车床外文翻译
车床介绍外文资料翻译中英文对照
外文资料Lathe is introduced The lathe is mainly for the car round face and boring, car and so on a work and design of machine tools. Turning rarely in itsHe kinds of machine tools, and any other machine tools are not like lathe so easily turning processing. Because of the lathe can also be used to drilling and reaming, lathe versatility can make workpiece finish a few in a installationKind of processing. Therefore, in the production of various kinds of lathes use than any other kinds of machine tools.The basic parts are: lathe bed, spindle box components, the tailstock components, slip board components, screw and light poles.Bed is lathe based pieces. It can often is by after a full normalizing or aging treatment of ductile iron of grey or into. It is a strong rigid frame, all the other basic components are installed on the bed. Usually in bed body have inside.The two set of parallel guide. Some manufacturers are using to all four guide pointed toward the triangle on rails guide namelyYamagata prefecture, and some factory guide in a group or is in both groups are using a triangle guide and a rectangleGuide. Guide to machined to guarantee their straightness precision. In order to resist wear and scratches, most modernThe guide is through the surface machine hardening, but during operation should also be careful to avoid damage guide. Guide railAny error, often means the whole machine precision damaged.Spindle boxinstalled in the fixed position medial guide, usually left end of the bed. It provides power, and can make the workPieces of speed in turn. It basically consists of a installed in the hollow shaft and precision bearing a series of variable speed teethWheel similar to the truck gearbox together. Through the sliding gears, spindle can swim in the many kinds of rotating speed. mostlyCount lathe have 8 to 12 kinds of speed, general form. According to arrange series But in the modern machine just pull 2 ~ 4 handlesSo they can get all the speed. A growing trend is through the electrical or mechanical device withoutVariable.Due to the accuracy of machine tool depends largely on spindle, therefore, spindle structure size is larger, usually installedAfter the preloaded the heavy tapered roller bearings or ball bearings. Axis in a full-length through-hole throughout bar feeders, longThrough the hole by feeding. The size of the Lord when an important dimension is lathe, so when the work-piece must be when the principalThe materials, it confirms that can process the imum size of the blank bar feeders.The tailstock component mainly consists of three parts. The inside of the motherboard and lathe bed rails, can be in guide with the longitudinallyMobile. Floor has a can make whole the tailstock component clamping device at any position. The tailstock body installed in the endBoard, along some type of key slot in floor lateral movement, make the tailstock can and spindle box to the spindle is.The tailstock third part is the tailstock sleeve. It is a diameter usuallyat about 51 ~ 76mm 2 ~ 3 inchesThe steel hollow cylinder between. Through the handwheel and screw, the tailstock sleeve can in the tailstock body and move in a few longitudinal moveAn inch.The lathe with two dimensions specifications said. The first called lathe bed surface the largest machining diameter. This is in the latheCan the biggest diameter workpiece rotate. It is about two top attachment and guide rail of the distance of the nearest point two times. The second size is the imum distance between the two top. Lathe bed surface the largest machining diameter said on a latheThe biggest workpiece to turning diameter and the imum distance between the two top, said two top can be installed in betweenThe imum length of workpiece.Ordinary lathe is in the production of the most frequently used lathes type. They have all those front parts of SyracuseHeavy machine, and outside, all except for small knife tool sport has motor feed. They are usually the specifications: lathe bed face biggest process diameter for 305 ~ 610mm 12 to 24 inches; But, the bed surface the largest machining diameterAchieve 1270mm 50 inches and the distance between the two top 3658mm lathe to is not uncommon also. These carsBed most have scraps plate and a installed in internal cooling fluid circulation system. Small plain lathe bed face -- latheThe largest machining diameter usually less than 330mm 13 inches - is designed, and its bench-type lathe bed installation at workStations or on the cabinet.Although there are many USES, ordinary lathe is very useful, butthe machine tool and replacement and adjust to measure the work piece flowersFee much time, so they are not suitable for mass production application. Usually, their actual processing time less than its30% of total processing time. In addition, need skilled workers to operate ordinary lathe, the worker's salary highAnd difficult to hire. However, most of the time but operating workers spend on simply repeating adjustment and observation scraps process. Therefore, in order to reduce or totally not to hire this kind of skilled workers, hex lathe, threaded processing lathe and otherTypes of semi-automatic and automatic lathe has well developed, and has been widely applied in production.车床介绍车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。
外文翻译--车床和车削（8000多字）
附录翻译部分Lathe and TurningThe Lathe and Its ConstructionA lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution flat edges. Based on their purpose,construction,number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted,and degree of automation,lathes or,more accurately,lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follows:(1)Engine lathes(2)Toolroom lathes(3)Turret lathes(4)Vertical turning and boring mills(5)Automatic lathes(6)Special-purpose lathesIn spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools,they all have all have common features with respect to construction and principle of operation.These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type,the engine lathe.Following is a description of each of the main elements of an engine lathe,which is shown in Fig.11.1.Lathe bed.The lathe bed is the main frame,involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supporis.It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting.It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise.The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her jib easily and comfortably.Headstock.The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways(the silde surface of the bed).The spindle is driven through the gearbox,which is housed within the headstock.The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds(usually6up to18speeds).Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle speeds,which employ frictional, electrical,or hydraulic drives.The spindle is always hollow,I.e,it has a through hole extending lengthwise.Bar stocks can be fed througth that hole if continous production is adopted.A lso,that hole has a taperedsurface to allow mounting a plain lathe center.The outer surface of the spindle is threaded to allow mounting of a chuck,a face plate,or the like.Tailstock.The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts,its lower base,an intermediate part,and the quill.The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guidewayes,and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location,depending upon the length of the workpiece.The intermediate parte is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the the tailstock with that of the headstock.The third part,the quill,is a hardened steel tube,which can be moved longitudinally in and out of the intermediate part as required.This is achieved through the use of a handwheel and a screw,around which a nut fixed to the quill is can be locked at any point along its travel path by means of a clamping device.The carriage.The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and/or cross feeds.It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the V-shaped guideways of the bed.The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw.When cutting screw threads,power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw.In all other turning operations,it is the feed rod that drives the carriage.The lead screw goes through a pair o half nuts,which are fixed to the rear of the apron.When actuating a certain lever,the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut,which is fed,together with carriage,along the bed.when the lever is disengaged, the half nuts are released and the carriage stops.On the other hand,when the feed rod is used,it supplies power to the apron through a wrom gear.The latter is keyed to feed rod and travels with the apron along the feed rod,which has a keyway extending to cover its whole length.A modern lathe usually has a quick-change gearbox located under the headstock and driven from the spindle through a train of gears.It is connected to both the feed rod and the lead screw and enables selecting a variety of feeds easily and rapidly by simply shifting the appropriate levers, the quick-change gearbox is employed in plain turning,facing and thread cutting operations. Since that gearbox is linked to spindle,the distance that the apron(and the cutting tool)travels for each revolution of the spindle can be controlled and is referred to as the feed.Lathe Cutting ToolsThe shape and geometry of the lathe tools depend upon the purpose for which they are employed.Turning tools can be classified into tow main groups,namely,external cutting tools andinternal cutting tools,Each of these groups include the following types of tools: Turning tools.Turing tools can be either finishing or rough turning tools.Rough turning tools have small nose radii and are used for obtaining the final required dimensions with good surface finish by marking slight depth of cut.Rough turning tools can be right–hand or left-hand types,depending upon the direction of feed.They can have straight,bent,or offset shanks.Facing tools.Facing tools are employed in facing operations for machining plane side or end surfaces.There are tools for machining left-hand-side surfaces and tools for right-hand-side surfaces.Those side surfaces are generated through the use of the cross feed,contrary to turning operations,where the usual longitudinal feed is used.Cutoff tools.Cutoff tools,which are sometimes called parting tools,serve to separate the workpiece into parts and/or machine external annual grooves.Thread-cutting tools.Thread-cutting tools have either triangular,square,or tranpezoidal cutting edges,depending upon the cross section of the desired thread.Also,the plane angles of these tools must always be identical to those of the thread forms.Thread-cutting tools have straight shanks for external thread cutting and are of the bent-shank type when cutting internal threads.Form tools.Form tools have edges especially manufactured to take a certain form,which is opposite to the desired shape of the machined workpiece.An HSS tools is usually made in the form of a single piece,contrary to cemented carbides or ceramic,which are made in the form of tipes.The latter are brazed or mechanically fastened to steel shanks.Fig.1indicates an arrangement of this latter type,which includes the carbide tip,the chip breaker,the pad,the clamping screw(with a washer and a nut),and the shank..As the name suggests,the function of the chip breaker is to break long chips every now and then,thus preventing the formation of very long twisted ribbons that may cause problems during the machining operations.The carbide tips(or ceramic tips)can have different shapes,depending upon the machining operations for which they are to be employed.The tips can either be solid or with a central through hole,depending on whether brazing or mechanical clamping is employed for mounting the tip on the shank.Fig.1Lathe OperationsIn the following section,we discuss the various machining operations that can be performed on a conventional engine lathe.It must be borne in mind,however,that modern computerized numerically controlled lathes have more capabiblities and do other operations,such as contouring,for example.Following are conventional lathe operations.Cylindrical turning.Cylindrical turning is the the simplest and the most common of all lathe operations.A single full turn of the workpiece generate a circle whose center falls on the lathe axis;this motion is then reproduced numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion of the tool.The resulting machining marks are,therefore,a helix having a very small pitch,which is equal to the feed.Consequently,the machined surface is always cylindrical.The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the compound rest,either manually or automatically,whereas the depths of cuts is controlled by the cross slide.In roughing cuts,it is recommended that large depths of cuts(up to0.25in.or6mm,depending upon the workpiece material)and smaller feeds would be used.On the other hand,very fine feeds,smaller depth of cut(less than0.05in.,or0.4mm),and high cutting speeds are preferred for finishing cuts.Facing.The result of a facing operation is a flat surface that is either the whole end surface of the workpiece or an annular intermediate surface like a shoulder.During a facing operation,feed is provided by the cross slide,whereas the depth of cut is controlled by the carriage or compound rest.Facing can be carried out either from the periphery in ward or from the center of the workpiece outward.It is obvious that the machining marks in both cases tack the form of a ually,it is preferred to clamp the carriage during a facing operation,since the cutting force tends to push the tool(and,of course,the whole carriage)away from the workpiece.In most facing operations,the workpiece is held in a chuck or on a face plate.Groove cutting.In cut-off and groove-cutting operations,only cross feed of the tool isemployed.The cut-off and grooving tools,which were previously discussed,are employed.Boring and internal turning.Boring and internal are performed on the internal surfaces by a boring bar or suitable internal workpiece is solid,a drilling operation must be performed first.The drilling tool is held in the tailstock,and latter is then fed against the workpiece.Taper turning.Taper turning is achieved by driving the tool in a direction that is not paralled to the lathe axis but inclined to it with an angle that is equal to the desired angle of the taper.Following are the different methods used in taper-turning practice:（1）Rotating the disc of the compound rest with an angle to half the apex angle of the cone. Feed is manually provided by cranking the handle of the compound rest.This method is recommended for taper turning of external and internal surfaces when the taper angle is relatively large.（2）Employing special form tools for external,very short,conical surfaces.The width of the workpiece must be slightly smaller than that of the tool,and the workpiece is usually held in a chuck or clamped on a face plate.I n this case,only the cross feed is used during the machining process and the carriage is clamped to the machine bed.（3）Offsetting the tailstock center.This method is employed for esternal tamper turning of long workpiece that are required to have small tamper angles(less than8).The workpiece is mounted between the two centers;then the tailstock center is shifted a distance S in the direction normal to the lathe axis.（4）Using the taper-turning attachment.This method is used for turning very long workpoece, when the length is larger than the whole stroke of the compound rest.The procedure followed in such cases involves complete disengagement of the cross slide from the carriage,which is then guided by the taper-turning attachment.During this process,the automatic axial feed can be used as usual.This method is recommend for very long workpiece with a small cone angle,i.e., 8through10.Thread cutting.When performing thread cutting,the axial feed must be kept at a constant rate,which is dependent upon the rotational speed(rpm)of the workpiece.The relationship between both is determined primarily by the desired pitch of the thread to be cut.As previously mentioned,the axial feed is automatically generated when cutting a thread by means of the lead screw,which drives the carriage.When the lead screw rotates a single revolution,the carriage travels a distance equal to the pitch of the lead screw rotates a single revolutional speed of the lead screw is equal to that of the spindle(i.e.,that of the workpiece),the pitch of the resulting cut thread is exactly to that of the lead screw .The pitch of the resulting thread being cut therefore always depends upon the ratio of the rotational speeds of the lead scew and the spindle :workpiece of pitch screwlead the of Pitch Desired =screw lead of workpiece the of rpm rpm =spindle-to-carriage gearing ratioThis equation is usefully in determining the kinematic linkage between the lathe spindle and the lead screw and enables proper selection of the gear train between them .In thread cutting operations ,the workpiece can either be held in the chuck or mounted between the two lathe centers for relatively long workpiece .The form of the tool used must exactly coincide with the profile the thread to be cut ,I .e .,triangular tools must be used for triangular threads ,and so on .Knurling .knurling is mainly a forming operation in which no chips are prodyced .Tt involves pressing two hardened rolls with rough filelike surfaces against the rotating workpiece to cause plastic deformation of the workpiece metal.Knurling is carried out to produce rough ,cylindrical (or concile )surfaces ,which are usually used as handles .Sometimes ,surfaces are knurled just for the sake of decoration ;there are different types of patterns of knurls from which to choose .Cutting Speeds and FeedsThe cutting speed ,which is usually given in surface feet per minute (SFM),is the number of feet traveled in circumferential direction by a given point on the surface (being cut )of the workpiece in one minute .The relationship between the surface speed and rpm can be given by the following equation :SMF=πDNWhereD=the diameter of the workpiece in feetN=the rpmThe surface cutting speed is dependent primarily upon the machined as well as the material of the cutting and can be obtained from handbooks ,information provided by cutting tool manufacturera ,and the like .generally ,the SFM is taken as 100when machining cold-rolled or mild steel ,as 50when machining tougher metals ,and as 200when machining sofer materials .For aluminum ,the SFMis usually taken as 400or above .There are also other variables that affect the optimal value of the surface cutting speed .These include the tool geometry,the typeof lubricant or coolant ,the feed ,and the depth of cut .As soon as the cutting sped is decided upon ,the rotational speed (rpm)of the spindle can be obtained as follows :N =DSFWπThe selection of a suitable feed depends upon many factors ,such as the required surface finish ,the depth of cut ,and the geometry of the tool used .Finer feeds produce better surface finish ,whereas higher feeds reduce the machining time during which the tool is in direct contact with the workpiece .Therefore ,it is generally recommended to use high feeds for roughing operations and finer feeds for finishing operations.Again,recommend values for feeds ,which can be taken as guidelines ,are found in handbooks and information booklets provided by cutting tool manufacturers.Here I want to introduce the drilling:Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a workpiece by forcing a tool ,which rotates around its axis ,against the workpiece .Consequently ,the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of the required hole .In practice ,two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employed .Drilling operations can be carried out by using either hand drills or drilling machines .The latter differ in size and construction .nevertheless ,the tool always rotates around its axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed .this is contrary to drilling on a lathe .Cutting Tool for Drilling OperationsIn drilling operations ,a cylindrical rotary-end cutting ,called a drill ,is employed .The drill can have either one or more cutting edges and corresponding flutes ,which can be straight or helical .the function of the flutes is to provide outlet passages for the chips generated during the drilling operation and to allow lubricants and coolants to reach the cutting edges and the surface being machined .Following is a survey of the commonly used drills.Twist drill .The twist drill is the most common type of drill .It has two cutting edges and two helical flutes that continue over the length of the drill body ,The drill also consist of a neck and a shake that can be either straight or tapered .In the latter case ,the shank is fitted by the wedge action into the tapered socket of the spindle and has a tang ,which goes into a slot in the spindle socket ,thus acting as a solid means for transmitting rotation .On the other hand ,straight –shank drills are held in a drill chuck that is ,in turn ,fitted into the spindle socket in the same way as tapered shank drills.The two cutting edges are referred to as the lips,and are connected together by a wedge, which is a chisel-like edge.The twist drill also has two margins,which enable proper guidance and locating of the drill while it is in operation.The tool point angle(TPA)is formed by the lips and is chosen based on the properties of the material to be cut.The usual TAP for commercial drills is118,which is appropriate for drilling low-carbon steels and cast irons.For harder and tougher metals,such as hardened steel,brasss and bronze,larger TPAs(130OR140)give better performance.The helix angle of the flutes of the commonly used twist drills ranges between24and30.When drilling copper or soft plastics,higher values for the helix angle are recommended(between35and45).Twist drills are usually made of high speed steel,although carbide tipped drills are also available.The size of twist drills used in industrial range from0.01up to3.25in.(i.e.0.25up to 80mm).Core drills.A core drill consists of the chamfer,body,neck,and shank.This type of drill may be have either three or four flutes and an equal number of margins,which ensure superior guidance,thus resulting in high machining accuracy.It can also be seen in Fig12.2 that a core drill has flat end.The chamfer can have three or four cutting edges or lips,and the lip angle may vary between90and120.Core drills are employed for enlarging previously made holes and not for originating holes.This type of drill is characterized by greater productivity, high machining accuracy,and superior quality of the drilled surfaces.Gun drills.Gun drills are used for drilling deep holes.All gun drills are straight fluted, and each has a single cutting edge.A hole in the body acts as a conduit to transmit coolant under considerable pressure to the tip of the drill.There are two kinds of gun drills,namely,the center cut gun drill used for drilling blind holes and the trepanning drill.The latter has a cylindrical groove at its center,thus generating a solid core,which guides the tool as it proceeds during the drilling operation.Spade drills.Spade drills are used for drilling large holes of3.5in.(90mm)or more. Their design results in a marked saving in cost of the tool as well as a tangible reduction in its weight,which facilitates its handling.moreover,this type of drill is easy to be ground.[13]车床和车削车床及它的结构车床是一个主要用来生产旋转表面和端面的机床。
数控车床工作名词中英文转换
车床工作名词（英文）CNC:computer numerical control工作台：(机)operating platform. service stand直径：diameter. Dia. Conjugate diameter(共轭直径)工作件：work piece扭矩：torque刀架：(机)tool post, knife rest进给量：feed rate 指的是刀具在进给运动方向上相对于工件的位移量垂直：vertical滑枕行程：ram travel ram (机)活塞横梁：beam, crossgirder刀杆：toolbar, cutterbar截面: section, cross section车削：turning , turnery镗：bore铣：mill切槽：grooving, fluting直角铣头：right-angle cutter head or milling head冶金：metallurgy汽轮机：turbine, steam turbine(涡轮机)直齿：（机）straight tooth, spur gear （机）正齿轮斜齿：helical tooth, helical 螺旋形的圆柱齿轮：cylindrical gear涡轮：turbine, worm wheel铣刀：milling cutter, milling-tool滚齿机，滚刀：hobbing反向机构：reverse mechanism人字齿轮：herringbone gear, double helical gear自动循环：automatic cycle滚珠：ball bearing, roll ball丝杠：lead screw螺距：screw pitch, thread pitch蜗杆：worm啮合：mesh, meshing加工模数：processing modulus孔径：aperture, bore diameter(孔径，内径)轴线：axis（轴，轴线）,axes（轴线，轴心，坐标轴）轮廓：outline龙门铣床：planomiller, planer type milling machine轴承：bearing,bearings（复）, axletree(轮轴)NSK: （Nippon Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha）日本精工株式会社门柱：post定位：fixed postion, location精度：precision（精度，）, accuracy(数)精确度，准确性承重：load-bearing三轴：triaxial硬轨：pathway矩形：rectangle滑道：slideway, slide rail导轨：guide rail, lead rail底座：foundation, base, bottom case力流原理：power(weight,force) flow principle滑鞍：carriage, saddle超音频：superaudio, superaudio frequency硬化处理：hardening treatment, curing研磨：grind注塑：injection molding摩擦力：friction, frictional force预紧：Pre-tighten。
部分机床设备英文翻译
部分机床设备英文翻译铝轮冒口切断机 Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 离心压力机 Presses,eccentric六角立式铣床 Milling machines,turret vertical六角车床 Lathes,turret螺栓,螺帽及螺丝 Bolts,screws & nuts螺纹磨床 Grinders,thread冷却机 Coolers冷锻 Forging,cold冷锻冲压机 Presses,cold forging立式双柱加工中心 Machining centers,vertical double-column type立式铣床 Milling machines,vertical立式油压拉床 Vertical hydraulic broaching machine立式刨床 Planing machines vertical立式车床 Lathes,vertical立式带锯 Saws,vertical band立式加工中心 Machining centers,vertical立式及卧式铣床 Milling machines,vertical & horizontal立式钻床 Drilling machines,vertical联轴器 Coupling连续溶解保温炉 Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces 连续冲模 Dies-progressive链传动 Chain drive切断机 Cutting-off machinesCNC刀杆 CNC toolings曲柄压力机 presses,crank修整机 Finishing machines舍弃式刀头 Disposable toolholder bits润滑系统 Lubrication Systems润滑液 Lubricants熔热处理炉 Heating treatment funaces三爪、分割工具头 3-Jaws indexing spacers伺服冲床 Presses,servo输送链 Conveying chains手工具 Hand tools砂轮修整器 Wheel dressers蚀刻机 Etching machines外圆磨床 Grinding machines,cylindrical搪磨机 Honing machines搪孔头 Boring heads卧式铣床 Milling machines,horizontal卧式带锯 Saws,horizontal band卧式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal卧式及立式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal & vertical 万能铣床 Milling machines,universal万能磨床 Grinding machines,universal镗床 Boring machines弯曲机 Bending machines弯管机 Tube bending machines通用加工中心 Machining centers,general铜锻 Forging,copper铣头 Milling heads铣床 Milling machines无心磨床 Grinding machines,centerless无心精研机 Lapping machines,centerless压模 Pressing dies压铸冲模 Die casting dies压铸机 Die casting machines油冷却器 Oil coolers3造链机 Chain making tools造线机 Cable making tools造钉机 Nail making machines印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统 PCB fine piecing systems摇臂钻床 Drilling machines,radial硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组 Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 辗压机 Rolling machines液压元件 Hydraulic components液压冲床 Presses,hydraulic液压动力元件 Hydraulic power units液压工具 Hydraulic power tools液压回转缸 Hydraulic rotary cylindersP型PVC高分子防水 P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant刨床 Planing machines牛头刨床 Shapers其他铸造 Casting,other其他锻造 Forging,other模芯 Mold core模具 Molds模具维修 Mold repair模具打磨/磨纹 Mold polishing/texturing模具单元 Mold & die components模具加热器/冷却器 Mold heaters/chillers磨轮 Grinding wheels磨削工具 Grinding tools磨床 Grinding machines磨床工作台 Grinder bench平衡设备 Balancing equipment气油压虎钳 Pneumatic hydraulic clamps气动冲床 Presses,pneumatic气动工具 Pneumatic power tools轴 shafts轴承 Bearings轴承配件 Bearing fittings轴承加工机 Bearing processing equipment 肘杆式压力机 Presses,knuckle joint铸铝 Casting,aluminium铸铜 Casting,copper铸造设备 Foundry equipment铸钢 Casting,steel铸灰口铁 Casting,gray iron织麦激光切割机 Woven-Cutting machines 重力铸造机 Gravity casting machines重型车床 Lathes,heavy-duty主轴 spindles扳手 Wrenches拔丝机 Drawing machines保温炉 Heat preserving furnaces插床 Slotting machines齿轮 Gears齿轮切削机 Gear cutting machines冲压机 Stamping parts冲子研磨器 Punch formers超声波打磨机 Grinders,ultrasonic车床工作台 Lathe bench磁性工具 Magnetic tools传动链 Transmitted chains床身式铣床 Milling machines,bed type带传动 Belt drive带锯 Saws,band5带锯床 Sawing machines,band电脑数控镗床 CNC boring machines电脑数控弯折机 CNC bending presses电脑数控铣床 CNC milling machines电脑数控线切削机 CNC wire-cutting machines电脑数控磨床 CNC grinding machines电脑数控车床 CNC lathes电脑数控电火花线切削机 CNC EDM wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花机 CNC electric discharge machines电脑数控雕刻机 CNC engraving machines电脑数控机床配件 CNC machine tool fittings电脑数控剪切机 CNC shearing machines电脑数控钻床 CNC drilling machines电动刀具 Electric power tools电火花机 Electric discharge machines(EDM)雕刻机 Engraving machines刀片 Blades刀具 Cutters倒角机 Chamfer machines多轴钻床 Drilling machines,multi-spindle锻铝 Forging,aluminium锻压机 Presses,forging锻模 Forging dies仿形铣床 Milling machines,duplicating粉末冶金成型机 Powder metallurgic forming machines反射炉 Reverberatory furnaces钢锻 Forging,steel高速车床 Lathes,high-speed高速钻床 Drilling machines,high-speed管筒制造机 Pipe & tube making machines滚筒 Rollers工具磨床 Grinders,tools & cutters攻螺丝机 Tapping machines弓锯 Saws,hack虎钳 Vises换模系统 Mold changing systems夹盘 Chucks夹具 Fixture夹具/支持系统 Clamping/holding systems剪切机 Shearing machines加工中心机刀库 A.T.C.system激光切割 Laser cutting激光雕刻机 Engraving machines,laser激光钢板切割机 Laser cutting for SMT stensil 集合管 Manifolds矫直机 Straightening machines金属板成型机 Sheet metal forming machines 金属板加工机 Sheet metal working machines 锯片 Blades,saw锯床 Sawing machines卷边工具 Crimping tools晶圆切割机 Dicing saws精密平口钳 Vises,tool-maker精研机 Lapping machines可锻铸铁 Casting,malleable iron快速换模系统 Quick mold change systems卡口 Bayonet开关及按钮 Switches & buttons钻石刀具 Diamond cutters钻头 drills7钻模 Jigs钻床 Drilling machines钻床工作台 Drilling machines bench 自动压力机 Presses,transfer自动车床 Lathes,automatic注油机 Lubricators转台 Rotary tables。
文献翻译-车床1
附录附录1英文原文Lathes are widely used in industry to produce all kinds of machined parts. Some are general purpose machines, and others are used to perform highly specialized operations.Engine LathesEngine lathes, of course, are general-purpose machine used in production and maintenance shop all over the world. Sizes range from small bench models to huge heavy duty pieces of equipment. Many of the larger lathes come equipped with attachments not commonly found in the ordinary shop, such as automatic stops for the carriage.Tracer or Duplicating LathesThe tracer or duplicating lathe is designed to produce irregularly shaped parts automatically. The basic operation of this lathe is as fallows. A template of either a flat or three-dimensional shape is placed in a holder. A guide or pointer then moves along this shape and its movement controls that of the cutting tool. The duplication may include a square or tapered shoulder, grooves, tapers, and contours. Work such as motor shafts, spindles, pistons, rods, car axles, turbine shafts, and a variety of other objects can be turned using this type of lathe.Turret LathesWhen machining a complex workpiece on a general-purpose lathe, a great deal of time is spent changing and adjusting the several tools that are needed to complete the work. One of the first adaptations of the engine lathe which made it more suitable to mass production was the addition of multi-tool turret in place of the tailstock. Although most turrets have six stations, some have as many as eight.High-production turret lathes are very complicated machines with a wide variety of power accessories. The principal feature of all turret lathes, however, is that the tools can perform a consecutive serials of operations in proper sequence. Once the tools have been set and adjusted, little skill is required to run out duplicate parts.Automatic Screw MachinesScrew machines are similar in construction to turret lathes, except that their heads aredesigned to hold and feed long bars of stock. Otherwise, there is little different between them. Both are designed for multiple tooling, and both have adaptations for identical work. Originally, the turret lathe was designed as a chucking lathe for machining small castings, forgings, and irregularly shaped workpieces.The first screw machines were designed to feed bar stock and wire used in making small screw parts. Today, however, the turret lathe is frequently used with a collet attachment, and the automatic screw machine can be equipped with a chuck to hold castings.The single-spindle automatic screw machine, as its name implies, machines work on only one bar of stock at a time. A bar 16 to 20 feet long is fed through the headstock spindle and is held firmly by a collect. The machining operations are done by cutting tools mounted on the turret and on the cross slide. When the machine is in operation, the spindle and the stock are rotated at selected speeds for different operations. If required, rapid reversal of spindle direction is also possible.In the single-spindle automatic screw machine, a specific length of stock is automatically fed through the spindle to a machining area. At this point, the turret and cross slide move into position and automatically perform whatever operations are required. After the machined piece is cut off, stock is again fed into the machining area and the entire cycle is repeated.Multiple-spindle automatic screw machines have from four to eight spindles located around a spindle carrier. Long bars of stock, supported at the rear of the machine, pass through these hollow spindles and are gripped by collets. With the single spindle machine, the turret indexes around the spindle. When one tool on the turret is working, the others are not. With a multiple spindle machine, however, the spindle itself indexes. Thus the bars of stock are carried to the various end working and side working tools. Each tool operates in only one position, but all tools operate simultaneously. Therefore, four to eight workpieces can be machined at the same time.Vertical Turret LathesA vertical turret lathe is basically a turret lathe that has been stood on its headstock end. It is designed to perform a variety of turning operations. It consists of a turret, a revolving table, and a side head with a square turret for holding additional tools. Operations performed by any of the tools mounted on the turret or side head can be controlled through the use of stops.Rolling Contact BearingsThe concern of a machine designer with ball and roller bearings is fivefold as follows:（a）life in relation to load; （b）stiffness, i. e. deflections under load; （c）friction; （d）wear; （e）noise. For moderate loads and speeds the correct selection of a standard bearing on the basis of load rating will become important where loads are high, although this is usually of less magnitude than that of the shafts or other components associated with the bearing. Where speeds are high special cooling arrangements become necessary which may increase frictional drag. Wear is primarily associated with the introduction of contaminants, and sealing arrangements must be chosen with regard to the hostility of the environment.Because the high quality and low price of ball and roller bearings depends on quantity production, the task of the machine designer becomes one of selection rather than design. Rolling-contact bearings are generally made with steel which is through-hardened to about 900 HV, although in many mechanisms special races are not provided and the interacting surfaces are hardened to about 600 HV. It is not surprising that, owing to the high stresses involved, a predominant form of failure should be metal fatigue, and a good deal of work is based on accepted values of life and it is general practice in the bearing industry to define the load capacity of the bearing as that value below which 90 per cent of a batch will exceed a life of one million revolutions.Notwithstanding the fact that responsibility for the basic design of ball and roller bearings rests with the bearing manufacturer, the machine designer must form a correct appreciation of the duty to be performed by the bearing and be concerned not only with bearing selection but with the conditions for correct installation.The fit of the bearing races onto the shaft or onto the housings is of critical importance because of their combined effect on the internal clearance of the bearing as well as preserving the desired degree of interference fit. Inadequate interference can induce serious trouble from fretting corrosion. The inner race is frequently located axially by abutting against a shoulder.A radius at this point is essential for the avoidance of stress concentration and ball races are provided with a radius or chamfer to allow space for this.Where life is not the determining factor in design, it is usual to determine maximum loading by the amount to which a bearing will deflect under load. Thus the concept of “static load-carrying capacity” is understood to mean the load that can be applied to a bearing, which is either stationary or subject to slight swiveling motions, without impairing its running qualities for subsequent rotational motion. This has been determined by practical experience as the load which when applied to a bearing results in a total deformation of therolling-element diameter. This would correspond to a permanent deformation of 0.0025 mm for a ball 25 mm in diameter.The successful functioning of many bearings depends upon providing them with adequate protection against their environment, and in some circumstances the environment must be protected from lubricants or products of deterioration of the bearing design. Moreover, seals which are applied to moving parts for any purpose are of interest to tribologists because they are components of bearing systems and can only be designed satisfactorily on the basis of the appropriate bearing theory.Notwithstanding their importance, the amount of research effort that has been devoted to the understanding of the behavior of seals has been small when compared with that devoted to other aspects of bearing technology.Machining CentersMany of today’s more sophisticated lathes are called machining centers since they are capable of performing, in addition to the normal turning operations, certain milling and drilling operations. Basically, a machining center can be thought of as being a combination turret lathe and milling machine. Additional features are sometimes included by manufacturers to increase the versatility of their machines.Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control （NC）. Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled .Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and ithas done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U. S. Air force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve. Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools （APT）language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC systems were vastly different from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machiningprocess. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate times. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper taps, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape .It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control （DNC）solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control .machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the lost computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers （PLCs）and microcomputers. These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control （CNC）.With CNC, each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. It also allows programs to be developed off-line anddownloaded at the individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated with downtime of the host computer, but it introduced another known as data management. The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connect microcomputers for better data management.附录2中文翻译车床车床在工业生产中被广泛用来加工各种类型的机械零件。
外文翻译--数控车床
CNCWhat is CNC?Computer numerical control is a very broad term that encompasses a variety of types of machines—all with different sizes, shapes, and functions. But the easiest way to think about CNC is to simplyunderstand that it’s all about using a comp uter as a means to control a machine that carves usefulobjects from solid blocks of material. For example, a CNC machine might begin with a solid block ofaluminum, and then carve away just the right material to leave you with a bicycle brake handle.CNC machines can be divided into two groups: turning machines and milling machines. A turningmachine is generally made up of a device that spins a workpiece at high speed and a tool (sharp edge)that shaves off the undesired material from the workpiece (where the tool is moved back and forth andin and out until the desired form is achieved). A milling machine is a machine that has a spindle (adevice similar to a router) with a special tool that spins and cuts in various directions and moves in threedifferent directions along the x, y, and z axes.Historically, you wouldn’t actually need a computer to create forms with a turning machine or amilling machine. Adding a computer to the mix allows you to design a product on a computer first andthen specify how the machine should cut this product. To design the product is to produce acomputeraideddesign (CAD) file. Then you specify how the machine should cut the product, and the result of thatstep is a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) file (or G-Code file, or .NC file—there are many namesfor this type of file). This CAM file remembers all of the operations that the milling machine must followto cut out the parts for the product. The computer tells the CNC machine how to build the part byinterpreting the CAM file into signals that the CNC machine can understand.Industrial UsesIndustrial applications for CNC machines have been chiefly based around the removal of metal to create adesired form. Metal is widely used for producing almost everything we see around us, even though these things may not be made of metal themselves. Some of the most obvious products that are made ofmetal are cars. The engine block and the parts within the transmission are directly produced from a CNCmachine because tight tolerances are necessary (a tolerance is a range in dimensioning to which themachine must adhere). However, most of the parts of a car are not made by a CNC machine, but theyhave a latent connection to one. For example, how do you make a quarter panel? There is a hydraulicpress with a thing called a die to create an impression in a sheet of metal. Most of the parts of thehydraulic press were made from a CNC machine. The die, the part that carries the negative form of thequarter panel and that can be replaced when design changes, was also made by a CNC machine, andthen tempered for hardening and heat resistance. Even the plastic parts of a car have some connectionto a CNC machine. Many of these parts were made from a mold that was created using a CNC machineBecause CNC machines have very high precision and they can provideinformation back to thecomputer, they are also used in dimensional testing. If a switch (probe) is fastened to the location of thetool, it can analyze the measurements of a part that was produced. The machine runs this probe all overthe part to confirm its desired form and measurements.For more information on industrial uses of CNC machines, visitPersonal UsesThere is a large following by various hobbyists and DIYers around the globe interested in the concept ofCNC machines. Roboticists, craftsmen, handymen, home machinists, small business owners, techenthusiasts, backyard scientists, and artists have all discovered how a CNC machine can open doors tonew designs and more detailed creations. A roboticist, for instance, will use a CNC machine to create thestructural components of the robot with very high precision. Making these components by hand wouldbe tedious and very time consuming. Using a CNC machine, the parts come out beautifully and fittogether with great precision.For the typical handyman, a great example of using a CNC machine might be designing and making cabinets for around the house. Typically, cabinets share many of the same dimensions and can be cut bya CNC machine over and over. Imagine cutting all of the drawers and cabinet lids by hand! The parts arenumerous and the work would be quite tedious. But with a CNC machine, the individual pieces are cutand the cabinets assembled; no driving around looking for the right cabinets, having to special orderthem, and then waiting for delivery from the home improvement store. (The cabinets will needassembly, too, but with your own CNC machine, you’ll find that the high cost of buying them in t he storecan be eliminated.) CNC machines for personal use can be purchased from a variety of manufacturers, but many DIYers suffer from sticker shock the first time they begin shopping for a CNC machine. Prices of $3,000 andhigher are typical for small,de sktop versions that often come with a 12"×18" workspace, meaning you’llbe limited to working on materials that fit in that small space. CNC machines with workspaces that allowfor materials of 2'×4', for example, start around $7,000, and prices go much higher for larger workspacetables.For most DIYers, owning their own CNC machine is still out of reach financially. But no longer—thisbook brings CNC within easy reach. If you can afford to spend $700 to $800, then you can afford to buildyour very own CNC machine.Your DIY CNC MachineWith your DIY CNC machine, you’re going to be able to do some amazing things—cut, drill, etch, and sculpt—with a variety of materials. In fact, author Patrick Hood-Daniel uses his own CNC machines to make more CNC machines! He has a machine cut and drill the MDF (medium-density fiberboard) parts used to build more CNC machines. (You can do this, too, but first you’ll need to build your own DIY CNC machine—it all starts there.)Your DIY CNC machine is made of MDF, a rigid material that holds up well to cutting and drilling, as well as being extremely strong and dimensionally stable (itdoesn’t shrink or expand with fluctuations in the weather or humidity). The MDF parts you’ll be cutting and drilling are bolted together using a varie ty of sizes of bolts, nuts, washers, and other hardware. Finally，you’ll be adding a mix of electronics and one computer to bring your DIY CNC machine to life and amaze your friends and family (who will,unfortunately, come up with all kinds of requests for you and your machine).The DIY CNC machine isn’t something with vague dimensions and a random mixture of hardware.We’ll tell you exactly what to buy. You’ll be cutting and drilling material from plans created by authorPatrick Hood-Daniel and tested and used to build three machines; one by James Floyd Kelly, one by Darrell Kelly, and one by Jim Burt (not to mention the number of machines built by Patrick himself).When you’re done, however, you’re not really done. CNC is a growing and changing technology, so the limits of what you can do with your machine are really up to you. While this book will give you the basic information to build and use your machine, you’ll want to continue to improve your skills by delving deeper into the software and pushing the limits of your machine. (We’ll provide you with some good resources for further research and learning later in the book.)If you’re like us, you’re ready to begin. But trust us when we say that one of the best things you cando before starting to build your own CNC machine is this: read the entire book through at least once.Doing so will give you a glimpse of the final machine and a better understanding of how you’ll get there.You may find, as we did, that half the fun of owning your own DIY CNC machine comes from building it. HISTORY OF THE DIY CNC MACHINE, FROM PATRICK HOOD-DANIEL My desire to hop on the bandwagon of this great hobby started as a means to an end. The end has not beenrealized because I became more interested in the CNC machine itself and want to provide simpler designs and ，instruction to others who wouldn’t otherwise have the means to own a traditional CNC machine.The DIY CNC community has been around for a long time; pretty much ever since the boom of the Internet. I learned most of what I know from the information on the Internet. With my prior design training, I spent quite a bit of time improving what others had created.Through my effort to create an initial CNC machine from resources on the Internet, I found that the materialsdid not hold up well with use and tended to exhibit undesirable flexing. I learned through trying and experimenting. . . and discovered many things that worked and didn’t work. I quickly learned, for example, to stick with MDF asthe material of choice for making my CNC machines.Over the years, I made hundreds of trips to the home improvement store (my laboratory of ideas). The components that I used to start my CNC journey included round metal bar stock and a bunch of very cheap MDF.I thought that the metal stock would have some pretty good rigidity—I mean . . . it’s metal! But I was very wrong.After putting an assembly together and using the bar stock as the rail, I noticed quite a bit of flexing in the assembly. This was not going to work, so I came up with abetter way. (I was deathly afraid of trying something ，that was not illustrated on the Internet in fear that if it wasn’t done before, it wouldn’t work. But I did it anyway.) I used aluminum angles as the rails and MDF as the midsection between the rails to provide the necessary rigidity.Initially, I tried the bar stock with this technique, but the bars would still flex. The aluminum rails wrapping the MDF worked perfectly and the machine was rigid and stable—perfect! Well, perfect is a subjective word here, but it was good enough for me. And I think by the time you’re done following this book’s instructions and building your own machine, you’ll agree.Everything from that point on became intuitive. The mechanics and motion of the machine were all designedso that the parts could be cut, drilled, and assembled using nothing more than a few simple hand tools. (I’m notkidding—the early machines were cut and drilled with nothing more than a mitre box, a small saw, and a batterypowered drill.)This book documents my design; you’ll be able to skip th e frustration that I faced because this is the design Ideveloped that worked. The DIY CNC machine fulfills my desire to provide others with a simple, elegant, and fullyfunctional CNC machine. The ToolsWe cannot predict what tools you’ll have available dur ing the building of your machine. We can, however,tell you the tools we used. Some of these tools, especially the power tools, can easily be rented (by the dayor hour) at hardware stores and home centers, while others may be slightly difficult to find. And if you have ，access to a tool or two not mentioned here, that could make your work even easier. Just keep in mind,however, that this machine was designed so that it could be built with a minimum number of tools—if you find yourself lacking a tool described followinga nd cannot find it (for purchase or rent), don’t let that stop you; just improvise with the tools you do have. The CNC machine built in this book is extremely forgiving when it comes to small deviations in cutting and drilling; be as accurate as you can, use what you have available, and make the best of it.Following is a list of our tools, with a few photos for clarification:• Table saw: This is useful for cutting long lengths of MDF accurately. Depending on your skill, youcan also cut multiple MDF pieces at once, guaranteeing they match in dimensions.• Metal band saw: This is used for cutting the aluminum angled rail and lead screws • Hack saw: If a band saw is not available, this is the saw to use for cutting the aluminum angled rail and lead screws.• Mitre box: This is useful for making accurate cuts in small MDF pieces.• Hammer: This is for hammering things, obviously• Cordless screwdrivers: You’ll need a Phillips and a slot head.• Regular screwdrivers: Again, you’ll need a Phillips and a slot head.• Forstner drill bits: Forstner bits (see Figure 2-1) are extremely useful for counterboring as well as drilling large, smooth holes; regular drill bits can be used to drill counterbored holes, but thesework much betterFigure 2-1. Forstner drill bits in various sizes• Brad point drill bits: These drill a flat-bottomed hole and have a sharp, centered tip that creates a“dimple” that can be used to center other drill bits for later drilling.• Twisted drill bits: These are your standard drill bits and co me in a range of sizes. • Spade drill bits: This is another common variety of drill bit that is perfectly acceptable for drilling holes.• Transfer punches: Transfer punches (see Figure 2-2) are available in different diameters. These tools have a sharp point on the end; inserting them into existing drilled holes will allow you to make a “dimple” in a second piece of MDF, giving youan accurate point to drill on the secondpiece of MDF.Figure 2-2. Transfer punches let you mark other pieces accurately for drilling. • Magnetic bowl: This is a small bowl that can keep your nuts and bolts from falling all over the floor.• 1/2" power drill: Having a drill that can handle larger-diameter drill bits will be very useful during the build.• Drill press: Useful for drilling straight holes (vertically) through material. A drill press also provides a small table to clamp MDF and aluminum rail to when drilling. • Wrenches: You’ll need wrenches for 1/4" nuts.• Detail metal ruler: This is a special type of ruler (see Fi gure 2-3) with marks that allow you to make extremely straight lines for cutting and points for drilling. Measuring and marking increments of 1/8", 1/16", 1/32", and 1/64" are possible withthese rulers.Figure 2-3. These rulers are from Incra and are extremely accurate.数控车床一、什么是计算机数控计算机数控是一种非常广泛的专业术语，它包含各种类型的机器，比如各种大小，形状和功能的机器。
数控车床外文翻译3
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题数控车床
译文标题Numerical Control Lathes
作者所在系机械工程系
作者所在专机械设计制造及其自动化作者所在班
作者姓名
作者学号
指导教师姓
指导教师职
完成时间2012 年 2 月28
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。
车床外文翻译
原文：LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing.This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s ti me is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manuallyoperated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved thepaper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.译文：.1.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。
常见数控车床英语
数控机床常用英语Jaws indexing spacers 三爪、分割工具头A.T.C.system 加工中心机刀库Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces 连续溶解保温炉Balancing equipment 平衡设备Bayonet 卡口Bearing fittings 轴承配件Bearing processing equipment 轴承加工机Bearings 轴承Belt drive 带传动Bending machines 弯曲机Blades 刀片Blades,saw 锯片Bolts,screws & nuts 螺栓,螺帽及螺丝Boring heads 搪孔头Boring machines 镗床Cable making tools 造线机Casting,aluminium 铸铝Casting,copper 铸铜Casting,gray iron 铸灰口铁Casting,malleable iron 可锻铸铁Casting,other 其他铸造Casting,steel 铸钢Chain drive 链传动Chain making tools 造链机Chamfer machines 倒角机Chucks 夹盘Clamping/holding systems 夹具/支持系统CNC bending presses 电脑数控弯折机CNC boring machines 电脑数控镗床CNC drilling machines 电脑数控钻床CNC EDM wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花线切削机CNC electric discharge machines 电脑数控电火花机CNC engraving machines 电脑数控雕刻机CNC grinding machines 电脑数控磨床CNC lathes 电脑数控车床CNC machine tool fittings 电脑数控机床配件CNC milling machines 电脑数控铣床CNC shearing machines 电脑数控剪切机CNC toolings CNC刀杆CNC wire-cutting machines 电脑数控线切削机Conveying chains 输送链Coolers 冷却机Coupling 联轴器Crimping tools 卷边工具Cutters 刀具Cutting-off machines 切断机Diamond cutters 钻石刀具Dicing saws 晶圆切割机Die casting dies 压铸冲模Die casting machines 压铸机Dies-progressive 连续冲模Disposable toolholder bits 舍弃式刀头Drawing machines 拔丝机Drilling machines 钻床Drilling machines bench 钻床工作台Drilling machines,high-speed 高速钻床Drilling machines,multi-spindle 多轴钻床Drilling machines,radial 摇臂钻床Drilling machines,vertical 立式钻床drills 钻头Electric discharge machines(EDM) 电火花机Electric power tools 电动刀具Engraving machines 雕刻机Engraving machines,laser 激光雕刻机Etching machines 蚀刻机Finishing machines 修整机Fixture 夹具Forging dies 锻模Forging,aluminium 锻铝Forging,cold 冷锻Forging,copper 铜锻Forging,other 其他锻造Forging,steel 钢锻Foundry equipment 铸造设备Gear cutting machines 齿轮切削机Gears 齿轮Gravity casting machines 重力铸造机Grinder bench 磨床工作台Grinders,thread 螺纹磨床Grinders,tools & cutters 工具磨床Grinders,ultrasonic 超声波打磨机Grinding machines 磨床Grinding machines,centerless 无心磨床Grinding machines,cylindrical 外圆磨床Grinding machines,universal 万能磨床Grinding tools 磨削工具Grinding wheels 磨轮Hand tools 手工具Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组Heat preserving furnaces 保温炉Heating treatment funaces 熔热处理炉Honing machines 搪磨机Hydraulic components 液压元件Hydraulic power tools 液压工具Hydraulic power units 液压动力元件Hydraulic rotary cylinders 液压回转缸Jigs 钻模Lapping machines 精研机Lapping machines,centerless 无心精研机Laser cutting 激光切割Laser cutting for SMT stensil 激光钢板切割机Lathe bench 车床工作台Lathes,automatic 自动车床Lathes,heavy-duty 重型车床Lathes,high-speed 高速车床Lathes,turret 六角车床Lathes,vertical 立式车床Lubricants 润滑液Lubrication Systems 润滑系统Lubricators 注油机Machining centers,general 通用加工中心Machining centers,horizontal 卧式加工中心Machining centers,horizontal & vertical 卧式及立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical 立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical double-column type 立式双柱加工中心Magnetic tools 磁性工具Manifolds 集合管Milling heads 铣头Milling machines 铣床Milling machines,bed type 床身式铣床Milling machines,duplicating 仿形铣床Milling machines,horizontal 卧式铣床Milling machines,turret vertical 六角立式铣床Milling machines,universal 万能铣床Milling machines,vertical 立式铣床Milling machines,vertical & horizontal 立式及卧式铣床Mold & die components 模具单元Mold changing systems 换模系统Mold core 模芯Mold heaters/chillers 模具加热器/冷却器Mold polishing/texturing 模具打磨/磨纹Mold repair 模具维修Molds 模具Nail making machines 造钉机Oil coolers 油冷却器Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 铝轮冒口切断机P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant P型PVC高分子防水PCB fine piecing systems 印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统Pipe & tube making machines 管筒制造机Planing machines 刨床Planing machines vertical 立式刨床Pneumatic hydraulic clamps 气油压虎钳Pneumatic power tools 气动工具Powder metallurgic forming machines 粉末冶金成型机Presses,cold forging 冷锻冲压机presses,crank 曲柄压力机Presses,eccentric 离心压力机Presses,forging 锻压机Presses,hydraulic 液压冲床Presses,knuckle joint 肘杆式压力机Presses,pneumatic 气动冲床Presses,servo 伺服冲床Presses,transfer 自动压力机Pressing dies 压模Punch formers 冲子研磨器Quick die change systems 速换模系统Quick mold change systems 快速换模系统Reverberatory furnaces 反射炉Rollers 滚筒Rolling machines 辗压机Rotary tables 转台Sawing machines 锯床Sawing machines,band 带锯床Saws,band 带锯Saws,hack 弓锯Saws,horizontal band 卧式带锯Saws,vertical band 立式带锯shafts 轴Shapers 牛头刨床Shearing machines 剪切机Sheet metal forming machines 金属板成型机Sheet metal working machines 金属板加工机Slotting machines 插床spindles 主轴Stamping parts 冲压机Straightening machines 矫直机Switches & buttons 开关及按钮Tapping machines 攻螺丝机Transmitted chains 传动链Tube bending machines 弯管机Vertical hydraulic broaching machine 立式油压拉床Vises 虎钳Vises,tool-maker 精密平口钳Wheel dressers 砂轮修整器Woven-Cutting machines 织麦激光切割机Wrenches 扳手（2）：按中文拼音字母排序铝轮冒口切断机 Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 离心压力机 Presses,eccentric六角立式铣床 Milling machines,turret vertical六角车床 Lathes,turret螺栓,螺帽及螺丝 Bolts,screws & nuts螺纹磨床 Grinders,thread冷却机 Coolers冷锻 Forging,cold冷锻冲压机 Presses,cold forging立式双柱加工中心 Machining centers,vertical double-column type 立式铣床 Milling machines,vertical立式油压拉床 Vertical hydraulic broaching machine立式刨床 Planing machines vertical立式车床 Lathes,vertical立式带锯 Saws,vertical band立式加工中心 Machining centers,vertical立式及卧式铣床 Milling machines,vertical & horizontal立式钻床 Drilling machines,vertical联轴器 Coupling连续溶解保温炉 Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces 连续冲模 Dies-progressive链传动 Chain drive切断机 Cutting-off machinesCNC刀杆 CNC toolings曲柄压力机 presses,crank修整机 Finishing machines舍弃式刀头 Disposable toolholder bits润滑系统 Lubrication Systems润滑液 Lubricants熔热处理炉 Heating treatment funaces三爪、分割工具头 3-Jaws indexing spacers伺服冲床 Presses,servo输送链 Conveying chains手工具 Hand tools砂轮修整器 Wheel dressers蚀刻机 Etching machines外圆磨床 Grinding machines,cylindrical搪磨机 Honing machines搪孔头 Boring heads卧式铣床 Milling machines,horizontal卧式带锯 Saws,horizontal band卧式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal卧式及立式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal & vertical万能铣床 Milling machines,universal万能磨床 Grinding machines,universal镗床 Boring machines弯曲机 Bending machines弯管机 Tube bending machines通用加工中心 Machining centers,general铜锻 Forging,copper铣头 Milling heads铣床 Milling machines无心磨床 Grinding machines,centerless无心精研机 Lapping machines,centerless压模 Pressing dies压铸冲模 Die casting dies压铸机 Die casting machines油冷却器 Oil coolers造链机 Chain making tools造线机 Cable making tools造钉机 Nail making machines印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统 PCB fine piecing systems摇臂钻床 Drilling machines,radial硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组 Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant辗压机 Rolling machines液压元件 Hydraulic components液压冲床 Presses,hydraulic液压动力元件 Hydraulic power units液压工具 Hydraulic power tools液压回转缸 Hydraulic rotary cylindersP型PVC高分子防水 P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant刨床 Planing machines牛头刨床 Shapers其他铸造 Casting,other其他锻造 Forging,other模芯 Mold core模具 Molds模具维修 Mold repair模具打磨/磨纹 Mold polishing/texturing 模具单元 Mold & die components模具加热器/冷却器 Mold heaters/chillers 磨轮 Grinding wheels磨削工具 Grinding tools磨床 Grinding machines磨床工作台 Grinder bench平衡设备 Balancing equipment气油压虎钳 Pneumatic hydraulic clamps 气动冲床 Presses,pneumatic气动工具 Pneumatic power tools轴 shafts轴承 Bearings轴承配件 Bearing fittings轴承加工机 Bearing processing equipment 肘杆式压力机 Presses,knuckle joint铸铝 Casting,aluminium铸铜 Casting,copper铸造设备 Foundry equipment铸钢 Casting,steel铸灰口铁 Casting,gray iron织麦激光切割机 Woven-Cutting machines 重力铸造机 Gravity casting machines重型车床 Lathes,heavy-duty主轴 spindles扳手 Wrenches拔丝机 Drawing machines保温炉 Heat preserving furnaces插床 Slotting machines齿轮 Gears齿轮切削机 Gear cutting machines冲压机 Stamping parts冲子研磨器 Punch formers超声波打磨机 Grinders,ultrasonic车床工作台 Lathe bench磁性工具 Magnetic tools传动链 Transmitted chains床身式铣床 Milling machines,bed type带传动 Belt drive带锯 Saws,band带锯床 Sawing machines,band电脑数控镗床 CNC boring machines电脑数控弯折机 CNC bending presses电脑数控铣床 CNC milling machines电脑数控线切削机 CNC wire-cutting machines电脑数控磨床 CNC grinding machines电脑数控车床 CNC lathes电脑数控电火花线切削机 CNC EDM wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花机 CNC electric discharge machines电脑数控雕刻机 CNC engraving machines电脑数控机床配件 CNC machine tool fittings电脑数控剪切机 CNC shearing machines电脑数控钻床 CNC drilling machines电动刀具 Electric power tools电火花机 Electric discharge machines(EDM)雕刻机 Engraving machines刀片 Blades刀具 Cutters倒角机 Chamfer machines多轴钻床 Drilling machines,multi-spindle锻铝 Forging,aluminium锻压机 Presses,forging锻模 Forging dies仿形铣床 Milling machines,duplicating粉末冶金成型机 Powder metallurgic forming machines 反射炉 Reverberatory furnaces钢锻 Forging,steel高速车床 Lathes,high-speed高速钻床 Drilling machines,high-speed管筒制造机 Pipe & tube making machines滚筒 Rollers工具磨床 Grinders,tools & cutters攻螺丝机 Tapping machines弓锯 Saws,hack虎钳 Vises换模系统 Mold changing systems夹盘 Chucks夹具 Fixture夹具/支持系统 Clamping/holding systems剪切机 Shearing machines加工中心机刀库 A.T.C.system激光切割 Laser cutting激光雕刻机 Engraving machines,laser激光钢板切割机 Laser cutting for SMT stensil集合管 Manifolds矫直机 Straightening machines金属板成型机 Sheet metal forming machines金属板加工机 Sheet metal working machines锯片 Blades,saw锯床 Sawing machines卷边工具 Crimping tools晶圆切割机 Dicing saws精密平口钳 Vises,tool-maker精研机 Lapping machines可锻铸铁 Casting,malleable iron快速换模系统 Quick mold change systems卡口 Bayonet开关及按钮 Switches & buttons钻石刀具 Diamond cutters钻头 drills钻模 Jigs钻床 Drilling machines钻床工作台 Drilling machines bench自动压力机 Presses,transfer自动车床 Lathes,automatic注油机 Lubricators转台 Rotary tables3-Jaws indexing spacers 三爪、分割工具头A.T.C.system 加工中心机刀库 Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces 连续溶解保温炉Balancing equipment 平衡设备 Bayonet 卡口Bearing fittings 轴承配件 Bearing processing equipment 轴承加工机Bearings 轴承 Belt drive 带传动Bending machines 弯曲机 Blades 刀片Blades,saw 锯片 Bolts,screws & nuts 螺栓,螺帽及螺丝Boring heads 搪孔头 Boring machines 镗床Cable making tools 造线机 Casting,aluminium 铸铝Casting,copper 铸铜 Casting,gray iron 铸灰口铁Casting,malleable iron 可锻铸铁 Casting,other 其他铸造Casting,steel 铸钢 Chain drive 链传动Chain making tools 造链机 Chamfer machines 倒角机Chucks 夹盘 Clamping/holding systems 夹具/支持系统CNC bending presses 电脑数控弯折机 CNC boring machines 电脑数控镗床CNC drilling machines 电脑数控钻床 CNC EDM wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花线切削机CNC electric discharge machines 电脑数控电火花机 CNC engraving machines 电脑数控雕刻机CNC grinding machines 电脑数控磨床 CNC lathes 电脑数控车床CNC machine tool fittings 电脑数控机床配件 CNC milling machines 电脑数控铣床CNC shearing machines 电脑数控剪切机 CNC toolings CNC刀杆CNC wire-cutting machines 电脑数控线切削机 Conveying chains 输送链Coolers 冷却机 Coupling 联轴器Crimping tools 卷边工具 Cutters 刀具Cutting-off machines 切断机 Diamond cutters 钻石刀具Dicing saws 晶圆切割机 Die casting dies 压铸冲模Die casting machines 压铸机 Dies-progressive 连续冲模Disposable toolholder bits 舍弃式刀头 Drawing machines 拔丝机Drilling machines 钻床 Drilling machines bench 钻床工作台Drilling machines,high-speed 高速钻床 Drilling machines,multi-spindle 多轴钻床Drilling machines,radial 摇臂钻床 Drilling machines,vertical 立式钻床drills 钻头 Electric discharge machines(EDM) 电火花机Electric power tools 电动刀具 Engraving machines 雕刻机Engraving machines,laser 激光雕刻机 Etching machines 蚀刻机Finishing machines 修整机 Fixture 夹具Forging dies 锻模 Forging,aluminium 锻铝Forging,cold 冷锻 Forging,copper 铜锻Forging,other 其他锻造 Forging,steel 钢锻Foundry equipment 铸造设备 Gear cutting machines 齿轮切削机Gears 齿轮 Gravity casting machines 重力铸造机Grinder bench 磨床工作台 Grinders,thread 螺纹磨床Grinders,tools & cutters 工具磨床 Grinders,ultrasonic 超声波打磨机Grinding machines 磨床 Grinding machines,centerless 无心磨床Grinding machines,cylindrical 外圆磨床 Grinding machines,universal 万能磨床Grinding tools 磨削工具 Grinding wheels 磨轮Hand tools 手工具 Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组Heat preserving furnaces 保温炉 Heating treatment funaces 熔热处理炉Honing machines 搪磨机 Hydraulic components 液压元件Hydraulic power tools 液压工具 Hydraulic power units 液压动力元件Hydraulic rotary cylinders 液压回转缸 Jigs 钻模Lapping machines 精研机 Lapping machines,centerless 无心精研机Laser cutting 激光切割 Laser cutting for SMT stensil 激光钢板切割机Lathe bench 车床工作台 Lathes,automatic 自动车床Lathes,heavy-duty 重型车床 Lathes,high-speed 高速车床Lathes,turret 六角车床 Lathes,vertical 立式车床Lubricants 润滑液 Lubrication Systems 润滑系统Lubricators 注油机 Machining centers,general 通用加工中心Machining centers,horizontal 卧式加工中心 Machiningcenters,horizontal & vertical 卧式及立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical 立式加工中心 Machining centers,vertical double-column type 立式双柱加工中心Magnetic tools 磁性工具 Manifolds 集合管Milling heads 铣头 Milling machines 铣床Milling machines,bed type 床身式铣床 Milling machines,duplicating 仿形铣床Milling machines,horizontal 卧式铣床 Milling machines,turret vertical 六角立式铣床Milling machines,universal 万能铣床 Milling machines,vertical 立式铣床Milling machines,vertical & horizontal 立式及卧式铣床 Mold & die components 模具单元Mold changing systems 换模系统 Mold core 模芯Mold heaters/chillers 模具加热器/冷却器 Mold polishing/texturing 模具打磨/磨纹Mold repair 模具维修 Molds 模具Nail making machines 造钉机 Oil coolers 油冷却器Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 铝轮冒口切断机 P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant P型PVC高分子防水PCB fine piecing systems 印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统 Pipe & tube making machines 管筒制造机Planing machines 刨床 Planing machines vertical 立式刨床Pneumatic hydraulic clamps 气油压虎钳 Pneumatic power tools 气动工具Powder metallurgic forming machines 粉末冶金成型机 Presses,cold forging 冷锻冲压机presses,crank 曲柄压力机 Presses,eccentric 离心压力机Presses,forging 锻压机 Presses,hydraulic 液压冲床Presses,knuckle joint 肘杆式压力机 Presses,pneumatic 气动冲床Presses,servo 伺服冲床 Presses,transfer 自动压力机Pressing dies 压模 Punch formers 冲子研磨器Quick die change systems 速换模系统 Quick mold change systems 快速换模系统Reverberatory furnaces 反射炉 Rollers 滚筒Rolling machines 辗压机 Rotary tables 转台Sawing machines 锯床 Sawing machines,band 带锯床Saws,band 带锯 Saws,hack 弓锯Saws,horizontal band 卧式带锯 Saws,vertical band 立式带锯shafts 轴 Shapers 牛头刨床Shearing machines 剪切机 Sheet metal forming machines 金属板成型机Sheet metal working machines 金属板加工机 Slotting machines 插床spindles 主轴 Stamping parts 冲压机Straightening machines 矫直机 Switches & buttons 开关及按钮Tapping machines 攻螺丝机 Transmitted chains 传动链Tube bending machines 弯管机 Vertical hydraulic broaching machine 立式油压拉床Vises 虎钳 Vises,tool-maker 精密平口钳Wheel dressers 砂轮修整器 Woven-Cutting machines 织麦激光切割机Wrenches 扳手（2）：按中文拼音字母排序铝轮冒口切断机 Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 离心压力机 Presses,eccentric六角立式铣床 Milling machines,turret vertical 六角车床 Lathes,turret 螺栓,螺帽及螺丝 Bolts,screws & nuts 螺纹磨床 Grinders,thread冷却机 Coolers 冷锻 Forging,cold冷锻冲压机 Presses,cold forging 立式双柱加工中心 Machiningcenters,vertical double-column type立式铣床 Milling machines,vertical 立式油压拉床 Vertical hydraulic broaching machine立式刨床 Planing machines vertical 立式车床 Lathes,vertical立式带锯 Saws,vertical band 立式加工中心 Machining centers,vertical 立式及卧式铣床 Milling machines,vertical & horizontal 立式钻床Drilling machines,vertical联轴器 Coupling 连续溶解保温炉 Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces连续冲模 Dies-progressive 链传动 Chain drive切断机 Cutting-off machines CNC刀杆 CNC toolings曲柄压力机 presses,crank 修整机 Finishing machines舍弃式刀头 Disposable toolholder bits 润滑系统 Lubrication Systems 润滑液 Lubricants 熔热处理炉 Heating treatment funaces三爪、分割工具头 3-Jaws indexing spacers 伺服冲床 Presses,servo输送链 Conveying chains 手工具 Hand tools砂轮修整器 Wheel dressers 蚀刻机 Etching machines外圆磨床 Grinding machines,cylindrical 搪磨机 Honing machines搪孔头 Boring heads 卧式铣床 Milling machines,horizontal卧式带锯 Saws,horizontal band 卧式加工中心 Machiningcenters,horizontal卧式及立式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal & vertical 万能铣床Milling machines,universal万能磨床 Grinding machines,universal 镗床 Boring machines弯曲机 Bending machines 弯管机 Tube bending machines通用加工中心 Machining centers,general 铜锻 Forging,copper铣头 Milling heads 铣床 Milling machines无心磨床 Grinding machines,centerless 无心精研机 Lappingmachines,centerless压模 Pressing dies 压铸冲模 Die casting dies压铸机 Die casting machines 油冷却器 Oil coolers造链机 Chain making tools 造线机 Cable making tools造钉机 Nail making machines 印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统 PCB fine piecing systems摇臂钻床 Drilling machines,radial 硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant辗压机 Rolling machines 液压元件 Hydraulic components液压冲床 Presses,hydraulic 液压动力元件 Hydraulic power units液压工具 Hydraulic power tools 液压回转缸 Hydraulic rotary cylinders P型PVC高分子防水 P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant 刨床 Planing machines牛头刨床 Shapers 其他铸造 Casting,other其他锻造 Forging,other 模芯 Mold core模具 Molds 模具维修 Mold repair模具打磨/磨纹 Mold polishing/texturing 模具单元 Mold & die components 模具加热器/冷却器 Mold heaters/chillers 磨轮 Grinding wheels磨削工具 Grinding tools 磨床 Grinding machines磨床工作台 Grinder bench 平衡设备 Balancing equipment气油压虎钳 Pneumatic hydraulic clamps 气动冲床 Presses,pneumatic气动工具 Pneumatic power tools 轴 shafts轴承 Bearings 轴承配件 Bearing fittings轴承加工机 Bearing processing equipment 肘杆式压力机 Presses,knuckle joint铸铝 Casting,aluminium 铸铜 Casting,copper铸造设备 Foundry equipment 铸钢 Casting,steel铸灰口铁 Casting,gray iron 织麦激光切割机 Woven-Cutting machines重力铸造机 Gravity casting machines 重型车床 Lathes,heavy-duty主轴 spindles 扳手 Wrenches拔丝机 Drawing machines 保温炉 Heat preserving furnaces插床 Slotting machines 齿轮 Gears齿轮切削机 Gear cutting machines 冲压机 Stamping parts冲子研磨器 Punch formers 超声波打磨机 Grinders,ultrasonic车床工作台 Lathe bench 磁性工具 Magnetic tools传动链 Transmitted chains 床身式铣床 Milling machines,bed type带传动 Belt drive 带锯 Saws,band带锯床 Sawing machines,band 电脑数控镗床 CNC boring machines电脑数控弯折机 CNC bending presses 电脑数控铣床 CNC milling machines 电脑数控线切削机 CNC wire-cutting machines 电脑数控磨床 CNC grinding machines电脑数控车床 CNC lathes 电脑数控电火花线切削机 CNC EDM wire-cutting machines电脑数控电火花机 CNC electric discharge machines 电脑数控雕刻机 CNC engraving machines电脑数控机床配件 CNC machine tool fittings 电脑数控剪切机 CNC shearing machines电脑数控钻床 CNC drilling machines 电动刀具 Electric power tools电火花机 Electric discharge machines(EDM) 雕刻机 Engraving machines 刀片 Blades 刀具 Cutters倒角机 Chamfer machines 多轴钻床 Drilling machines,multi-spindle锻铝 Forging,aluminium 锻压机 Presses,forging锻模 Forging dies 仿形铣床 Milling machines,duplicating粉末冶金成型机 Powder metallurgic forming machines 反射炉Reverberatory furnaces钢锻 Forging,steel 高速车床 Lathes,high-speed高速钻床 Drilling machines,high-speed 管筒制造机 Pipe & tube making machines滚筒 Rollers 工具磨床 Grinders,tools & cutters攻螺丝机 Tapping machines 弓锯 Saws,hack虎钳 Vises 换模系统 Mold changing systems夹盘 Chucks 夹具 Fixture夹具/支持系统 Clamping/holding systems 剪切机 Shearing machines加工中心机刀库 A.T.C.system 激光切割 Laser cutting激光雕刻机 Engraving machines,laser 激光钢板切割机 Laser cutting for SMT stensil集合管 Manifolds 矫直机 Straightening machines金属板成型机 Sheet metal forming machines 金属板加工机 Sheet metal working machines锯片 Blades,saw 锯床 Sawing machines卷边工具 Crimping tools 晶圆切割机 Dicing saws精密平口钳 Vises,tool-maker 精研机 Lapping machines可锻铸铁 Casting,malleable iron 快速换模系统 Quick mold change systems 卡口 Bayonet 开关及按钮 Switches & buttons钻石刀具 Diamond cutters 钻头 drills钻模 Jigs 钻床 Drilling machines钻床工作台 Drilling machines bench 自动压力机 Presses,transfer自动车床 Lathes,automatic 注油机 Lubricators转台 Rotary tables常见数控机床中的英资料文缩写AC 交流电AMP 安培APC 自动托盘交换装置APL 自动部件装载机ASCII 美国信息交换标准法规ATC 自动刀具交换装置ATC FWD 自动刀具交换装置前进ATC REV 自动刀具交换装置后退AWG 美国线规BHCS 圆头帽螺钉CAD 计算机辅助设计CAM 计算机辅助制造（辅助加工）CB 断路开关CC 立方厘米CCW 逆时针CFM 每分钟立方英尺CNC 计算机数控CNCR SPINDLE 与轴运动同步的芯轴CRC 循环冗余码校验数字CRT 阴极射线管CTS 清除发送CW 顺时针DB 牵引杆DC 直流电DGNOS 诊断DHCP 动态主机配置协议DIR 目录DNC 直接数字控制DOS 磁盘操作系统DTE 数据终端设备ENA CNVR 启动输送机EOB 块结束EOF 文件结束EPROM 可擦可编程只读存储器E-STOP 紧急停机FADAL 其他人FHCS 平头帽螺钉FT 英尺FU 保险丝FWD 前进GA 量规HAAS 正确的刀具HHB 六角头螺钉HP 马力HS 卧式系列加工中心ID 内径IGBT 隔离栅双极晶体管IN 英寸IOPCB 输入输出印刷电路板LAN 局域网LB 磅LED 发光二极管LO CLNT 冷却剂低压LOW AIR PR 低气压LVPS 低电压电源MB 兆字节(1百万)MCD RLY BRD M-代码继电器盘MDI 手动数据输入MEM 存储器M-FIN M-代码完成MM 毫米MOCON 电动机控制器MOTIF 电动机接口MSG 信息MSHCP 公制插座帽螺钉NC 数字控制NC 常闭合NO 常开OD 外径OPER 操作员P 袋PARAM 参数PCB 印制电路板PGM 程序POR 通电复位POSIT 位置PROG 程序PSI 每平方英寸磅PWM 脉冲宽度调制RAM 随机存取存储器REPT RIG TAP 围盘轧制刚性螺丝攻RET 返回，回车REV CNVR 回动输送机RJH 遥控摇柄RPDBDN 旋转式托盘拉杆放下RPDBUP 旋转式托盘拉杆提起RPM 每分钟转数RIS 请求输送RXD 接收数据S 芯轴转速SDIST 伺服机构分配印制电路板SFM 每分钟平方英尺SHCS 套筒扳手头帽螺钉SIO 串行输入／输出SKBIF 串行键盘接口印制电路板SMTC 侧挂式刀具交换装置SP 芯轴T 刀具编号TC 刀具交换装置TIR 总指示偏转TNC 刀尖偏差TRP 刀具释放活塞IS 尾架ISC 通过芯轴的冷却剂TXD 发送数据VDI 德国工程师协会VF 立式铣床（第一台）VF-E 立式铣床－扩展型VMC 立式加工中心WAN 广域网。
机床专业英语明细(部分整理)
关于机床的英文翻译A．金属切削机床—Metal Cutting Machine Tools1.0 车床（含数控）--Lathe (CNC included)1.1 卧式车床—Horizontal lathes1.2 立式车床—Vertical lathes1.3 多轴车床—Multi-spindle lathes1.4 多刀车床—Multi-tool lathes1.5 超精车床—Ultra-precision turning mathines1.6 专用车床—Special purpose lathes1.7 车削中心—Turning center1.8 车/铣复合中心—Turning/Milling machines1.9 其他—Others2.0铣床（含数控）--Milling Machines (CNC included)2.1 升降台铣床—Knee type milling machines2.2 万能工具铣床—Universal tool milling machines2.3 床身式铣床—Bed type milling machines2.5 刨台式铣床—Plano milling machines2.6 多头铣床—Multi-spindle milling machines2.7 桥式/龙门式铣床—Bridge type/gantry milling machines2.8其他—Others3.0 镗床（含数控）--Boring Machines (CNC included)3.1 卧式镗床—Horizontal boring machines3.2 立式镗床—Vertical boring machines3.3 定柱式镗铣床—Fixed column boring and milling machines3.4 动柱式镗铣床—Moving column boring and milling machines3.5 龙门式镗铣床—Gantry type boring and milling machines3.6 坐标镗床—Jig boring machines3.7其他—Others4.0 钻削和攻丝机床（含数控）--Drilling and Tapping Machines(CNC ncluded) 4.1 立式钻床—Vertical drilling machines4.2 摇臂钻床—Redial drilling machines4.3 深孔钻床—Deep hole drilling machines4.4 多轴钻床—Multi-spindle drilling machines4.5 钻削中心—Drilling center4.6 攻丝机—Tapping machines4.7其他—Others5.0 磨床（含数控）--Grinding Machines(CNC included)5.1 砂带磨床—Abrasive belt grinding machines5.2 外圆磨床—Cylindrical grinding machines5.3 内圆磨床—Internal grinding machines5.4 无心磨床—Centerless grinding machines5.5 平面磨床—Surface grinding machines5.6 工具磨床—Tool grinding machines5.7 成型磨床—Form grinding machines5.8 凸轮轴和曲轴磨床—Camshaft and crankshaft grinding machines5.9 轴承专用磨床—Bearing grinding machines5.10 导轨磨床—Guideway grinding machines5.11 轧辊磨床—Roller grinding machines5.12 坐标磨床—Jig grinding machines5.13 超精磨床—Super-finishing grinding machines5.14 缓进给磨床—Creep feed grinding machines5.15 万能磨床—Universal grinding machines5.16 单盘/双盘盘端面磨床—Single/double-disk grinding machines5.17 珩磨机—Honing machines5.18 研磨/抛光/超精加工机—Lapping/polishing/super-finishing machines5.19 专用磨床—Special purpose grinding machines5.20其他—Others6.0 齿轮加工机床（含数控）--Gear Cutting Machines (CNC included)6.1 滚齿机床—Gear hobbing machines6.2 插齿机床—Gear shaping machines6.3 铣齿、切齿机床—Gear cutting machines6.4 剃齿机床—Gear shaving machines6.5 磨齿机床—Gear grinding machines6.6 王行齿机床—Gear honing and gear polishing machines6.7 齿轮倒圆机床—Gear chamfering machines6.8 齿轮去毛刺机床—Gear deburring machines6.9其他—Others7.1 圆锯机床—Circular sawing machines7.2 带锯机床—Band sawing machines7.3 弓锯机床—Hack sawing machines7.4 插床—Shaping machines7.5 拉床—Broaching machines7.6 刨床—Planning machines7.7 专用机床—Special purpose machines7.8其他—Others8.0 组合机床及组合部件（含数控）--Transfer Line &Modular Units (CNC included) 8.1 组合机床—Modular machine tools8.2 组合机床生产线—Transfer lines8.3 组合机床通用部件—Modular units8.4 旋转分度台部件—Rotary indexing table units8.5 装配机及装配自动线—Assembling machines & assembling systems8.6 专用机床及部件—Special purpose machines and components8.7其他—Others9.0 加工中心及并联机床—Machining Centres and Parallel Kinematical Machines (PK M)9.1 卧式加工中心—Horizontal machining centres9.2 立式加工中心—Vertical machining centres9.3 龙门式加工中心—Gantry machining centres9.4 并联机床—Parallel kinematical machines (PKM)9.5其他—Others10.1 光饰机—Finishing machines10.2 抛光机—Polishing machines10.3 倒角机—Chamfering machines10.4 螺钉、螺母、螺纹和铆钉生产设备—Machines for production of bolts,nuts,screws and rivets10.5 平衡机—Banlancing machines。
机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控
数控加工中心技术开展趋势与对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju(C Machining Processand equipment,2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备开展趋势与对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术与装备是开展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术与其产业、生物技术与其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最根本的装备。
机械类车床外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（原文）Lathe来源：/wiki/LatheA lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, and glassworking. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The material is held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, crankshafts and camshafts.HistoryThe lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to the Egyptians ，and known and used in Greece, the Roman and Byzantine Empires.The origin of turning dates to around 1300BC when the Egyptians first developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood workpiece with a rope while the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood. The Romans improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a turning bow. Early bow lathes were also developed and used in Germany, France and Britain. In the Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, freeing both the craftsman's hands to hold the woodturning tools. The pedal was usually connected to a pole, often a straight-grained sapling. The system today is called the "spring pole" lathe. Spring pole lathes were in common use into the early 20th Century. A two-person lathe, called a "great lathe", allowed a piece to turn continuously (like today's power lathes). A master would cut the wood while an apprentice turned the crank。
数控机床英语词汇
数控机床机械零件 mechanical parts游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer技术要求 technical requirements装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking零件图 part drawing标准件 standard component剖视图 profile chart视图 view投影 projection机械制图 Mechanical drawing电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting步进电机 stepper motor 镗床 boring machine钻床 drill machine铣床 milling machine伺服电机 actuating motor工业造型设计 industrial moulding design电动机 electromotor集成电路 integrate circuit液压 hydraulic pressure加工 machining铸造 found装配 assembling拉孔 broaching拉床 broaching machine焊 weld压模 stamping锻 forge磨床 grinder车削 turning钻削镗削 bore车床 lathe车刀 lathe tool加工中心 machining center齿轮 gear齿轮加工 gear machining工件 work-piece铣刀 milling cutter铣削 mill螺钉 screw螺纹加工 thread processing半导体元件 semiconductor element 正火 normalizing退火 anneal热处理 heat treatment硬度 rigidity应力 stress变形 deformation变形力 deforming force精度 precision机械加工余量 machining allowance 金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine toolWater jet looms喷水织机Weaving Preparatory Machinery, Weaving Machinery, Tufting Machinery织造准备机、织造机、簇绒机Weaving Preparatory and Auxiliary Machinery织造准备及辅助机Weaving Auxiliary Machinery andAdditional Devices 织造辅助机械及附加装置Washing, Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing, Finishing and Make-up Machinery洗涤、漂白、染色、印花、整理及包装机械Washing, Bleaching and Wet Treatment 洗涤、漂白及湿式处理机Warping machines整经机Warp stop motions断经自停装置Top printing machines套色印花机Thermo-fixing machines 热定形机Tentering and stentering machines 拉幅机Tensionless dryers无张力干燥机Spinning Machinery纺纱机Spinning Machinery and Twisting Machines for Natural and Man Made Fibres, Wadding, Felting and Hat-Making Machines, Non Woven Fabric Machinery, Cordage and Rope-Making Machinery天然纤维和化学纤维用纺纱机及加捻机械，填絮，缩绒，制帽机，无纺织物机械，搓绳制绳机。
【机械类文献翻译】车床
附录LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or balltypes. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s time is consum ed by simple, repetitious adjustments and inwatching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.1.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。
车床(英文描述)
LatheA metal lathe ormetalworking lathe is alarge class of lathesdesigned for preciselymachining relatively hardmaterials. They were originally designed to machine metals; however, with the advent of plastics and other materials, and with their inherent versatility, they are used in a wide range of applications, and a broad range of materials. In machining jargon, where the larger context is already understood, They are usually simply called lathes.ConstructionThe headstock (H1) housesthe main spindle (H4),speed change mechanism(H2, H3), and change gears(H10).The feed screw (H8) is a long driveshaft that allows a series of gears to drive the carriage mechanisms. These gears are located in the apron of the carriage. Both the feedscrew and leadscrew (H7) are driven by either the change gears (on the quadrant) or an intermediate gearbox known as a quick change gearbox (H6) or Norton gearbox. These intermediate gears allow the correct ratio and direction to be set for cutting threads or worm gears. Tumbler gears (operated by H5) are provided between the spindle and gear train along with a quadrant plate that enables a gear train of the correct ratio and direction to be introduced. This provides a constant relationship between the number of turns the spindle makes, to the number of turns the leadscrew makes. This ratio allows screwthreads to be cut on the workpiece without the aid of a die.There are various of lathes within the metalworking field. For example, Center lathe, engine lathe, bench lathe and so on.。
机床设备名称中文英文翻译
部分机床设备英文翻译铝轮冒口切断机 Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 离心压力机 Presses,eccentric六角立式铣床 Milling machines,turret vertical六角车床 Lathes,turret螺栓,螺帽及螺丝 Bolts,screws & nuts螺纹磨床 Grinders,thread冷却机 Coolers冷锻 Forging,cold冷锻冲压机 Presses,cold forging立式双柱加工中心 Machining centers,vertical double-column type 立式铣床 Milling machines,vertical立式油压拉床 Vertical hydraulic broaching machine立式刨床 Planing machines vertical立式车床 Lathes,vertical立式带锯 Saws,vertical band立式加工中心 Machining centers,vertical立式及卧式铣床 Milling machines,vertical & horizontal立式钻床 Drilling machines,vertical联轴器 Coupling连续溶解保温炉 Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces 连续冲模 Dies-progressive链传动 Chain drive切断机 Cutting-off machinesCNC刀杆 CNC toolings曲柄压力机 presses,crank修整机 Finishing machines舍弃式刀头 Disposable toolholder bits润滑系统 Lubrication Systems润滑液 Lubricants熔热处理炉 Heating treatment funaces三爪、分割工具头 3-Jaws indexing spacers伺服冲床 Presses,servo输送链 Conveying chains手工具 Hand tools砂轮修整器 Wheel dressers蚀刻机 Etching machines外圆磨床 Grinding machines,cylindrical搪磨机 Honing machines搪孔头 Boring heads卧式铣床 Milling machines,horizontal卧式带锯 Saws,horizontal band卧式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal卧式及立式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal & vertical 万能铣床 Milling machines,universal万能磨床 Grinding machines,universal镗床 Boring machines弯曲机 Bending machines弯管机 Tube bending machines通用加工中心 Machining centers,general铜锻 Forging,copper铣头 Milling heads铣床 Milling machines无心磨床 Grinding machines,centerless无心精研机 Lapping machines,centerless压模 Pressing dies压铸冲模 Die casting dies压铸机 Die casting machines油冷却器 Oil coolers。
车床英语
incorporate [inkɔ:pəreit] v. 包括，合并 matter [mætə] v. 要紧，有重 大关系 tapered [teipəd] a. 锥形的 nose [nəuz] n. 端部，管口 feed [fi:d] n. 进给 lever [li:və] n.杠杆，手柄， 把柄 jaw n. 卡爪，虎钳牙.
二、Text
Tapered centers in the hollow nose of the spindle and of the tailstock hold the work firmly between them. A feed-shaft from the headstock drives the tool-post along the saddle, either forwards or backwards, at a fixed and uniform speed. This enables the operator to make accurate cuts and to give the work a good finish. Gears between the spindle and the feed-shaft control the speed of rotation of the shaft, and therefore the forward or backward movement of the tool-post. The gear which the operator will select depends on the type of metal which he is cutting and the amount of metal he has to cut off.
关于车床的英文作文
关于车床的英文作文英文：Car lathe, also known as turning machine, is a common machine tool in mechanical processing. It is mainly usedfor turning cylindrical, conical and other rotating surfaces, as well as various types of internal and external threads, grooves and cutting work. As a mechanical engineer, I have had the opportunity to use car lathes in my work.The car lathe is a versatile machine tool. It can be used to process various materials, such as metal, plastic, wood, and even some ceramics. The lathe can also perform a variety of operations, including facing, drilling, boring, turning, and threading. One of the advantages of the car lathe is its ability to produce high-precision parts with tight tolerances. This makes it an essential tool in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and medicaldevice manufacturing.When using a car lathe, it is important to followproper safety procedures. The lathe can be dangerous if not used correctly. For example, if the workpiece is notsecured properly, it can fly off the lathe and cause injury. It is also important to wear appropriate personalprotective equipment, such as safety glasses and gloves.In my work, I have used the car lathe to produce a variety of parts. One example is a shaft for a motor. The shaft needed to be precisely machined to fit into the motor housing and rotate smoothly. Using the car lathe, I wasable to turn the shaft to the required diameter and length, and also add keyways for the motor to engage with. The finished shaft fit perfectly into the motor and functioned as intended.Overall, the car lathe is an essential tool in mechanical engineering. Its versatility and precision makeit a valuable asset in many industries. However, it is important to use the lathe safely and follow proper procedures to avoid injury.中文：车床，也称为车削机，在机械加工中是一种常见的机床。
部分机床设备英文翻译
部分机床设备英文翻译铝轮冒口切断机 Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 离心压力机 Presses,eccentric六角立式铣床 Milling machines,turret vertical六角车床 Lathes,turret螺栓,螺帽及螺丝 Bolts,screws & nuts螺纹磨床 Grinders,thread冷却机 Coolers冷锻 Forging,cold冷锻冲压机 Presses,cold forging立式双柱加工中心 Machining centers,vertical double-column type立式铣床 Milling machines,vertical立式油压拉床 Vertical hydraulic broaching machine立式刨床 Planing machines vertical立式车床 Lathes,vertical立式带锯 Saws,vertical band立式加工中心 Machining centers,vertical立式及卧式铣床 Milling machines,vertical & horizontal立式钻床 Drilling machines,vertical联轴器 Coupling连续溶解保温炉 Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces 连续冲模 Dies-progressive链传动 Chain drive切断机 Cutting-off machinesCNC刀杆 CNC toolings曲柄压力机 presses,crank修整机 Finishing machines舍弃式刀头 Disposable toolholder bits润滑系统 Lubrication Systems润滑液 Lubricants熔热处理炉 Heating treatment funaces三爪、分割工具头 3-Jaws indexing spacers伺服冲床 Presses,servo输送链 Conveying chains手工具 Hand tools砂轮修整器 Wheel dressers蚀刻机 Etching machines外圆磨床 Grinding machines,cylindrical搪磨机 Honing machines搪孔头 Boring heads卧式铣床 Milling machines,horizontal卧式带锯 Saws,horizontal band卧式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal卧式及立式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal & vertical 万能铣床 Milling machines,universal万能磨床 Grinding machines,universal镗床 Boring machines弯曲机 Bending machines弯管机 Tube bending machines通用加工中心 Machining centers,general铜锻 Forging,copper铣头 Milling heads铣床 Milling machines无心磨床 Grinding machines,centerless无心精研机 Lapping machines,centerless压模 Pressing dies压铸冲模 Die casting dies压铸机 Die casting machines油冷却器 Oil coolers造链机 Chain making tools造线机 Cable making tools造钉机 Nail making machines印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统 PCB fine piecing systems摇臂钻床 Drilling machines,radial硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组 Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 辗压机 Rolling machines液压元件 Hydraulic components液压冲床 Presses,hydraulic液压动力元件 Hydraulic power units液压工具 Hydraulic power tools液压回转缸 Hydraulic rotary cylindersP型PVC高分子防水 P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant刨床 Planing machines牛头刨床 Shapers其他铸造 Casting,other其他锻造 Forging,other模芯 Mold core模具 Molds模具维修 Mold repair模具打磨/磨纹 Mold polishing/texturing模具单元 Mold & die components模具加热器/冷却器 Mold heaters/chillers磨轮 Grinding wheels磨削工具 Grinding tools磨床 Grinding machines磨床工作台 Grinder bench平衡设备 Balancing equipment气油压虎钳 Pneumatic hydraulic clamps气动冲床 Presses,pneumatic气动工具 Pneumatic power tools轴 shafts轴承 Bearings轴承配件 Bearing fittings轴承加工机 Bearing processing equipment 肘杆式压力机 Presses,knuckle joint铸铝 Casting,aluminium铸铜 Casting,copper铸造设备 Foundry equipment铸钢 Casting,steel铸灰口铁 Casting,gray iron织麦激光切割机 Woven-Cutting machines 重力铸造机 Gravity casting machines重型车床 Lathes,heavy-duty主轴 spindles扳手 Wrenches拔丝机 Drawing machines保温炉 Heat preserving furnaces插床 Slotting machines齿轮 Gears齿轮切削机 Gear cutting machines冲压机 Stamping parts冲子研磨器 Punch formers超声波打磨机 Grinders,ultrasonic车床工作台 Lathe bench磁性工具 Magnetic tools传动链 Transmitted chains床身式铣床 Milling machines,bed type带传动 Belt drive带锯 Saws,band带锯床 Sawing machines,band电脑数控镗床 CNC boring machines电脑数控弯折机 CNC bending presses电脑数控铣床 CNC milling machines电脑数控线切削机 CNC wire-cutting machines电脑数控磨床 CNC grinding machines电脑数控车床 CNC lathes电脑数控电火花线切削机 CNC EDM wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花机 CNC electric discharge machines电脑数控雕刻机 CNC engraving machines电脑数控机床配件 CNC machine tool fittings电脑数控剪切机 CNC shearing machines电脑数控钻床 CNC drilling machines电动刀具 Electric power tools电火花机 Electric discharge machines(EDM)雕刻机 Engraving machines刀片 Blades刀具 Cutters倒角机 Chamfer machines多轴钻床 Drilling machines,multi-spindle锻铝 Forging,aluminium锻压机 Presses,forging锻模 Forging dies仿形铣床 Milling machines,duplicating粉末冶金成型机 Powder metallurgic forming machines反射炉 Reverberatory furnaces钢锻 Forging,steel高速车床 Lathes,high-speed高速钻床 Drilling machines,high-speed管筒制造机 Pipe & tube making machines滚筒 Rollers工具磨床 Grinders,tools & cutters攻螺丝机 Tapping machines弓锯 Saws,hack虎钳 Vises换模系统 Mold changing systems夹盘 Chucks夹具 Fixture夹具/支持系统 Clamping/holding systems剪切机 Shearing machines加工中心机刀库 A.T.C.system激光切割 Laser cutting激光雕刻机 Engraving machines,laser激光钢板切割机 Laser cutting for SMT stensil 集合管 Manifolds矫直机 Straightening machines金属板成型机 Sheet metal forming machines 金属板加工机 Sheet metal working machines 锯片 Blades,saw锯床 Sawing machines卷边工具 Crimping tools晶圆切割机 Dicing saws精密平口钳 Vises,tool-maker精研机 Lapping machines可锻铸铁 Casting,malleable iron快速换模系统 Quick mold change systems卡口 Bayonet开关及按钮 Switches & buttons钻石刀具 Diamond cutters钻头 drills钻模 Jigs钻床 Drilling machines钻床工作台 Drilling machines bench 自动压力机 Presses,transfer自动车床 Lathes,automatic注油机 Lubricators转台 Rotary tables。
车床专业英语翻译
·特殊的仿形切刀（没有在图示中）能更好的加工铝，加工时把刀刃调整至略高于中
心可减少振动。
安装切削刀具
车刀被安装在刀架上。为了安装刀具，首先要清理刀架，然后拧紧螺栓。
刀杆通过T形螺栓安装在小拖板上，利用快速夹紧手柄将刀杆夹紧在刀架上。
刀具定位
为了移动切削刀具，可用手移动车床的大拖板和横拖板。
通过不断地调整进给量以达到所要求的加工精度。对于切削深度，记住每进给千分之一的切
削深度，工件直径要减少千分之二。
车削
车床用来将工件的直径车到所要求的尺寸。首先，把工件安全地夹紧在卡盘上，工件外
伸的部分不能超过它直径的三倍；然后安装粗加工刀具或者是精加工刀具（选合适的）。如
果你要向主轴箱方向进给大拖板（像在下面剪辑中一样），就用右手车刀。用溜板上的手轮
镗孔
镗孔是用单刃刀具将原有孔扩大的一种加工，它用镗杆支撑刀具深入孔中加工。由于镗
杆是悬伸的，刀具的刚性低，因而容易产生振动。对于这样的情况，可以通过降低主轴转速
或者是把刀尖磨成更小圆弧来消除。
单头螺纹车削
外螺纹可用板牙加工，而内螺纹可用丝锥加工。但是对于某些直径的螺纹，没有合适的
丝锥和板牙，在这种情况下，可以用车床来车螺纹，最典型的是用刀尖角为60度的车刀。
材料去除率。选择进给量和速度的主要因素是被加工材料。当然也要考虑到切削刀具的材料、
加工件的刚度、机床的型号大小、工作条件和切削深度。对大多数铝合金来说，粗加工（切
削深度在0.010到0.020英寸）的速度一般在600英尺/分钟，精加工（切削深度在0.002到
0.010）的速度一般在1000英尺/分钟。用切削速度除以工件的周长就可得到合适的主轴转速。
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外文资料翻译车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。
车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。
由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。
因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。
车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。
床身是车床的基础件。
它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。
它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。
通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。
有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨（即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。
导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。
为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。
导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。
主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。
它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。
它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。
通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。
大多数车床有8~12种转速，一般按等比级数排列。
而且在现代机床上只需扳动2~4个手柄，就能得到全部转速。
一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。
由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。
主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。
主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸，因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。
尾座组件主要由三部分组成。
底板与床身的内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。
底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。
尾座体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾座能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。
尾座的第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。
它是一个直径通常大约在51~76mm（2~3英寸）之间的钢制空心圆柱体。
通过手轮和螺杆，尾座套筒可以在尾座体中纵向移入和移出几个英寸。
车床的规格用两个尺寸表示。
第一个称为车床的床面上最大加工直径。
这是在车床上能够旋转的工件的最大直径。
它大约是两顶尖连线与导轨上最近点之间距离的两倍。
第二个规格尺寸是两顶尖之间的最大距离。
车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车床上能够车削的最大工件直径，而两顶尖之间的最大距离则表示在两个顶尖之间能够安装的工件的最大长度。
普通车床是生产中最经常使用的车床种类。
它们是具有前面所叙的所有那些部件的重载机床，并且除了小刀架之外，全部刀具的运动都有机动进给。
它们的规格通常是：车床床面上最大加工直径为305~610mm（12~24英寸）；但是，床面上最大加工直径达到1270mm（50英寸）和两顶尖之间距离达到3658mm的车床也并不少见。
这些车床大部分都有切屑盘和一个安装在内部的冷却液循环系统。
小型的普通车床—车床床面最大加工直径一般不超过330mm（13英寸）--被设计成台式车床，其床身安装在工作台或柜子上。
虽然普通车床有很多用途，是很有用的机床，但是更换和调整刀具以及测量工件花费很多时间，所以它们不适合在大量生产中应用。
通常，它们的实际加工时间少于其总加工时间的30%。
此外，需要技术熟练的工人来操作普通车床，这种工人的工资高而且很难雇到。
然而，操作工人的大部分时间却花费在简单的重复调整和观察切屑过程上。
因此，为了减少或者完全不雇用这类熟练工人，六角车床、螺纹加工车床和其他类型的半自动和自动车床已经很好地研制出来，并已经在生产中得到广泛应用。
2.数字控制先进制造技术中的一个基本的概念是数字控制（NC）。
在数控技术出现之前，所有的机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。
在与人工控制的机床有关的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的问题。
采用人工控制是，产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。
数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来的第一步。
数字控制意味着采用预先录制的、存储的符号指令来控制机床和其他制造系统。
一个数控技师的工作不是去操纵机床，而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令的程序。
对于一台数控机床，其上必须安有一个被称为阅读机的界面装置，用来接受和解译出编程指令。
发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。
数字控制的机器比人工操纵的机器精度更高、生产出零件的一致性更好、生产速度更快、而且长期的工艺装备成本更低。
数控技术的发展导致了制造工艺中其他几项新发明的产生：电火花加工技术、激光切割、电子束焊接数字控制还使得机床比它们采用有人工操的前辈们的用途更为广泛。
一台数控机床可以自动生产很多类的零件，每一个零件都可以有不同的和复杂的加工过程。
数控可以使生产厂家承担那些对于采用人工控制的机床和工艺来说，在经济上是不划算的产品生产任务。
同许多先进技术一样，数控诞生于麻省理工学院的实验室中。
数控这个概念是50年代初在美国空军的资助下提出来的。
在其最初的价段，数控机床可以经济和有效地进行直线切割。
然而，曲线轨迹成为机床加工的一个问题，在编程时应该采用一系列的水平与竖直的台阶来生成曲线。
构成台阶的每一个线段越短，曲线就越光滑。
台阶中的每一个线段都必须经过计算。
在这个问题促使下，于1959年诞生了自动编程工具（APT）语言。
这是一个专门适用于数控的编程语言，使用类似于英语的语句来定义零件的几何形状，描述切削刀具的形状和规定必要的运动。
APT语言的研究和发展是在数控技术进一步发展过程中的一大进步。
最初的数控系统下今天应用的数控系统是有很大差别的。
在那时的机床中，只有硬线逻辑电路。
指令程序写在穿孔纸带上（它后来被塑料带所取代），采用带阅读机将写在纸带或磁带上的指令给机器翻译出来。
所有这些共同构成了机床数字控制方面的巨大进步。
然而，在数控发展的这个阶段中还存在着许多问题。
一个主要问题是穿孔纸带的易损坏性。
在机械加工过程中，载有编程指令信息的纸带断裂和被撕坏是常见的事情。
在机床上每加工一个零件，都需要将载有编程指令的纸带放入阅读机中重新运行一次。
因此，这个问题变得很严重。
如果需要制造100个某种零件，则应该将纸带分别通过阅读机100次。
易损坏的纸带显然不能承受严配的车间环境和这种重复使用。
这就导致了一种专门的塑料磁带的研制。
在纸带上通过采用一系列的小孔来载有编程指令，而在塑料带上通过采用一系列的磁点眯载有编程指令。
塑料带的强度比纸带的强度要高很多，这就可以解决常见的撕坏和断裂问题。
然而，它仍然存在着两个问题。
其中最重要的一个问题是，对输入到带中指令进行修改是非常困难的，或者是根本不可能的。
即使对指令程序进行最微小的调整，也必须中断加工，制作一条新带。
而且带通过阅读机的次数还必须与需要加工的零件的个数相同。
幸运的是，计算机技术的实际应用很快解决了数控技术中与穿孔纸带和塑料带有关的问题。
在形成了直接数字控制（DNC）这个概念之后，可以不再采用纸带或塑料带作为编程指令的载体，这样就解决了与之有关的问题。
在直接数字控制中，几台机床通过数据传输线路联接到一台主计算机上。
操纵这些机床所需要的程序都存储在这台主计算机中。
当需要时，通过数据传输线路提供给每台机床。
直接数字控制是在穿孔纸带和塑料带基础上的一大进步。
然而，它敢有着同其他信赖于主计算机技术一样的局限性。
当主计算机出现故障时，由其控制的所有机床都将停止工作。
这个问题促使了计算机数字控制技术的产生。
微处理器的发展为可编程逻辑控制器和微型计算机的发展做好了准备。
这两种技术为计算机数控（CNC）的发打下了基础。
采用CNC技术后，每台机床上都有一个可编程逻辑控制器或者微机对其进行数字控制。
这可以使得程序被输入和存储在每台机床内部。
它还可以在机床以外编制程序，并将其下载到每台机床中。
计算机数控解决了主计算机发生故障所带来的问题，但是它产生了另一个被称为数据管理的问题。
同一个程序可能要分别装入十个相互之间没有通讯联系的微机中。
这个问题目前正在解决之中，它是通过采用局部区域网络将各个微机联接起来，以得于更好地进行数据管理。
3.车削加工普通车床作为最早的金属切削机床的一种，目前仍然有许多有用的和为人要的特性和为人们所需的特性。
现在，这些机床主要用在规模较小的工厂中，进行小批量的生产，而不是进行大批量的和产。
在现代的生产车间中，普通车床已经被种类繁多的自动车床所取代，诸如自动仿形车床，六角车床和自动螺丝车床。
现在，设计人员已经熟知先利用单刃刀具去除大量的金属余量，然后利用成型刀具获得表面光洁度和精度这种加工方法的优点。
这种加工方法的生产速度与现在工厂中使用的最快的加工设备的速度相等。
普通车床的加偏差主要信赖于操作者的技术熟练程度。
设计工程师应该认真地确定由熟练工人在普通车床上加工的试验件的公差。
在把试验伯重新设计为生产零件时，应该选用经济的公差。
六角车床对生产加工设备来说，目前比过去更注重评价其是否具有精确的和快速的重复加工能力。
应用这个标准来评价具体的加工方法，六角车床可以获得较高的质量评定。
在为小批量的零件（100~200件）设计加工方法时，采用六角车床是最经济的。
为了在六角车床上获得尽可能小的公差值，设计人员应该尽量将加工工序的数目减至最少。
自动螺丝车床自动螺丝车床通被分为以下几种类型：单轴自动、多轴自动和自动夹紧车床。
自动螺丝车床最初是被用来对螺钉和类似的带有螺纹的零件进行自动化和快速加工的。
但是，这种车床的用途早就超过了这个狭窄的范围。
现在，它在许多种类的精密零件的大批量生产中起着重要的作用。
工件的数量对采用自动螺丝车床所加工的零件的经济性有较大的影响。
如果工件的数量少于1000件，在六角车床上进行加工比在自动螺丝车床上加工要经济得多。
如果计算出最小经济批量，并且针对工件批量正确地选择机床，就会降低零件的加工成本。
自动仿形车床因为零件的表面粗糙度在很大程度上取决于工件材料、刀具、进给量和切削速度，采用自动仿形车床加工所得到的最小公差一定是最经济的公差。
在某些情况下，在连续生产过程中，只进行一次切削加工时的公差可以达到0.05mm。
对于某些零件，槽宽的公差可以达到0.125mm。
镗孔和休用单刃刀具进行精加工时，公差可达到0.0125mm。
在希望获得最大主量的大批量生产中，进行直径和长度的车削时的最小公差值为0.125mm是经济的。
附件2：外文原文LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavyconstruction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of productsthat would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastictape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental partfor production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.。