2003年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The detectives kept a ______ watch of the suspect’s house.A．keenB．completeC．thoroughD．close正确答案：D解析：close a.严密的，密切的。
keen a．热心的，渴望的(on)；敏锐的，敏捷的(of)。
complete a.完全的，完整的。
thorough a.彻底的，完全的。
2．The police searched all the houses but found no______.A．connectionsB．cluesC．relationshipsD．ties正确答案：B解析：clue(to)n.线索，提示。
3．Many skiers ______ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．padB．packC．squeezeD．cluster正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说“许多滑雪者成群地围在火堆边”。
D项“cluster丛生，成群”符合题意．如：The boys and girls clustered together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs．(孩子们成群地围着营火堆讲着故事唱着歌。
)其他三项“pad加上垫衬；pack包装：squeeze压榨”都不正确。
4．A substance such as sand may be either fine or ______.A．coarseB．courseC．largeD．tough正确答案：A解析：coarse a．粗的，粗糙的；粗劣的；粗俗的。
武大英美文学考研真题 综合英语
武汉大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目: 基础英语与英汉互译科目代码：436Part One：I. Cloze (1×15=15%)Fill in each numbered blank with ONE word given below, paying attention to the following:A) 20 words are given, but only 15 (no more, no less) should be used and each can be used onceonly;B) Forms should be corrected.1. appear2. incidentally3. pass4. sure5. necessary6. social7. fresh8. come9. physical 10. occur 11. incidentally 12. scene 13. replenish 14. invite 15. ramble 16. second 17. go 18. interrupt 19. feed 20. seeI belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am a Wife. And, not altogether 1 , I am a mother.Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene 2 from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is looking for another wife. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly 3 to me that I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife?I want a wife who will take care of my 4 needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife who will pick up after my children, a wife who will pick up after me. I wanta wife who will keep my clothes clean, ironed, mended, replaced when need be, and who will5 to it that my personal things are kept in their proper place so that I can find what I need the minute I need it. I want a wife who cooks the meals, a wife who is a good cook. I want a wife who will plan the menus, do the necessary grocery shopping, prepare the meals, serve them pleasantly, and then do the cleaning up while I do my studying. I want a wife who will care for me when I am sick and sympathize with my pain and loss of time from school. I wanta wife to go along when our family takes a vacation so that someone can continue to care for me and my children when I need a rest and change of 6 .I want a wife who will not bother me with 7 complaints about a wife’s duties. But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point I have8 across in my course of studies. And I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.I want a wife who will take care of the details of my 9 life. When my wife and I are10 out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the babysitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not 11 when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are 12 and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are 13 the hors d’oeuvres, that they are offered a 14 helping of the food, that their wine glasses are 15 when necessary,that their coffee is served to them as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.When I am through with school and have a job, I want my wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully and completely take care of a wife’s duties.My God, who wouldn’t want a wife?II. Paraphrase (2× 10=20%)Paraphrase the following sentences, paying attention to the connotation each of them suggests.1. More than enough is too much.2. A door must be either shut or open.3. Tomorrow is another day.4. Live and let live.5. Nothing succeeds like success.6. The shortest way round is the longest way home.7. Call a spade a spade.8. The remedy may be worse than the disease.9. Every dog has his day,10. All’s well that ends well.III. Proofreading & Error Correction (1×10= 10%)The following passage contains 8 errors, and two are free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in theblank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “^” sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word inthe blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a tick “√” in the blank provided at the end of the line.Each boxing match is a story --- a unique and highlycondensed drama without words, even nothing sensational (1)______happens. Boxers are there to establish an absoluteexperience, a public accounting of the outermost limits (2)______of their beings; they will know, as few of us can knowof ourselves, physical and psychic power they possess. (3)______In the boxing ring, even in our greatly humanized times;death is always a possibility---which is that some of us (4)______prefer to watch films, or tapes of fights are already past, (5)______already defined as history---or, in some instances, art. .Most of the time, naturally, death in the ring is extremely (6)______unlikely; it is a statistically rare possibility like yourpossible death tomorrow morning in an automobile accidentor in next month’s headlining airline disaster or in a freak (7) ______accident involving a fall on the stairs or in the bathtub, a skullfracture, subarachnoid hemorrhage. Spectators at “death”fights often claim afterward that what happened simply (8)______seemed to happen--unpredictably, in a sense accidentally.Only in a retrospect does death appear to have been inevitable. (9)_______If a boxing match is a story it is an always wayward story,one in which anything can happen. And with a matter of (10) ______seconds. Split seconds! In no other sport can so much takeplace in so brief a period of time, and so irrevocably.IV. Reading Comprehension and Writing (30%)Read the following passage, and then answer the corresponding questions.1. I am black. My mother is black. My father is white. This wouldn’t necessarily be important, but we live in a country where conflict runs deep between blacks and whites. We’re in a country where white male slaveholders casually disavowed the black children they had sired. We live in a country where the worst of human traits—laziness, violence, and irrationality — are seen as defining characteristics of those of African descent. This makes my being a mixed-race person whose ethnic identity is black somewhat complicated. There is a dissonance between who I say I am -- a proud black man trying to do something positive with his life and who society says I am. Yet I feel strong, and I embrace my black heritage. I’ve often reflected on how I learned to keep my positive self-image. The answer is, my white father.2. With my olive-colored skin; hazel eyes, and curly hair, I’ve been taken for Hispanic or Middle Eastern. In fact, in addition to being black, I am Jewish. And my father taught me to be proud of that heritage as well. When bullies at school demanded, Are you black or white?" there was no confusion. When I ran home and asked my father, he said, “Tell them you are African- American.” That was in the early 1970s and it was a term I wouldn’t hear until the Afrocentric movement of the 1990s made it fashionable again.3. It wasn’t that my father wanted me to deny my Jewish roots, it’s just that he knew we live in a society where my African heritage would define me socially. He didn’t want me to seem ashamed of my black roots. My father knew that love and hopes for an ideal world in the distant future would be no panacea for the bigotry and small-mindedness I would encounter in my lifetime. He didn’t want me, my brother, or my sister to be unprepared for racism.4. And so, my father, a writer and avid reader, lined my shelves with books about black American culture, African culture, and Jewish culture. He encouraged me to think, to come up with my own ideas. A simple question posed to him was sure to be followed by his search for a book on the subject, with articles and additional materials to follow. In this way he gave me not only his opinion, but also the keys to how he arrived at that opinion. Knowing that I had those keys, too, he thought that I could evaluate his opinion and come up with my own. He encouraged me to determine what being black meant to me.5. In the predominantly white suburb near Princeton, N.J., where I grew up, my father knew that Ineeded to know black men. So when I started playing drums at age 14, my father took me to jazz clubs. He encouraged me to talk to the musicians and get their autographs. This introduction led to my decision to become a professional musician, and also filled my home with a black male presence. Jazz was more than a genre of music; it instructed me in the cool posture of black men — Max Roach’s shades, Miles Davis’s scowl and his always stylish threads. It also instructed me in a kind of heroism. These men were geniuses who created America’s only enduring art form despite its best efforts to stifle and ignore them.6. My father also hired James, a black 16-year-old, who became my favorite baby sitter. My father gave me book knowledge and taught me to have an open mind; James showed me how to deal with people on a practical level. My father was gentle, but James taught me that as a black man, you have to be ungentle sometimes. You have to speak up for yourself. James never let me walk away from a confrontation without speaking my mind.7. During the summers, my parents sent me to my mother’s family in Virginia. My cousins— especially Jeffrey, who is seven years older than I — helped me become a mature black man. Jeffrey taught me to treat women with respect, through his example as well as through his words. These are lessons my father had taught me also, but he hoped that my summer visits down south would reinforce those values being transmitted by black men of my generation.8. In college, I counseled children from mixed backgrounds. I could see the emptiness in some of the kids either who didn’t have a black parent around — usually the father—or whose parents weren’t in agreement about how much emphasis, should be put on black culture. Often these children would grow up in a predominantly white environment with a negative view of their black fathers or of black culture in general. I realized how fortunate I was to have both parents and to have a father who encouraged me to develop as a black person while never making me feel that I was any less his son because of my blackness.9. In many ways what my father taught me about manhood was not related to color. He taught me that, ultimately, I determined through my behavior what a black man is. My father taught me to be a gentle man, to use my mind and not my fists. He taught me the value of education and encouraged me to ask questions. My father exposed me to black men who lived up to these universal ideals of manhood, and thereby emphasized that blacks shared in that tradition. All these things have made me the man, the black man, I am today.10. My father and I are now the closest we have ever been. Of course, there are race-related topics,things I feel, that he will never be able to understand. I know that there are probably people who meet my father and see just another white man. But I know that there are things he has learned from me and my brother that have given him an insight into black masculinity that most white men will never experience. In this way, we have taught each other. Our relationship epitomizes a reality that is so rarely seen -- a black man and a white man who are not adversaries, who are more than father and son. They are men who love each other very deeply.A) Find the best answer for each question from the choices given. (1×6=6%)1. The opening three sentences identify the writer as being of _____.A. the same ethnicity as both his parentsB. mixed ethnicityC. the same ethnicity of his father, but not his motherD. the same ethnicity of his mother, but not his father2. For the writer, the way this country has treated blacks means that______.A. he personally suffered discriminationB. his father has mixed feelings about himC. he has had to struggle with his own bad habits so as to avoid ethnic stereotypesD. to maintain his pride he had to struggle against social beliefs about his ethnicity3. The main idea of paragraph 2 is that ______.A. the writer’s appearance allowed him to adopt any one of several ethnic identitiesB. the writer’s father always directed the son to an African-American identityC. the writer was first confused by the question of ethnic identityD. the writer is proud of his Jewish heritage4. The father’s main reason for wanting his children to identify themselves as blacks is thathe____.A. wanted them to have strength to confront racismB. had mixed feelings about his own backgroundC. had hopes for an ideal world in the futureD. thought some identities were better than others5. Paragraphs 5 through 8 are organized according to_____.A. time order of the writer’s growing up.B. comparison of the writer’s experience to that of people who grew up with blackfathers.C. a listing of the ways the writer learned about black culture.D. order of importance of the experience recounted.6. Of the following details, which is most important for this selection?A. The father read many books.B. The father took the son to jazz clubs when the boy started playing drums.C. The son became a jazz musician.D. Miles Davis had stylish threads.B) After each of the following passages in paragraphs 1-5 from the selection is a series of possible inferences, predictions, conclusions, or generalizations that you can draw from the sentence.Put a checkmark in front of those that can be appropriately supported by the quoted passage.(2×4=8%)1. “When I ran home and asked my father, he said, ‘Tell them you are African-American.’ Thatwas in the early 1970s and it was a term I wouldn’t hear until the Afrocentric movement the 1990s made it fashionable again.” (paragraph 2)__A. The father didn’t want his son to be aware of other parts of his heritage.__B. The father wanted his son to develop a strong identity to counter other people’s prejudices.__C. The father’s thinking was ahead of his time.__D. The father helped his son overcome uncertainties.__E. The writer would support students being taught an Afrocentric school curriculum.2. “These men were geniuses who created America’s only enduring art form despite its best effortsto stifle and ignore them.” (paragraph 5)__A. Jazz grew from the efforts of artistic geniuses.__ B. Anyone who now enters jazz as a profession will be ignored and stifled.__ C. Musicians entered jazz because other forms of expression were not open to them.__ D. America does not always appreciate its artists.__ E. Some jazz musicians showed courage and pursuing their careers.__ F. The cool style of jazz musicians was a reaction to the ???????????3. “Of course, there are race-related topics, things I feel, that he will never be able tounderstand. I know that there are probably people who meet my father and see just another white man. But I know that there are things he has learned from me and my brother that have given him an insight into black masculinity that most white men will neverexperience.” (paragraph 10)__A. The writer is disappointed in his father’s limitations of understanding of the writer’s experience.__B. The writer respects his father's understanding of the black male experience.__C. Few white men have a good understanding of what it means to be a black man.__D. The brother feels the same way as the writer about their father.__E. If you haven’t experienced the difficulties caused by racial attitudes, it is hard to understand race-related topics fully.__ F. People make judgments about others’ probable racial attitudes.4. Match each of the following opinions reported in this article to the person who holds or expresses that opinion, by placing the number of the appropriate person in Column B in front ofthe statement in Column A. You may use individuals from Column B more than once in your answers, and you need not use all of them.A B1) Black children need not be acknowledged, a. the writer2) Having the keys to arriving at an opinion b. the writer’s fatherwas as important as the opinion, c. the writer’s mother3) You sometimes have to be ungentle d. white male slaveholders4) In this country people of African descent e. Jamesare defined as having the worst of human traits f. Jeffrey5) Hopes for an ideal world are not adequatefor dealing with the world6) Black and white men are often seeing eachother as adversaries.C) Paraphrase and comment on the words in ITALICS in the following phrases chosen from thetext. (1×4=4%)1. “... white male slaveholders casually disavowed the black children they had sired.”(paragraph 1)2. “...would be no panacea for the bigotry and small-mindedness I would encounter...”(paragraph 3)3. “... it instruct me in the cool posture of black men --- Max Roach’s shades, MileDavis’s scowl and his always stylish threads.” (paragraph 5)D) Critical Thinking and Writing1. The writer makes at least two strong and controversial points in this selection —that it is more important to identify with his black heritage than his Jewish heritage, and that there is hostility and little mutual understanding between white and black males. Do you agree or disagree with either of these points (or any other related ones you might identify in the selection)? How would you evaluate the writer’s stand and how would you argue for or against it? Write ONE paragraph to explain your position. (4%)2. The writer identifies how his own character and identity were formed through contact with many individuals. Write a short essay describing how individuals in your life influenced you to become the person you have become. (8%)PART TWO TRANSLATION (75 points)I. Select the word or phrase that is the closest in meaning to the English expression (10 points, 2 points each)(1) have dust in the eyes(A)伤心落泪(B)愁容满面(C)昏昏欲睡(D)已患沙眼(2)sport new dogs(A)露齿而笑(B)领狗散步(C)作弄新人(D)卖弄伎俩(3)temper justice with mercy(A)体谅弱者(B)伸张正义(C)正邪相争(D)恩威兼施(4)cross the cudgels(A)激战正酣(B)停止争斗(C)险过简桥(D)不屈不挠(5)learn the hard way(A)勤学苦练(B)知难而进(C)艰难历程(D)吃苦学得II. Select the best version (10 points, 2 points each)(1) A glance at the lady helped to remind me of this paradoxical law: she also looked toodistinguished to be a “personality.”(A)看了一眼这位女士，让我想起了这样一个荒谬的规律：她看上去也过于出类拔萃，不会是个名流。
武汉大学博士英语结课考试及答案
一、段落分析Concept-defining(一)C ontent 内容（from paragraph level）1 Topic 话题（特点general笼统）2 Aspect (supporting sentence)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from technology to societyfrom individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构3 Perspective (point of view)角度+ Key words=thesis 论点+evidence论据=theme主题（main idea）+aspects方面4 Form/Function形式（passage level）Structure: the organization of the whole articleIntroduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)(二)P aragraph development1 Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatistics统计Examples例证Statements阐述Quotation引言2 Method针对所选用的skill的方法1)topic order2)causal order = cause and effect3)spatial order = space order4)chronological order = time order5)problem and solution6)means and ends7)process and result8)classification9)hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most)10)antithesis对偶、排比11)progression递进(a gradual process of change or developing over period of time)12)comparison (相似) and contrast(差异) 对比3 Logic relationship (from passage level) (what, why, how)1)Cause and effect因果关系=why & how2)Means and ends = process and purpose = how手段和目的；过程和目的3)Topic/idea and reason (introduction)= what & why4)Problem and solution = what & how5)Example = how(三)D eveloping Paragraph/Body(正文/主体)1Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Development1)exemplification例证2)facts事实3)citation引证4)comparison and contrast比较与对比5)analysis分析6)classification分类3Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)from the most important to the least important or vice verse由重到轻，反之亦然3)general principle by classification:总原则（分类）from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale.Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—t he power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides——first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize——was followed by theunintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and二、文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Eventually, as the island’s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoes reduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each other’s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier, were heirs to a once-greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and cannibalism.It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.附：武汉大学博士研究生英语试题Part I Documental Analysis 20%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those of our generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not,far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its method. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 25%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g.in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class ExperiencePart I. Documental Analysis 20%Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________Perspective(s): ____________________________________________________Method(s): ______________________________________________________Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________Questions: ________________________________________________________Part II. Article Analysis 15%。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We all buy things on the______of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse buy”.(2007年中国科学院考博试题)A．urgeB．forceC．spurD．rush正确答案：C解析：此题考查的是词语的搭配。
urge项表示“敦促”；force表示“力量，影响力”；spur表示“动力”；rush表示“匆促”。
只有C项有固定用法on the spur of,表示一时冲动，所以答案是C选项。
2．The young nation has not yet attained political ______.A．stabilityB．prosperityC．maturityD．independence正确答案：A解析：stability n.稳定，稳固(如：Nothing is more important than political stability for a country in its economic endeavour．)。
prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣。
maturity n.成熟(阶段)；有经验。
independence n.独立，自主。
3．Even when textbooks are ______ through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.(2011年四川大学考博试题)A．commonplaceB．standardizedC．competitiveD．generalized正确答案：B解析：在给出的选项中：commonplace“平凡的，陈腐的，平庸的”；standardized “标准化的”；competitive“竞争的，有竞争力的”；generalized“广泛的，普遍的”。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编59(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编59(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Nobody knew how he came up with this______ idea about the trip.(2004年清华大学考博试题)A．wearyB．twilightC．unanimousD．weird正确答案：D解析：本句空格处意为“提出这个怪主意”。
weird的意思是“怪异的”，与句意相符。
而“weary疲倦的：twilight模糊的；unanimous意见一致的”都不正确。
2．An old woman was badly hurt in ______the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)A．thatB．whichC．whatD．whatever正确答案：C解析：本题也可以用“An old woman was badly hurt in an accident that the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack”来表达。
因此，能代替an accident that的只有what。
3．He thought I was lying, ______ I was telling the truth.A．hithertoB．henceforthC．whereasD．nevertheless正确答案：C解析：whereas conj．(表示对比关系)然而，但是，尽管(如：One arrived promptly，whereas the others were late．Some praise him，whereas others condemn him．)。
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[听力音频]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A shop assistant.B. A physician.C. A pediatrician.D. An ophthalmologist.【答案】D【解析】通过对话中的glasses和vision-chart可知女士是名眼科医师。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编38(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编38(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a manufacturer is______.(2013年3月中国科学院考博试题)A．qualifiedB．agreeableC．compatibleD．liable正确答案：D解析：A项“qualified”意为“合格的”；B项“agreeable”意为“令人愉快的，惬意的”；C项“compatible”意为“合得来的，协调的”；D项“liable”意为“负有法律责任的”，由句意可知，“制造商有责任提供维修服务”，因此选择D项。
2．A______person is one who gives away money or things in large quantity.A．kindB．gentleC．gracefulD．liberal正确答案：D解析：liberal a.慷慨的，大方的；心胸宽大的，开明的：自由主义的(如：He is liberal with his motley／in his help．Try to keep a liberal attitude and listen to both sides．)。
kind(to)a.友好的，亲切的；和蔼的，仁慈的。
gentle a.和蔼的，温和的。
graceful a.优美的，优雅的。
3．You must pack plenty of food for the journey. ______, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.A．EquallyB．IncidentallyC．InevitablyD．Likewise正确答案：D解析：likewise ad.同样地，照样地；同样也。
2003医博统考听力题解析原文
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example. You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Sample AnswerA B DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A shop assistant. B. A physician. C. A pediatrician. D. An ophthalmologist.2. A. To make a call to the hospital. B. To go to the man’s house immediately.C. To expect the doctor’s call.D. To take a message.3. A. There’s only one point he doesn’t understand.B. He refuses to take any help.C. These q uestions won’t be on the exam.D. He would like some help.4. A. Dr. Smith isn’t a good choice.B. She’s never been treated by Dr. Smith.C. She’s been sitting in the waiting room for too long.D. She’d like to recommend a magazine t o the man.5. A. The man has seen the fungi for three times.B. The man is not careful enough.C. The man has been watching it for three days.D. The man is the woman’s teacher.6. A. He was fired. B. He was blamed for bad service.C. He was promoted.D. He was warned not to be late again.7. A. People enjoy shopping in the drug store.B. People spend little time in the drug store.C. People who spent shorter time in the store are more likely to buy something there.D. People spend too much time reading articles about quick cures sold there.8. A. His computer doesn’t work.B. He doesn’t understand his stuff working on computer.C. He registered for the wrong course.D. He doesn’t know how to apply the computer theories.9. A. It is easy to take care of her three teenage boys.B. Nancy’s life is easy compared with the woman’s.C. Nancy lives a more difficult life.D. Nancy would like to take care of her three boys.10. A. New York. B. San Francisco. C. Seattle. D. San Diego.11. A. Sunny bought a new computer. B. Sunny got a bargain.C. Mike bought a new computer.D. Mike got a bargain.12. A. The patient is ringing a bell. B. Her name sounds beautiful.C. Nancy Johnson is ringing the bell now.D. Her name sounds familiar.13. A. The woman doesn’t like orange juice. B. The woman forgot to buy orange juice.C. The man was in a car crash this morning.D. The man broke the container of juice.14. A. John is a plumber.B. John was too busy to come.C. John was not at home when the woman called.D. The woman dialed the wrong number.15. A. His luck ha sn’t been good. B. He is a lucky man.C. He decided not to do the lottery again.D. He doesn’t care about money.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. Bridge-building experts. B. Washington Roebling.C. John Roebling.D. The Roeblings.17. A. Only the Roeblings had confidence in it.B. It came up against financial problems.C. Experts showed great interest.D. It took John Roeblings 13 years to complete the project.18. A. He was killed at the building site. B. He was injured in a traffic accident.C. He was seriously eyesight-damaged.D. He was seriously brain-damaged.19. A. His language. B. His limbs. C. His brain. D. His mind.20. A. Because the project was spectacular.B. Because the project seemed impossible.C. Because the building instructions were given with one finger.D. All of the above.Passage Two21. A. The American population increased by 40 percent.B. So many school children died of polio in the nation.C. A polio plague swept the nation.D. A polio vaccine was developed.22. A. A vaccine for polio. B. A rare form of cancer.C. A disease similar to AIDS.D. A virus from monkeys.23. A. They were at risk of getting cancer.B. They became victims of poliomyelitis.C. They were involved in a medical investigation.D. They were injected with tainted vaccines.24. A. 30 percent. B. 40 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 60 percent.25. A. All the injections given 40 years ago were contaminated.B. The contaminated vaccines may cause cancer in humans.C. Vaccines are responsible for brain tumors.D. Brain tumors had increased by 40%.Passage Three26. A. 1969. B. 1977. C. 1997. D. 2000.27. A. To help answer parents’ questions about children’s growth.B. To separate fat babies from normal ones.C. To rev ise the familiar children’s growth chart.D. To identify whether a person is overweight.28. A. It can differentiate between fat babies and thin.B. It can identify a child’s possibility of growing fat from babyhood.C. It can give par ents some advice on children’s diet.D. It can remind parents of something they neglected in their childhood.29. A. When his BMI is at 23rd percentile or above.B. When his BMI is at 75th percentile or above.C. When his BMI is at 95th percentile or above.D. When his BMI is at 97th percentile or above.30. A. Setting a good example for their children.B. Disciplining their children.C. Reflecting the nature of modem-day life.D. Changing their children’s hea lth behavior.2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. D 通过对话中的glasses和vision-chart可知女士是名眼科医师。
2003年春季华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。
中国社会科学院2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
中国社会科学院2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题PART I Vocabulary (15 mints)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household.A. appearanceB. popularityC. dominanceD. consolidation2. The judge remained sober despite the lawyer's ludicrous attempt to prove the defendant's innocence.A. sadB. sorryC. seriousD. surprised3. A pervasive negative attitude of the engineers toward projects funded by his company is the cause of the delay of signing the contract.A. perpetualB. perniciousC. preventiveD. prevalent4. Helen could not help feeling antipathy toward her father's new wife whom he married just two months after the death of Helen's mother.A. sympathyB. concessionC. compassionD. hostility5. California seems to be the home of the homeless since many are often observed tramping along railroad tracks and through the downtown areas of the cities.A. roamingB. trimmingC. stealingD. stamping6. On Christmas Eve in America the shopping malls are saturated with shoppers in a frantic competition for last minute gifts.A. bustledB. soaredC. filledD. broadened7. The blunder of Argentina' s goalie cost them the game in the match against Brazil.A. triumphB. beatC. mistakeD. straggle8. The child was so ingenuous that even when she knocked the television off its stand so that it was irreparably damaged, her parents thought her to be charming.A. intelligentB. ingeniousC. adroitD. naive9. The low interest rates on banks loans provided an impetus for many to buy homes.A. incentiveB. obstacleC. reasonD. delay10. It was an allusion to what the scientist thought was an inappropriate distribution of funds for stem cell research.A. referenceB. contradictionC. explanationD. rejection11. Tim is dubious about diet pills which advertise quick weight loss.A. anxiousB. pessimisticC. doubtfulD. ignorant12. If the salesmen are not given tangible benefits for a high volume of sales, they will loose their motivation.A. substantialB. psychologicalC. spiritualD. profitable13. Many people in Wales have an affinity with music.A. reputation forB. solubility inC. tincture inD. attraction to14. His talent for music remained latent until his wife bought him a guitar.A. hiddenB. sophisticatedC. delicateD. profound15. A rapid portfolio turnover rate may preclude low long-term capital gains.A. prohibitB. lagC. preventD. rejectSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. He was __________ with the deadly disease when he was 14, and has suffered with it for10 years.A. inducedB. inflictedC. insertedD. integrated17. Every person on the sales team is __________ because they work together well.A. incompatibleB. incredibleC. indefiniteD. indispensable18. The secretary wants to ___________ all the file clerks to make preparations for the company Christmas party.A. enlightenB. enlistC. enableD. enclose19. To be a successful criminal, one must be ___________A. empiricalB. emigrantC. elegantD. elusive20. The low operating costs of the foreign company will __________ the high labor costs the business pays in its own country.A. offendB. obstructC. obligeD. offset21. Despite the fact that they were ___________ when they married, after 30 years they live together harmoniously.A. contradictoryB. incompatibleC. contraryD. compatible22. Because of her dual nationality in the United States and Mexico, Maria was almost required to pay taxes in both countries until her accountant ___________ with a satisfactory solution for both countries.A. interceptedB. interactedC. interpretedD. intervened23.__________ was given by the committee to all of those who donated money.A. RecognitionB. AttentionC. TributeD. Acknowledgement24. Most of the waiters are __________ in their work because the owner of the restaurant does not pay them on time.A. rackB. tackC. slackD. stack25. It was their __________ decision to leave their country, and as a result, they lost their citizenship.A. compulsoryB. deliberateC. carefreeD. modest26. She __________ scarlet fever when she was a baby and lost her eyesight.A. distortedB. contractedC. subtractedD. distracted27. She is ____________ to sprain her ankle because it is weak from 3 previous pains.A. proneB. disposedC. boundD. destined28. Little boys seem to enjoy _________ train sets more than little girls.A. captureB. departureC. fixtureD. miniature29. Many skiers ___________ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.A. padB. packC. squeezeD. cluster30. A stateless young man may have felt _________ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.A. intriguedB. initiatedC. indicatedD. intimidatedPART ⅡGrammar ( 15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. There was a pause of complete stillness which the buzzing of the bees among the pinkA B Croses sounded as loud as the fight of an aircraft.D32. This discrepancy was intriguing to Alfred Wegener, a young geologist working inA B Greenland in 1910. He thought the error too great to be accounted easily.C D33. From such data Wegener developed his floating continents theory. He envisioned an original super continent that crystallized of molten material making up the infant earth, eventuallyB Cthe mass cracked and broke into several pieces- the present continents.D34. The subject may be approached in several directions, but the scene cannot be fullyA Bappreciated from any one vantage point.C D35. When we think of creative people the names that probably spring to mind are those ofA B Cmen such as Albert Einstein, Pablo Picasso, great artists, inventors and scientists——a selectiveDand exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius.36. A favorite story among acoustic experts concerns with a noisy Long Island suburb where,A B Ceveryday and night, huge trucks rumbled down a freeway.D37. Though the wide universe is full of good, kernel of nourishing corn can come to manA only through his own toil bestowed that plot of ground which is given him to till.B C D38. Society is a joint-stock company, in which the members agree, for the better securing ofA B C bread for each shareholder, to surrender to the liberty and culture of each individual.DSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.39. The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden downturns in the market, hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses, ___________ the interest rates in Washington, and undercapitalized.A. loosing ... fearing the company may still beB. loosening ... a fear of the company still beingC. a loosening of ... fearing that the company may still beD. a loosening of ... a fear that the company may still be40. School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central-city areas have contributed, according to a recent study, to _________ any future need for busing.A. significant increases in housing integration, which, in tum, reducesB. significant integration increases in housing, which, in turn, reducesC. increases housing integration significantly, which, in turn, reducesD. increases housing integration significantly, which, in turn, reduce41.__________ in the United StatesA. Three out of every four automobile owners ... also own a bicycleB. Out of every four, three automobile owners ... also owns a bicycleC. Three out of every four automobile owners ... owns bicyclesD. Out of every four owners of automobiles ... bicycles are also owned by three42. The relationship between' corpulence and disease remains controversial, although statistics clearly _________ reduced life expectancy __________ chronic obesity.A. associate a... toB. associates a... withC. associates ... toD. associate a...with43. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than __________A. they originally seemedB. they originally seem toC. they seemingly would cost originallyD. they seemed originally44. ____________ a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas thanA. In Holland, it costs ... the spending on military defense in the United StatesB. In Holland they spend ... he United States does on military defenseC. Holland spends ... the military defense spending of the United StatesD. Holland spends ... the United States does on military defense45. Distinguished architecture requires the expenditure of large sums of money, even if it is by no means certain __________ the expenditure of large sums of money ___________ distinguished architecture.A. that ... produceB. of... will produceC. that...producesD. as to... producingPART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSION (30 points) Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some bearing. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controller and of the members of the governmental agency itself?A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others—the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury," we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery!' and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned—in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment. A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurances of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in turn "rule" behavior.The effect of a law upon the controlling agency. The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.46. In the development of a government agency, __________.A. The standard on which the judgment may be made is more important than the actualapplication of this judgmentB. the function of law is importantC. the study of ordinance is the most importantD. practice is more important than criterion47. One of the prominent characteristics of a law is __________.A. the result on the individual's behavior on which a restraining influence is being exercisedB. the result of a behavior on the members of the governmental agencyC. the result of a behavior on ordinary citizensD. both A and B48. What does the example "committed perjury" illustrate?A. The law will examine closely what the individual said in court.B. It illustrates that the law only has something to say when behavior has negative effects onothers.C. Behavior which tends to avoid punishing stimulus will not be explicitly specified by law.D. Both B and C49. The other distinguishing trait of the law is ________.A. punishment is carried out by the courts at all levelsB. rules and court practices initiated by a governmental agency are specifically designed toincrease government controlC. a system of rules governing a conduct, activity or event incidental by natureD. any governmental reinforcement50. Why are laws formed?A. Laws are made before a contingencyB. Laws are made after a contingencyC. A contingency always happens before a law is approved and passedD. Laws are passed to stand the 'test of time' and are applicable to other similar circumstancesin the future51. How does codification of the laws affect governmental agents?A. The law will be interpreted objectively rather than subjectivelyB. Government agencies 'have to compromise with factual conditionsC. Occasionally, governmental agencies have to redress, correct or adapt a law for theirbenefitD. Laws can not be altered or modified but they can be incremented with new court decisionsand also through jurisprudencePassage 2If income is transferred from rich persons to poor persons the proportion in which different sorts of goods and services are provided will be changed. Expensive luxuries will give place to more necessary articles, rare wines to meat and bread, new machines and factories to clothes and improved small dwellings; and there will be other changes of a like sort. In view of this fact, it is inexact to speak of a change in the distribution of the dividend in favor of, or adverse to, the poor. There is not a single definitely constituted heap of things coming into being each year and distributed now in one way, now in another. In fact, there is no such thing as the dividend from the point of view of both of two years, and therefore, there can be no such thing as a change in itsdistribution.This, however, is a point of words rather than of substance. What I mean when I say that the distribution of the dividend has changed in favor of the poor is that, the general productive power of the community being given, poor people are getting more of the things they want at the expense of rich people getting less of the things they want. It might be thought at first sight that the only way in which this could happen would be through a transference of purchasing power from the rich to the poor. That, however, is not so. It is possible for the poor to be advantaged and the rich damaged, even though the quantity of purchasing power, i.e. of command over productive resources, held by both groups remains unaltered. This might happen if the technical methods of producing something predominatingly consumed by the poor were improved and at the same time those of producing something predominatingly consumed by the rich were worsened, and if the net result was to leave the size of the national dividend as defined in Chapter V. unchanged. It might also happen if, by a system of rationing or some other device, the rich were forced to transfer their demand away from things which are important to the poor and which are produced under such conditions that diminished demand leads to lowered prices. Per contra—and this point will be seen in Part IV. To be very important practically—the share, both proportionate and absolute of command over the country's productive resources held by the poor may be increased, and yet, if the process by which they acquire this greater share involves an increase in the cost of things that play a large part in their own consumption, they may not really gain. Thus a change in distribution favorable to the poor may be brought about otherwise than by a transference of purchasing power, or command over productive resources, to them, and it does not mean a transference of these things to them. None the less, this sort of transference is the most important, and may be regarded as the typical, means by which changes in distribution favorable to the poor come about.52. The method in which the writer believes is most effective for the poor benefiting from the rich is __________.A. amassing all products from the last two years and reallocating themB. ensuring the majority of products available are more useful to the poorC. offering low priced stock that the poor could affordD. by limiting the buying of the rich53. Why does the author use the term "the dividend" even though he has acknowledged that in fact it does not exist?A. He is attempting to describe a transmittal circumstance.B. He is articulating a metaphysical theory.C. He is clarifying a situation.D. He is devising an econometric formula.54. Does the author believe that transference of purchasing power is effective in benefiting the poor?A. No, he believes evenly distributing all resources is best.B. No, he believes rationing of the rich is eminent.C. Yes, he believes it is possible to limit the rich and make products for the poor moreaccessible.D. Yes, distribution is influenced by transference and as a result the poor prosper.55. Does the writer truly believe that the poor actually could be more privileged than the rich?A. Yes, as long as the factories capacities manufacture items for the poor are increased.B. No, this a theory, however, the reality is that the rich have the power.C. Yes, as long as the rich are restricted from buying more than the poor.D. No, but he is making a point that the rich could be put at a disadvantage to the benefit ofthe poor.56. To be very important practically—the share, both proportionate and absolute of command over the country' s productive resources held by the poor may be increased, and yet, if the process by which they acquire this greater share involves an increase in the cost of things that play a large part in their own consumption, they may not really gain.Chose one of the following which has the closest meaning to the above sentence.A. If the relative price is proportionate to the control over the supply which is in favor of thepoor.B. Products which are unaffordable are of no use, and therefore, more control over the supplyneeds to be exercised.C. Products which are unaffordable are of no use, and therefore, more control over the supplyneeds to be exercised so that the poor are profited.D. If the price of the items the poor use is too high, they cannot afford them and so thereneeds to be more control over the supply which is in favor of the poor.57. Considering the main point of the reading, chose the best title from one of the following:A. Robinhood Rides AgainB. The Poor Successfully Benefit from the RichC. Transference: The Power of the Poor over the RichD. A Distribution from the Poor to the RichPassage 3Many different meanings have been given to the word poetry. It would weary my readers if I were to discuss which of these definitions ought to be selected; I prefer telling them at once that which I have chosen. In my opinion, Poetry is the search after, and the delineation of, the Ideal.The Poet is he who, by suppressing a part of what exists, by adding some imaginary touches to the picture, and by combining certain real circumstances that do not in fact happen together, completes and extends the work of nature. Thus the object of poetry is not to represent what is true, but to adorn it and to present to the mind some loftier image. Verse, regarded as the ideal beauty of language, may be eminently poetical; but verse does not of itself constitute poetry.I now proceed to inquire whether among the actions, the sentiments, and the opinions of democratic nations there are any which lead to a conception of the ideal, and which may for this reason be considered as natural sources of poetry.It must, in the first place, be acknowledged that the taste for ideal beauty, and the pleasure derived from the expression of it, are never so intense or so diffused among a democratic as among an aristocratic people. In aristocratic nations it sometimes happens that the body acts as it were spontaneously, while the higher faculties are bound and burdened by repose. Among thesenations the people will often display poetic tastes, and their fancy sometimes ranges beyond and above what surrounds them.But in democracies the love of physical gratification, the notion of bettering one' s condition, the excitement of competition, the charm of anticipated success, are so many spurs to urge men onward in the active professions they have embraced, without allowing them to deviate for an instant from the track. The main stress of the faculties is to this point. The imagination is not extinct, but its chief function is to devise what may be useful and to represent what is real. The principle of equality not only diverts men from the description of ideal beauty; it also diminishes the number of objects to be described.Aristocracy, by maintaining society in a fixed position, is favorable to the solidity and duration of positive religions as well as to the stability of political institutions. Not only docs it keep the human mind within a certain sphere of belief, but it predisposes the mind to adopt one faith rather than another. An aristocratic people will always be prone to place intermediate powers between God and man. In this respect it may be said that the aristocratic element is favorable to poetry. When the universe is peopled with supernatural beings, not palpable to sense, but discovered by the mind, the imagination ranges freely; and poets, finding a thousand subjects to delineate, also find a countless audience to take an interest in their productions.In democratic ages it sometimes happens, on the contrary, that men are as much afloat in matters of faith as they are in their laws. Skepticism then draws the imagination of poets back to earth and confines them to the real and visible world. Even when the principle of equality docs not disturb religious conviction, it tends to simplify it and to divert attention from secondary agents, to fix it principally on the Supreme Power.Aristocracy naturally leads the human mind to the contemplation of the past and fixes it there. Democracy, on the contrary, gives men a sort of instinctive distaste for what is ancient. In this respect aristocracy is far more favorable to poetry; for things commonly grow larger and more obscure as they are more remote, and for this twofold reason they are better suited to the delineation of the ideal.58. Why does the author give his opinion of the definition of poetry?A. He doesn't want his readers to be confusedB. He wants to get to his point and not discuss definitionsC. Many people have tried to define it, and he wanted to add another by giving his point ofviewD. He doesn't think the other definitions are accurate59. The purpose of the passage is to ___________.A. explain the meaning of poetry and the art of a poetB. contrast poetry with a democratic and a aristocratic societiesC. explain how poetry, democracy, and aristocracy intermingleD. contrast the inclination towards poetry in democratic and aristocratic societies60. How do those of an aristocracy and those of a democracy differ in the use of their imaginations?A. for those of an aristocracy, the imagination is boundless, and for those of a democracy, theimagination is used to reach realistic goals.B. for those of an aristocracy, the imagination is used to reach realistic goals, and for those ofa democracy, the imagination 'is boundless.C. for those of an aristocracy, the imagination is boundless, and for those of a democracy, theimagination is used to reach unrealistic goals.D. for those of an aristocracy, the imagination is bound to be practical, and for those of ademocracy, the imagination is used to reach realistic goals.61. How does the author contrast aristocratic and democratic societies in their response to religion?A. Democratic societies are more receptive than aristocratic societiesB. Aristocratic societies are more receptive than democratic societiesC. Aristocratic societies are not as receptive as democratic societiesD. Democratic societies arc just as more receptive as aristocratic societies.62. How do aristocratic societies' perception of spiritual powers influence whether they are "favorable to poetry" or not?A. Since they are aware of the supernatural powers around them, they are inhibited to writeB. They become overwhelmed with the revealing of the psyche, and as a result they writeC. Their imagination has been reigned in; and therefore, they will not writeD. Not only man, but spiritual beings are attentive to their art, so they arc stimulated to write63. How does a democratic nation influence poetry?A. It limits writing.B. enhances writing.C. It embellishes writing.D. It deepens writing.Passage 4One reaction to all the concern about tropical deforestation is a blank stare that asks the question, "Since I don't live in the tropics, what does it have to do with me?" The answer is that your way of life, wherever you live in the world, is tied to the tropics in many ways. If you live in a house, wash your hair, eat fruit and vegetables, drink soda, or drive a car, you can be certain that you are affected by the loss of tropical forests. Biologically, we are losing the richest regions on earth when, each minute, a piece of tropical forest the size of ten city blocks vanishes. As many as five million species of plants, animals and insects, 40 to 50 percent of all living things, live there, and are being irrevocably lost faster than they can be found and described. Their loss is incalculable.Take medicine, for example. Fewer than one percent of tropical forest plants have been examined for their chemical compounds. Nonetheless, scientists have integrated a wealth of important plants into our everyday lives. The West African calabar bean is used to treat glaucoma, while the sankerfoot plant of India yields reserpine, essential for treating hypertension. A West African vine provides the basis for strophanthus, a heart medicine. Quinine, an alkaloid derived from boiling the bark of the cinchona tree, is used to prevent and treat malaria. Derivatives from the rosy periwinkle offer a 99 percent chance of remission for victims of lymphocytic leukemia., as well as a 59 percent chance of recovery from Hodgkin' s disease. In fact, of the 3,000 plant species in the world known to contain anti-cancer properties, 2,100 are from the tropical rain forest. Then there is rubber. For many uses, only natural rubber from trees will do, synthetics are not good enough. Today, over half of the world' s commercial rubber is produced in Malaysia and Indonesia, while the Amazon' s rubber industry produces much of the world' s four million tons.。
全国医学博士统一考试2003英语考试试卷
2003part II31.Sometimes you can get quite _____ when you are trying to communicate with someone inEnglish.A.frustrated失败的, 落空的B.depressed 沮丧的, 降低的C.approved被认可的D.distracted心烦意乱的32.The company has ____ itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all.A.promisedmitted commit oneself to委身于，专心致志于C.attributed attribute sth. to认为某事物是...的属性; 把某事物归功于; 认为某事物是(某人)创造的D.converted33.I haven’t met anyone ____ the new tax plan.A.in honor ofB.in search ofC.in place ofD.in favor of34.Salk won ____ as the scientist who developed the world’s first effective vaccine against polio.A.accomplishmenta girl of many accomplishments多才多艺的姑娘Among her accomplishments were sewing,cooking,playing the piano and dancing.她的才能包括缝纫、烹调、弹钢琴和跳舞。
B.qualification admission qualification入学资格physical qualifications身体条件C.eminence win [reach] eminence as an inventor成为卓越的发明家a man of eminence名人D.patent35.This software can be ____ to the needs of each customer.A.tailoredB.administratedC.entailed vt.使必需, 使蒙受, 使承担, 遗传给entail great expense on sb.使某人承担大笔费用entail ... on sb.使某人负担...把...遗留给某人D.accustomed be accustomed to习惯于accustom oneself to使自己习惯于; 养成...的习惯36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergemcy but a hospital doesn’t dare, for lives are____A.in circulation流通者;传播者B.under consideration在考虑之中C.on hand在手头, 即将发生, 在场;在手头, 在手边;现有D.at stake危如累卵, 危险37.As we need plain, ____food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the mind.A.wholesome卫生的, 有益的, 健康的, 有益健康的wholesome air新鲜空气a wholesome food有益健康的食品B.dietC.tastefulD.edible edible fat食用油脂38.He never gave much thought to the additional kilorams he had ____ lately.A.shown up揭露, 露出, 露面B.piled up 堆积, 积累, 搁浅, 撞毁C.put onD.taken on披上, 呈现, 具有, 雇用, 承担, 盛气凌人, 接纳, 流行39.The teacher tried hard to read ____ handwriting in her students’s test papers.A.irregularB.illiterateC.illegible难辨认的, 字迹模糊的illegal .违法的, 不合规定的D.irrational 无理性的, 失去理性的40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term____ insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.A.denoting指示, 表示quick pulse often denotes fever.脉搏跳得快常表示发烧。
武汉大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Earth?
A) The moon once smashed into the Earth too. B) The moon was battered earlier than the Earth. C) The moon, as a ciose neighbor. is easier to observ-e. l)) The moon's surface is heaviiy cratereei as the Earth's.
Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 and follows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编32(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编32(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The husband and wife were never in ______ or agreement about anything for five minutes together.A．sympathyB．harmonyC．symphonyD．consistency正确答案：B解析：harmony n.协调，和谐。
sympathy(with)n.同情(be in sympathy with赞同，同情)。
symphony n.交响乐，交响曲；(色彩等的)和谐，协调。
consistency n.一贯性，前后—致。
2．There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in complete ______ in a single country for long periods. (2006年财政部财政研究所考博试题)A．successB．revengeC．harmonyD．conscience正确答案：C解析：success成功；revenge复仇；harmony融洽，和谐；conscience良心，是非感。
根据题意，C为正确选项。
3．This year the farmers were just able to gather in the ______ before the fine weather came to an end.A．collectionB．seedC．yieldD．harvest正确答案：D解析：harvest n．收获，收割；收成。
collection n.收集，采集；收藏品。
seed n．种，种子。
yield n.产量；收益。
2003-2005年北京大学博士研究生入学英语考试真题解析
北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2003年3月Part One Structure and Written ExpressionDirection: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET.（20%）1. Recognizing the shortage of time available to spend with their children, working motherssometimes take ______ in the concept of “quality time”.A. refugeB. prideC. placeD. action2. The term “New Australians” came into vogue in the 50s and 60s, which implied that the goalof immigration was assimilation and that migrants would place their new-found Australian identity ahead of the _______ context from which they had come.A. athleticB. ethicC. aestheticD. ethnic3. Scholarships are too few to _______ the high-school graduates who deserve a collegeeducation.A. meetB. accommodateC. compromiseD. adopt4. The study shows that laying too much emphasis on exams is likely to _______ students’enthusiasm in learning English.A. hold backB. hold offC. hold downD. adopt5. The robber tried to _______the stolen goods from the house he had broken into, but wascaught by the guards.A. make away withB. make off forC. get outD. get through6. The editors said they must report to the world how Beijing has _______ pollution andimproved the quality of the environment.A. cut upB. cut offC. cut downD. cut out7. If drug abuse, prostitution, pollution, environmental decay, social inequality, and the like_______, more is required than an increased police presence or a fresh coat of paint.A. are to eliminateB. are eliminatedC. are to be eliminatedD. are being eliminated8. This toothed whale has a large, square head with _______ the so-called spermaceti.A. cavity to containB. cavity containingC. the cavity for containingD. a cavity that contains9. _______, the market will have to overcome some of the highest hurdles it’s seen in a longtime.A. But to happen in that orderB. But for that in order to happenC. But in order that to happenD. But in order for that to happen10. With its anti-terrorism campaign taking _______ over anything else, the government isextending its job and running in more affairs.A. superiorityB. priorityC. majorityD. polarity11. The gap between those at the lowest level and those at the highest level of income hadincreased_______, and is continuing to increase.A. substantiallyB. successfullyC. succinctlyD. sufficiently12. China’s economic reform is aimed at separating enterprises from the government. It hasbeen implemented for almost 20 years, but breakthroughs _______.A. have been made yetB. have yet to makeC. have yet to be madeD. to have yet made13. Several trial efforts in the 1980s proved that it was financially _______ to restore oldbuildings.A. feasibleB. probableC. beneficiaryD. passable14. Unloved and unwanted youngsters may be tempted to run away from home to escape theirproblem, _______ bigger ones in cities plagued with crime, drugs, and immorality.A. have only foundB. only findingC. only foundD. only to find15. If the struggle for a sustainable society _______, we must have some vision of what we areaiming for.A. is to succeedB. has succeededC. succeedsD. succeeded16. A trap _______ disguise is what has come to be called a Trojan Horse, from the ancientstory of the gift of the wooden horse from the Greeks.A. offered as a gift inB. offers a gift inC. offering a gift toD. offered a gift of17. Telecommuting is a new form of work _______ to work, such as fathers with children, thechance to work while remaining at home.A. that affording those unable previouslyB. affords those who were previously unableC. affording those previously unableD. afforded those previously unable18. ______ the passage of light, many new plastics are processed using technologies rivalingthose used in the manufacture of computer chips.A. For the better ofB. Permitting betterC. To better permitD. It is better for19. The Flower Market in San Francisco is ______, and it was established in the 1930’s.A. home of the second largest flower market in the countryB. home to the country’s second largest flower marketC. the second flower market in the country’s homeD. the home to the second country’s large flower market20. The loyalty of dogs to their masters has earned _____ “man’s best friend.”A. the nickname ofB. them the nicknameC. a nicknameD. nicknamesPart Two Reading ComprehensionⅠ. Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answerto each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. （10%）Passage One（1）Gerald Feinberg, the Columbia University physicist, once went so far as to declare that “everything possible will eventually be accomplished.”Well, that of course left only the impossible as the one thing remaining for daring intellectual adventurers to whittle away at. Feinberg, for one, thought that “they’d succeed even there.”（2）It was a point worth considering. How many times in the past had certain things been said to be impossible, only to have it turn out shortly thereafter that the item in question had alreadybeen done or soon would be. What greater cliché was there in the history of science than the comic litany of false it-couldn’t-be-dones; the infamous case of Auguste Comte saying in 1844 that it would never be known what the stars were made of, followed in a few years by the spectroscope being applied to starlight to reveal the stars’chemical composition; or the case of Lord Rutherford, the man who discovered the structure of the atom, saying in 1933 that dreams of controlled nuclear fission were “moonshine.” And those weren’t even the worst examples. No, the huffiest of all it-couldn’t-be-done claims centered on the notion that human beings could actually fly, either at all, or across long distance, or to the moon, the stars, or wherever else.（3）There had been so many embarrassments of this type that about mid-century Arthur C. Clarke came out with a guideline for avoiding them, which he termed Clarke’s Law: “When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.”（4）Still, one had to admit there were lots of things left that were really and truly impossible, even if it took some ingenuity in coming up with a proper list of examples. Such as: “A camel cannot pass through the eye of a needle.”（Well, unless of course it was a very large needle.）Or:“It is impossible for a door to be simultaneously open and closed.”（Well, unless of course it was a revolving door.）（5）Indeed, watertight examples of the really and truly impossible were so exceptionally hard to come by that paradigm cases turned out to be either trivial or absurd. “I know I will never play the piano like Vladimir Horowitz,” offered Milton Rothman, a physicist,“no matter how hard I try.”Or, from Scott Lankford, a mountaineer; “Everest on roller skates.”21. The false it-couldn’t-be-dones in science are comic because ______ .A. they are clichés, repeated too often by scientistsB. they are almost always proved to be wrong by later scientific researchC. they are mocked at by later generationsD. they provide material for good comedies22. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The author uses the case of a camel passing through the eye of a needle to prove his point that there are things impossible to accomplish.B. That a scientist cannot play the piano like one of the best pianists is not a proper illustration to prove that in science there are things impossible to accomplish.C. Scott Lankford challenges the idea that mountaineers can never climb the Everest on roller skates.D. People now laugh at their predecessors for denying the possibility of human flight.23. Through this passage, the author wants to ______.A. show us that scientists in the past years have made a lot of misjudgmentsB. praise those scientists who dared to challenge the impossibleC. emphasize the great potential of the scientific research made by human beingsD. analyze what is possible and what is impossible through scientific effortsPassage Two（1）Since the lineage of investigative journalism is most directly traceable to the progressive era of the early 1900’s, it is not surprising that the President of the United States at the time wasamong the first to articulate its political dimensions. Theodore Roosevelt called investigative reporters “muckrakers, ” after a character from John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress who humbly cleaned “the filth off the floor.” Despite the misgivings implied by the comparison, Roosevelt saw the muckrakers as “often indispensable to the well-being of society”.（2）There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or businessman.（3）Roosevelt recognized the value-laden character of investigative journalism. He perceived correctly that investigative reporters are committed to unearthing wrongdoing. For these journalists, disclosures of morally outrageous conduct maximize the opportunity for the forces of “good” to recognize and do battle with the forces of “evil.”（4）So, the current folklore surrounding investigative reporting closely resembles the American ideal of popular democracy. Partly a product of its muckraking roots, this idealized perspective is also an outgrowth of the commonly perceived effects of exposés published in the early 1970’s. The most celebrated of these exposés were the news stories that linked top White House officials to Watergate crimes. These stories were widely held responsible for the public’s loss of confidence in the Nixon administration, ultimately forcing the President’s resignation.24. When the author talks about the political dimensions of the investigative journalism he refersto __________.A. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and one of its characters “Muckrakers”B. its function of cleaning the dirt off the floor in public placesC. its relentless exposures of political and social evilsD. its indispensable status to the well-being of society25. Roosevelt’s comparison of investigative reporters to“muckrakers”shows his view that thesereporters ______.A. were treated lowly in the societyB. reduced journalism to a humble jobC. should be praised highly for their contributions to the societyD. did unpleasant but necessary work26. By using the word “folklore”, the author suggests that ______.A. people tend to romanticize what is thought to be American popular democracyB. investigative journalism enhances democracy and freedomC. people often circulate the stories they read from investigative reportsD. investigative reports have difficulty in convincing people as truth27. The Watergate incident is mentioned to show ______.A. journalism has a tangible effect on politicsB. the Watergate incident is an abuse of the political powerC. journalism subverts legitimate political powerD. the victory of American freedom of speechPassage Three（1）Viewed from a star in some other corner of the galaxy, Earth would be a speck, a faint blue dot hidden in the blazing light of our sun. While our neighbors Venus and Mars would reflecta fairly even glow, Earth would put on a little show. Earth’s light would brighten and dim as it spins, because oceans, deserts, forests and clouds－which are all too small to be seen from such a distance－reflect varying amounts of sunlight. The variations, it turns out, are so strong and distinctive that surprising amount of information could be taken from a simple ebb and flow of light. Scientists at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study conducted a detailed study of Earth’s reflections as a way for human scientists to learn about distant planets that may be like our own.（2）“If you looked at our solar system from far away, and you looked at the terrestrial planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars—one of the quickest ways to see that Earth is unique is by looking at the light curve,” said Ed Turner, professor of astrophysics and a co-author of the study. “Earth has by far the most complicated light curve,” The standard thinking in the field had been that most of the information about an Earth-like planet would come from spectral analysis, a static reading of the relative component of different colors within the light, rather than a reading of changes over time. Spectral analysis would reveal the presence of gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen, in the planet’s atmosphere. Looking at the change in light over time does not replace spectral analysis, but it could greatly increase the amount of information scientists could learn, said Turner. It may indicate, for example, the presence of weather, oceans, ice or even plant life.28. “Earth would put on a little show” means: as it spins, __________.A. Earth is a more active planet than Venus and MarsB. Earth reflects a brighter light curve than Venus and MarsC. Earth shows oceans, deserts, forests and clouds, while Venus and Mars don’tD. Earth reflects sunlight in an ebb-and-flow manner29. Spectral reading of the light reflected by an Earth-like planet _________.A. can tell us the components of that planet’s atmosphereB. can locate oceans and forests on that planetC. can show what the weather on that planet is likeD. is the quickest way to study its light curve30. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Scientists at the Princeton University want to find that distant planets are like our Earth.B. Among all the terrestrial planets Earth’s light curve is the most complicated.C. Spectral study of the light will see no development of itself because it is static.D. Spectral reading is used as a supplementary method to the study of the change in light over time.Ⅱ. Direction: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（31）A couple of months ago, Singaporean officials unintentionally made cinematic history. They slapped an NC-17 rating on a film—which means children under 17 cannot see it—not because of sex or violence of profanity, but because of bad grammar. Despite its apparently naughty title, Talking Cock, the movie is actually an innocuous comedy comprising four skitsabout the lives of ordinary Singaporeans. The censors also banned a 15-second TV spot promoting the flick.（32）All this is because of what the authorities deemed “excessive use of Singlish.”（33）Given the tough crackdown, you would expect Singlish to be a harmful substance that might corrupt our youth, like heroin or pornography. But it’s one of Singapore’s best-loved quirks, used daily by everyone from cabbies to CEOs.（34）Singlish is simply Singaporean slang, whereby English follows Chinese grammar and is liberally sprinkled with words from the local Chinese, Malay and Indian dialects.I like to talk cock, and I like to speak Singlish. It’s inventive, witty and colorful.（35）Singlish is especially fashionable these days among the younger generation, in part because it gives uptight Singapore a chance to laugh—at itself. But the government is not amused. It doesn’t like Singlish because it thinks it is bad language and bad for Singapore’s image as a commercial and financial center.Part Three: Cloze TestDirection: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）It is a dream world, where chemists can turn a sow’s ear into a silk purse, where bioengineers can put a little bit of a sheep into a wolf—or vice versa—and where the life-styles of the rich are beamed by satellite _____（36）every upwardly mobile village on the planet. Thanks to science and technology, more people are consuming a more amazing array of worldly goods than at any time in history.But beneath the surface all is not well. Like Oscar Wilde’s fictional creation Dorian Gray, who stayed forever ______（37）while a portrait of him in the attic aged horribly, the modern economy masks a disfigured planet. The engine of consumption has scarred the land and stained the sea,_____（38）away at the foundations of nature and threatening to destroy humanity’s only means of survival. Today’s elderly, born at the beginning of last century, started life in a world ______（39）about 50% of its ancient forests still standing. Though far from pristine, it was a world of oceans and land masses teeming with all kinds of life. But those who will be born after the turn of the millennium will _____（40）of age to find that previous generations have squandered and defiled their inheritance, foreclosing some potions even as new ones were created. Our grandchildren may have _____（41）to conveniences that further reduce the drudgery of everyday life, but they will also inherit a planet with less than 20% of its original forests ______（42）, with most of the readily available freshwater already spoken for and much of the arable ______（43）under plough. They will inherit a stressed atmosphere and an unwanted legacy of toxic waste in the soil and water. Missing from the estate will be countless species, most _____（44）out before even _____（45）catalogued by scientist.Part Four ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, write the missing word with a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing wordwith a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words（in brackets）immediately before and after it. If you delete aword, cross it out with a slash（\）. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）eg. 1.（46）The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWET SHEET: （46） begun beganeg.2. （47）Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（47）（Scarcely）had （they）eg.3. （48）Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（48）not（46）Clonaid, a company associated by a group that believes extraterrestrials created mankind, announced Friday that it had produced the first clone of a human being. According to the spokeswoman, it is a baby girl who appears to have been born healthy.（47）As we know, cattle, mice, sheep and other animals have been cloned in the past years with mixing success.（48）All cloned animals have displayed defects later in life.（49）Scientists fear same could happen with cloned humans.（50）The company Clonaid is viewed skeptical by most scientists, who doubt the group’s technical ability to clone a human being.（51）But the Clonaid spokeswoman said an dependent expert was going to confirm the baby’s clone status through DNA testing.（52）Clonaid is lead by Brigitte Boisselier, a former deputy director of research at the Air Liquide Group, a French producer of industrial and medical gases.（53）Clonaid is also linked to a sect called the Raelians, whose founder, Claude Vorihon, describes himself for a prophet and calls himself Rael. （54）The group believes cloning could extend human life for hundred of years. In fact, Clonaid has been racing the Italian fertility doctor Severion Antinori to produce the first cloned baby.（55）Antinori said in last month he expected one of his patients to give birth to a cloned baby in January.Part Five: WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below.（15%）Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题详解Part One Structure and Written Expression1. A take refuge in求助于…；take pride in以…为傲；take place in在（某处）发生；take action采取行动。
2008~2010年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2008年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art.The auction-rooms as Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.1. Why is the end of the bidding called “knocking down”?A. Because the auctioneer knocks the buyer down.B. Because the auctioneers knocks the rostrum down.C. Because the goods are knocked down on to the table.D. Because the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer.2. The Romans used to sell by auction _____.A. spoilt goodsB. old worn-out weaponsC. property taken from the enemyD. spears3. A candle used to burn at auction sales _____.A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made4. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots”out of the order because _____.A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers【答案与解析】1.D 根据第一段“This is called “knocking down”the goods, for the bidding endswhen the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands.”可知“knocking down”是“锤子落地的动作”，表示交易完成，故选项D正确。
考博复习中科院考博2003年英语试题
助力考博复习真题及解析THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXA MINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATES PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points) Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations betwee n two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be as feed about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Ch oose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corre sponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your M achine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A, She is sick.B. She is hungry.C. She was bitten by an ant.D. She had a long bicycle ride.2. A. He's outgoing.B. He's considerate.C- He's successful.D. He's nice to all,3. A. 30 minutesB. 25 minutesC. 20 minutesD. 15 minutes4. A. take the airB. park the carC. fill in the formD. work on a text5. A. apply for a credit cardB. get a driver's licenseC. buy an insuranceD. rent a vehicle6. A, Crime needs to be treated as a disease.B. Primitive punishment will do no good.C. Severe punishment is necessary to stop crime.D. Primitive people had trouble with crime treatment.7. A, the sale of the old housesB. the pulling down of the gas companyC. the proposal of the councilD. the building of the office blocks8. A. He will not be able to many Cindy.B. He has financial problems.C. He has yet to buy furniture.D. He may not be recovered until the wedding.9. A. Both are having a cold.B. Both are on holidays.C. The woman feels sorry for the man.D. The woman hopes to see the man in the school.10. A. He felt sympathy for the Vietnamese.B. He used to come to the U.S. unlawfully.C. He aided illegal immigration to the U.S.D. He dealt with 7,000 immigration cases.Section B (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In ihis section, you will hear three short passages. At the e nd of each passage, there will be a few questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, t here will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best ans wer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter wit h a single bar across thesquare brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11. A. to make children grow tall and strongB. to keep the soul in the bodyC. to prevent someone from saying evil thingsD. to protect someone against catching a cold12. A. They think a good spirit may help the child grow,B. They want to drive away the devil "sneeze."C. They say it as a curse for the child to stop sneezing.D. They consider a sneeze an obstacle to the child's growth.13. A. the GermanB. the ItalianC. the JapaneseD. the Hindus14. A. All peoples are afraid of sneezing.B. Some people never sneeze in their lives.C. The moment of sneezing is very dangerous.D. Many people say prayers when they sneeze.15. A. a lack of available flightsB. long delays at the airportC. boredom on long flightsD. long trips to and from the airport16. A. on short tripsB. on long tripsC. when flying over citiesD. when flying at high altitudes17. A. It fuels with nuclear energy.B. It rests on a cushion of pressurized air.C. It flies above magnetically activated tracks.D. It uses a device similar to a jet engine-18. A. She is poor in school grade.B, Her major is thought to be useless.C, Her job expectation is too high.D, There is now an economic recession.19. A, undergraduatesB. experienced M.B.A.sC. laid-off workersD. liberal-arts majors20. A. Unemployment rate will get still higher.B. There will be no multiple job offers.C. 2 million job seekers will compete for jobs.D. First-time job requirements will be lowered.(THIS IS THE END OF LISTENING COMPREHENSION.)PART II VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence shot b est completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scaring Answer Sheet,21. His trick convinced none but the mostA. credulousB. plausibleC. trustworthyD. feasible22. Many people proposed that a national committee be formed to disc uss toexisting mass transit systems.A. substitutesB. measuresC, duplicates D. alternatives23. He is a hypocrite, a liar, a thief— , he is the greatest devil I ever know.A. as a consequenceB. as a ruleC, as a matter of fact D. as a matter of routine24. Since she was alone, she opened the door . leaving the chain lock fastened.A. warilyB. consciouslyC. audaciouslyD. recklessly25. In the last few minutes the conversation has become seemingly as ifthe discussion were of some minor domestic matter and not survival its elf,A. crucialB. centralC. casualD. causal26. I didn't listen to Mom and 1 was not surprised at the look of on her face.A. indifferenceB. complimentC, negligence D. reproach27. The victims of drunken driving in America over the past decade___ __ anincredible 250,000, with three killed every hour of every day on averag e.A. Sake upB. add up toC, count for D. turn out to28. He is believed to have been shot by a rival gang in for the shooti ngslast week.A. revenge B, reserveC. reverseD. remedial29. These pollutants can be hundreds and even thousands of kilometer s bylarge air masses.A. containedB. conveyedC. contaminatedD. conserved30. There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but _ i t'svery enjoyable.A. all at onceB. once and for allC. so much asD. by and large31. In a divorce, the mother usually is granted___________ of her chil dren.A. supportB. retentionC. perseveranceD. custody32. What he had in mind to nothing less than a total reversal of the tr aditional role of the executive.A. contributedB. dedicatedC. amountedD. added33. Some Heads of Government now fear that negotiations will beforea settlement is reached.A. wear outB. come alongC. break offD. end up34. A of soap and two brightly colored towels were left beside the bat h, then the women smiled politely at Nicole and withdrew carefully from the room.A. loaf B, barC. stick D, block35. Of the 1200 million people who call themselves Chinese, a very s mallnumber speak what is referred to as standard Chinese.A. none butB. but forC. all butD. but then36.___________ recent brain and behavioral research. Dr. Goleman wr ote a fascinating book entitled "Emotional Intelligence."A. Drawing upB. Drawing onC. Putting upD. Putting on37. Many people think of deserts as regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there,A. remoteB. irginC. alienD. barren38. Attempts to persuade her stay after she felt insulted were __,A, of no avail B. out of focusC. at a loss D, in no way39. Scientists are certain that there is a cancer-inhibiting agent in theblood of the shark.A. dubiouslyB. virtuallyC. queerlyD. randomly40. The integration of staff for training has led to a good exchange of i deas, greater enthusiasm, and higher staff .________ ,A. moral B, mortalC. moraleD. moresPART III CLOZE TEST (IS minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the pa ssage through-Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresp onding tetter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across she square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.It is appropriate on an anniversary of the founding of a university to re mind ourselves of its purposes. It is equally appropriate at such time fo r students to 4j why they have been chosen to attend and to consider how they can best 42.__ the privilege of attending.At the least you 95 students can hope to become 43 in subject matter which may be useful to you in later life. There is, 44 , much more to be gained. It is now that you must learn to exercise your mind suffici ently __45_ learning becomes a joy and you thereby become a student for life. 46 this may require an effort of will and a period of self-discip line. Certainly it is not 47 without hard work. Teachers can guide and encourage you, but learning is not done passively. To learn is your48. There is 49 the trained mind satisfaction to be derived from exploring the ideas of others, mastering them and evaluating them. But there is 5 0 level of inquiry which I hope that some of you will choose. If your st udy takes you to the 51 of understanding of a subject and, you have r eached so far, you find that you can penetrate to 52 no one has been before, you experience an exhilaration which can't be denied and whic h commits you to a life of research.Commit mem to a life of scholarship or research is 53 many other lau dable goals. It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even 54 other facets of life prove disappointing. I strongly 55 it,41.A. count42. A, benefit from43. A. efficient44. A. however45. A. if46. A. Of late47. A. acquired48. A. ambition49. A. to50.A. any51.A. ends52. A. elsewhere53. A. compatible with54. A. shall55. A. declareB. reflect t B.ake over B.excellent t B.herefore B.because B.Consequently B.accomplished B.conscience B.onB. oneB.limitsB.whatB. responsible forB. willB. recommendC. depend C.apply for C.professional C.indeedC. so that C.Afterwards C.approached C.responsibility C. in C. another C, bordersC. whicheverC. followed byC. wouldC, adviseD. comment D. go hrough D. proficient D. after all D.before D. At first D.assuredD.challenge D. byD. noD. edgesD. relevant toD.whereD. shouldD. contendPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directio ns: Be low each of the following passages you will find some question s or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices market! A, B, C. end D. Read each passage carefully, an d then select (he choice that bear answers the question or completes (he statement Mark (fie teller of your choice with a single bar across (he square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage ISmall, pink and very ugly. Hardly the qualities of a star, but they descr ibe the deformed mouse that was the media darling at a recent scienc e exhibition in Beijing. With a complex tissue structure in the shape of a human ear grafted on to its back, the rosy rodent was a stunning sy mbol of the serious strides China is making in the field of biotechnology.China is fast applying the latest life-science techniques learned from th e West to aggressively pursue genome research. It's establishing its ow n centers of technical excellence to build a scientific base to compete directly with the United States and Europe. With a plentiful supply of s mart young scientists at home and lots of interest abroad biotechnology is on the brick of a boom in China. And in the view of foreign scienti sts, Beijing is playing a clever hand, maximizing the opportunities open to them.For the moment, the cooperation exists mostly with Europe and the U. S. But Asia's other biotech leaders, Japan, Singapore and Korea, also are recognizing China's potential as an attractive low-cost base to cond uct research. These partnerships—and China's advancement in the field of biotechnology—could help benefit the rest of Asia: China's rapid pro gress in improving crop yields will address food-security concerns in the region, In addition, China is more likely to focus on developing chea p technology that its predominantly poor population—and those of other Asian countries—-can afford.There remain, however, serious barriers to the development qf a strong biotech industry. Among them are a poor domestic legal framework, w eak enforcement of intellectual-property rights and loose adherence to i nternational standards, China is a signatory of the International Bio Saf ety Protocol, which should mean adherence to global standards governi ng the conduct of field trials. But some observers are skeptical. 'The re gulations look good, but I haven't met one scientist who believes they are being fully adhered to," says a European science analyst.If shortcuts are taken, then some of the recent scientific achievements trumpeted in the official press may never make it to market. But no m atter how strict lab tests are. other problems lie in waii. For example, t here is a number of tasks it would take years :o fulfill in the patents of fice, says one lawyer, leaving innovators with little protection if they tak e a product to market in China.56, The mouse on display is most significant in that _ _.A. it has an ear in the shape of a human earB. it is unusually small and ugly as a starC. it is the focus of the media at the exhibitionD. it indicates China's progress in biotechnology57. The phrase "on the brink of a boom" (in boldface in Paragraph 2) i n the contextmeans .A. having an edge in competitionB. in great demandC. on the way to successD. preparing for challenge58. In the field of biotechnology China is thought to .A. have been making an utmost effort learning from the WestB. have become a country among the advancedC. have been able to rival the United Sates and EuropeD. have launched a biotechnological revolution59. Japan, Singapore, and Korea will also be interested in cooperating with China in biotechnology because________ .A. it has made extraordinary contributions to the worldB. it has large supplies of talents and advanced research centersC. its research focuses on the benefits of all Asian countriesD. its cooperation with the US and Europe proves profitable60. Science analysts are worried that China, in the course of biotech d evelopment,A. might refuse to join efforts to adhere to global standardsB. may put too much emphasis on developing cheap technologyC. cannot afford to fulfill years of tasks in assessing patentsD. may not seriously follow the International Bio Safety Protocol61. As implied in the context, the shortcuts that might be taken include ___________ .A. publicizing recent achievements in the official pressB. the protection of innovators with their productsC. the violation of intellectual-property rightsD. making lab tests as strict as possiblePassage 2The sizzling streams of sunlight were just beautifully glimmering down o n the crisp green schoolyard. Such a wonderful day that was. Nothing could have ruined it.Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day, decided to go to the corner store and buy himself a little treat. As Jimmy started walking ov er to the store, Clouds flocked over the dazzling sun and the sudden p itch dark meant no trouble, On the other side of the road were three white boys from Jimmy's same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the bo ys ran over the street to where he was."Hey Negro, what's up?" one of the white boys said,"Did your mamma pack you enough to eat today? "another hooted. "Ju st leave me alone," Little Jimmy said." Oh no, Jimmy's really getting pist off!?" the first boy retaliated. "Just shove off and let me be," Jimmy answered.It is like this everyday, everywhere, and every time, people suffer discri mination. All because they have differences amongst each other. Differe nt beliefs, different cultures, different skin colors, all of these act like b uilding blocks to help construct what we know as Racism.Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural w orlds like Canada and the States. Racism is a part of each and every one of us. No doubt, we are all racist, but the term racism has been u sed too loosely. Racism has been mutated to such an extent that ii co uld be a reason for war, a symbol of terrorism, and even an excuse fo r neglecting.Is that all there is to it? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in which there is no shelter and nobody is neutral. Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter c urse. On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at sch ool. 1 would walk around by myself and ask people if we could play to gether. Everywhere that 1 went, like the process of induction, everyone would avoid me. Like two inducted poles with the some polarity, they would just shimmer off into the distance and continue to do whatever t hey're doing. Because of racial differences, they neglect me.People are afraid of the unknown, and it is this difference amongst peo ple that spread rumors and distrust amongst people. Corrupting our tho ughts and reasons, we get accustomed to thinking differences are ome ns. Amongst smaller kids, there is no difficulty in getting them to all pl ay together, Their thoughts are not totally corrupted as others. Probably the demon has no time to bother with smaller children.62. With the description of the weather and Jimmy's teeling about it the author intends to show that_________ .A. what a happy world it is for humansB. what an innocent boy Jimmy wasC. what an unusual thing that was to happen to JimmyD. what a wonderful world that people have ignored63. From the conversation with the three white boys, we learn that Jim myA. must have offended them beforeB. was a pleasant boy to be talked toC. was being humiliated for being blackD. must have got used to their behaviors64, According to the author, RacismA. leads to a world with no varietyB. does not see the differences between culturesC. hinders rhe world's economic developmentD. does not tolerate coexistence of different cultures65. By saying ''No doubt, we are alt racist" (in boldface in Paragraph3) the author admits that .A. we are all warlike by natureB. we all discriminate against other peoplesC. we are all proud of our own race and nationD. we all focus on the difference between races66, To be continued, the passage would probably be followed by a par agraph that deals withA. how children's thoughts are corrupted by racism as they growB. the author's far more miserable experience of being neglectedC. how the black people should unite to fight against the WhitesD. the education of smaller children to behave pleasantly to each other67. Which of the following can best describe the tone of the passage?A. provocativeB. indignantC. sentimentalD. sarcasticPassage 3This week marks the 10th anniversary of the Alar apple scare, in whic h many American consumers were driven into a panic following the rel ease of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples containing the chemical Alar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers. The report was disseminated through a PR (Problem Report) camp aign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer review. Introdu ced to the American public by CBS' "60 Minutes," the unsubstantiated claims in the report led some school districts to remove apples from th eir school lunch programs and unduly frightened conscientious parents t rying to develop good eating habits for their children.Last month, Consumers Union released a report warning consumers of the perils of consuming many fruits and vegetables that frequently cont ained '"unsafe" levels of pesticide residues. This was especially true for children, they claimed. Like its predecessor 10 years earlier, the Cons umers Union report received no legitimate scientific peer review and th e public's first exposure to it was through news coverage.Not only does such reporting potentially drive children from consuming healthful fruits and vegetables, the conclusions were based on a mislea ding interpretation of what constitutes a "safe" level of exposure. Briefl y, the authors used values known as the "chronic reference doses," set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as their barometers of s afety. Used appropriately, these levels represent the maximum amount of pesticide that could be consumed daily for life without concern. For a 70-year lifetime, for example, consumers would have to ingest this av erage amount of pesticide every day for more than 25,000 days. It is c lear, as the report points out. that there are days on which kids may b e exposed to more; it is also clear that there are many more days wh en exposure is zero. Had the authors more appropriately calculated the cumulative exposures for which the safety standards are meant to app ly, there would have been no risks and no warnings.Parents should feel proud, rather than guilty, of providing fruits and veg etables for their children. It is well established that a diet rich in such f oods decreases the risk of heart disease and cancer. Such benefits dr amatically overwhelm the theoretical risks oftiny amounts of pesticides in food. So keep serving up the peaches, a pples, spinach, squash, grapes and pears.68. In the Alar apple scare, many Americans were frightened because ,A. scientists warned that apples were dangerousB. many school children became ill after eating applesC. it was reported that apples were harmful to healthD. apples were discovered to have too much pesticide69. The warning message about the Alar apple was given .A. by Consumers UnionB. by a health centerC. through an news agencyD. through the government70. The last month report parallels that on the Alar apple scare in that .A. neither really caused worry among the publicB. neither underwent a scientific peer reviewC. neither provided statistical supportsD. neither aimed for the public good71. The ''chronic reference doses" (in boldface in Paragraph 3) refer to .A, the safe levels of pesticide exposureB. the amount of fruits one can safely eatC, one's digestive capacity for fruitsD. health values of fruits and vegetables72. With regard to the pesticides in food, this passage seems to argue thatA. parents should keep their children from the food with pesticidesB. they should be applied to fruits and vegetables with cautionC. more research needs to be done on their harmfulness to healthD. they are not as threatening as said to children most of the time73, The primary purpose of this passage is to explain that___A. not all reports on food are scientifically soundB. it is important for the public to know the risks of pesticidesC. vegetables and fruits can be harmful to children's healthD. there should be no public concern over pesticidesPassage 4Abortion. The word alone causes civil conversation to flee the room. Th is is largely because the pro-choice and pro-life positions are being defi ned by their extremes, by those who scream accusations instead of ar guments.More reasonable voices and concerns, on both sides of the fence, are given little attention.For example, prolife extremists seem unwilling to draw distinctions betw een some abortions and others, such as those resulting from rape with an underage child. They would make no exception in the recent real-li fe case of a woman who discovered in her fifth month that her baby w ould be bom dead due to severe disabilities.On the other hand, pro-choice extremists within feminism insist on holdi ng inconsistent positions. The pregnant woman has an unquestionable r ight to abort, they claim. Yet if the biological father has no say whatso ever over the woman's choice, is it reasonable to impose legal obligati ons upon him for child support? Can absolute legal obligation adhere without some son of corresponding legal rights?The only hope for progress in the abortion dialogue lies in the great ex cluded middle, in the voices of average people who see something wro ng with a young girl forced to bear the baby of a rapist.Any commentary on abortion should include a statement of the writer'sposition, I represent what seems to be a growing "middle ground" in pr o-choice opinion. Legally, 1 believe in the right of every human being t o medically control everything under his or her own skin. Many things people have a legal right to do, however, seem clearly wrong to me: a dultery, lying to friends, walking past someone who is bleeding on the street. Some forms of abortion fall into that category. Morally speaking, my doubts have become so extreme that I could not undergo the pro cedure past the first three months and 1 would attempt to dissuade frie nds from doing so.Partial-birth abortion has thrown many pro-choice advocates into moral chaos. I find it impossible to view photos of late-term abortion—the fetu s's contorted features, the tiny fully formed hands, the limbs ripped apa rt—without experiencing nausea. This reaction makes me ineffectual in advocating the absolute right to abortion. 1 stand bytlie principle, "a woman's body, a woman's right" but I don't always like myself for do ing so.Fanatics on both sides are using reprehensible and deceitful tactics. An honest dialogue on abortion must start by re-setting the stage, by den ouncing the approaches that block communication.74. According to the passage, the pro-life and pro-choice positions on abortion areA. complementary to each otherB. opposed to each otherC. similar in natureD. reconcilable in a way75. To a pro-life extremist, .A. all babies should be carried to termB. babies resulting from rape should not be bomC. deformed babies can be aborted when detectedD. an underage girl has no right to give birth76. According to the pro-choice position,_____A. a pregnant woman cannot abort her baby if its father agrees to kee p itB. a pregnant woman has an absolute right of choice over an abortionC. the baby's father also has a say over its mother's choice of abortio nD. the baby's father has an unalienable obligation to support the baby 77, Who would insist that the baby be born whether or not it is the chi ld of a rapist?A. the authorB. average peopleC. a pro-choice advocateD. a pro-life extremist78. The author doubts the legal right to lie to friends as well as the one toA. abort a fetus in its fifth monthB. view the photos of late-term abortionC. give birth to a baby in one's teenageD. dispose of whatever under one's skin79. The author, as a "middle ground" person,___________ .A. actually holds a mild pro-life opinionB. proposes that a rapist's baby never be bornC. advocates a serious dialogue on abortionD. denies the principle "a woman's body, a woman's right"Passage 5In the absence of optimism, we are left with nothing but critics, naysay ers, and prophets of doom. When a nation expects the worst from its people and institutions, and its experts focus exclusively on faults, hope dies. Too many people spend too much time looting down rather than up, Finding fault with their country's political institutions, economic syst em, educational establishment, religious organizations, and—worst of all —with each other.Faultfinding expends so much negative energy that nothing is left over for positive action. It takes courage and strength to solve the genuine problems that afflict every society. Sure, there will always be things tha t need fixing. But the question is, Do you want to spend your time and energy tearing things down or building them up?The staging of a Broadway show could illustrate my point. Let's say a new production is about to open, A playwright has polished the script, i nvestors have put up the money, and the theater has been rented, A director has been chosen, actors have been auditioned and selected, a nd the cast has been rehearsing for weeks. Set, lighting, and sound e ngineers have been hard at work. By the time opening night arrives, n early a hundred people have labored tirelessly—all working long hours t o make magic for iheir audience.On opening night, four or five critics sit in the audience, [f they pan it, the play will probably close in a matter of days or weeks. If they prai se it, the production could go on for a long and successful run. In the end, success or failure might hinge on the opinion of a single person—someone who might be in a bad mood on opening night! What's wrong with this scene? In one sense, nothing. Critics have a legitimate role. The problem arises when we make critics our heroes or put them in c ontrol of our fate. When we empower the critic more than the playwrig ht, something is wrong. It is much easier to criticize than to create. Wh en we revere the critics of society, we eventually become a society of critics, and when that happens, there is no room left for constructive o ptimism.。
2003医学博士英语考试真题听力及解析
题型
Medical
重点词汇短语
ring the bell
听到某件事或者某 个人，觉得耳熟
Script & Analysis
13. W: I’ve just made up a quart of orange juice this morning. And now I can’t find it anywhere. Do you know what happened to it? M: Did you hear a crash earlier. That was it. I’m just as clumsy as ever.
题型
Medical
重点词汇短语
up-and-coming overcome obstacle finance the project under way brain-damaged 有前途的，崭露头角的 克服困难 为项目提供资金 开始进行 损坏大脑
Script & Analysis – Long Conversations / Passages
题型
Non-Medical
重点词汇短语
faucet out of order plumber
水龙头 有故障 管子工
Script & Analysis
15. M: I’m sorry to hear that John has lost some money in the lottery again. W: What he needs now is a change of luck.
Script & Analysis – Long Conversations / Passages
Script & Analysis – Long Conversations / Passages
武汉大学考博英语-6
武汉大学考博英语-6(总分：89.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.00)And researchers say that like those literary romantics Romeo and Juliet, they may be blind to the consequences of their quests for an idealized mate who serves their every physical and emotional need.Nearly 19 in 20 never-married respondents to a national survey agree that "when you marry you want your spouse to be your soul mate, first and foremost", according to the State of Our Unions: 2001 study released Wednesday by Rutgers University.David Popenoe, a Rutgers sociologist and one of the study"s authors, said that view might spell doom for marriages."It really provides a very unrealistic view of what marriage really is," Popenoe said. "The standard becomes so high, it"s not easy to bail out if you didn"t find a soul mate."The survey points to a fundamental dilemma in which younger people want more from the institution of marriage while they seemingly are unwilling to make the necessary commitments.The survey also suggests that some respondents expect too much from a spouse, including the kind of emotional support rendered by same-sex friends. The authors of the study also suggest that the generation that was polled may more quickly leave a margin because of infidelity than past generations.Popenoe said the poll, conducted by the Gallup organization, is the first of its kind to concentrate on people in their 20s. A total of 1,003 married and single young adults nationwide were interviewed by telephone between January and March. The margin of error was plus or minus four percentage points.Respondents said they eventually want to get married, realize it"s a lot of work and think there are too many divorces. They believe there is one right person for them out there somewhere and think their own marriages won"t end in divorce.Since the poll is the first of its kind, researchers say it is impossible to say if expectations about marriage are changing or static.But scholars say the search for soul mates has increased over the last generation--and the last century--as marriage has become an institution centering on romance rather than utility. "one hundred years ago, people married for financial reasons, for tying families together, they married for political reasons," said John DeLamater, a sociologist at the University of Wisconsin. "And most people had children."Those conditions are no longer the case for young adults like David Asher, a 24-year-old waiter in a Trenton cafe who has been in a relationship for about two years. He wants to wait to make sure he"s ready to exchange vows."I know a lot of it has to do with financial reasons," he said. "Maybe if you"re going to have children, marriage is the best bet."But the main reason for matrimony: "If you"re in love with someone, it"s sort of like promising to them you are in love.""That"s all well and good," said Heather Helms-Erikson, an assistant professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. "But passion--partly in endorphin- caused physiological phenomenon--has been known to diminish in time."（分数：7.50）(1).What"s the best title of this passage?（分数：1.50）A.Marriage Scholars Worry Search for "Soul Mates" is Unrealistic √B.People Should Seek for Romeo and JulietC.Marriage Should Happen between Soul MatesD.Search for "soul Mates" Should be Superseded by Reality解析：[解析] 本题中，B、C两项与文章的意思相反；D项与文章的意思不相符。
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionWe are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry(采石场)and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a sell-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe-fleetingly-individually interesting points of difference between them, is sufficient in itself. Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to —or feel we should try to —make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The distinction to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media, is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication. The organs of Establishment(代表官方), however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest(既得利益)in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.1．According to the passage, the mass media present us with______.A．insufficient diversity for informationB．too restricted a view of lifeC．a wide range of facts and opinionsD．a critical assessment of our society正确答案：C解析：本题可参照第一段的开头两句。
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2003年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension（30%）Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:We are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry（采石场）and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied,simply to look at them, to observe-fleetingly-individually interesting points of difference between them, is sufficient in itself.Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to—or feel we should try to—make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The distinction to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication. The organs of Establishment（代表官方），however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form （the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties）, have a vested interest （既得利益）in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation”the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.1. According to the passage, the mass media present us with ______.A. insufficient diversity for informationB. too restricted a view of lifeC. a wide range of facts and opinionsD. a critical assessment of our society2. What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?A. They are likely to frustrate this development.B. They can form a basis for it.C. They can distort our judgment.D. They can stimulate too much mental activity.3. The author uses the comparison with building a cathedral to show that ______.A. worthwhile results do not depend on raw material onlyB. the mediaeval media had different beliefsC. great works of art require good foundationsD. close attention to detail is important4. How are the mass media said to influence our ability to make decisions?A. They disturb us by their prejudices.B. They make us doubt our own judgments.C. They make no contribution in this area.D. They make decisions which appear too complicated.5. The main weakness of the mass media is identified by the author as ______.A. fear of losing the customerB. the diverse views of the contributorsC. service to the profit motiveD. trying to cater for a vast range of audience【答案与解析】1.C 第一段阐明大众传媒是教化的最好工具，又以很多英国人通过媒体关注时事为例，several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama，说明大众传播媒介为我们提供了一系列的事实和观点。