lecture10
Lecture 10汉译英谓语的处理
Lecture 10
•
汉译英中谓语的处理
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 8、这时寂静无声。 • silent / silence • 参考译文：It is very quiet at the moment. • 9、屋里有一位客人。 • 参考译文：There is a guest in the room.
• 2、这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。 • There will build more apartment buildings. • Many more apartment buildings will be constructed here. • 参考译文：More apartment buildings will be built here.
Lecture 10
汉译英中谓语的处理
• ―You mean me? Well, yes, I think I could make people dance to my tune. But today it’s another story. It’s not me but others who have changed. People’s moods change everyday.‖
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 11、只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的 错误。 • The more cautions you pay, the less mistakes you will make. • Only if we being very careful, can we get rid of some errors. • 参考译文：Being very careful, you (we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.
lecture 10
价格看涨时,获得期权费利益(部分)
价格看跌时,从IPO机构投资者手中按行使价购买股票
雷曼兄弟招商银行股票挂钩 结构存款
投资最长周期: 6个月 (最短1个月) 挂钩股票: 中国招商银行(3968.HK) 最低投资额:HK$500,000/US$65,000 每交易单面值(denomination): HK50,000/US$5,000/每单 潜在回报率(Coupon):
股权房地产资产证券化：REIT
房地产资产作为标底资产的证券 化种类
股权信托
拥有和管理能够产生现金流的房地产
投资或出售房地产 租赁 房地产开发 物业管理
抵押信托
直接向房地产的所有者或开发商提供信贷,房地产资产组合所获 得的租金和贷款利息收入为投资者收益 间接购买房地产抵押证券 股权和抵押REIT结合
雷曼兄弟招商银行股票结构存款
参考股价(reference price): 敲定日估价时间价格 行使价: 94%参考股价 优惠券设定的股价(票息价): 105%参考股价 赎回时股价: 105%参考股价 提前赎回: 如股票在各观察期的最后一天接近或超过相应 的赎回价, 存单将会按100%本金和相应的利率收入赎回. 到期赎回: (1) 如果到期股价接近或超过行使价, 投资者收到100% 本金和相应利息 (2)如果到期股价接近或低于行使价, 投资者收到按行使 价计算的股票数外加相应利率收入
第十讲：企业上市与 资产证券化
曹勇 新加坡，南洋理工大学
公司股权的私募与公开发售的区别
私募将公司股份卖给少数策略投资者，如， 风投与私募基金，富裕人士(angels天使)
老年大学英语口语Lecture 10
Review sentences
你还好吗？
Are you OK?
怎么了？/哪里不 What is the trouble? What is the matter? 舒服？ What is wrong with you?
Review sentences
我不太舒服。 我这里痛。 我在节食。
I don’t feel well. It hurts me here. I’m on a diet.
New words
plane [plein] 普愣 train [trein] bus [bʌs] 罢斯 taxi[‘tæksi] 太可惜 bike [baik] 拜克 ticket [‘tikit] 踢ki特 flight [flait] 付来特 subway [‘sʌbwei]萨波喂 ship [ʃip] 睡破
Lecture Ten Traffic
第十 事情，麻烦事 错误 感觉 好 痛 这儿 饮食
trouble [‘trʌbl] chua 波偶 matter[‘mætə] 麦特 wrong [rɔ:ŋ]让 feel [fi:l]fi偶 well [wel]喂偶 hurts [hə:ts] 鹤刺 here [hiə]hi尔 diet [‘daiət]带尔特
lunch [lʌntʃ] 浪池
早餐
午餐 晚餐
supper [‘sʌpə] 萨破
How much is a one-way ticket to Miami?
去迈阿密的单程票 多少钱一张啊？
New sentences 回答
lecture 10
期权
• 期权就是事先以较小的代价购买一种 在未来规定的时间内以某一确定价格 买入或卖出某种金融工具的权利。其 中，购买这种权利所费的代价就是权 利金，而未来买入或卖出某种金融工 具时的价格就是履约价格。
按照履约时间的不同，期权分为：
• 美式期权：期权的购买者可以在期权 到期日以及到期日之前的任何时间里 执行权利的期权。 • 欧式期权：只能在期权的到期日执行 期权。
买入期权举例
• 假设益智公司股票当前的价格为15元，你预 计它在六个月后会上涨到22元，但你又不敢 肯定。于是，你以每股1元的价格从王小二 手里购买了这样一份买入期权，约定在六个 月后你有权利从王小二手里以每股17元的价 格购买1万股益智股票的权利。如果六个月 后股票的价格真的上涨到了22元，那么，你 就执行以每股17元的价格从王小二手里买入 1万股益智股票的权利，然后以每股22元的 价格将其在现货市场上卖掉。
买入价 4550 现货市场 4800 买入价 4500
Currency options
• Currency options give the holder the right to exercise the option until its expiration. • American style options & European style options • the option seller or writer & the option buyer
期货与期货交易
•期货合约就是在期货交易所内达成的、 标准化的远期合同。 •期货交易指的是买卖双方事先就交易的 商品数量、质量等级、交割日期、交易 价格和交割地点等达成协议，而在约定 的未来某一日期进行实际交割的交易。
Lecture10-《英语词汇学》第10章教案
Lecture10-《英语词汇学》第10章教案Lecture 10讲授题⽬：Word Meaning and Context所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第10章计划学时：2 periods教学⽅法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学⽬的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学⽣应对词义与语境，语境的种类和语境的作⽤有较好学习掌握。
教学重点：1) Types of context;2) The role of context.教学难点：The role of context.As most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in context. Context is very important for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the linguistic context, and in many cases by the whole speech situation as well.When a writer or speaker uses a word, she makes it ‘mean just what he chooses it to mean —neither more or less’. Without context, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker intended to convey; whereas with context there is generally no danger of misinterpretation, for meaning lives in context and the context defines the meaning.由于词义受语境的影响较⼤，语境在词义的理解上起到很⼤作⽤。
Lecture10_序列密码
图10-3 自同步序列密码模型
特点：
– 自同步
– 有限的错误传播
4
5
序列密码和分组密码
序列密码的优点
– 转换速度快 – 低错误传播
序列密码的缺点
LFSR 1
AND 时钟 LFSR 1
LFSR 2
LFSR 2
＋
x3 AND g(x)
密钥流
＋
AND LFSR 3
输出
LFSR 3
图10－8 Geffe生成器
图10－9 交错停走式生成器
14
利用LFSR的序列密码反馈加密体制
明文 m
mi
ci
＋
ki
＋
＋
...
＋
AND 密文 c
（4）其结构能够应用代数方法进行很好的 分析
10
an
an-1
an-2
a2
a1
f(a1,a2,…,an)
图10-5 反馈移位寄器
11
＋ an+1 AND
＋
...
＋
AND
AND
Cn-1
AND
c1
an
c2
an-1 ...
cn
a1 输出
a2
图10－6 长度为n的线性反馈移位寄存器
12
例子
＋ a5 AND AND
18
加密与解密
加密
– 将K与下一明文字节异或
解密
– 将K与下一密文字节异或
Lecture 10 词语的搭配、语法形式与翻译
3) Thomas Edison surround himself with great thinkers and was friend with some the most successful people of his day. He would have valued many of their ideas, some very similar to his own and others in contrast to his thinking. 爱迪生的周围聚集了许多伟大的思想家，他 的朋友包括了当时一些最成功的人士。他们 有些想法与爱迪生的想法不谋而合，有的却 大异其趣，但他们的许多想法或许都曾得到 了爱迪生的重视。
1) The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是全体社会成员——从政府官员到 普通公民——都要使用科学家在他们的工作中 所使用的那些特殊的思考和行动的方法。 注：关键搭配——application of …
2) During the Dark Ages, anyone who believed in science would be burned as a heretic. 在中世纪，谁要是相信科学就会被视为 异教徒而被烧死。 注：关系从句暗含假设意义。
lecture10
Lecture 10Analysis of Gene SequencesAnatomy of a bacterial gene:S-D SequenceSequence Element FunctionPromoter To target RNA polymerase to DNA and to start transcriptionof a mRNA copy of the gene sequence.Transcription terminator To instruct RNA polymerase to stop transcription.Shine-Dalgarno sequence and translation start S-D sequence in mRNA will load ribosomes to begin transla-tion. Translation almost always begins at an AUG codon in the mRNA (an ATG in the DNA becomes an AUG in the mRNA copy). Synthesis of the protein thus begins with a methionine.Coding Sequence Once translation starts, the coding sequence is translated bythe ribosome along with tRNAs which read three bases at atime in linear sequence. Amino acids will be incorporated intothe growing polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. Translation Stop When one of the three stop codons [UAG (amber), UAA(ochre), or UGA] is encountered during translation, thepolypeptide will be released from the ribosome.Example: A gene coding sequence that is 1,200 nucleotide base pairs in length (including the ATG but not including the stop codon) will specify the sequence of a protein 1200/3 = 400 amino acids long. Since the average molecular weight of an amino acid is 110 da, this gene encodes a protein of about 44 kd — the size of an average protein.The Genetic CodeClassically, genes are identified by their function. That is the existence of the gene is recognized because of mutations in the gene that give an observable phenotypic change. Historically, many genes have been discovered because of their effects on phenotype. Now, in the era of genomic sequencing, many genes of no known function can be detected by looking for patterns in DNA sequences. The simplest method which works for bacterial and phage genes (but not for most eukaryotic genes as we will see later) is to look for stretches of sequence that lack stop codons. These are known as “open reading frames” or ORF s. This works because a random sequence should contain an average of one stop codon in every 21 codons. Thus, the probability of a random occurrence of evena short open reading frame of say 100 codons without a stop codon is very small (61/64)100 = 8.2 x 10–3Identifying genes in DNA sequences from higher organisms is usally more difficult than in bacteria. This is because in humans, for example, gene coding sequences are separated by long sequences that do not code for proteins. Moreover, genes of higher eukaryotes are interrupted by introns, which are sequences that are spliced out of the RNA before translation. The presence of introns breaks up the open reading frames into short segments making them much harder to distinguish from non-coding sequences. The maps below show 50 kbp segments of DNA from yeast, Drosophila, and humans. The dark grey boxes represent coding sequences and the light grey boxes represent introns. The boxes above the line are transcribed to the right ant the boxes below are transcribed to the left. Names have been assigned to each of the identified genes. Although the yeast genes are much like those of bacteria (few introns and packed closely together), the Drosophila and human genes are spread apart and interrupted by many introns. Sophisti-cated computer algorithms were used to identify these dispersed gene sequences. Saccharomyces cerevisiaeYFL046W YFL040W YFL030WYFL044C YPT1 RPL22B CAF16YFL042C GYP8Drosophila melanogasterCG3131To see how gene sequences are actually obtained, we will first need to consider somefundamentals of the chemical structure of DNA. Each strand of DNA is directional. The different ends are usually called the 5’ and 3’ ends; referring to different positions on the ribose sugar ring where the linking phosphate residues attach.ded DNA molecule the two strands run anti-parthe general structure can be diagramed like this: ’’35 5’3’• Note about representation of DNA sequences.1) Single strands are always represented in direction of synthesis – 5’ to 3’ 2) For double stranded DNA, usually one strand is represented in the 5’ to 3’ direction. For a gene, the strand represented would correspond to the sequence of the mRNA. DNA polymersaes are the key players in the methods that we will be considering. The general reaction carried out by DNA polymerase is to synthesize a copy of a DNA template starting with the chemical precursors (nucleotides) dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP (dNTPs). All DNA polymerases have two fundamental properties in common.(1) New DNA is synthesized only by elongation of an existing strand at its 3’ end.(2) Synthesis requires nucleotide precursors, a free 3’ OH end, and a template strand.A general substrate for DNA polymerase looks like this:’’ 3 ’553’ Note that the template strand can be as short as 1 base or as long as several thousand bases.After addition of DNA polymerase and nucleotide precursors this product will be readily synthesized: ’’35 5’3’DNA SequencingConsider a segment of DNA that is about 1000 base pairs long that we wish to sequence.(1) The two DNA strands are separated. Heating to 100˚C to melt the base pairing hydrogen bonds that hold the strands together does this.(2) A short oligonucleotide (ca. 18 bases) designed to be complimentary to the end of one of the strands is allowed to anneal to the single stranded DNA. The resulting DNA hybrid looks much like the general polymerase substrate shown previously.(3) DNA polymerase is added along with the four nucleotide precursors (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP). The mixture is then divided into four separate reactions and to each reaction a small quantity different dideoxy nucleotide precursor is added. Dideoxy nucleotide precursors are abbreviated ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP, and ddTTP.(4) The polymerase reactions are allowed to proceed and, using one of a variety of methods, radiolabel is incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA.(5) After the DNA polymerase reactions are complete, the samples are melted and run ona gel system that allows DNA strands of different lengths to be resolved. The DNA sequence can be read from the gel by noting the positions of the radiolabeled fragments.The crucial element of the sequencing reactions is the added dideoxynuclotides. These molecules are identical to the normal nucleotide precursors in all respects except that they lack a hydroxyl group at their 3’ position (3’ OH).A part of the final gel will look like this:+ddGTP +ddATP +ddTTP +ddCTPTop (—)Bottom (+)(Note that larger molecules migrate more slowly to the cathode on these gels) The deduced DNA sequence obtained from this gel is: 5’ GGATCCTATC 3’Polymerase Chain ReactionNow let’s consider how to obtain DNA segments that are suitable for sequencing. At first, DNA sequences were obtained from cloned DNA segments (we will discuss some methods to clone new genes in a subsequent lecture). Presently the entire DNA sequence for E. coli, as well as a variety of other bacterial species, has been determined. If we want to find the sequence of a new mutant allele of a known gene we need an easy way to obtain a quantity of this DNA from a culture of bacterial cells. The best way to do this is to use a method known as PCR or polymerase chain reaction that was developed by Kary Mullis in the mid-1980’s. The steps in a PCR reaction are as follows.(1) A crude preparation of chromosomal DNA is extracted from the bacterial strain of interest.(2) Two short oligo nucleotide primers (each about 18 bases long) are added to the DNA. The primers are designed from the known genomic sequence to be complimentary to opposite strands of DNA and to flank the chromosomal segment of interest.(3) The double stranded DNA is melted by heating to 100˚C and then the mixture is cooled to allow the primers to anneal to the template DNA.(4) DNA polymerase and the four nucleotide precursors are added and the reaction is incubated at 37˚C for a period of time to allow a copy of the segment to be synthesized.(5) Steps 3 and 4 are repeated multiple times. To avoid the inconvenience of having to add new DNA polymerase in each cycle a special DNA polymerase that can withstand heating to 100˚C is used.The idea is that in each cycle of melting, annealing and DNA synthesis the amount of the DNA segment is doubled. This gives an exponential increase in the amount of the specific DNA as the cycles proceed. After 10 cycles the DNA is amplified 103 fold and after 20 cycles the DNA will be amplified 106 fold. Usually amplification is continued until all of the nucleotide precursors are incorporated into synthesized DNA.。
Lecture 10 捆绑与搭售
A B
分开销售:1900 捆绑销售:2000
1+2 1050 1000
Bundling
产品1和2的生产成本为c1，c2 保留价格为V1，V2，组合比例1：1 组合的保留价格VB=V1+V2 三种定价策略： 单独定价；捆绑定价；混合定价
3.5 3
2
0
1
2
3 3.5
V1
Bundling-案例
充话费+买手机 单独买手机较贵
Tie-in(搭售)——IBM的例子
IBM：油印机与蜡纸 油印机只租不卖，但租IBM的油印机必须用 IBM的蜡纸，且蜡纸的价格以张计算。 如何解释？
Tie-in(搭售)——IBM的例子
解释一：延伸垄断势力。
IBM在油印机销售方面是垄断的，捆绑可以延伸 垄断势力。 对不对？
Lecture 10 : Bundling(捆绑、组合销售) and Tie-in(搭售)
1
Bundling and Tie-in
定义：
Bundling：捆绑、组合销售。两种产品按一定的比 例同时销售 Tie-in：搭售。购买一种产品要求同时购买另一种 产品，且两种产品直接必须同时使用。
Bundling
Bundling
单独定价p1，p2
V2 O1 nothing
0
p1
V1
Bundling
纯捆绑定价 pB
V2 pB both
nothing
0
pB
V1
Bundling
混合捆绑定价p1,p2,pB≤p1+p2
1 v1≥p1; v2≥p2：bundling V2 Only 2 pB both 2 V1<p1; good2/bundle/none Good2:CS2=V2-p2 Bundle: CSB=(V1+V2)-pB 选2的条件：CS2 ≥0； CS2 ≥CSB V2 ≥ p2；V1< pB-p2 pB-p1 nothing 选B的条件： CSB ≥0； Only 1 CSB≥CS2 V1+V2 ≥pB; V1> pB-p2 0 pB-p2 p1 pB V1
Lecture 10
• 第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新 鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做 “陌生化效应”吧。(10)
Analysis: Attention should be paid to cohesive devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction lexical cohesion
• Another example: • 为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美 国也需要进一步了解中国。 • To promote the development of Sino-American relations, China needs to know the United States better, and vice versa. • S8:……饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜. A: Even chaff tastes sweet as honey when one is hungry, whereas honey does not taste sweet at all when one is full. B: The least tasteful food taste sweet when you’re hungry while the sweetest honey tastes nothing special when you’re full. C: Husks will taste like honey when you are hungry, and vice versa. (better)
• S4: 开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。S5: 吃 头两个主菜时，也赞不绝口。 A: When we begin with the first course or the appetizer, we are very positively impressed. When we continue with the first two main courses, we are also full of praises for the dishes. B: you will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. (better)
lecture 10 抽象译法
make fish of one and flesh of another →厚此薄彼 厚此薄彼 lick sb‘s boots →巴结 巴结 eat one’s heart out →极度悲痛 极度悲痛 be in sb’s pocket →被某人操纵 被某人操纵
Exercise:
1. There had been much violence in that city. 2. Her jealousy caused her failure. 3. Her indifference kept her classmates away from her. 4. All the irregularities in the university will be punished. 5. We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.
The decision is entirely amicable and after spending all of our adult life together so far, we want to have a well-earned break and look at new ventures. We see the greatest hits collection and the farewell tour as the perfect way to celebrate our incredible career along with our fans. We are really looking forward to getting out on the tour and seeing our fans one last time.
Lecture 10
从文体上看， 广告标题从选词到句法都运用了英语的 口语体，其创意在于扩大潜在的消费群 体： 睡眠与每个人都息息相关 “失眠”是日常生活中普遍存在的问题
同时，广告标题还借用简短句式所特有的 于脆利落的文体效果，来传达这样的信 息： 解决失眠问题同样可以干脆利落 如果您难以入睡，这不是什么难题 我们的产品可以帮你调节睡眠 广告撰写人正是通过这种朴实无华、不动 声色的手法来激发人们的购买欲望。
Section two Public Service Advertisement, Commercial Advertisement and their Functions 公益广告和商业广告 及其功能
一、公益广告和商业广告 广告，按照其宣传目的，可以分为公益广 告和商业广告两类。 公益广告(public service advertisement)是 不以盈利为目的、而为公众利益服务的 广告。 它意在唤起人们对共同的长远和重大利益 的关注，强调人与人之间的互助行为， 呼吁人们以实际行动来改善或解决各种 社会问题。
口号是广告中的主题语，即用十分精练的 语句概括出一则广告的主题，起到加深 印象和宣传鼓动的作用，同时也可以体 现商品和企业的形象。 附文包括商标(trademark)、商品名称(name of commodity)、公司或厂家的视觉标记 (visual symbols)、公司地址、电话和商品 价格等，旨在强化商品和企业形象，提 供联系购买的信息。
This provides a naturallief of sleeplessness and insomnia, without causing the adverse side effects associated with some convenient sleeping remedies. So for a perfect natural solution to sleeplessness and insomnia, try Brauer Sleep and Insomnia Relief. Available in blister-pack tablets or a 20ml oral spray．
最新Lecture10
珍稀濒危蕨类
荷叶铁线蕨 中国蕨 毛叶粉背蕨 三色凤尾蕨 鹿角蕨 对开蕨 玉龙蕨
四川东部 四川、河北 云南 云南盈江 云南盈江 吉林长白山 云南丽江
中华水韭
光叶蕨
荷叶铁线蕨
中国蕨
鹿角蕨
3.裸子植物
现存的裸子植物分为苏铁纲（Cycadopsida）、 银 杏 纲 （ Ginkgopsida）、 松 柏 纲 （ Coniferopsida）、 红 豆 杉 纲 （ ） 和 买 麻 藤 纲（）等5个纲，共9目12科71属，近800种。 我国是世界上裸子植物种类最多、资源最丰富 的国家，有5纲8目11科41种大约240种。
2.蕨类植物
蕨类植物全世界有12000多种，分布在我国的有2600种， 其中目前受胁蕨类约80种。
拟蕨类: 水韭属(Isoetes)
真蕨类: 光叶蕨(Cystoahyriam )• 毛脉蕨(Trichoneurou microlepioies)； 海南白桫椤(Sphaeropteris hainanensis）
珍稀濒危裸子植物
苏铁类：攀枝花苏铁、贵州苏铁、四川苏铁、 天目苏铁、叉叶苏铁、海南苏铁、台 湾苏铁
松杉类：百山祖冷杉(Abies beshanzuensis)• 台湾穗花杉(Amentotaxus formosana)； 崖柏等。
一些有重要科学价值的古代孓遗物种，如银杏 (Ginggo biloba)、水杉、水松、福建柏、 台 湾杉等，均为我国特产珍贵植物，长白松、巨 柏、喜马拉雅红豆杉等数量稀少，已被列入濒 危植物红皮书。
山西太岳山、河南蒿县 辽宁桓仁县 四川南充金佛山 贵州环江及广西罗城 仅产东北
兰花在植物分类学上指兰科(Orchidaceae) 植物，属多年生单子叶植物，有附生、 地生、腐生。兰科植物约有450属， 20000种，其中有观赏价值的约有2000种。
lecture10
幻灯片1I N T E R N A T I O N A L E C O N O M I C SL e c t u r e10幻灯片2M A I N C O N T E N T S----e c o n o m i c g r o w t h a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e●F a c t o r g r o w t h a n d p r o d u c t i o n p o s s i b i l i t y f r o n t i e r●T e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s a n d t h e n a t i o n”s P P F●G r o w t h a n d t r a d e:t h e s m a l l-c o u n t r y c a s e●G r o w t h a n d t r a d e:t h e l a r g e-c o u n t r y c a s e●I m m i s e r i z i n g g r o w t h幻灯片3F a c t o r g r o w t h a n d p r o d u c t i o n p o s s i b i l i t y f r o n t i e r(e c o n o m i c g r o w t h)●A n i n c r e a s e i n t h e e n d o w m e n t o f o n e o r m o r e t h a n o n e f a c t o r s s u c h a s l a b o r a n dc a p i t a l o v e r t i m e c a u s e s t h e n a t i o n’s p r od u c t i o n f r o n t ie r t o s h if t o u t w a r d.t h e t y p e a n dd e g r e e o f t h e s h i f t d e p e n d o n t h e r a t e l a b o r a n d c a p i t a l g r o w s.●I f l a b o r a n d c a p i t a l g r o w a t t h e s a m e r a t e,t h e n a t i o n’s p r o d u c t i o n f r o n t i e r w i l l s h i f to u t e v e n l y i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s a t t h e r a t e o f f a c t o r g r o w t h.T h i s i s t h e b a l a n c e d g r o w t h.幻灯片4●I f o n l y o n e f a c t o r e n d o w m e n t(.e.g.L)g r o w s,t h e o u t p u t o f b o t h c o m m o d i t i e s g r o w.B u t t h e o u t p u t o f c o m m o d i t y i n t e n s i v e i n t h e g r o w i n g f a c t o r i n i t s p r o d u c t i o n g r o w sf a s t e r t h a n t h a t c o m m o d i t y n o t i n t e n s i v e i n t h e f a c t o r i n i t s p r o d u c t i o n.●N o t e t h a t w h e n o n l y o n e f a c t o r o f p r o d u c t i o n d o u b l e s,t h e m a x i m u m o u t p u t O fc o m m od i t y i n te n s i v e i n幻灯片5●t h e g r o w i n g f a c t o r d o s e n o t d o u b l e,f o r t h e c o m m o d i t y t o d o u b l e,b o t h o r a l l f a c t o r su s e d i n p r o d u c t i o n m u s t d o u b l e.●N o t e t h a t I f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n g r o w s a t t h e s a m e r a t e a s t h e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h o rf a c t o rg r o w t h,r e a l p e r c a p i t a i n c o m e a n d th e w e l f a r e o f t h e n a ti o n t e n d t o r e m a i nu n c h a n g e d.幻灯片6●I f o n l y l a b o r g r o w s(o r L g r o w s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y m o r e t h a n K),K/L w i l l f a l l a n d s o w i l lt h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f L,t h e r e t u r n s t o L,a n d r e a l p e r c a p i t a i n c o m e.I f,o n t h e o t h e rh a n d,o n l y t h e e n d o w m e n t o f K g r o w s(o r K g r o w s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y m o r e t h a n L），K/L w i l l r i s e a n d s o w i l l t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f L,t h e r e t u r n s t o L,a n d r e a l p e r c a p i t ai n c o m e.幻灯片7T e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s a n d t h e n a t i o n”s P P F(e c o n o m i c g r o w t h)●S e v e r a l e m p i r i c a l s t u d i e s h a v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t m o s t o f t h e i n c r e a s e i n r e a l p e r c a p i t ai n c o m e i n i n d u s t r i a l n a t i o n s i s d u e t o t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s a n d m u c h l e s s t o c a p i t a la c c u m u l a t i o n.●T e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s i s u s u a l l y c l a s s i f i e d i n t o n e u t r a l,l a b o r s a v i n g,o r c a p i t a l s a v i n gt e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s.幻灯片8●N e u t r a l t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s i n c r e a s e s t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f L a n d K i n t h e s a m ep r o p o r t i o n,s o t h a t K/L r e m a i n s t h e s a m e a f t e r t h e n e u t r a l t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s a s i t w a s b e f o r e a t u n c h a n g e d r e l a t i v e f a c t o r p r i c e s(w/r),t h e r e i s n o s u b s t i t u t i o n o f L f o r K i n p r o d u c t i o n.A l l t h a t h a p p e n s i s t h a t a g i v e n o u t p u t c a n n o w b e p r o d u c e d w i t h l e s s L a n d l e s s K.幻灯片9●L a b o r–s a v i n g t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s i n c r e a s e t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f K p r o p o r t i o n a t e l ym o r e t h a n t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f L.A s a r e s u l t,K i s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r L i n p r o d u c t i o n,t h a ti s,m o r e K i s u s e d p e r u n i t o f L.●N o t e t h a t a g i v e n o u t p u t c a n n o w b e p r o d u c e d w i t h f e w e r u n i t s o f L a n d K b u t w i t h ah i g h e r r a t i o o f K/L.幻灯片10●C a p i t a l–s a v i n g t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s i n c r e a s e s t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f L p r o p o r t i o n a t e l ym o r e t h a n t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f K.A s a r e s u l t,L i s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r K i n p r o d u c t i o n,t h a ti s,m o r e L i s u s e d p e r u n i t o f K.●N o t e t h a t a g i v e n o u t p u t c a n p r o d u c e d w i t h f e w e r u n i t s o f L a n d K b u t w i t h a h i g h e rr a t i o o f L/K.幻灯片11●a l l t y p e s o f t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s c a u s e t h e n a t i o n’s P P F t o s h i f t o u t w a r d,t h e t y p e a n dd e g r e e o f t h e s h i f t d e p e n d o n t h e t y p e a n d r a t e o f t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s.●i t m u s t b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t,i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t r a d e,a l l t y p e s o f t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s si n c r e a s e a n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e幻灯片12G r o w t h a n d t r a d e:t h e s m a l l-c o u n t r y c a s e●T h e s m a l l-c o u n t r y c a s e m e a n s t h e n a t i o n i s t o o s m a l l t o a f f e c t t h e r e l a t i v e c o m m o d i t yp r i c e s a t w h i c h i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e t a k e s p l a c e.●i f t h e f a c t o r o f p r o d u c t i o n r i s e s,i n w h i c h a n a t i o n’s e x p o r t a b l e c o m m o d i t y i si n t e n s i v e i n i t s p r o d u c t i o n,t h e o u t p u t o f t h e c o m m o d i t y w i l l a l s o i n c r e a s e,a n d t h ev o l u m e o f t r a d e w i l l e x p a n s e.幻灯片13●I f t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f a n a t i o n’s i m p o r t a b l e c o m m o d i t y i n c r e a s e s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l ym o r e t h a n t h e n a t i o n’s E x p o r t a b l e c o m m o d i t y,t h e v o l u m e o f t r a d e a l s o e x p a n s e s.●I f b o t h p r o d u c t i o n a n d c o n s u m p t i o n a r e p r o-t r a d e,t h e v o l u m e o f t r a d e d e f i n i t e l yi n c r e a s e.●I f a n a t i o n’s i n c r e a s e i n l a b o r f o r c e a n d p o p u l a t i o n i s g r e a t e r t h a n i n i t s t o t a l v o l u m eo f c o n s u m p t i o n,t h e n,t h e n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e d e c l i n e s.幻灯片14T e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s,t r a d e,a n d w e l f a r e●T h e n e u t r a l e x p a n s i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d c o n s u m p t i o n l e a d s t o t h e s a m e r a t e o fe x p a n s i o n of t r a d e.N e u t r a l p r o d u c t i o n a n d p r o-t r a d e c o n s u m p t i o n c a u s eg r e a t e rp r o p o r t i o n a t e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e v o l u m e o f t r a d e t h a n o f p r o d u c t i o n.N e u t r a lp r o d u c t i o n a n d a n t i-t r a d e c o n s u m p t i o n r e s u l t i n a l e s s p r o p o r t i o n a t e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e v o l u m e o f t r a d e t h a n o f p r o d u c t i o n.幻灯片15●H o w e v e r,n o m a t t e r w h a t h a p p e n s t o t h e v o l u m e o f t r a d e,n e u t r a l t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s sw i l l i n c r e a s e t h e w e l f a r e o f t h e n a t i o n,w i t h c o n s t a n t t e r m s o f t r a d e.●N e u t r a l t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e e x p o r t a b l e c o m m o d i t y o n l y i sp r o-t r a d e.O n t h e o t h e r h a n d,n e u t r a l t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s o n l y i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h ei m p o r t a b l e c o m m o d i t y i s a n t i-t r a d e.幻灯片16●G i v e n t h e t e r m s o f t r a d e,t a s t e s,a n d p o p u l a t i o n u n c h a n g e d,t h e v o l u m e o f t r a d et e n d t o d e c l i n e,b u t n a t i o n a l w e l f a r e i n c r e a s e s.●I n s u m m a r y,t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s,d e p e n d i n g o n t h e t y p e,m a y i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s et r a d e,b u t i t w i l l a l w a y s i n c r e a s e s o c i a l w e l f a r e i n a s m a l l n a t i o n.幻灯片17G r o w t h a n d t r a d e:t h e l a r g e-c o u n t r y c a s e●T h e l a r g e-c o u n t r y c a s e r e f e r s t o t h a t c a s e i n w h i c h t h e n a t i o n i s s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e t oa f f e c t t h e r e l a t i v e c o m m o d i t y p r i c e s a t w h i c h i t t r a d e s.●G r o w t h a n d t h e n a t i o n’s t e r m s o f t r a d e a n d w e l f a r e:幻灯片18●I f e c o n o m i c g r o w t h,r e g a r d l e s s o f i t s s o u r c e o r t y p e,e x p a n d s t h e n a t i o n’s v o l u m eo f t r a d e a t c o n s t a n t p r i c e s,t h e n,t h e n a t i o n’s t e r m s o f t r a d e t e n d t o d e t e r i o r a t e.O n t h e o t h e r h a n d,i f g r o w t h r e d u c e s t h e n a t i o n’s v o l u m e o f t r a d e a t c o n s t a n t p r i c e s, t h e n a t i o n’s t e r m s o f t r a d e t e n d t o i m p r o v e.T h i s i s r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e t e r m s o f t r a d ee f f e c t o f g r o w t h.幻灯片19●T h e e f f e c t o f g r o w t h o n t h e n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e d e p e n d s o n t h e n e t r e s u l t o f t h e t e r m so f t r a d e e f f e c t a n d a w e a l t h e f f e c t.T h e w e a l t h e f f e c t r e f e r s t o t h e c h a n g e i n t h eo u t p u t p e r w o r k e r o r p e r p e r s o n a s a r e s u l t o f g r o w t h.●A p o s i t i v e w e a l t h e f f e c t,b y i t s e l f,t e n d s t o i n c r e a s e t h e n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e.O t h e r w i s e,t h e n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e t e n d s t o d e c l i n e o r r e m a i n幻灯片20●u n c h a n g e d.●I f t h e w e a l t h e f f e c t i s p o s i t i v e a n d t h e n a t i o n’s t e r m s o f t r a d e i m p r o v e a s r e s u l t o fg r o w t h a n d t r a d e,t h e n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e w i l l d e f i n i t e l y i n c r e a s e.I f t h e y a r e b o t hu n f a v o r a b l e,t h e n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e w i l l d e f i n i t e l y d e c l i n e.I f t h e w e a l t h e f f e c t a n d t h e t e r m s o f t r a d e e f f e c t m o v e i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n,t h e n a t i o n’s幻灯片21●w e l f a r e m a y d e t e r i o r a t e,i m p r o v e,o r r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d d e p e n d i n g o n t h e r e l a t i v es t r e n g t h o f t h e s e t w o o p p o s i n g f o r c e s.●I m m i z e r i z i n g g r o w t h:E c o n o m i c g r o w t h t h a t r e s u l t s i n a r e d u c t i o n i n n a t i o n a le c o n o m i c w e lf a r e e v e n i f t h e w e a l t h e f f e c t t e n d s t o i n c r e a s e t h e n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e,t h et e r m s o f t r a d e幻灯片22●m a y d e t e r i o r a t e s o m u c h a s t o a n e t d e c l i n e i n t h e n a t i o n’s w e l f a r e.T h i s c a s e w a st e r m e d a s i m m i s e r i z i n g g r o w t h.●I m m i s e r i z i n g g r o w t h m o r e l i k e l y t o o c c u r i n d e v e l o p i n g t h a n i n d e v e l o p e d n a t i o n s.●E v e n t h o u g h t h e t e r m s o f t r a d e o f d e v e l o p i n g n a t i o n s h a v e d e t e r i o r a t e d s o m e w h a t,t h e i r r e a l p e r c a p i t a i n c o m e s a n d w e l f a r e h a v e g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e d.幻灯片23案例:欧佩克——防止贫困化的增长有效武器●欧佩克（O P E C），又称石油输出国组织，是一个永久性的政府间组织，也是世界最著名的石油垄断组织。
Lecture 10
Key words:
Haven, feudal plan, capitalist development road
Questions: What are the similarities and differences between the Pilgrims and the Puritans? Key words: Persecution, refuge, colony, class, thanksgiving, force, toleration, learning
Facts:
The Asian-Americans The earnings of Asian-Americans families are a little higher than those of most other families. A higher percentage of Asian-Americans complete university study. They only account for 3% of the total American population, as many as 20% of freshmen at some of the country’s top universities are Asian-Americans. Can you explain the success of Asian-Americans?
Further reading I
―Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries
完整版Lecture10AttractionandIntimacy社会心理学课件
Name 3 closet friends
Why does proximity lead to attraction?
Anticipation of interaction
Proximity leads to anticipation of interactions and exchange rewards, which boosts liking.
The physical attractiveness of husbands and wife, of dating partners, are positively correlated with each other.
Those who were most similar in physical attractiveness tend to love each other more deeply in a relationship.
Proximity
Functional distance, i.e., how often people’s paths cross, increase liking.
Evidence 1- Students in single sex students’ residence has less crosssex friendship than those in gender integrated students’ residence.
Experiment 1
Participants were presented with meaningless words, pictures, or faces with either high or low frequency. They then reported their liking for these stimuli.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第十章模式识别系统的评价
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 1
10.1 监督模式识别方法的错误率估计
10.1.1 训练错误率
几个同义词：
训练错误率（Training Error Rate或简称作Training Error）
视在错误率（Apparent Error）
重代入错误率（re-substitution error）
经验风险
偏乐观
经验风险与期望风险的关系：《统计学习理论》
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 2
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 3 10.1.2 测试错误率
独立的测试集
N k
=εˆ
N ：测试集样本数；k ：测试集错分样本数
最大似然估计
10.1.3 交叉验证
n倍交叉验证（n-fold cross validation）
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 4
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 5 留一法交叉验证（Leave-one-out cross-validation 或简称作LOOCV ）
10.1.4 自举法与.632估计
B.632=0.368 x AE + 0.632 x B1
1
AE )1(632.wB w B +-=+
10.2 有限样本下错误率的区间估计问题
10.2.1 问题的提出
例如：怎样比较不同方法的性能或不同数据的可分性？
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 6
问题：Bengio Y & Grandvalet Y , No unbiased estimator of the variance of k-fold cross-validation, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 5: 1089-1105, 2004
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 7
10.2.2 用扰动重采样估计SVM错误率的置信区间
Bo Jiang, Xuegong Zhang and Tianxi Cai, Estimating the confidence interval for prediction errors of support vector machine classifiers. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9:521-540, 2008
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 8
10.3 特征提取与选择对分类器性能估计的影响
样本数目很少时，CV1可能会导致对分类性能的估计偏乐观，极端情况下可能会引导到错误的结论。
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 9
10.4 从分类的显著性推断特征与类别的关系
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 10
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 11
10.5 非监督模式识别系统性能的评价
紧致性（compactness）或一致性（homogeneity）
连接性质（connectedness）
分离度（separation）
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 12
Silhouette值：同时反映类内距离和类间距离的指标
Dunn指数（Dunn Index）
Xuegong Zhang, Tsinghua University 13。