result is stagflation, whichprovides limited choices in terms of policies to remedy the situation.10. a. If households decide to save a larger share of their in come, they must spend less onconsumer goods, so the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the left, as shown inFgure 12. The equilibrium changes from point A to point B, so the price leveldeclines and output declines ・b ・ If Florida orange groves suffer a proIonged period of below-freezing temperatures, theorange harvest will be reduced. This decline in the natural rate of output isrepresented in Figure 13 by a shift to the left in both the short-run and long-runaggregate-supply curves ・ The equilibrium changes from point A to point B, sothe price level rises and output declines ・Quantity of OutputFigure 1 2asAaJ aoudIf increased job opportunities cause people to leave the country, the long-run and short-run aggregate-supply curves will shift to the left because there are fewer people producingoutput. The aggregate-demand curve will shift to the left because there are fewer people consuming goods and services. The result is a decline in the quantity of output, as Figure 14 shows. Whether the price level rises or declines depends on the relative sizes of the shifts in the aggregate-demand curve and the aggregate-supply curves ・When the stock market declines sharply, wealth declines, so the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the left, as shown in Fgure 15・ In the short run, the economy moves from point A to point B, as output declines and the price level declines. In the long run, the short-run aggregate-supply curve shifts to the right to restore equilibrium at point C, with unchanged output and c. 11. a.PriceLevelPriceLevelFigure 1 4a lower price level compared to point A.Figure 1 5A丫2 Quantity of OutputFigure 1 6b ・ Whe n the federal governme nt in creases spendi ng on n atio nal defe nse, the rise ingovernment purchases shifts the aggregate-demand curve to the right, as shown in Fgure16. In the short run, the economy moves from point A to point B, as output and the price level rise ・ In the long run, the short-run aggregate-supply curve shifts to the left to restore equilibrium at point C, with unchanged output and a higher price level compared to pointA.Quantity of Output a>Aa-lf dLRASi LRAS2人丫2Quantity of OutputFigure 1 7c. When a tech no logical improvement raises productivity, the long-r un and short-runaggregate-supply curves shift to the right, as shown in Fgure 17. The economymoves from point A to point B, as output rises and the price level decli nes.Figure 1 8d・ When a recession overseas causes foreigners to buy fewer U.S. goods, net exports decline, so the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 18.In the short run, the economy moves from point A to point B, as output decli nesand the price level declines .In the long run, the short-run aggregate-supply curve shifts to the right to restore equilibrium at point C,with un ch a nged output and a lower price level compared to point A.12 a. If firms become optimistic about future busi ness conditions and in crease investment, theresult is shown in Fgure 19. The economy begins at point A with aggregate-demand curve AD } and short-run aggregate-supply curve AS\. The equilibrium hasprice level F\ and output level K ・ I ncreased optimism leads to greater in vest ment, so the aggregate-dema nd curve shifts to MQ. Now the economy is at point B,with price level 甩 and output level $・ The aggregate quantity of output suppliedrises because the price level has risen and people have misperceptions about theprice level, wages are sticky, or prices are sticky, all of which cause outputsupplied to in crease ・Long-runAggregate Supply _/AS 2AS 】AD 2AD ±Y ± Y 2Quantity of OutputFigure 1 9b. Over time, as the misperceptions of the price level disappear, wages adjust, orprices adjust, the short-run aggregate-supply curve shifts up to 4$ and theeconomy gets to equilibrium at point C, with price level 尽 and output level K ・The quantity of output demanded declines as the price level rises ・c. The inv estment boom might in crease the long-r un aggregate-supply curvebecause higher in vestment today means a larger capital stock in the future, thushigher productivity and output.13・ Economy B would have a more steeply sloped short-run aggregate-supply curve than wouldEconomy A, because only half of the wages in Economy B are u sticky.M A 5% increase in the money supply would have a larger effect on output in Economy A and a larger effect on the price level in &:onomy B.14. a. Many answers are possible. BAb. Many answers are possible.c. Many answers are possible.。
曼昆宏观经济学第三十三章
The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations
• The Basic Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
– Economist use the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend.
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
(c) Unemployment Rate Percent of Labor Force 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1965 Unemployment rate
1970
1975
1980
1985
12
SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
33
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
• Economic activity fluctuates from year to year.
• Changes in the money supply affect nominal variables but not real variables in the long run. • The assumption of monetary neutrality is not appropriate when studying year-to-year changes in the economy.
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解
内容摘要
本书特别适用于参加研究生入学考试指定考研参考书目为曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》的考生， 也可供各大院校学习曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》的师生参考。曼昆的《经济学原理》是世界上最流 行的初级经济学教材，也被众多院校列为经济类专业考研重要参考书目。为了帮助学生更好地学习这本教材，我 们有针对性地编著了它的配套辅导用书（均提供免费下载，免费升级）：1．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分 册）》（第6版）笔记和课后习题详解（含考研真题）[视频讲解]2．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》 【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【35小时高清视频】3．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》 （第6版）课后习题详解4．曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第5版）课后习题详解5．曼昆《经济学原 理（微观经济学分册）》配套题库【名校考研真题（视频讲解）+课后习题+章节练习+模拟试题】6．曼昆《经济 学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）笔记和课后习题详解（含考研真题）[视频讲解]7．曼昆《经济学原理 （宏观经济学分册）》【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【27小时高清视频】8．曼昆《经济学原理 （宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）课后习题详解9．曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第5版）课后习题 详解10．曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》配套题库【名校考研真题（视频讲解）+课后习题+章节练习+ 模拟试题】本书是曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）教材的配套e书，参考国外教材的英文答案 和相关资料对曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）教材每章的课后习题进行了详细的分析和解答， 并对个别知识点进行了扩展。课后习题答案久经修改，非常标准，特别适合应试作答和临考冲刺。另外，部分高 校，如武汉大学、深圳大学等，研究生入学考试部分真题就来自于该书课后习题，因此建议考生多加重视。
宏观经济学课后习题
第一章宏观经济学概述1、宏观经济学研究的主要问题有哪些？答：宏观经济学研究整个国民经济构成及其行为，以及政府用以调节经济运行的政策。
它涉及经济中商品与劳务的总产量与收入、通货膨胀和失业率、国际收支和汇率，以及长期的经济增长与短期波动等。
具体来说，宏观经济学所研究的问题主要有以下六个方面：经济增长；经济周期；失业；通货膨胀；国际经济；宏观经济政策。
2、简述宏观经济学与微观经济学之间的差别。
答：宏观经济学和微观经济学是经济学领域中的两大分支，两者的区别在于对经济体进行研究的视角不同。
微观经济学研究构成整个经济的家庭和企业的行为及其后果，即家庭和企业如何在给定约束条件下进行选择以最优化其行为。
宏观经济学侧重于研究经济作为一个整体的行为，尤其是那些总量的变化。
这些总量不涉及单个企业或家庭决策的细微差异，而是总体的和平均的情况。
因此，宏观经济学区别于微观经济学的基本特征就是对加总方法的运用和经济总量的强调。
由于整体经济是许多市场上互相交易的众多消费者和企业的集合，因而，宏观经济分析常常是以一定的微观经济分析为基础的。
3、提出并验证一个经济理论涉及哪几个步骤？答：经济学家在用模型描述特定经济现象时，提出和检验经济理论的主要步骤包括：（1）描述研究的问题。
（2）提出前提假设来描述经济理论建立的背景及经济主体的行为模式，并且这些假设应该在抓住关键问题的同时尽可能地简单。
如果假设抛弃了对研究的问题至关重要的经济特征，则该模型就会得出错误的结论。
（3）求证理论结果，即确定变量之间的规律性关系，提出合乎逻辑的论断。
（4）用实证分析法对比分析理论结果和实际数据。
（5）评估对比结果。
如果理论结果和实际数据高度相符，则可以用该理论预测经济环境或经济政策变化所产生的结果；如果理论结果与实际数据并不相符，则重建一个新的模型；如果理论结果与实际数据相关性一般（没有超过某一特定值），或者认为该理论对现实有部分解释力，则增加新的假设对原有模型进行修正。
宏观经济学330[1]
![宏观经济学330[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/1b8fdf95647d27284b7351c7.png)
2、税收乘数：
收入变动对引起这种变动的税收变动的比率。
y
-β
定义：kt＝ t = 1 - β
国民收入随税收增加而减少
宏观经济学330[1]
第五节 三部门经济中各种乘数
3、政府转移支付乘数：
收入变动对引起这种变动的政府转移支付变动的比率。
y
β
定义：ktr＝ tr = 1- β
宏观经济学330[1]
第五节 三部门经济中各种乘数
思考题
P477 第十题
（3）原来均衡收入为1000，现在需要达到1200，则说明 y = 200 y 200
• 增加政府购买 g = kg = 5 = 40
• 减少税收
y 200 t = kt = 4 = 50
宏观经济学330[1]
思考题
P477 第十题
（3）原来均衡收入为1000，现在需要达到1200，则说明 y = 200
• 1200 = 100 + 0.8 [1200 - （t + t ）+tr] +i + ( g+ g ) g= t
g= t = 200
y = kg g +ktt g= t
200=5 g - 4 g g=200
宏观经济学330[1]
第十四章 产品市场和货币市场的
一般均衡（一）
宏观经济学330[1]
△y=k× △ i
宏观经济学330[1]
第二节 IS曲线
五、 IS曲线的移动（储蓄变动使IS曲线移动） 储蓄增加
宏观经济学330[1]
第二节 IS曲线
五、 IS曲线的移动（政府购买变动使IS曲线移动）
△y=kg× △ g
宏观经济学330[1]
宏观经济学第33章作业
宏观经济学第33章作业第３3章⼀、判断正误题１、在过去５0年间,美国得真实GDP每年增长5%左右.2、投资就是经济周期中特别易于变动得⽀出部分.3、物价预期上升使长期总供给曲线向左移动。
4、如果古典⼆分法与货币中性在长期中成⽴，那么长期总供给曲线就应该就是⼀条垂线。
5、经济学家把产量得波动作为“经济周期"，因为产量得变动就是有规律且可预测得。
6、总需求曲线向右下⽅倾斜得⼀个原因就是财富效应：物价⽔平下降增加了货币持有量得价值并增加了消费⽀出。
7、如果美联储增加货币供给，总需求曲线就向左移动。
8、错觉理论解释了总供给曲线为什么向右下⽅倾斜。
9、引起⼯资上升得物价预期上升使短期总供给曲线向左移动。
10、如果经济处于衰退中,随着⼯资与物价预期上升，经济将⾃⾏调整到长期均衡。
１１、在短期中，如果政府为了平衡其预算⽽削减⽀出,这就可能引起衰退。
1２、总需求增加得短期效应就是产量增加与物价⽔平上升。
13、⽯油价格上升会引起滞胀。
14、在长期中,政府⽀出增加会增加产量，并使物价上升。
15、如果决策者选择使经济⾛出衰退，那么她们就应该⽤减少总需求得政策⼯具。
⼆、单项选择题１、以下哪⼀种关于经济波动得表述就是正确得？a、当产量⾼于⾃然产量率时存在衰退.b、萧条就是温与得衰退。
ｃ、经济波动之所以称为“经济周期"就是因为产量得变动就是有规律且可预测得.d、可以⽤各种⽀出、收⼊与产量得衡量指标来衡量经济波动,因为多数宏观经济量往往同时波动。
e、以上各项都不对。
2、根据利率效应，总需求向右下⽅倾斜就是因为ａ、低物价增加了货币持有量得价值与消费⽀出.ｂ、低物价减少了货币持有量得价值与消费⽀出。
c、低物价减少了货币持有量，增加了贷款,利率下降，⽽且，投资⽀出增加。
d、低物价增加了货币持有量，减少了贷款，利率上升，⽽且，投资⽀出减少。
3、以下哪⼀项不会引起长期总供给曲线移动a、可获得得劳动增加。
b、可获得得资本增加.ｃ、可获得得技术增加.ｄ、物价预期上升。
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第33章
一、判断正误题
1.在过去50年间，美国的真实GDP每年增长5%左右。
2.投资是经济周期中特别易于变动的支出部分。
3.物价预期上升使长期总供给曲线向左移动。
4.如果古典二分法和货币中性在长期中成立，那么长期总供给曲线就应该是一条垂线。
5.经济学家把产量的波动作为“经济周期”，因为产量的变动是有规律且可预测的。
6.总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的一个原因是财富效应：物价水平下降增加了货币持有量的价值并增加了消费支出。
7.如果美联储增加货币供给，总需求曲线就向左移动。
8.错觉理论解释了总供给曲线为什么向右下方倾斜。
9.引起工资上升的物价预期上升使短期总供给曲线向左移动。
10.如果经济处于衰退中，随着工资和物价预期上升，经济将自行调整到长期均衡。
11.在短期中，如果政府为了平衡其预算而削减支出，这就可能引起衰退。
12.总需求增加的短期效应是产量增加和物价水平上升。
13.石油价格上升会引起滞胀。
14.在长期中，政府支出增加会增加产量，并使物价上升。
15.如果决策者选择使经济走出衰退，那么他们就应该用减少总需求的政策工具。
二、单项选择题
1.以下哪一种关于经济波动的表述是正确的？
a.当产量高于自然产量率时存在衰退。
b.萧条是温和的衰退。
c.经济波动之所以称为“经济周期”是因为产量的变动是有规律且可预测的。
d.可以用各种支出、收入和产量的衡量指标来衡量经济波动，因为多数宏观经济量往往同时波动。
e.以上各项都不对。
2.根据利率效应，总需求向右下方倾斜是因为
a.低物价增加了货币持有量的价值和消费支出。
b.低物价减少了货币持有量的价值和消费支出。
c.低物价减少了货币持有量，增加了贷款，利率下降，而且，投资支出增加。
d.低物价增加了货币持有量，减少了贷款，利率上升，而且，投资支出减少。
3.以下哪一项不会引起长期总供给曲线移动
a.可获得的劳动增加。
b.可获得的资本增加。
c.可获得的技术增加。
d.物价预期上升。
e.以上各项都使长期总供给曲线移动。
4.以下哪一项不是总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因？
a. 财富效应。
b.利率效应。
c.古典二分法或货币中性效应。
d.汇率效应。
e.以上各项都是总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因。
5.在总需求与总供给模型中，消费者乐观情绪增长的最初影响是
a.短期总供给向右移动。
b.短期总供给向左移动。
c.总需求向右移动。
d.总需求向左移动。
e.长期总供给向左移动。
6.以下哪一种关于长期总供给曲线的表述是正确的？
a.当自然失业率下降时向左移动。
b.是垂直的，因为所有物价与工资相等的变动并不影响产量。
c.向右上方倾斜，因为价格预期和工资在长期中是固定的。
d.当政府提高最低工资时向右移动。
7.根据财富效应，总需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为
a.低物价提高了货币持有量的价值，并增加了消费者支出。
b.低物价降低了货币持有量的价并减少了消费者支出。
c.低物价减少了货币持有量，增加了贷款，利率下降，而且，投资支出增加。
d.低物价增加了货币持有量，减少了贷款，利率上升，而且，投资支出减少。
8.自然产量率是什么情况下生产的真实GDP量？
a.没有失业时。
b.经济处于自然投资率时。
c.经济处于自然总需求率时。
d.经济处于自然失业率时。
9.假设物价水平下降，由于名义工资合同固定，企业变得无利可图，并且开始削减产量。
这是以下哪一种理论的证明？
a.短期总供给曲线的粘性工资理论。
b.短期总供给曲线的粘性价格理论。
c.短期总供给曲线的错觉理论。
d.短期总供给曲线的古典二分法理论。
10.假设物价水平下降，但供给者只注意到自己的某种物品价格下降。
由于认为自己物品的相对价格下降，他们开始削减产量。
这是以下哪一种理论的证明？
a.短期总供给曲线的粘性工资理论。
b.短期总供给曲线的粘性价格哩论。
c.短期总供给曲线的错觉理论。
d.短期总供给曲线的古典二分法理论。
11.假设经济起初处于长期均衡。
再假设由于冷战结束，军费支出减少。
根据总需求与总供给模型，短期中物价与产量会发生什么变动？
a.物价上升，产量增加。
b.物价上升，产量减少。
c.物价下降，产量减少。
d.物价下降，产量增加。
12.假设经济起初处于长期均衡。
再假设由于冷战结束，军费支出减少。
根据总需求与总供给模型，长期中物价和产量会发生什么变动？
a.物价上升，产量仍然是其初始值不变。
b．物价下降，产量仍然是其初始值不变。
c.产量增加，物价仍然是其初始值不变。
d.产量减少，物价仍然是其初始值不变。
e.产量和物价水平都是其初始值不变。
13.假设经济起初处于长期均衡。
再假设发生了摧毁大部分小麦的干旱。
根据总需求与总供给模型，短期中物价和产量会发生什么变动？
a.物价上升，产量增加。
b.物价上升，产量减少。
c.物价下降，产量减少。
d.物价下降，产量增加。
14.假设经济起初处于长期均衡。
再假设发生了摧毁大部分小麦的干
的干旱。
如果决策者让经济自行调整到其长期均衡水平，根据总需求
求与总供给模型，长期中物价和产量会发生什么变动？
a.物价上升，产量仍然是其初始值不变
b.物价下降，产量仍然是其初始值不变。
c.产量增加，物价仍然是其初始值不变。
d.产量减少，物价仍然是其初始值不变。
e.产量和物价都仍然是其初始值不变。
15.当经济经历以下哪一邵一种情况时就发生了滞胀？
a.物价下降和产量减少。
b.物价下降和产量增加。
c.物价上升和产量增加。
d.物价上升和产量减少。
16.以下哪一个事件会使短期总供给曲线向右移动？
a.政府军备支出增加。
b.物价预期上升。
c.石油价格下降。
d.货币供给减少。
e.以上各项都不是。
用图33-4回答第17---18题。
17.假设经济在图33-4中B点这样的衰退中运行。
如果决策者希望产量变动到其长期自然率，那么他们应该努力
a.使总需求向右移动。
b.使总需求向左移动。
c.使短期总供给向右移动。
d.使短期总供给向左移动。
18.假设经济在图33-4中B点这样的衰退中运行。
如果决策者让经济自行调整到长期自然率，那么
a.人们将提高自己的物价预期，并且短期总供给将向左移动。
b.人们将降低自己的物价预期，并且短期总供给将向右移动。
c.人们将提高自己的物价预期，并且总需求将向左移动。
d.人们将降低自己的物价预期，并且总需求将向右移动。
19.根据总供给与总需求模型，在长期中，货币供给增加将引起
a.物价上升，产量增加。
b.物价下降，产量减少。
c.物价上升，产量保持不变。
d.物价下降，产量保持不变。
20.如果决策者做了以下哪一件事，就可以说他们“抵消”了不利的供给冲击？
a.通过增加总需求对不利供给冲击作出反应，这会进一步提高价格。
b.通过减少总需求对不利供给冲击作出反应，这会降低物价。
c.通过减少短期总供给对不利供给冲击作出反应。
d.不对不利的供给冲击作出反应，允许经济自行调整。