2000年5月TOEFL语法笔记
老托福语法笔记
语法笔记，给offerdd 和各位托友最后的总复习：把所有做错的题目写出来，把正确答案安上，熟读或背诵。
填空题的作题方法1. 先看句子的分界点（即连词，介词，分词和标点符号）选择要看的兔子内容，即只关注空格所在句子2. 简化句子：a-副词adv.b-介词短语（句首除外）2乍定语的形容词d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子3. 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型4. 区分选项，结合句意和语感 ---- ＞确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句（状语从句，定语从句），倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构改错的做题方法：敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀1 .语法和句意并重2. 先看句子结构，边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点3. 熟练掌握各种错误类型，对特殊词形成特殊反应4. 读句子要读全，避免无谓失误填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语之间必须有连词连接，谓语可以是两个动词的并列形式* 主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/andCA,B, C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that+SVO)* 看到这些Vt 后，第一反应找that (讲义P21)indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate,show,hold,insist,say,tell,believe ,think,learn宾语从句中，that 在下列词后可省：believe,think,suppose,presume,say,see,know,hear,propose,heatunderstand,bet old五、what 结构(A) what=thethingthat=allthat,thing 由句意决定(B) what 必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=thethingthat+Vprep.+what+V*prep.+what+ 完整句子永远错，改为whichVt+what+V(E) what 的出题方法(1)prep __________ V(2)Vt __________ V(F) *whatisnow 永远对，做插入语成分where+V 永远错，因为where 是adv.(G) whatlittle=alittlewhat六、介词+which 结构which 只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/ 宾语(A) SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)(B) SVO+prep.+which完整句* 句子_______ 句子，优先选择prep+which(C) 介词+which+todo条件是主语必须一致七、inthat 结构in that二because连词，出现就是正确答案不能位于句首：句子inthat 结构* 如果发现句子______ 句子，优先选择prep+which 和inthat 结构八、同位语结构主同，宾同，n同位语说明主/ 宾某一方面的内容(A) 主语同位语的三种位置1. -------------------------------- 主同，主谓宾noun,SVO逗号前的名词只能是主同2.S主同，V03.主同主谓宾(B) 宾语同位语的两个位置主谓宾，宾同主谓宾宾同*同位语从句是名词性从句：..... +noun .+that+SVOthat 是关系副词SVO来说明noun.*adv. 不能修饰任何名词但是adv.+同位语是正确的：...,(whichis)approximatelythedistanee.九、形容词的并列结构----- ＞可参考改错类型十(A) adjadjadj+noun.n 个adj 不并列，有确定的先后顺序(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序(逗号相当于and)* 选项中有复合形容词即为答案十、比较结构(A) 对称性：比较对象应该对称* 选that/those/theone ---- 泛指不选it/them -------------- 特指(B) 省略性：相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省(C) 倒装性：(more)than后可以倒装也可以不倒装十一、定语从句的省略结构(A) 定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略即that+be,which+be,who+be可省(B) 定从的特殊省略eg:IdorememberthefirsttimeIhaveheardthesweetestvoiceintheworld.1 、thetime 后面通常+句子，因为(when,that)都省略2、thereason(why,that)+句子3、theway(inwhich)+句子(C定从中，如果that/which在定从中作宾语(讲义P26)that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt...noun.+(which,that)noun.+Vt*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了(讲义No.27)。
TOEFL语法笔记
TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。
填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。
句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。
并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。
③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。
捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。
句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。
100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。
2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。
3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。
4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。
填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。
为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。
※任何从句都是正常语序。
二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。
※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。
错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。
be done ，done and done。
※——，——，and——。
四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。
老托福2000年5月阅读解析第五篇
2000年5月第五篇Questions 41-50According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, Line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, althoughsupport to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other groupmembers. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to(25) suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote(30) distant respect.题目解析：41. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The problems faced by leaders(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups(C) How social groups determine who will lead them(D) The role of leaders in social groups解析：本文第1段和第2段讲了一个团体中领导的产生，第3段和第4段着重阐述了领导的角色，即功用型领导和亲和型领导。
2000年5月-托福考试听力文本
2000年5月-托福考试听力文本2000年5月托福听力文字Part A1 W: I'm not swimming in the lake unless it warms up outside today.M: Me neither. Unfortunately I think it's supposed to stay as cold all day.Q: What can be inferred about the speakers?2 M: that sweater is so unusual, and yet it looks familiar. Did I just see you wearing it yesterday? W: Well, not me. but...see, it belongs to my roommate Jill, and she is in your chemistry class. Q: What does the woman imply?3 W: This toothache is killing me! i was hoping it would just go away but it's getting worse bythe minute. what did you say the name of your dentise was?M: I told you last week to make that appointment.Q: what does the man imply?4 M: you wanna go to a lecture tonight over int he science auditorium? it's some guy who spent ayear living in antarctica.W: no kidding! i'm doing a report on Antarctica for my geography class. maybe i can get some good information to add to it.Q: what does the woman mean?5 W: i'd really like to learn how to play chess, but it looks so complicated. it seems like it willtake a really long time to learn.M: well, it takes a long time to get good at it. but we can go over the basics the afternoon if you want.Q: what does the man imply?6 M: Do you think u can lend me that novel when you are finished with it? I've been looking allover for a copy, but apparently it sold out at all the bookstores.W: oh, it's not mine. it belongs to Alive. but i'll see what she says.Q: what will the woman problaly do?7 W: umm...are you going to try some of this chocolate pudding? it's incredible.M: well, to be honest with you, i've never been a big fan of chocolate.Q: what does the man imply?8 W: why don't we go catch the new Italian film at the Pin Street cinema?M: that's a little out of the way, don't u think? it's playing just up the street of the Grow of Two, you know.Q: what does the man suggest they do?9 W: hi, i know Doctor Wilson's out of town at a conference, but i was wondering...um...since shewon't be back till next week, if u...if u could check in your computer records "n"(and) find out how i did on her mid-term exam?M: i'm sorry ,miss. but i'm not authorized to give out that kind of information.Q: what does the man mean?10 M: you wouldn't believe the line at the auto inspection center.i waited more than two hoursto get through it.W: that's what u get for waiting until the last day of the month.Q: what does the woman imply?11 W: you know, i'll be conducting my psychololgy experiment this Sat. and i'm going to have myhands full. so i was sondering if you could help me. maybe you could register the subjects and ask 'em(them) a few questions as they come in.M: i've got some work of my own to do. but i guess i can make sometime. just let me know what i'm supposed to do.Q: what does the man mean?12 W: did you ever get around to cashing that refund check from the bookstore?M: oh, gosh! you konw what, i must've misplaced that in my desk somewhere. but thanks for reminding me.my funds are running low, so i'd better idn it soon.Q: what will the man probably do?13 W: it sounds like Kare isn't happy at all with her new roommate. did she say why?M: believe me, i tried to find out. but i simply couldn't pin her down.Q: what does the man mean?14 W: oh, Professor Jackson, I was wondering...but uh...well, if uh...if I had a chance yet touh...look at my thesis proposal?M: well, i know you gave it to me over a week ago,but to be honest,i have been swamped with other things.Q: what does the professor imply?15 W: that's a shame about your car.talk about bad timing!M: yeah.and just a few months ago i put 400 dollars into it and i hoped itwould make it through another year.Q: what can be inferred about the man's car?16 M: this stew is delicious. i'd love to be able to make it myselfW: why not? you can get all the ingredients at any supermarket. here,let me get a pencil and paper.Q: what will te woman probably do next?17 W: so how was the dramma club's new production last night? did i miss out on anything good?M: hardly,i kept looking at my watch the whole time.Q: what does the man mean?18 W: i feel you haven't gotten that program to run on your computer yet.want me go over theinstruction manual with you?M: that would be great. you need a Ph.D. to understand it.Q: What can be inferred about the man?19 W: how do i get one of those green buckets everyone here puts out of the curb of paper recycling?M: oh,just call up the sanitation department,the'll deliver a bucket at no charge.Q: what does the man suggest the woman do?20 M: there's nothing i like better to get me started in the morning than a big breakfast,eggs,bacon, homefried potatoes...W: not me! all that fatty food will give me a stomachache. i prefer something light, like fruit or a yogurt.Q: what does the woman mean?21 W: what's the problem, paul? you really look panicked.M: i am speaking to a group of high school students about engineering this afternoon. buti have no idea how i am going to simplify some of the soncepts for them.Q: what can be infeered about the man?22 W: well, i am never doing this again! seven courses in one semester isjust too much.i don'thave a minute to myself!M: well i hate to say this, but ...i told you so.Q: what does the man mean?23 W: do you think we can use your pickup truck to take the telescopesout to the field again thisweekend?M: to be honest, i've got a lot of dents in my truck from the last field trip. maybe someone else can help out this time.Q: what does the man imply?24 M: d you think Dr. Luby will lead a theater trip to Broadway in New York City again this year?W: i don't think so. i know so! and i've already signed up for it.Q: what does the woman mean?25 W: tomorrow we are having our first test in my history class. i' mreally worried about it. you'vetaken one of Dr. Parker's tests, haven't u? I hear they're impossible to pass.M: i don't know who you've been talking to. My experience was just the opposite.Q: what does the man imply?26 M: i haven't turned on my air-conditioner at all this summer.W: that's surprising, considering how hot it's been lately.Q: what does the woman find surprising?27 W: hey, congratulations on winning the essay contest.that thousand-dollar prize money shouldreally come in handy.M: you bet! i've already put it aside to cover the increase my landlord just announced for next year.Q: what does the man mean?28 W: you know,we never went over chapter 16 in class. what do you think the odds are that Dr.Bomb will include it ont he test?M: he's been long to do things like that. so i wouldn't put it past himQ: what does the man say about Dr.Bomb?29 W: i heard that only 20% of summer jobs in this part os the country are advertised. the other80% are filled some other way.M: relaly? then maybe i need to change my jobsearch techniques.Q: what can be inferred about the man?30 M: i don't remember theassignmentoff hand,but i've got it written downat home.how about if icall u tonight?W: if u call before nine,just leave a message with my roommate.Q: why will the man call the woman?Listen to a voncersation between two stduents in the lounge of a college dormitory.W: Hi, Kaven.Your roommate told me that I could find you in the TV lounge. what are you doing here? M: what does it look like i am doing?W: well, it looks like u are watching television. but we have a linear algebra mid-term tomorrow, so i thought you'd be studying for it and maybe i can study with you.M: oh,well,i was just taking a break.this linear algebra stuff gives me aheadache if i work on it too long.W: i know what you mean. i've been working on it for three hours through it already. i'm beginning to go corss.i'd been theorying at the sample problems. i just don't get some of them.M: but i can't believe you are coming to me.i mean you do konw what i got on the last test,don't u?W: yeah,i know.you told me.i just thought two heads might be better one.M: yeah,that's nice idea.but...you know,i wish i knew that person in our class who got a hundred on the last test.she didn't miss a question. umm...was it Elizabeth?W: oh yeah, Elizabeth! she is a friend of mine. she'd be a big help right now. why don't i give her a call?M: what! at this hour? it's already ten thirty. i don't wanna impose on her.W: yeah, i guess you are right. but you know what, she owes me a big favor. let's at least give her a call and see what she syas. maybe going over some of the problems with us wouls help her review the material.M: it's worth a try.31 what are the speakers mainly discussing?32 why is the man watching television?33 why is the man surprised that the woman wants to study linear algebrawith him?34 why doesn't the man want to call Elizabeth?Questions 35 through 39:Listen to two students talking about their engineering class.W: hello?M: hi, may, this is bill johns.W: oh hi, bill. you weren't in engineering class today, were you?M: i have the full. i was sonderfing if you could tell me what went on.W: actually we had an interesting class. Dr.Collin talked about a new type of fuel.M: oh, yeah?W: uh-hum. it's called dimethyl-ether or DME.M: oh, i remember reading something about DME.it's mostly used in spray cans, right?W: right. DME doesn't destory the ozone, so it's been environmentally friendsly.M: but doesn't DME pullute the air if it's burned in an engine?W: Dr. Collin says something about its exhausts being clear,that it doesn't release as much pullutants as diesel fuel. and he mentioned something about DME being more efficient than other alternative fuels.M: when will it replace diesel fuel?W: not for a while.it's not economical to massproduce.M: well, thanks for the information.i guess i won't need to borrow your notes.W: well,maybe you should look at them. we are having a test next week.M: okay, could u give them to Mike Andrews? I think he is in your psychology class. he is my roommate. W: sure. i hope you're feeling better soon.M: thanks. me too. bye!W: bye!35 what is the converstation mainly about?36 why is the woman giving the man the information?37 what effect will the increased use of DME instead of diesel fuel probably have?38 according to the conversation, why won't DME be on the market soon?39 why does the woman suggest the man look at her notes?Questions 40 through 43:Okay. Uh...you remember that ive mention that it's important to read the assigned poems aloud,so you can develop and appreciation of the sounds of the poetry: the rhymes, the rhythm, the repetition of words or sounds, and to get a sense of the interplay between the sounds of the words and their meaning. this is really critical as we move into modern poetry, especially by writers who place so much importance on sounds that the meaning becomes all letter relevant. like this line by GertrudeStein that I'd like to quote. listen, listen as i say the words. "rose is a rose is a rose is a rose." taken literally this would seems to be an empty statement, one which gives us no information. but the purpose of a poem need not be to inform the reader of anything, but rather to evoke feelings. to create a sensual as well as phonically pleasing experience. now Gertrude Stein was better known for her prose than for her poems. but i'd like to like to quote this line because of its musicality, and because i think it helps open up our awareness to the unconventionally ricism of contemporary poets. you'll see this in your homework tongiht as you read the poetry of John Ashbery, especially if you read it out loud, which i recommend you do. poets like ashbery don't rely so much on any formal rhyme scheme or meter as on the musical quality of the individual words themselves. as i said,Stein was better known for her non-poetical work. and now i'd like to touch briefly on her essay entitled "Converstaion and Explanation". this work deals with her theory of writing and will help to explain some of the things we've talking about.40 what does the professor mainly discuss?41 what does the professor say about Gertrude Stein as a writer?42 why does the professor recommend the students do as part of their homework?43 what does the professor recommend the students do as part of their homework?Questions 44 through 46Listen to a talk in a class about United States history.last week, you recall, we discussed the early development of railroads in the United States. today i want to mention an even earlier form of transportation , one that brought the first European settlers to America. and that's the wooden sailing ship. from colonial times sailing ships were vital to the economy. many coastal towns depended on fishing or whaling for employment and income. this was especially true in the northeastern states. and there the wood from nearby forests and the skills of local designers and workers also formed the basis of an important shipbuilding industry. but the big profits were to be made on trade with far away places. and since sea captains often became part owners of their ships, they had a strong interest in the commercial success of their voyages. so these Yankees, that's what US sailor and officers came to be called, they carried on a very profitable trade with other parts of the world. the high point of this trade came in the mid-19th century with the introduction of the clipper ship, the enormous Yankee clippers with huge sails reaching nearly two hundred feet into sky. he'd carry passengers and cargo from New York around South America to San Francisco in less than three months and clear to China in just half a year. at that time this seemed unbelievable fast and efficient. but in the 1860s, more reliable steam-poweredship began to take over. and soon the important role of sailing ships in the US economy would come to an end.44 what aspect of United States history does the professor mainly discuss?45 According to the professor, what may be one reason for the success of the merchant ships of the United States?46 what does the professor say about clipper ships?Questions 47 through 50:Listen to part of a talk in a class on early childhood education. The professor is discussing penmanship: the quality of one's handwriting. as you prepare to become elementary school teachers, you'll be hearing a lot of disscussion about the relevance of teaching permanship. now years ago when i was studying education in college, reading writing and arithmetic were the basics of elementary school education. it went without saying that writing meant first and foremost penmanship. that is, the neatness of a child's handwriting. back then, penmanship was often taught as a separate subject from the fist grade right up through the sixth grade long after the children had moved from writing in block capital letters to cursive script. it was considered so important that sometimes prizes were even awarded for the best handwriting. but when we move ahead a few decades into the 1980s,we see teachers and administrators and even parents telling us that teaching penmanship is waste of time. with computers, they said, children can successfully manipulate the keyboard or mouse of their home computers before they can even hold a pencil. this change in attitude had an impact on the classroom. in your homework for this week you'll be looking at what statewide curriculum standards in the US say about penmanship. you'll see that in many states penmanship has been de-emphasized in a required curriculum, especially in the later years of elementary school. In california, for example, the curriculum calls for fourth-grade students to...and i quote, "write fluently and legibly in cursive or grades. but after this, the curriculum makes no further mention of penmanship in grade five, six or beyond, Any higher level of quality or neatness is simply not among the curricular objectives. your assignment is to look at what the curricular standards say for all fifty states say about penmanship.47 what is the professor's main point about penmanship in early childhood education?48 why does the professor mention prizes?49 what will the students read about for homework?50 what does the professor quote from California's curriculum requirements?。
【免费下载】05月TOEFL语法讲解
(A) reaching (B) has reached (C) reach (D) have reached 答案：B 测试点：谓语／主谓数的一致． 分析：本句有主语而缺谓语，应在答案中选择可作谓语的动词．主语是第三人称单数的 dance，故选(B)．(A)是非谓语形式，不可单独作谓语；(C)(D)不可与第三人称单数的主语 搭配。
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力根保通据护过生高管产中线工资敷艺料设高试技中卷术资配，料置不试技仅卷术可要是以求指解，机决对组吊电在顶气进层设行配备继置进电不行保规空护范载高与中带资负料荷试下卷高总问中体题资配，料置而试时且卷，可调需保控要障试在各验最类；大管对限路设度习备内题进来到行确位调保。整机在使组管其高路在中敷正资设常料过工试程况卷中下安，与全要过，加度并强工且看作尽护下可关都能于可地管以缩路正小高常故中工障资作高料；中试对资卷于料连继试接电卷管保破口护坏处进范理行围高整，中核或资对者料定对试值某卷，些弯审异扁核常度与高固校中定对资盒图料位纸试置，.卷编保工写护况复层进杂防行设腐自备跨动与接处装地理置线，高弯尤中曲其资半要料径避试标免卷高错调等误试，高方要中案求资，技料编术试5写交卷、重底保电要。护气设管装设备线置备4高敷动调、中设作试电资技，高气料术并中课3试中且资件、卷包拒料中管试含绝试调路验线动卷试敷方槽作技设案、，术技以管来术及架避系等免统多不启项必动方要方式高案，中；为资对解料整决试套高卷启中突动语然过文停程电机中气。高课因中件此资中，料管电试壁力卷薄高电、中气接资设口料备不试进严卷行等保调问护试题装工，置作合调并理试且利技进用术行管，过线要关敷求运设电行技力高术保中。护资线装料缆置试敷做卷设到技原准术则确指：灵导在活。分。对线对于盒于调处差试，动过当保程不护中同装高电置中压高资回中料路资试交料卷叉试技时卷术，调问应试题采技，用术作金是为属指调隔发试板电人进机员行一，隔变需开压要处器在理组事；在前同发掌一生握线内图槽部纸内故资，障料强时、电，设回需备路要制须进造同行厂时外家切部出断电具习源高题高中电中资源资料，料试线试卷缆卷试敷切验设除报完从告毕而与，采相要用关进高技行中术检资资查料料和试，检卷并测主且处要了理保解。护现装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
历年TOEFL考试经典语法错题及答案
收集易错语法题及答案1989年01月语法题 (2)1989年05月语法题 (3)1989年08月语法题 (5)1989年10月语法题 (6)1990年01月语法题 (7)1990年05月语法题 (7)1990年08月语法题 (8)1990年10月语法题 (9)1991年1月语法题 (10)1991年5月语法题 (10)1991年10月语法题 (12)1992年01月语法题 (12)1992年05月语法题 (12)1992年08月语法题 (13)1992年10月语法题 (14)1993年01月语法题 (14)1993年05月语法题 (15)1993年08月语法题 (15)1993年10月语法题 (16)2000年01月语法题 (17)2000年05月语法题 (17)2000年08月语法题 (18)2000年10月语法题 (19)2001年01月语法题 (20)2001年05月语法题 (21)2001年08月语法题 (22)2001年10月语法题 (26)2002年01月语法题 (26)2002年05月语法题 (27)2002年10月语法题 (28)2002年08月语法题 (28)2002年09月语法题 (29)2003年01月语法题 (29)2003年08月语法题 (30)2004年01月语法题 (31)1989年01月语法题12. A historical novel may do more than mirror history; __________future events.(A) even influencing(B) it may even influence(C) may even influence(D) that it may even influence14. It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes__________roundshape into a teardrop shape.(A) of the drop(B) the drop’s(C) drop of(D) drops their15.__________modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting topersonalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.(A) If(B) But(C) With(D) Once16. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, whenFrances Perkins became secretary of labor.23. The ritual combat of animals are triggered by precise signals.28. Benjamin Franklin drew a political cartoon that is credited raising 10,000 volunteers for theAmerican Revolutionary War.lchemists.31. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.39. The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.1989年05月语法题libel is printed while slander is spoken,libel文字中伤是写的，诽谤是说出来的。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)3(2)
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）3(2)4．each / every 单数，可数eg each ten boys √each major styles Xeach major style √5．数词 / several + pl.five aircraft √ several settings √several + n.s6．one of+pl （讲义P1 7）among+pl (讲义P1 11)7．first / only / simple 单/复数均可the first school 第一所学校the first schools 第一批学校the only university 的大学the only university 的几所大学single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing)也可pl: two single rooms8．another+sing （复数也可以，但不多）other + pl （单数也可以，但不多）anyother +singanother two boys other part tthe other+sing / plany other state = any of the other states9． Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece （five:数词 thousand 量词）一亿本书：hundred millions books Xhundreds million books Xhundreds millions books X(a) hundred millions books √数量10．a number of + pl + v(pl) （讲义P1 8 9）the number of +pl+v(sing)11．Various / diverse / numerous +pl.C、可数与不可数名词：1．常考的可数n. （讲义?P23 5）a chance discovery 一个偶然发现population:人口数/Λ / 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/：a sample population make great efforts to docolor effectsa clue 一条线索an amount of + /Λ /2．常考的不可数名词：(讲义 P10 1)a. 流体：air smoke oil water…b. 总称名词：poetry foliage…[集合名词：family people police…+are]c. 抽象名词：wisdom knowledge information…d. 自然现象：sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是：a heavy rain 前有adj.，raindrop雨滴，可数]e. 颗粒装物体：rice salt parder（颗粒）…f. 疾病：measles mumps diaheties…g. 学科：讲义 P10 2 statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数【。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）1（5）
k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27)1．如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt→s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt*当做题时，若发现两个名词在⼀起，但是似乎连不上，则⼀定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。
2．定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13）the way (in which) + 句⼦the reason (why that)+句⼦ 均为完整句the time (that / when)+句⼦I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voicein the world.By the time省that+句⼦，句⼦。
3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）即：which be , who be , that be可同时省（讲义P7 17）*在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15）l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29）Although (it is)native to Europe, svo.Although (she was) affluted by…svo.Even though (it is) costly,svo.省略条件：1）特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as2）从句为主系表结构3）从句主语与主句主语⼀致。
Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。
省略⽅式：a）可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo）b）主系必须同时省c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo√ ⼀定是答案m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31）doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender.现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的”2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing. （Transforming：动名词）具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时⼜可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系，中⼼词为v-ing，翻译为“…的⾏为”。
2000年5月托福阅读解析第一篇
新托福专业备考社区2000年5月第一篇Questions 1-9The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, andporcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not Line as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.(5)Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulentenvironment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, inthe trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.(10)of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that(15)climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the (20)seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body.Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds (25)an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees thatyield these foods can be sparse.题目解析：1. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?(B) How does an animal’s body size influence an animal’s need for food?(C) Why does the rain forest provide an unusual variety of food for animals?(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?解析：用排除和直选相结合的方法。
历年托福考试语法题汇编
2000年01月语法题16. The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies.17. Wood from the ash tree becomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam.18. The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the rest of the animalworld.19. In plane geometry, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle has always equal to 180degrees.20. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive animalsto maintain their balance as they walk.21. Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, byvolcanic activity, and by earthquakes.22. Celery, an edible plant is having long stalks topped with feathery leaves, grows best in coolweather.23. The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame was WashingtonIrving, who wrote many stories, included “ Rip Van Winkle〞and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow〞.24. Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature trees, theuse of proper harvesting methods, and provide for an environment that supportsreproduction.25. For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum efficiency isachieved.26. Adolescence is a transitional stage in human development from the beginning of puberty tothe attainment of the emotion, social, and physical maturity of adulthood.27. The people native to the northwest coast of North American have long be known for woodcarvings of stunning beauty and extraordinary quality.28. Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestown---- and later attempts nearPhiladelphia and Boston---failed despite the abundant of fuel and good raw materials.29. The orbit of a celestial body is usually in the shape of ellipse.30. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by NewYork City and San Francisco.31. North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs.32. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers to return tothe beaches where they themselves were hatched.33. Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter:solid, liquid and gas.34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economy of the state ofTexas has remained heavily dependence on oil and gas.35. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office wasadministered by a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United States Presidents into thegranite cliffs to Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.37.Charles Bullfinch was the architect who design the original red brick core of the StateHouse in Boston.38.Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on as much aspects ofsocial, economic, and cultural development as the growth of electronics.39. Lowell, Massachusetts, known as the “Spindle City〞since 1822 when its first textile millswere built, attracted worldwide attention as textile center.40.Strange Victory, Sara Teas dale’s smallest and most perfect collection of poems, appear inprint in 1933.2000年05月语法题16.More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written and direction byGeorge Lucas.18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate, have a yearly cycle.19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown to them and fromdescribing distinctive features of individual places.20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act like people whileretaining its animal traits.21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for the clustering ofgovernment buildings was Washington, D.C.22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbed primarily by watermolecules, caused heat to spread through the food.23.The cultures early of the genus Homo were generally distinguished by regular use of stonetools and by a hunting and gathering economy.24. Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlike porpoiseshave well defined, beaklike snouts and conical teeth.25. The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and the tough of the riverbed.26. The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing, preservation andreproducing sound.27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped by commercial systems,governmental actions, and cultural traditions.28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to make solutions thatreadily transmits electricity.29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they could exploit metallicmineral deposits was an important milestone in the development civilization.30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler a Republican, became the first member of her party to serving aspresident of the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.31. General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves a complete loss ofconsciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.32. After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard, European settlersin North America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24 kilometers per hour tocatch lizards and small rodents.34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, the presence of thethymus gland is essentially.35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned with theenvironmental causes of ill and how to eliminate them.36.By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from the countryside, hadcaused New York City’s population to swell.37.By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we find evidence that thoselanguages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions of all of thebright stars and many of the faint one.39.In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as the Comanche, liveda nomadic existence hunting buffalo.40. The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sea level.2000年08月语法题16. Painters of the early twentieth century who were known primarily for they colorfullandscapes, the Group of Seven changed is name to the Canadian Group of Painters in 1933.17. Most animals have nervous systems, sense organs, and specialized modes of locomotion,and are capable of securing, ingesting, and to digest food.18. The cork oak tree has a layer of cork several inches thickness that can be stripped everyten years.19. Inflation, interest rates, and overall economic active can be governed by the United StatesFederal Reserve’s decision to adjust the supply of money to the economy.20. Free radicals of oxygen, which common by-products of metabolic processes in the body,are capable of causing tissue damage.21. By 1830 the glass industry in the United States had become too well established that thecountry no longer needed to depend on imported glass.22. Free land, cheaply transportation, and powerfully persuasive railroad advertising all helpedflood the western part of the United States with farmers in the nineteenth century.23. Coral formations have known as fringing reefs are located close to shore, separated fromland only by shallow water.24. For a seagoing, cargo-carrying sailing vessels, the clipper ship was remarkably fast.25. Visibly only through large telescopes, Pluto has a yellowish color, which indicates thatthere is very little atmosphere.26. Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamonds can be cut only by anotherdiamonds.27. The International Monetary Fund was created in a effort to stabilize exchange rates withoutinterfering with the healthy growth of trade.28. Butterflies and moths undergo complete metamorphosis, them changing from caterpillar toadult via one intermediate stage, the pupa.29. Thousands of meteorite hit Earth each year, but most fall into the sea or in remote areasand are never recovered.30. Alaska become the forty-ninth state in 1959,and Hawaii became the fiftieth state lately thatyear.31. A sponge feeds itself by drawing water through tiny pores on its surface, filtering out foodparticles, and then expel the water through larger vents.32. Toward the end of his life, John Singer Sargent returned to the painting of landscapes andthe use of watercolors, of which he excelled.33. Pythons differ than most other snakes by having two well developed lungs rather than amuch smaller left lung or no left lung at all.34. Weighing among two to five kilograms in adults, the skin is the largest organ of the humanbody.35. Rodents dwell in various habitat, some species being aquatic, some terrestrial.36. The nectar of flowers are ingested by worker bees and converted to honey in special sacsin their digestive systems.37. Lucid dreaming, the ability dreamers to become aware of and to control their dreams whiledreaming, is the focus of some current psychological research.38. The sensation of sound is produced how vibrations transmitted through the air strike theeardrum.39. The musical tone of an electric guitar is created not by the resonance of the body of theguitar but by electronically amplification.40. Considered one of the most beautiful of the fine art, ballet is a combination of dance andmime performed to music.2000年10月语法题16．The pear tree has simple, oval leaves that are smoother and shinier than them of the apple.17．In the orbit of a planet around the Sun, the point closest to the Sun is called it the perihelion.18．In the early 1900’s, Roy Harris created and promoted a distinctly American style of classical music and greatly influenced a number of composer in the United States. 19．The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of North American ports, particular Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, as major commercial centers within the Britishempire.20．Guitarlike instruments have exist since ancient times, but the first written mention of the guitar itself is from the fourteenth century.21．The law of biogenesis is the principle what all living organisms are derived from a parent or parents.22．Onyx is a mineral that can be recognized its regular and straight parallel bands of white, black, or brown.23．There are as many as 200 million insects for every human beings, and in fact their total number exceeds that of all other animals taken together.24．Native to South America and cultivated there for thousands of years, the peanut is said to have introduced to North America by early explorers.25．Originally canoes were made by the hollowing out of logs and used were for combat as well as transport.26．Among the symptoms of measles, which takes about twelve days to incubate, are a high fever, swelling of glands in the neck, a cough, and sensitive to light.27．Ice crystals in a glacier tends to melt and recrystallize within a brief moment of travel on a downhill glide.28．Photograph was revolutionized in 1851 by the introduction of the collodion process for making glass negatives.29．The piano is a stringed musical instrument in which the strings are strike by felt-covered hammers controlled by a board.30．The sounds used in human languages to create meaning consist of small variation in air pressure can be sensed by the ear.31．The mountains, especially the Rocky Mountains, formerly constituted a seriously barrier to east-west trade in British Columbia.32．Telescope are frequently used in astronomy to collect light from a celestial object, bring the light into focus, and producing a magnified image.33．Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamond can be cut only by another diamonds.34．There are about 350 species and subspecies of birds in danger of become extinct, with a large number of them, 117 in all, found on oceanic islands.35．The nineteenth-century romantic movement in art was partially a reaction to what was perceived as overemphasis on reasonable and order in neoclassicism.36．Like triglycerides, cholesterol is a type of fat that is both consumed in the diet but manufactured by the body.37．Both the United States silver dollar and half-dollar, first minted in 1794, had a figure of Liberty on one side and a eagle on the reverse side.38．For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.39．While photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.40．The Democratic Party, the most oldest existing political party in the United States, has played a vital role in the nation’s history.2001年01月语法题16. A variation of collodion photography was the tintype, which captured images on a black ordark brown metal plate instead from on glass.17. In cases of minor injury to the brain. Amnesia is likely to be a temporarily condition.18. The system of chemical symbols, first devised about 1800. gives a concise and instantlyrecognizable description of a element or compound.19. The fact that white light is light composed of various wavelengths may be demonstrating bydispersing a beam of such light through a prism.20. Over the course of history, much civilizations developed their own Number systems.21. In the United States during the Second World War, each trade unions and employersavoided federal limits on wages by offering employees Nontaxable medical benefits. 22. Philosophy is the study of the nature of reality, knowledge, existent, and ethics by meansof rational inquiry.23. Poems vary in length from brief lyric poems to narrative or epic poems, which can be asbroad in scope than a novel.24. The population of California more than doubled during the period 1940-1960, creatingproblems in road-building and provide water for its arid southern section.25. Although based it on feudal models, the colony of Pennsylvania developed a reputation fora progressive political and social outlook.26. Hard and resistant to corrosion, bronze is traditionally used in bell casting and is thematerial used widely most for metal sculpture.27. The Appalachian Mountains formation a natural barrier between the eastern seaboard andthe vast lowlands of the continental interior of North America.28. The United States census for 1970 showed that the French-speaking residents ofLouisiana were one of the country’s most compact regional linguistic minority.29. When used as food additives, antioxidants prevent fats and oils from become rancid whenexposed to air, and thus extend their shelf life.30.liquid will flow and take the shape of their container.31. Copper was the first metallic used by humans and is second only to iron in its utility throughthe ages.32. Despite the fact that lemurs are general nocturnal, the ring-tailed lemur travels by day inbands of four to twelve individuals.33. The Western world is beset with the range of problem that characterize mature,postindustrial societies.34. Acrylic paints are either applied using a knife or diluted and spreading with a paintbrush.35. Some marine invertebrates, such as the sea urchin and the starfish, migrates from deepwater to shallow during spring and early summer to spawn.36. Marshes, wetland areas characterized by plant grassy growth, are distinguished fromswamps, wetlands where trees grow.37. Wampum, beads used as a form of exchange by some Native Americans, was made ofbits of seashells cut, drill, and strung into belts.38. Kangaroos use their long and powerful tails for balance themselves when sitting upright orjumping.39. Proper city planning provides for the distribution of public utilities, public buildings, parks,and recreation centers, and for adequate and the inexpensive housing.40. Most traditional dances are made up of a prearranged series of steps and movements, butmodern dancers are generally free to move as they choice.2001年05月语法题16. A gene is a biological unit of information who directs the activity of a cell or organism duringits lifetime.17. The flowering of African American talent in literature, music, and art in the 1920’s in NewYork City became to know as the Harlem Renaissance.18. The symptoms of neumonia, a lung infection, include high fever, chest pain, breathingdifficult, and coughing.19. The rapid grow of Boston during the mid-nineteenth century coincided with a large influx ofEuropean immigrants.20. In 1908 Olive Campbell started writing down folk songs by rural people in the southernAppalachian mountains near hers home.21. The thirteen stripes of the United States flag represent the original thirteen states of theUnion, which they all were once colonies of Britain.22.In 1860, more as 90 percent of the people of Indiana lived rural areas, with only a few citieshaving a population exceeding 10,000.23.Gravitation keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth and the planets other of the solar systemin orbit around the Sun.24.Photograph was revolutionized in 1831 by the introduction of the collodion process formaking glass negatives.25. After flax is washed, dry, beaten, and combed, fibers are obtained for use in making fabric.26. A fever is caused which blood cells release proteins called pyrogens, raising the body’stemperature.27. Because of various gift-giving holidays, most stores clothing in the United Sates do almostas much business in November and December as they do in the other ten monthscombined.28. The United States National Labor Relations Board is authorized to investigation allegationsof unfair labor practices on the part of either employers or employees.29. The Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1840’s caused an unprecedented numbers ofpeople from Ireland to immigrate to the United States.30.The particles comprising a given cloud are continually changing, as new ones are addedwhile others are taking away by moving air.31. Political parties in the United States help to coordinate the campaigns of their membersand organizes the statewide and nationa conventions that mark election years.32. The lemur is an unusual animal belonging to the same order than mon’s and apes.33. Cheese may be hard or soft, depending on the amount of water left into it and thecharacter of the cuting.34. The carbon-are lamp, a very bright electric lamp used for spotlights, consists of two carbonelectrodes with a high-current arc passing between it.35. At first the poems of E.E. Cummings gained notoriety to their idiosyncratic punctuation andtypography, but they have gradually been recognized for their lyric power as well.36. The mechanism of human thought and recall, a subject only partly understood by scientists,is extraordinary complicated.37. While the process of photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used toconvert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds.38.The globe artichoke was known as a delicacy at least 2,500 years ago, and records of itscultivation date from fifteenth century.39. Humans do not constitute the only species endowed with intelligence: the higher animalsalso have considerably problem-solving abilities.40. Many of species of milkweed are among the most dangerous of poisonous plants, whileothers have little, if any, toxicity.2001年08月语法题16. Modern societies are such complex that they could not exist without a well-developedsystem of law.17. Altitude, climate, temperature, and the length of the growing season both determine whereplants will grow.18. The bathyscaphe, a free-moving vessel designed for underwater exploration, consists of aFlotation compartment with a observation capsule attached underneath it.19. Water constitutes almost 96 percent of the body weight of a jellyfish, so if a jellyfish were todry out in the sun, it would virtually disappeared.20. The most important parameters affecting a rocket’s maximum flight velocity is therelationship between the vehicle’s mass and the amount of propellant it can carry.21.There were once only eight major lakes or reservoirs in Texas, but today there are over 180,many built to storing water against periodic droughts.22. All harmonized music that is not contrapuntal depends from the relationship of chords,which are either consonant or dissonant.23. Expressionist drama often shows the influence of modern psychology by reflecting thefrustrations inner of the dramatist.24. It is the number, kind, and arrange of teeth that determine whether a mammal is classifiedas a carnivore not the food that the animal actually eats.25. The sea otter is well adapted at its marine existence, with ears and nostrils that can beclosed under water.26. Petroleum, which currently makes up about four-tenths of the world’s energy production,supplies more commercial energy than any another source.27. Someone may refuse to recognize the seriousness of an emotionally threatening situationand perceive as less threatening.28. Through experiments with marine organisms, marine biologists can increase ourknowledge of human reproductive and development as well as our understanding of the nervous system.29. When swollen by melting snow or heavy rain, some rivers routinely overflow its banks.30. In 1884 Belva Lockwood, a lawyer who had appeared before the Supreme Court, becamethe first woman was nominated for President of the United States.31. The taller of all animals, a full-grown giraffe may be eighteen feet or more high.32. Physicists have known since the early nineteenth century that all matter is made up of tinyextremely particles called atoms.33. Rain is slight acidic even in unpolluted air, because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere andother natural acid-forming gases dissolve in the water.34. In a stock company, a troupe of actors performs in a particular theater, presenting playsfrom its repertory of prepare productions.35. Established in 1860, the Government Printing Office prints and binds documents for alldepartment of the United States government.36. Ethnology, usually considered a branch of cultural anthropology, is often defined as thescientifically study of the origin and functioning of humans and their culture.37. The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposing by Benjamin Franklin, a man famous forhis wide interests and great attainments.38. Probably not speech of so few words has ever been as celebrated as Lincoln’s GettysburgAddress.39. Generally, Abstract Expressionist art is without recognizable images and does not adherethe Limits of conventional form.40. Although complete paralysis is rare with neuritis, some degree of muscle weaknesscommon.2001年10月语法题16．By the end of the nineteenth century, organic chemistry had develop new methods for the synthesis of dyes, perfumes, explosives, and medicines.17．The Dinee, a Native American people of the southwestern United States, were once seminomadic hunters who practiced a few agriculture.18．The earliest successful sewing machines were powered by turn a hand crank.19．Early signs characteristic of the acute phase of viral hepatitis in adults are abdominal pain, nausea, and feverish often accompanied by chills.20．The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major center for the collection and display of works of abstract art in the United State.21．With the discovery of gold in the Klondike in Canada’s Yukon Territory in 1896, people flocked soon there from all parts of the world.22．The right side of the brain is mostly concerned with pictorial, intuitive, musically and spatial ablilities.23．A uniform mingling of molecules, which it occurs in homogeneous chemical compounds, results from the chemical constituents melting, dissolving, or diffusing into one another.24．Many dinosaurs were so much heavy that they spent most of their lives in swamps and shallow lakes where water could support them.25．With little nor no mass and no electric charge, neutrinos can penetrate a solid object such as the Earth as if it were not there.26．Georgia O’Keeffe is known for hers use of organic, abstract forms painted in clear, strong colors.27．Until the George Washington Bridge was built, modern suspension bridges were stiffened with steel trusses and beams to limited their motion in traffic and wind.28．First reported by Spanish explorers in 1796, the asphalt in California’s La Brea Tar Pit was mined commercial for many years.29．Independence political of newspapers became a common feature of journalism in the United States of the 1840’s and 1850’s.30．Transistors exhibit a high amplification factor, operate without distorted over a wide frequency range, and can be made extremely small.31．In most cases of epilepsy, cerebral electrical activity, also known as brain waves, demonstrates a characteristically abnormal rhythms.32．New York City’s theatrical district was concentrated the Bowery from 1860 to 1875, and around 1900 the avenue became a center for the Yiddish theater.33．Most female lizards lay eggs, but the females of a number of lizard species bear her young alive.34．Recently archaeologists have strived to develop theories, based on archaeological evident, that explain societal changes such as the development of farming..35．One of the most impressive cultural achievements of the United State during the 1920’s was a vastly outpouring of serious literature.36．The chemical element chlorine is a corrosive, greenish-yellow gas that has sharp odor and has 21/2 times heavier than air.37．Hair grows more quickly in summer than in winter and more slowly at the night than during the day.38．Different fourteen crops were being grown 8,600 years ago by some of the wo rld’s earliest farmers.39．Between 1905 and 1907, floodwaters from the Colorado River poured into a salt-covered depression and creating the Salton Sea.40．Saturn takes almost 30 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun, during Jupiter takes about twelve Earth years to complete one solar revolution.2002年01月语法题16.Fog and mist, like clouds, can formed only in the presence of dust particles.17.The Spanish claiming title to all of North America and established the oldest city in theUnited States, St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565.18.The federal system of government in Canada is similar to it of the United States.19.It may be argued that genetics, the study of heredity and variation, underwent the mostrapid development of any science biological in the twentieth century.20.Music involves the interaction of three elements: rhythm, melodic, and harmony.21.The Medicare program was established in 1965 to helping elderly United States citizenspay the increasing cost of health care.22.Researchers have found subtle neurological differences between the brains of men andwomen either in physical structure and in the way they function.23.Scientists have traditionally classified plants by grouping them according to similarities intheir overall appear, their internal structure, and the form of their reproductive organs. 24.Geometric figures first appeared more than 15,000 years ago in both practically anddecorative forms, such as shapes of buildings,cave paintings, and decorations on pottery.25.In the early nineteenth century, the Cherokee nation of American Indians was adopted awritten constitution based on that of the United States.26.The able of writers to precisely record observations made about others enables them toinclude in their work a great deal of material outside their own experience.27.In Connecticut, hundreds of houses dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuriesare preserved by more as 100 local or national historical societies.28.In 1899 Mary Elizabeth Brown donated hers collection of over 200 musical instruments tothe Metropolitan Museum of art.29. Four different types of remembering are ordinarily distinguished by psychologists:recollection, recall, recognize, and relearning.30.Harbors are protected areas of water that can be used the transfer of passengers andcargo between ships shore.。
超强托福考试复习资料原创]语法做题笔记
![超强托福考试复习资料原创]语法做题笔记](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b113ae69852458fb770b56eb.png)
肯德基语法笔记前言托福语法是件体力活，多做几遍真题，熟中就能生巧，再在做题的间隙看看语法书总结总结规律，语法部分基本上就没有多大问题了。
但是，对于托友们来说，最稀缺的是时间，托福真题上百套，如果真的做上3遍，恐怕即耗费时间，也未必有效。
我个人认为，将9508以后的真题做熟足以。
如果精力过剩，可以看看8901---9501的题。
当然，要想在语法上挣到足够的分数，做完题后多多总结也是极为必要的，只有不断总结做错的题，才能够将作错的数目逐步降下来，直到做错数为0。
肯德基语法笔记就是出于这样的目的一页一页写下来的。
肯德基语法笔记是我自己的做题笔记。
包括三部分，即9508以前的真题，9508---9910的真题和2000年以来的真题。
9508以前的语法点现在基本不考了，所以我只是收集了一些较为基本的语法知识；9508---9910主要纪录的是语法点，现在还很有用；2000年以来的主要是对考题新动向的总结，以及一些较难的新题型。
此笔记适合将真题做完一遍之后看，未作完一遍看笔记作用不大；整个笔记两三个小时就可以看完，看2遍足矣，然后再做第二遍真题。
至于为什么要将肯德基牵扯进来，并非我对其中的美味情有独钟。
我是在职考试，每天上班很忙，根本没有时间复习，即就是偶尔有空，也得偷偷摸摸的，自我感觉很不爽，于是乎，我干脆用上班的空余时间休息。
于是乎，也就只剩下下班后的时间了。
每天下午6点下班后，我先打印2套语法题出来，然后带着题在小饭馆里边吃拉面边做题，基本上一顿饭吃完，一套语法题也就做完了；然后，我骑上自己的单车再到附近的肯德基买杯咖啡，在人数相对稀少的二楼找个偏僻的位子坐下来，做完剩下来的一套语法题，并对答案，做总结，记笔记，做阅读；晚上11点的时候，肯德基要打烊了，我再回到自己底价租来的简易房里，这时已经听不到喧闹声了，我开始做听力，直到2点半以后；早晨7点30在闹钟声中醒来，开始为生计奔波。
周而复始一个多月下来，肯德基的waitresses基本都认识我了，即就是到了打烊的时候，她们也不赶我走，我在一边做题，她们在一边一声不吭地打扫卫生，这幅景象，和谐得就像在天堂里。
2000年1月5月8月10月TOEFL托福语法题笔记
2000年01月语法题1. Amanda Way’s career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meetingin Indiana, she called for a state woman’s rights convention.(A) begin(B) began(C) have begun(D) to have begun2. The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___(A) a small upright piano(B) how a small upright piano(C) a small upright piano is(D) as a small upright piano3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.(A) writer of eloquent(B) whose eloquent writing(C) an eloquent writer(D) writing eloquent4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater___fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.(A) as long(B) as long as(C) so long(D) so long that5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.(A) while(B) and(C) how(D) because6. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules7. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.(A) All of(B) Of every(C) All(D) Every8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.(A) creeping colonies(B) which colonies creep(C) creeping colonies are(D) colonies creep9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women’s rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970’s,____(A) of five winning them(B) five winning of them(C) of them five winning(D) winning five of them10. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for an organism’s survival.(A) to which directs(B) of which directs it(C) directs it(D) that directs11. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.(A) The extension of(B) The extension(C) Extending(D) Extends12.The chief sources of B12,a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body, include meat, milk and eggs.(A) is not(B) that is not(C) not that is(D) that not13. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history14.The primary source of energy for tropical cyclones is the latent heat released when ____(A) does water vapor condense(B) condensed water vapor(C) water vapor condenses(D) the condensation of water vapor15. Maufacturing is Canada’s most important economic activity, ____17 percent of the workforce.(A) engages(B) and to engage(C) that it engage(D) engaging16. The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies.17. Wood from the ash tree becomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam.18. The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the rest of the animalworld.19. In plane geometry, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle has always equal to 180degrees.20. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive animals tomaintain their balance as they walk.21. Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, byvolcanic activity, and by earthquakes.22. Celery, an edible plant is having long stalks topped with feathery leaves, grows best in coolweather.23. The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame was WashingtonIrving, who wrote many stories, included“ Rip Van Winkle” and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.24. Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature trees, the useof proper harvesting methods, and provide for anenvironment that supports reproduction.25. For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum efficiency isachieved.26. Adolescence is a transitional stage in human development from the beginning of puberty tothe attainment of the emotion, social, and physical maturity ofadulthood.27. The people native to the northwest coast of North American have long be known for woodcarvings of stunning beauty and extraordinary quality.28. Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestown---- and later attempts near Philadelphiaand Boston---failed despite the abundant of fuel and good rawmaterials.29. The orbit of a celestial body is usually in the shape of ellipse.30. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by NewYork City and San Francisco.31. North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs.32. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers to return to thebeaches where they themselves were hatched.33. Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter:solid, liquid and gas.34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economy of the state of Texashas remained heavily dependence on oil and gas.35. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office was administeredby a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United States Presidents into thegranite cliffs to Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.37.Charles Bullfinch was the architect who design the original red brick core of the State Housein Boston.38.Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on as much aspects of social,economic, and cultural development as the growth ofelectronics.39. Lowell, Massachusetts, known as the “Spindle City” since 1822 when its first textile mills werebuilt, attracted worldwide attention as textile center.40.Strange Victory, Sara Teas dale’s smallest and most perfect collection of poems, appear inprint in 1933.2000年05月语法题1.From 1949 onward, the artist Georgia O’ Keeffe made New Mexico ______.(A) her permanent residence was(B) where her permanent residence(C) permanent residence for her(D) her permanent residence2. Just as remote-controlled satellites can be employed to explore outer space,_______employed to investigate the deep sea.(A) can be robots(B) robots can be(C) can robots(D) can robots that are3. In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speech are located in theleft hemisphere.(A) mostly of(B) most(C) almost the(D) the most of4. Stars shine because of _______ produced by the nuclear reactions taking placewithin them.(A) the amount of light and heat is(B) which the amount of light and heat(C) the amount of light and heat that it is(D) the amount of light and heat5. ________ is not clear to researchers.(A) Why dinosaurs having become extinct(B) Why dinosaurs became extinct(C) Did dinosaurs become extinct(D) Dinosaurs became extinct6.Although many people use the word “milk” to refer cow’s milk, _______ to milkfrom any animal, including human milk and goat’s milk.(A) applying it also(B) applies also(C) it also applies(D) but it also applies7. The first transatlantic telephone cable system was not established _______ 1956.(A) while(B) until(C) on(D) when8. _______ no two people think exactly alike, there will always be disagreement,but disagreement should not always be avoided; it can be healthy if handled creatively.(A) There are(B) Why(C) That(D) Because9.Drinking water ________ excessive amounts of fluorides may leave a stained ormottled effect on the enamel of teeth.(A) containing(B) in which containing(C) contains(D) that containC 同B10. In the 1820’s physical education became_______ of the curriculum of Harvardand Yale Universities.(A) to be part(B) which was part(C) was part(D) partA 不定式不能做表语11. Pewter, _______ for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America, is aboutninety percent tin, which copper or bismuth added for hardness.(A) was widely used(B) widely used it(C) widely used(D) which widely used12.A moth possesses two pairs of wings _____ as single pair and are covered with dustlike scales.(A) function(B) are functioning(C) that function(D) but functions13.Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first,they were ________.(A) often which soap manufacturers sponsored(B) sponsored often soap manufacturers(C) often sponsored by soap manufacturers(D) soap manufacturers often sponsored them14.The Woolworth Building in New York was the highest in America when _______ in1943 and was famous for its use of Gothic decorative detail.(A) built(B) it built(C) was built(D) built it15.Humans, ________, interact through communicative behavior by means of signs orsymbols used conventionally.(A) like other animals(B) how other animals(C) other animals that(D) do other animals16.More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written anddirection by George Lucas.18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate, have ayearly cycle.19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown tothem and from describing distinctive features of individual places.20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act likepeople while retaining its animal traits.21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for theclustering of government buildings was Washington, D.C.22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbedprimarily by water molecules, caused heat to spread through the food.23.The cultures early of the genus Homo were generally distinguished byregular use of stone tools and by a hunting and gathering economy.24. Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlikeporpoises have well defined, beaklike snouts and conical teeth.25. The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and thetough of the riverbed.26. The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing,preservation and reproducing sound.27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped bycommercial systems, governmental actions, and cultural traditions.28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to makesolutions that readily transmits electricity.29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they couldexploit metallic mineral deposits was an important milestone in thedevelopment civilization.30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler a Republican, became the first member of her party toserving as president of the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.31. General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves acomplete loss of consciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.32. After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard,European settlers in North America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24kilometers per hour to catch lizards and small rodents.34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, thepresence of the thymus gland is essentially.35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned withthe environmental causes of ill and how to eliminate them.36.By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from thecountryside, had caused New York City’s population to swell.37.By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we findevidence that those languages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions ofall of the bright stars and many of the faint one.39.In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as theComanche, lived a nomadic existence hunting buffalo.40. The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sealevel.2000年08月语法题1. 1.The gray scale, a progressive series of shades ranging from black to white, is used incomputer graphics _____ detail to graphical images.(A)(A)added(B)(B)to add(C)(C)are added(D)(D)and add答案：B分析：考察点为动词不定式做目的状语。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)2
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）2在TOEFL中：____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，一般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）n）make结构：（讲义31 32）make+obj+宾补obj：n/代词宾补：n./adj.1） make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长)2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)make it unique it:真宾语3）make it possible to do it：形式宾语（讲义 33）that +句子4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补（新题32）o）the more…the more结构标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词the more the +n1 the more the +n22）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。
条件状从主句因此从句不能倒装，而主句（第二个the more）可倒装。
p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构：（讲义 36 37）svo,doing….伴随状语表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing*as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/many / muchq）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）*==等价于定从的省略a door (close to the window) 省略which bea distance (equal to twice)n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语foods (high in fat) √leaves (rich in suger) √n1+which be（比较级+than+n2）相当于从句的省略a temperature (highter than 50C)r）adj最高级的省略结构：（讲义 40 41）the most improtant of all booksthe most elaborate of all birdneststhe+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.)n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时Xa. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof Xthe poor of √s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42 43）She set set-set-setIt cost cost-cost-costIt spread spread-spread-spreadt）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构（讲义 44-46）46条：Automatons programmed… 非谓语，整个句子少谓语lack a. be lack ofvi. be lack invt. Sub+lack+obj*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语？eg：n+called call-called-calledWe called him Bush. 主动，过去式，谓语He was called Bush. 被动，过去分词，谓语…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即是非谓语。
2000年1月5月8月10月TOEFL托福语法题笔记
2000年01月语法题1. Amanda Way’s career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meetingin Indiana, she called for a state woman’s rights convention.(A) begin(B) began(C) have begun(D) to have begun2. The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___(A) a small upright piano(B) how a small upright piano(C) a small upright piano is(D) as a small upright piano3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.(A) writer of eloquent(B) whose eloquent writing(C) an eloquent writer(D) writing eloquent4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater___fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.(A) as long(B) as long as(C) so long(D) so long that5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.(A) while(B) and(C) how(D) because6. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules7. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.(A) All of(B) Of every(C) All(D) Every8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.(A) creeping colonies(B) which colonies creep(C) creeping colonies are(D) colonies creep9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women’s rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970’s,____(A) of five winning them(B) five winning of them(C) of them five winning(D) winning five of them10. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for an organism’s survival.(A) to which directs(B) of which directs it(C) directs it(D) that directs11. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.(A) The extension of(B) The extension(C) Extending(D) Extends12.The chief sources of B12,a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body, include meat, milk and eggs.(A) is not(B) that is not(C) not that is(D) that not13. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history14.The primary source of energy for tropical cyclones is the latent heat released when ____(A) does water vapor condense(B) condensed water vapor(C) water vapor condenses(D) the condensation of water vapor15. Maufacturing is Canada’s most important economic activity, ____17 percent of the workforce.(A) engages(B) and to engage(C) that it engage(D) engaging16. The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies.17. Wood from the ash tree becomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam.18. The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the rest of the animalworld.19. In plane geometry, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle has always equal to 180degrees.20. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive animals tomaintain their balance as they walk.21. Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, byvolcanic activity, and by earthquakes.22. Celery, an edible plant is having long stalks topped with feathery leaves, grows best in coolweather.23. The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame was WashingtonIrving, who wrote many stories, included“ Rip Van Winkle” and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.24. Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature trees, the useof proper harvesting methods, and provide for anenvironment that supports reproduction.25. For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum efficiency isachieved.26. Adolescence is a transitional stage in human development from the beginning of puberty tothe attainment of the emotion, social, and physical maturity ofadulthood.27. The people native to the northwest coast of North American have long be known for woodcarvings of stunning beauty and extraordinary quality.28. Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestown---- and later attempts near Philadelphiaand Boston---failed despite the abundant of fuel and good rawmaterials.29. The orbit of a celestial body is usually in the shape of ellipse.30. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by NewYork City and San Francisco.31. North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs.32. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers to return to thebeaches where they themselves were hatched.33. Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter:solid, liquid and gas.34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economy of the state of Texashas remained heavily dependence on oil and gas.35. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office was administeredby a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United States Presidents into thegranite cliffs to Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.37.Charles Bullfinch was the architect who design the original red brick core of the State Housein Boston.38.Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on as much aspects of social,economic, and cultural development as the growth ofelectronics.39. Lowell, Massachusetts, known as the “Spindle City” since 1822 when its first textile mills werebuilt, attracted worldwide attention as textile center.40.Strange Victory, Sara Teas dale’s smallest and most perfect collection of poems, appear inprint in 1933.2000年05月语法题1.From 1949 onward, the artist Georgia O’ Keeffe made New Mexico ______.(A) her permanent residence was(B) where her permanent residence(C) permanent residence for her(D) her permanent residence2. Just as remote-controlled satellites can be employed to explore outer space,_______employed to investigate the deep sea.(A) can be robots(B) robots can be(C) can robots(D) can robots that are3. In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speech are located in theleft hemisphere.(A) mostly of(B) most(C) almost the(D) the most of4. Stars shine because of _______ produced by the nuclear reactions taking placewithin them.(A) the amount of light and heat is(B) which the amount of light and heat(C) the amount of light and heat that it is(D) the amount of light and heat5. ________ is not clear to researchers.(A) Why dinosaurs having become extinct(B) Why dinosaurs became extinct(C) Did dinosaurs become extinct(D) Dinosaurs became extinct6.Although many people use the word “milk” to refer cow’s milk, _______ to milkfrom any animal, including human milk and goat’s milk.(A) applying it also(B) applies also(C) it also applies(D) but it also applies7. The first transatlantic telephone cable system was not established _______ 1956.(A) while(B) until(C) on(D) when8. _______ no two people think exactly alike, there will always be disagreement,but disagreement should not always be avoided; it can be healthy if handled creatively.(A) There are(B) Why(C) That(D) Because9.Drinking water ________ excessive amounts of fluorides may leave a stained ormottled effect on the enamel of teeth.(A) containing(B) in which containing(C) contains(D) that containC 同B10. In the 1820’s physical education became_______ of the curriculum of Harvardand Yale Universities.(A) to be part(B) which was part(C) was part(D) partA 不定式不能做表语11. Pewter, _______ for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America, is aboutninety percent tin, which copper or bismuth added for hardness.(A) was widely used(B) widely used it(C) widely used(D) which widely used12.A moth possesses two pairs of wings _____ as single pair and are covered with dustlike scales.(A) function(B) are functioning(C) that function(D) but functions13.Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first,they were ________.(A) often which soap manufacturers sponsored(B) sponsored often soap manufacturers(C) often sponsored by soap manufacturers(D) soap manufacturers often sponsored them14.The Woolworth Building in New York was the highest in America when _______ in1943 and was famous for its use of Gothic decorative detail.(A) built(B) it built(C) was built(D) built it15.Humans, ________, interact through communicative behavior by means of signs orsymbols used conventionally.(A) like other animals(B) how other animals(C) other animals that(D) do other animals16.More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written anddirection by George Lucas.18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate, have ayearly cycle.19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown tothem and from describing distinctive features of individual places.20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act likepeople while retaining its animal traits.21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for theclustering of government buildings was Washington, D.C.22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbedprimarily by water molecules, caused heat to spread through the food.23.The cultures early of the genus Homo were generally distinguished byregular use of stone tools and by a hunting and gathering economy.24. Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlikeporpoises have well defined, beaklike snouts and conical teeth.25. The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and thetough of the riverbed.26. The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing,preservation and reproducing sound.27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped bycommercial systems, governmental actions, and cultural traditions.28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to makesolutions that readily transmits electricity.29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they couldexploit metallic mineral deposits was an important milestone in thedevelopment civilization.30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler a Republican, became the first member of her party toserving as president of the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.31. General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves acomplete loss of consciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.32. After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard,European settlers in North America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24kilometers per hour to catch lizards and small rodents.34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, thepresence of the thymus gland is essentially.35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned withthe environmental causes of ill and how to eliminate them.36.By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from thecountryside, had caused New York City’s population to swell.37.By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we findevidence that those languages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions ofall of the bright stars and many of the faint one.39.In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as theComanche, lived a nomadic existence hunting buffalo.40. The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sealevel.2000年08月语法题1. 1.The gray scale, a progressive series of shades ranging from black to white, is used incomputer graphics _____ detail to graphical images.(A)(A)added(B)(B)to add(C)(C)are added(D)(D)and add答案：B分析：考察点为动词不定式做目的状语。
2000-05语法笔记
2000年05月语法题1.From 1949 onward, the artist Georgia O' Keeffe made New Mexico ______.(A) her permanent residence was(B) where her permanent residence(C) permanent residence for her(D) her permanent residence答案：D分析：make后面接双宾语.A 主谓结构B 错误用法C 这种用法的意思是“使存在”，如made problems for himD 这种用法的意思是“当做，当成使具有一种特定的功能或成为某个角色”，如made her treasurer; made Chicago his home翻译参考：从1949年开始，艺术家GOK把纽约当作她的永久住处。
2. Just as remote-controlled satellites can be employed to explore outer space, _______employed to investigate the deep sea.(A) can be robots(B) robots can be(C) can robots(D) can robots that are答案：B分析：逗号前是状语从句，主句缺主语。
同时因为没什么词引起倒装，所以句子用正常的顺序。
A 倒装B 正确答案C 倒装且缺少谓语D 倒装+定于从句翻译参考：正像遥控卫星可以用来探测外太空一样，机器人也能被用来探测深海的情况。
3. In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speech are located in the left hemisphere.(A) mostly of(B) most(C) almost the(D) the most of答案：B分析：most后面加名词。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)3(3)
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）3(3)3．常考的不规则单复数：（讲义P10 3 4）*tooth划线，这个答案一定错。
foot-foot 单复数一样：步兵horse-horse:单复数一样：骑兵4．常考的单复数同形的名词：（讲义P11 4）：*a mean这答案一定错。
5．单复数名词意义有差异：mean：中庸，均值-means：方法，手段，财富water：水-waters：水域（water加s一定不错）part：部分-parts：部分，才能other part:其他部分，以免歧义。
good：好-goods：货物force：；力，力量-forces：武装部队custom：风俗习惯-customs风俗习惯，海关spectacle：光景-spectacles：眼镜arm：手臂-arms：武器6．既可数又不可数的名词：（讲义P21 91.1.21.n.c.&u.）rock：大块岩石，可数；小的岩石，不可数suger：方糖，可数；沙糖，不可数area：面积，不可数；地区、区域，可数collection：由同种物品构成，不可数；由不同种物品构成，可数eg: his art collection /Λ / his three collections of shortstories /c/time：时间，不可数；此数、倍数，可数*当不可数表示种类的时候，就是可数的。
可数/不可数的区别：有无可数的概念，抽象（不可数）还是具体（可数）advertising /Λ /advertisement /c/the meaning of life /Λ?/ 生命的意义their lives /c/ 他们的生命二、冠词（讲义P1 12-23）A、不定冠词（a与an划线80%错）1． a与an的混用：（讲义12）发音而非字母a university a unit a unique an undergradute an understanding an atom an emotion an electrical lamp an hour an honest boy an herba yawn2． a与pl.n.的连用出题方式：a/an+adj+pl.nan outstanding boys X an outstanding boy √【。
2000年5月 托福听力文字
蓝色字为注释，红色字为尚待校正部分。
00年5月托福听力文字Part A1. W: I'm not going swimming in the lake unless it warms up outside today.M: Me neither. Unfortunately I think it's supposed to stay this cold all day.Q: What can be inferred about the speakers?2. M: that sweater is so unusual, and yet it looks familiar. Did I just see you wearingit yesterday?W: Well, not me. but...see, it belongs to my roommate Jill, and she is in your chemistry class.Q: What does the woman imply?3. W: This toothache is killing me! I was hoping it would just go away but it's gettingworse by the minute. What did you say the name of your dentist was?M: I told you last week to make that appointment.Q: what does the man imply?4. M: You wanna go to a lecture tonight over in the science auditorium? It's some guywho spent a year living in Antarctica.W: No kidding! I'm doing a report on Antarctica for my geography class. Maybe I could get some good information to add to it.Q: What does the woman mean?5. W: I'd really like to learn how to play chess, but it looks so complicated. It seemslike it will take a really long time to learn.M: Well, it takes a long time to get good at it. But we can go over the basics the afternoon if you want.Q: What does the man imply?6. M: Do you think u can lend me that novel when you are finished with it? I've beenlooking all over for a copy, but apparently it sold out at all the bookstores.W: Oh, it's not mine. It belongs to Alive. But, I'll see what she says.Q: what will the woman probably do?7. W: Hum...are you going to try some of this chocolate pudding? It's incredible.M: Well, to be honest with you, I've never been a big fan of chocolate.Q: What does the man imply?8. W: Why don't we go catch the new Italian film at the Pine Street cinema?M: That's a little out of the way,don't u think? It's playing just up the street of the Growth(影院名)too, you know.Q: What does the man suggest they do?9. W: Hi, I know Doctor Wilson's out of town at a conference, but I waswondering...um...since she won't be back till next week, if u...if u could check in your computer records, and find out how I did on her mid-term exam?M: I'm sorry, miss. But I'm not authorized to give out that kind of information.Q: What does the man mean?10. M: You wouldn't believe the line at the auto inspection center. I waited more thantwo hours to get through it.W: That's what u should get for waiting until the last day of the month.Q: What does the woman imply?11. W: You know, I'll be conducting my psychololgy experiment this Sat. And I'm goingto have my hands full. So, I was wondering if you could help me. Maybe you could register the subjects and ask them a few questions as they come in.M: I've got some work of my own to do. But I guess I can make sometime. Just let me know what I'm supposed to do.Q: What does the man mean?12. W: Did you ever get around to cashing that refund check from the bookstore?M: oh, gosh! You know what, I must've misplaced that in my desk somewhere. But thanks for reminding me. My funds are running low, so I'd better find it soon.Q: What will the man probably do?13. W: It sounds like Kare isn't happy at all with her new roommate. Did she say why?M: Believe me, I tried to find out. But I simply couldn't pin her down.（迫使明确表态）Q: What does the man mean?14. W: Oh, Professor Jackson, I was wondering...but uh...well, if uh...if I had a chanceyet to uh...look at my thesis proposal?M: Well, I know you gave it to me over a week ago, but to be honest, I have been swamped with（忙于）other things.Q: What does the professor imply?15. W: that's a shame about your car. Talk about bad timing（真不是时候）!M: yeah. And just a few months ago I put 400 dollars into it and I hoped it would make it through another year.Q: What can be inferred about the man's car?16. M: This stew is delicious. I'd love to be able to make it myselfW: Why not? You can get all the ingredients at any supermarket. Here, let me geta pencil and paper.Q: what will the woman probably do next?17. W: so how was the drama club's new production last night? Did I miss out on anythinggood?M: Hardly, I kept looking at my watch the whole time.Q: what does the man mean?18. W: I see you haven't gotten that program to run on your computer yet. Want me goover the instruction manual with you?M: That would be great. You need a Ph.D. to understand it.Q: What can be inferred about the man?19. W: How do I get one of those green buckets（桶）everyone here puts out of the curb(路边) for paper recycling?M: Oh, just call up the sanitation department, they'll deliver a bucket at no charge.Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?20. M: There's nothing I like better to get me started in the morning than a big breakfast,eggs, bacon, home-fried potatoes...W: not me! All that fatty food will give me a stomachache. I prefer something light, like fruit or a yogurt.Q: What does the woman mean?21. W: What's the problem, Paul? You really look paniced.M: I am speaking to a group of high school students about engineering this afternoon.But I have no idea how I am going to simplify some of the concepts for them.Q: What can be infered about the man?22. W: Well, I am never doing this again! Seven courses in one semester is just toomuch. I don't have a minute to myself!M: well I hate to say this, but ...I told you so.Q: What does the man mean?23. W: Do you think we can use your pickup truck （敞棚小型货车）to take the telescopesout to the field again this weekend?M: To be honest, I've got a lot of dents（凹痕）in my truck from the last field trip. Maybe someone else can help out this time.Q: What does the man imply?24. M: Do you think Dr. Luby will lead a theater trip to Broadway in New York City againthis year?W: I don't think so. I know so, and I've already signed up for it(我想这次不会是百老汇。
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2000年5月TOEFL语法笔记编委：Maya审委：Xaosduck1、From 1949 onward, the artist Georgia O’ Keeffe made New Mexico ______.(A) her permanent residence was(B) where her permanent residence(C) permanent residence for her(D) her permanent residenceKey：D分析：考点是make 句型。
因为make后面可以接双宾语，所以D。
参考译文：从1949年开始,艺术家GOK把纽约当作她的永久居住地.2、Just as remote-controlled satellites can be employed to explore outer space, _______employed to investigate the deep sea.（A）an be robots（B）obots can be（C）an robots（D）an robots that arekey：B分析：考点是主谓结构。
本题因为没什么词引起倒装，所以句子用正常的顺序.(A) (C)都没有谓语。
(D) 是从句，放在者让主句没有了谓语，违反了谓语单一原则。
参考译文：正因为远程控制卫星能够被用来探测外太空,所以机器人也能被用来探测深海的情况.3、In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speech are located in the left hemisphere.(A) mostly of(B) most(C) almost the(D) the most ofkey：B分析：考点是定语成分。
无须多说，most后面加名词。
mostly是副词，“最多部分地；主要地”的意思。
1版权所有水妖的岛参考译文：对大多数人来说，大脑中控制说话的那部分区域位于大脑的左半球。
4、Stars shine because of _______ produced by the nuclear reactions taking place within them.(A) the amount of light and heat is(B) which the amount of light and heat(C) the amount of light and heat that it is(D)he amount of light and heatkey：D分析：考点是宾语成分。
because of 后面只能跟名词或者是名词性的短语作宾语，不能跟从句。
because 后面才能接从句。
参考译文：星星发光是因为在其内部发生的核反应而产生了足够多的光能和热量5、________ is not clear to researchers.(A) Why dinosaurs having become extinct(B) Why dinosaurs became extinct(C) Did dinosaurs become extinct(D) Dinosaurs became extinctkey：B分析：考点是主谓结构。
句子的结构：谓语是is，is前的空格应该为句子的主语，应填名词或名词性的短语或者是疑问代词引导的从句等等。
参考译文：恐龙为什么会灭绝，研究人员仍然不清楚。
6、Although many people use the word "milk" to refer cow's milk, _______ to milk from any animal, including human milk and goat's milk.(A) applying it also(B) applies also(C) it also applies(D) but it also applieskey：C分析：考点是主谓结构。
Although引导逗号前的分句，则逗号后为主句.空格处缺主句的主语和谓语。
所以C。
注意D错在多了but这个词，因为although和but不能同时出现。
参考译文：尽管很多人用”牛奶”这个词来指代牛的奶，但是这个词仍然能用于其它动物的奶，包括人类和羊的奶汁。
7、The first transatlantic telephone cable system was not established _______ 1956.(A) while(B) until(C) on2版权所有水妖的岛(D) whenkey：B分析：考点是固定句型。
not….until，是”直到…..才”的意思。
参考译文：直到1956年，第一个程控交换系统才被建立。
8、_______ no two people think exactly alike, there will always be disagreement, but disagreement should not always be avoided；It can be healthy if handled creatively.(A) There are(B) Why(C) That(D) Becausekey：D分析：考点是连词用法。
分号前后分别是完整的句子。
前半的主句由where be引导，其中一个分句由but引导，空格处要填的是另一个分句的引导词。
答案D。
根据句意，because 用在句首引导原因状语从句。
参考译文：因为没有两个人的想法是一模一样，所以总有分歧存在。
但是分歧不应该被避免，如果分歧能够被机智地处理的话它们是有益的。
9、Drinking water ________ excessive amounts of fluorides may leave a stained or mottled effect on the enamel of teeth.(A) containing(B) in which containing(C) contains(D)hat containkey：A分析：考点是主谓结构。
句子主语是drinking water，谓语是may leave.主语后的空格应修饰主语。
则只能key：A.若key：C的话则应为drinking water which contains….。
参考译文：喝含有过量氟化物的水会给牙齿的珐琅质留下污点或者是斑点。
10、In the 1820's physical education became_______ of the curriculum of Harvard and Yale Universities.(A) to be part(B) which was part(C) was part(D) partkey：D分析：考点是表语成分。
Become为系动词，直接接表语。
参考译文：在19世纪20年代，物理教学成为哈佛大学和耶鲁大学的课程中的一部分。
3版权所有水妖的岛11、Pewter, _______ for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America, is about ninety percent tin, which copper or bismuth added for hardness.(A) was widely used(B) widely used it(C) widely used(D) which widely usedkey：C分析：考点是状语成分。
句子已完整，主语Pewter后的空格显然应是补充说明它。
答案C。
分词做状语。
其实这是一个省略结构，完整的句子是：which was widely used for……。
参考译文：白镴在美国的殖民地中广泛用于吃和喝的器具，它大约含90%的锡，其它成分则是用于增加硬度的铜或铋。
12、A moth possesses two pairs of wings _____ as single pair and are covered with dustlike scales.（A）function（B）are functioning（C）that function（D）but functionskey：C分析：考点是定语从句。
宾语wings后的空格显然是修饰说明它的。
答案C。
作为定语从句来修饰wings.参考译文：一只蛾拥有两对翅膀它们的作用是可当作一对单独的翅膀,而且它们是被象尘状的鳞片所覆盖。
13、Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first, they were ________.(A) often which soap manufacturers sponsored(B) sponsored often soap manufacturers(C) often sponsored by soap manufacturers(D) soap manufacturers often sponsored themkey：C分析：考点是语序。
because引导原因状语从句，从句中主语为they，分析句子结构可知空格处为从句的谓语。
参考译文：肥皂剧是电视连续剧的一种形式，它有如此的称谓是因为最初，连续剧是被肥皂生产商赞助的。
14、The Woolworth Building in New York was the highest in America when _______ in 1943 and was famous for its use of Gothic decorative detail.(A) built(B) it built4版权所有水妖的岛(C) was built(D) built itkey：A分析：考点是状语从句省略结构。
when引导时间状语从句，完整的句子应为when it was built. it was可省略。
参考译文：纽约的Woolworth大厦在1913年建成后在全美是最高的，它以使用哥特式装饰材料而闻名于世。
15、Humans, ________, interact through communicative behavior by means of signs or symbols used conventionally.(A) like other animals(B) how other animals(C) other animals that(D) do other animalskey：A分析：考点是插入语。