专业英语名词解释
会计专业英语名词解释
会计专业英语名词解释Chapter 11. Accounting: Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, recording, andcommunicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information.2. Accrual basis accounting: Accrual basis accounting refers to an accounting methodthat records financial events based on economic activity rather than financial activity.Under accrual accounting, revenue is recorded when it is earned and realized, regardless of when actual payment is received. Similarly, expenses are matched with revenue regardless of when they are actually paid.3. Balance sheet: Balance sheet is the financial statement showing the financial positionof an entity by summarizing its assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at one sp ecific date.4. Business entity: Business entity refers to an economic unit that controls resources,incurs obligations, and engages in business activities.5. CAS: Chinese Accounting Standards refer to the accounting concepts, measurementtechniques, and standards of presentation used in financial statements made by the PRC Financial Apartment.6. Cash basis accounting: Cash basis accounting is a method of bookkeeping thatrecords financial events based on cash flows and cash position. Revenue is recognized when cash is received and expense is recognized when cash is paid out.7. Conservatism: Conservatism states that when alternative accounting valuations areequally possible, the accountant should select the one that is least likely to overstate assets and income in the current period.8. Consistency: Consistency means that a company uses the same accountingprinciples and methods from year to year.9. Continuity: Continuity refers to an accounting assumption, also known as thegoing-concern assumption, that the company will continue to operate in the near future, unless substantial evidence to the contrary exists.10. Corporation: Corporation is a business organized as a separate legal entity understate corporation law and having ownership divided into transferable shares of stock.11. Cost principle: Cost principle is a widely used principle of accounting for assets at theiroriginal cost to the current owner.12. Financial accounting: Financial accounting refers to the development and use ofaccounting information describing the financial position of an entity and the results of its operations.13. Financial position: Financial position refers to the financial resources and obligationsof an organization, as described in a balance sheet.14. Financial reporting: Financial reporting refers to the process of periodically providing“general-purpose”financial information (such as financial statements) to persons outside the business organization.15. Financial statements: Financial statements refer to the four related accounting reportsthe summarize the current financial position of an entity and the results of its operations for the preceding year ( or other time period).16. Full disclosure principle: Full disclosure principle requires that circumstances andevents that make a difference to financial statement users be disclosed.17. Going-concern assumption: Go-concern assumption is an assumption by accountantsthat a business will operate indefinitely unless specific evidence to the contrary, such as impending bankruptcy, exists.18. Historical cost: The historical cost of an asset is the exchange price in the transactionin which the asset was acquired.19. Matching principle: Matching principle is an accounting principle that dictates thatexpenses be matched with revenue in the period in which efforts are made to generate revenue.20. Materiality: Materiality refers to the magnitude of an omission or misstatement ofaccounting information that, considering the circumstances, makes it likely that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been influenced by the omission or misstatement.21. Market value: Market value is the estimated amount for which a property shouldexchange on the date of valuation between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an arm’s-length transaction after proper marketing wherein the parties had each acted knowledgeably, prudently, and without compulsion,22. Net realizable value: The net realizable value of an asset is the amount of cash (or theequivalent) that could be obtained on the date of the balance sheet by selling the asset in its present condition, in an orderly liquidation.23. Income statement: Income statement is a financial statement indicating theprofitability of a business over a preceding time period.24. Partnership: Partnership is a business owned by two or more persons associated aspartners.25. Present value: The present value of an asset is the net amount of discounted futurecash inflows less the discounted future cash outflows relating to the asset.26. Proprietorship: Partnership is a business owned by one person.27. Relevance: Accounting information is relevant if it can make a difference in a decisionby helping users predict the outcomes of past, present, and future events or confirm or correct prior expectations. To be relevant, accounting information should have either predictive or feedback value, or both. In addition, it should be timely,28. Reliability: Reliable information is reasonably free from error and bias, and faithfullyrepresents what it is intended to represent. That is, to be reliable, information should be verifiable, neutral, and possess representational faithfulness,29. Revenue recognition principle: An accounting principle that dictates that revenue berecognized in the accounting period in which it is earned.30. Statement of cash flow: A financial statement summarizing the cash receipts and cashpayments of the business over the same time period covered by the income statement.31. Statement of owner’s equity: A financial statement explaining certain changes in theamount of the owner’s equity (investment) in the business.1. Asset: Assets mean the entire property of a person, association, corporation, or estateapplicable or subject to the payment of debts.2. Operating cycle: The operating cycle is the time span from when cash is used toacquire goods and service and until cash is received from the sale of goods and service.3. Cash: cash refers to an exchange medium launched into circulation which is availablefor any ordinary use and can be used to purchase goods or services or repay debts.4. Cash equivalents: Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments or otherassets that readily convertible to cash and sufficiently close to their due date.5. Internal control: Internal control means all policies and procedures used to protectassets, ensure reliable accounting, promote efficient operations, and urge adherence to company policies.Chapter 31. Receivables: Receivables refer to the monetary claims against business, individualsand other debtors.2. Accounts receivable: Accounts receivables are amounts due from customers for creditsales. This section begins by describing how accounts receivables occur. It includes receivables that occur when customers use credit cards issued by third parties and when a company gives credit directly to customers.3. Installment accounts receivables: Installment accounts receivables are amounts overan extended time period.4. Commercial discounts: Commercial discounts refer to a certain sum of moneydeducted from listed prices.5. Cash discounts: Cash discounts refer to a deduction from gross invoice price, whichare an inducement offered to the buyer to encourage the payments of goods within a specific period of time.6. The percentage-of-sale method: The percentage-of-sale method estimates somepercentage of credit sales would turn out to be uncollectible, in which the percentage of bad debts to credit sales should be properly estimated with the past experience. 7. The percentage-of-receivable method: The percentage-of-receivable methodestimates the uncollectible with a percentage of the ending balance of accounts receivables rather than credit sales.8. The aging method: The aging method analyzes the age structure of the accountbalance. In this method, an aging schedule is prepared, classifying the length of time that has passes since the sale that gave rise to them.9. The allowance method: The allowance method is the most usual way that companiesuse to record uncollectible accounts. In calculating uncollectible accounts, an account allowances for uncollectible receivable is set up.10. Promissory note: A promissory note is a written promise to pay a certain sum ofmoney on demand or at a fixed and determinable future time, generally over 30 or 60 days.1. Inventory: Inventory is the total amount if goods and/or materials contained in a storeor factory at any given.2. Product costs: Product costs are those costs that “attach”to the inventory. Suchcharges include freight charges on goods purchased, other direct costs of acquisition, and labor and other production costs incurred in processing the goods up to the time of sale.3. The perpetual inventory system: The perpetual inventory system requires thatseparate inventory ledger be maintained for each goods.4. The periodic inventory system: The periodic inventory system requires a companydetermines the quantity of inventory on hand only periodically, under which the cost of ending inventory is subtracted from the cost of goods available for sale, then the cost of goods sold are determined.5. The specific identification method: The specific identification method can be usedwhen units in the ending inventory can be identified as coming from specific purchases.6. The weighted average cost method: The weighted average cost method assumes thatthe goods available for sale have the same cost per unit. Under this method, the cost of goods available for sale is allocated on the basis of the weighted-average unit c0st.7. The first-in, first-out (FIFO) method: The first-in, first-out (FIFO) method is base on theassumption that the costs of the first items acquired should be assigned to the first item sold.Chapter 51. Accelerated depreciation: Accelerated depreciation is a method of depreciation thatcall for recognition of relatively large amounts if depreciation in the early years of an asset’s useful life and relatively small amounts in the later years.2. Depreciable value: Depreciable value is the amount of the acquisition cost to beallocated as depreciation over the total useful life of an asset. It is the difference between the total acquisition cost and the estimated residual value.3. Depreciation: Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of an asset toexpress over the years of its estimated useful life.4. Fair market value: Fair market value is the value of an asset based on the price forwhich a company could sell the asset to an independent third party.5. Impairment: Impairment is a change in economic conditions which reduces theeconomic usefulness of an asset.6. Residual value: Residual value is the amount a company expects to receive fromdisposal of an asset at the end of its useful life.7. Useful life: Useful life refers to the shorter of the physical life or the economic life of anasset.1. Amortization: The systematic write-off to expense of the cost of an intangible assetover the period of its economic usefulness.2. Copyright: A grant by the state government covering the right to publish, sell, orotherwise control literary or artistic products for the life of the author plus 50 years. 3. Franchises: Agreements entered into by two parties in which, for a fee, one party (thefranchisor) gives the other party (the franchisee) rights to perform certain functions or sell certain products or services.4. Goodwill: The present value of expected future earnings of a business in excess of theearnings normally realized in the industry.5. Identifiable intangible asset: Intangibles that can be purchased or sold separately fromthe other assets of the company.6. Intangible assets: Those assets which are used in the operation of a business butwhich have no physical substance and are not current.7. Leases (or leaseholds): Intangible assets because a right to use the property is heldby the lessee.8. Patent: An exclusive right granted by the state government giving the owner control ofthe manufacturing, sale, or other use of an invention for a period of years from the date of filling.9. Research and development costs: Expenditures that may lead to patent, copy rights,new processes and new products.10. Trademarks: Distinctive identifications of a manufactured product or of a service,taking the form of a name, a sign, a slogan, a logo, or an emblem.Chapter 71. Available-for-sale securities: Securities that may be sold in the future.2. Consolidated financial statements: Financial statements that present the assets andliabilities controlled by the parent company and the aggregate profitability of the affiliated companies.3. Cost method: An accounting method in which the investment in common stock isrecorded at cost and revenue is recognized only when cash dividends are received.4. Debt investments: Investments in government and corporation bonds.5. Equity method: An accounting method in which the investment in common stock isinitially recorded at cost and the investment account is then adjusted annually to show the investor’s equity in the investee.6. Fair value: Amount for which a security could be sold in a normal market.7. Held-to-maturity securities: Debt securities that investor has the intent and ability tohold to maturity.8. Investment portfolio: A group of stocks in different corporations held for investmentpurposes.9. Long-term investments: Investments that are not readily marketable and thatmanagement does not intend to convert into cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer.10. Parent company: A company that owns more than 50% of the common stock ofanother entity.11. Short-term investments: Investments that are readily marketable and intend to convertinto cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer.12. Stock investments: Investments in the capital stock of corporations.13. Subsidiary (affiliated) company: A company in which more than 50% of its stock isowned by another company.14. Trading securities: Securities bought and held primarily for sale in the near term togenerate income on short-term price differences.Chapter 81. Amortization table: A schedule that indicates how installment payments are allocatedbetween interest expense and repayments of principal.2. Capital lease: A lease contract which, in essence, finances the eventual purchase bythe lessee of leased property. The lessor accounts for a capital lease as a sale of property; the lessee records an asset and a liability equal to the present value of the future lease payments. A capital lease is also called a financing lease.3. Commercial paper: Very short-term notes payable issued by financially strongcorporations. They are highly liquid from the investor’s point of view.4. Commitments: Contracts for the future transactions.5. Contra-liability account: A ledger account which is deducted from or offset against arelated liability account in the balance sheet; for example, Discount on Notes Payable.6. Convertible bond: One which may be changed at the option of the bondholder for aspecific number of shares of common stock.7. Deferred income taxes: Income taxes upon income which already has been reportedfor financial reporting purposes, but which will not be reported in income tax returns until future periods.8. Discount on notes payable: A contra-liability account representing any interestcharges applicable to future periods included in the face amount of a note payable.Over the life of the note, the balance of the Discount on Notes Payable account is amortized into Interest Expense.9. Deducted bond: Debenture bonds refer to an unsecured bond.10. Estimated liabilities: Liabilities which appear in financial statements at estimatedamounts.11. Long-term liabilities: Obligations that are not due for at least a year.12. Loss contingency: A possible loss, or expense, stemming from past events, that willbe resolved as to existence and amount by some future event.13. Mortgage bonds: Bonds secured by the pledge of specific assets.14. Operating lease: A lease contract which is in essence a rental agreement. The lesseehas the use of the leased property, but the lessor retains the usual risks and rewards of ownership. The periodic lease payments are accounted for as rent expense by the lessee and as rental revenue by the lessor.Chapter 91. Income: Income is defined as increases in economic benefits during the reportingperiod in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants. Income encompasses both revenue and gains.2. Revenue: Revenue is income that arises in the course of ordinary activities of anentity and is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends and royalties.3. Gains: Gains represent other items that meet the definition of income and may, or maynot arise in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity.4. Accrued revenue: Accrued revenue is the revenue that has been earned but not yetcollected.5. Trade discounts: Trade discounts depend on the volume of the business or size oforder from the customer.6. Cash discounts: Cash discounts are offered to customers by some companies toencourage prompt payment of bills.7. Expenses: Expenses are outflows or using up of assets as part of operations of abusiness to generate sales.8. Employee expenses: Employee expenses are the entitlements which employeesaccumulate as a result of rendering their services to an employer.9. Depreciation (amortization): Depreciation is a periodic expense of operations and isassociated with the consumption or loss of service potential of non-current assets. 10. Bad (doubtful) debts expense: Bad debts expense is, in effect, a reduction of the“receivables” asset.11. Income taxes expense: Income taxes expense is the expense recognized in theaccounting records on an accrual basis that applies to income from continuing operations.12. Profit: Profit is the ultimate result of various operating activities of the enterprise in areporting period.13. Accounting policies: Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases,conventions, rules and practices adopted by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements.14. Applicable profit: Applicable profit is assets that can be distributed to all kinds ofbeneficiaries.Chapter 101. Owner’s equity: Owner’s equity refers to the sources invested by owners or formed inthe course of the production and operation or other sourced shared by owners.2. Par value: The par value is an arbitrary dollar amount assigned to each share.3. Treasury stock: Treasury stock may be defined as shares of a corporation’s owncapital stock that have been issued and later reacquired by the issuing company but that have not been canceled or permanently retired.4. Capital reserve: Capital reserve refers to the capital which isn’t viewed as the paid-incapital or capital stock.5. Undistributed profit: Undistributed profit is the profit that is not distributed toshareholders but retained to the later years.Journal entries1. A company had the following transactions during January: Using the net method ofrecording purchases, prepare the journal entries to record these January transactions.Jan.2 Purchased merchandise, invoice price of $20 000, with terms 2/10, n/30.4 Received a credit memorandum for $4 000, the invoice price on merchandisereturned from the purchase of January 2.12 Purchased merchandise, invoice price of $15 000, with terms 3/15, n/30.26 Paid for the merchandise purchased on January 12.30 paid for the merchandise purchased on January 2.Answer:Jan.2 Merchandise …………………………………………………….19 600Accounts payable………………………………………………………19 6004 Accounts payable…………………………………………………3 920Merchandise………………………………………………………………3 92012 Merchandise……………………………………………………..14 550Accounts payable………………………………………………………14 55026 Accounts payable………………………………………………..14 550Cash……………………………………………………………………..14 55030 Accounts payable………………………………………………..15 680Expense (400)Cash………………………………………………………………………16 0802. The following series of transactions occurred during 2010 and 2011, when LinwoodCo. sold merchandise to John Moore. Linwood’s annual accounting period ends on December 31.10/01/2010 Sold $12 000 of merchandise to John Moore, terms 2/10, n/3011/15/2010 Moore reports that he cannot pay the account until the early next year. He agrees to exchange the account for a 120-day, 12% note receivable.12/31/2010 Prepared the adjusting journal entry to record accrued interest on the note.03/15/2011 Linwood receives a check from Moore for the maturity value (with interest) of the note.03/22/2011 Linwood receives notification that Moore’s check is being returned for nonsufficient funds (NSF).12/31/2011 Linwood writes off Moore’s account as uncollectible.Prepared Linwood Co.‘s journal entries to record the above transactions.The company uses the allowance method to account for its bad debt expenses.Answer:Oct.1, 2010 Accounts receivable—Moore……………………………..12 000Sales……………………………………………………………..12 000 Nov.15, 2010 Notes receivable……………………………………………12 000Accounts receivable—Moore........................................12 000 Dec.31,2010 Interest receivable (184)Interest revenue (184)($12 000 x 0.12 x 46/360 = $184)Mar.15, 2011 Cash…………………………………………………………..12 480Notes receivable………………………………………………...12 000Interest receivable (184)Interest earned (296)($12 000 x 0.12 x 74/360 = $296)Mar.22, 2011 Accounts receivable—Moore……………………………….12 480Cash…………………………………………………………….12 480 Dec.31, 2011 Allowance for doubtful accounts……………………………12 480Accounts receivable—Moore…………………………………12 4803. (a) A company purchased a patent on January 1, 2006, for $2 500 000. The patent’slegal life is 20 years but the company estimates that the patent’s useful life will only be5 years from the date of acquisition. On June 30, 2006, the company paid legal costsof $162 000 in successfully defending the patent in an infringement suit. Prepare the journal entry to amortize the patent at year end on December 31, 2006.(b) Suxia Company purchased a franchise from Yanyan Food Company for $400 000on January 1, 2006. The franchise is for an indefinite time period and gives Suxia Company the exclusive rights to sell Yanyan Wings in a particular territory. Prepare the journal entry to record the acquisition of the franchise and any necessary adjusting entry at year end on December 31, 2006.(c) Chenghe Company incurred research and development costs of $500 000 in 2006in developing a new product. Prepare the necessary journal entries during 2006 to record these events and any adjustments at year end on December 31, 2006.Answer:JOURNAL ENTRIES(a) December 31, 20×6Amortization Expense …………………………………………..518 000Patent………………………………………………………………… 518 000 (To record patent amortization.)$2 500 000 ÷ 5 years ……………………..$500 000$162 000 ÷ 54 months = …………………….$3 000$3 000×6……………………………………. $18 000$518 000(b) January 1, 20×6Franchise ………………………………………………………..400 000Cash………………………………………………………………. 400 000(To record acquisition of T astee Food franchise.)December 31, 20×6No amortization of the franchise is required since its life is indefinite.(c) 20×6Research and Development Expense……………………….. 500 000Cash………………………………………………………………. 500 000 (To record research and development expense for the Current year.)December 31—no entry.4. Suxia Company had the following transactions pertaining to short-term investments inequity securities.Jan.1 Purchased 900 shares of Chenghe Company stock for $9 450 cash plus brokerage fees of $ 270June.1 Received cash dividends of $0.50 per share on Chenghe Company stock.Sept.15 Sold 400 shares of Chenghe Company stock for $ 4 300 less brokerage fees of $100Dec.1 Received cash dividends of $0.50 per share on Chenghe Company stock.(a) Journalize the transactions.(b) Indicate the income statement effects of the transactions.Answer:(a) Jan. 1 Stock Investments……………………………………….. 9 720Cash..................................................................... 9 720 June 1 Cash (900 × $0.50) .. (450)Dividend Revenue (450)Sept. 15 Cash ($4 300 – $100)…………………………………. 4 200Loss on Sale of Stock Investments (120)Stock Investments (400 × ($9 720 ÷ 900)) ......................4 320 Dec. 1 Cash (500 × $0.50). (250)Dividend Revenue (250)(b) Dividend Revenue is reported under Other Revenues and Gains on theincome statement. Loss on Sale of Stock Investments is reported under Other Expenses and Losses on the income statement.5. Presented below are the three independent situations:(a) Henry Corporation purchased $ 400 000 of its bonds on June 30, 2005 at 102 andimmediately retired them. The carrying value of the bonds on the retirement date was $ 367 200. The bonds pay semiannual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2005 has been made and recorded.(b) Rose, Inc., purchased $600 000 of its bonds at 96 on June 30, 2005 andimmediately retired them. The carrying value of the bonds on the retirement date was $ 590 000. The bonds pay semiannual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2005 has been made and recorded.(c) Sealy Company has $200 000, 10%, 12-year convertible bonds outstanding.These bonds were sold at face value and pay semiannual interest on June 30 and December 31 of each year. The bonds are convertible into 80 shares of Sealy $ 5 par value common stock for each $ 1 000 par value bond. On December 31, 2005 after the bond interest has been paid, $ 50 000 par value of bonds were converted.The market value of Sealy’s common stock was $ 48 per share on December 31, 2005.Instruction: For each of the independent situations, prepare the journal entry to record the retirement or conversion of the bonds.Answer:(a) June 30 Bonds Payable……………………………………………. 400 000Loss on Bond Redemption……………………………….. 40 800Discount on Bonds Payable ………………………………………...32 800Cash …………………………………………………………………408 000($400 000 – $367 200 = $32 800)($400 000 × 102% = $408 000)(b) June 30 Bonds Payable……………………………………………. 600 000Discount on Bonds Payable………………………………………... 10 000Gain on Bond Redemption ………………………………………….14 000Cash………………………………………………………………… 576 000($600 000 – $590 000 =$10 000)($600 000 × 96% =$576 000)(c) Dec. 31 Bonds Payable………………………………………………. 50 000Common Stock…………………………………………………….. 20 000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par …………………………………..30 000($5 × 80 × 50 =$20 000)6. Maia’s Bike Shop uses the perpetual inventory system and had the followingtransactions during the month of May:May 3 Sold merchandise to a customer on credit for $ 600, terms 2/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise sold was $ 350.May 4 Sold merchandise to a customer for cash of $ 425. The cost of themerchandise was $ 250.May 6 Sold merchandise to a customer on credit for $ 1 300, terms 2/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise sold was $ 750.May 8 The customer from May 3 returned merchandise with a selling price of $ 100.The cost of the merchandise returned was $ 55.May 15 The customer from May 6 paid the full amount due, less any appropriate discounts earned.May 31 The customer from May 3 paid the full amount due, less any appropriate discounts earned.Prepare the required journal entries that Maia’s Bike Shop must make to record these transactions.。
英语语言学名词解释
1.Synchronic The study of language at some point in timeDiachronic The study of language as it changes through time2 .Langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speakerParole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguisticsplementary distribution（互补分布）is the relationship between two different elements, where one element is found in a particular environment and the other element is found in the opposite environment. It often indicates that two superficially different elements are in fact the same linguistic unit at a deeper level.4.Locutionary act means that when we speak, we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds with a certain meaning. Illocutionary act is using a sentence to perform a function. Perlocutionary act is the results or effects that are produced by meanings of saying something.5.Semantic broadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one.6.A lingua franca(通用语) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues7. Grammatical marker in linguistics, a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word, phrase, or sentence.9.Displacement（移位性）means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.1.Prescriptive:lay down rules for correct usage.Descriptive:describe the language actually used by the speaker,being right or wrong.2.Diacritics:the study of a language through the course of its history.3.Bound root: is a root which cannot occur as a separate word apart from any other morpheme.4.Grammatical relations: is a role of a noun phrase or complement clause that determinessyntactic behaviors5.Selectional restriction: A limitation on what words can go with a particular word.6.Speech act theory: A theory of language based on J. L. Austin's How to Do Things with Words(second edition, 1975), the major premise of which is that language is as much, if notmore, a mode of action as it is a means of conveying information.7.Gradable antonymy: A term that denotes one end of a scale while the other term denotes theother end, such as long and short.8.Standard language: is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse.9.Esperant o: is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language10.Equivalence: The relationship between two propositions that are either both true or both false 1.Argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with nominal element in a sentence general linguistics the study of language as a whole3.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4Syntactic category refer to the language law field5. Derivational affix added to an existing form to create a word6.context Generally speaking is consist of language as a whole7converse antonymy The type of antonymy is typically seen is reciprocal social roles ,kinship relations, temporal and spatial relation,such as teacher-student8 bilingual people develop some ability in a second language9 co-hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.10 the application of linguistics theories and principles to language teaching.especially the teaching of foreign and second language1.Narrow transcription the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription.2.Negative transfer is all called interference, it means that the learners’ mother tongue obstacles their second language’s acquisition, it mainly manifest the differences between the objective language and the native language.3Inflectional affix very often add a minute or delicate grammatical function only to the stem, Inflectional affix do not change the word class of the word they attach to.4 sequential rules（序列规则）the rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.5.polysemy A single word having several or many meanings6.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.plementary antonymy :members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely.such as male, female, present andAbsent.8.diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of history.9.Superordinate the upper term in hyponymy is the class name. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.under flower, for example, there are peony,jasmine, violet, carnation. Hyponyms the lower terms in hyponymy. These members of the same class are co-hyponyms. 10.Hyponymy a relation between two words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word.11..endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or moire of its constituents, i.e, a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center or head.12.The critical period hypothesis there is a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.nguage transfer learner’s use of prior linguistic information (chiefly his mother tongue )or some physically carryover of native language surface to a second language context.14.Creole when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language,it is said to be a creole 15.Dialect it is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regional, social, gender, and age variations.16.Connotation what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.17.Entailment this is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the context.18.Descriptive study if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive. prescriptive study if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be descriptive.19.Grimm’s law Grimm's law named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European(PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages.As it is presently formulated.20.Semantic change: every word has a variety of senses connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings.21.Cooperative principle:It’s proposed and formulated by P.Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.。
英语专业考研名词解释
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. Forinstance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usuallyterse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts ina descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It isa device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.。
英语的知识名词解释
英语的知识名词解释在学习英语的过程中，我们会遇到各种各样的专业术语和知识名词。
这些名词既是学习语言的基础，也是了解语言学的关键。
在本文中，我们将对一些英语知识名词进行解释，希望能够帮助读者更好地理解和掌握英语。
1. 语法（Grammar）语法是语言研究和教育的重要组成部分。
它研究句子的结构、词汇的组织和句子的语义，以及句子的正确构造和使用。
掌握语法可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语。
2. 词法（Lexis）词法是研究词汇的学科。
它包括研究词的形态和词义。
掌握词法知识能够帮助我们理解和使用单词的不同形式和含义，提高我们的词汇量。
3. 发音（Pronunciation）发音是指人们发出语音的方式。
正确的发音能够让我们更好地进行口语交流。
在学习英语的过程中，我们需要学习和练习正确的发音规则和技巧。
4. 阅读（Reading）阅读是指理解和解释书面材料的过程。
通过阅读，我们可以扩大词汇量，提高语言理解能力，并了解不同类型的文章和写作风格。
5. 写作（Writing）写作是指用书面语言表达思想和观点的过程。
通过写作，我们可以提高自己的表达能力，培养逻辑思维和批判性思维。
6. 听力（Listening）听力是指理解并准确地接收口语信息的能力。
提高听力能力可以帮助我们更好地理解和交流，同时也是学习口语和口语考试的重要基础。
7. 口语（Speaking）口语是指用口头语言进行交流的能力。
通过练习口语，我们可以提高对话和演讲能力，增强和他人的交流能力。
8. 词汇量（Vocabulary）词汇量指的是一个人所掌握的词汇数量。
丰富的词汇量可以使我们更好地表达自己的思想和观点，更容易理解和使用英语。
9. 社交语言（Sociolinguistics）社交语言是研究语言和社会之间关系的学科。
它研究不同社会群体之间的语言差异、语言规范和口语交际规则等。
10. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学是研究语言使用和交际意义的学科。
专业英语重点名词解释
一．论商品价格的组成部分⒈如果一种劳动比另一种劳动更为艰苦，对于这种更加艰苦的情况自然要加以考虑。
一小时较为艰苦的劳动产品，经常可以换得两小时不大艰苦的劳动产品。
或者，如果某种劳动需要超出一般的熟练程度或技巧和智能，那么，出于对于这种技能的尊重，对于他们的产品自然要给予较高的即超过他劳动时间所应得的价值。
⒉资本一经在某些人手中的积累，其中有些人自然会为了能从劳动产品的售卖或劳动在原材料增加的价值上得到一种利润，便把资本运动到勤劳的劳动人民上，为他们提供原材料与生活资料，让他们工作。
⒊一种可能的设想是，资本的利润只是为某种特殊劳动支付的工资即付给监督和指挥工人劳动的工资的别名。
然而，利润截然不同与工资，他受完全不同的原则支配，与所谓劳动监督与指挥的劳动数量、强度和智力根本不成比例。
⒋必须注意，价格的三个组成部分的实际价值是由各自所能购买或支配的劳动量来衡量的。
劳动不仅衡量商品价格中工人劳动的那一部分的价值即工资，而且衡量商品中的地租和利润那两个部分的价值。
⒌例如，雇佣织匠的资本必然比雇佣纺匠更大，因为它不仅要复还雇佣纺匠的资本及其利润，而且还要支付织匠的工资，而利润必然总与资本保持某种比例。
⒍单独看来，每一种具体商品价格都可以分解成为三部分中的某一部分或全部，同样，总体来看，构成一国劳动全部年产量的所有的商品的价格也必然分成同样的三部分，作为劳动的工资，资本的利润和土地的地租分配给该国的不同居民。
⒎当这三种不同的收入属于不同的对象时，辨别起来很容易，但当属于同一个人时，却常常混淆不清，至少在普通说法中是这样。
⒏在文明社会，由于交换价值纯由劳动构成的商品极少，大部分商品的交换价值主要来自利润和地租，因此该国劳动的年产物所能购买或者支配的劳动量总是远远超过这些年产物在栽种、制造和运送市场时所使用的劳动量。
二、马尔萨斯人口论⑴我想，迄今为止，还没有哪个国家，至少我还没有听说那个国家风俗如此淳朴，生活资料如此充裕，以致早婚可以不受任何限制，下层阶级可以不用为生活用品的不足而担心，上层阶级也不必为生活水平下降而担心。
环境专业-英语名词解释
①Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地。
②System, a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unitor organic whole. 系统”一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物。
③VSS can be an indicator of the organic content of raw wastes and can alsoprovide a measure of the active microbial population in biological processes.挥发性悬浮固体可作为原废物的有机，并为在生物过程活微生物数量提供一个测量方法④TOC : The total amount of carbon in dissolved and suspended organic matter in water.总有机碳：水体中溶解性和悬浮性有机物含碳的总量。
⑤Coagulation / flocculation : the process of adding soluble salts to the water to make thecolloids and small particles in the water become large particles and settle down.混凝/絮凝法：向水中加入溶解性盐类，使水中的胶体和小颗粒，变成大颗粒沉淀下来的过程。
⑥Pollution: Natural or man-made actions that add a substance to the environment andexceed the environmental self-purification ability to cause harm. “污染”，指自然的或人为的向环境中添加某种物质而超过环境的自净能力而产生危害的行为。
专业英语重点名词解释(精)
一.论商品价格的组成部分⒈如果一种劳动比另一种劳动更为艰苦, 对于这种更加艰苦的情况自然要加以考虑。
一小时较为艰苦的劳动产品, 经常可以换得两小时不大艰苦的劳动产品。
或者, 如果某种劳动需要超出一般的熟练程度或技巧和智能, 那么, 出于对于这种技能的尊重, 对于他们的产品自然要给予较高的即超过他劳动时间所应得的价值。
⒉资本一经在某些人手中的积累, 其中有些人自然会为了能从劳动产品的售卖或劳动在原材料增加的价值上得到一种利润, 便把资本运动到勤劳的劳动人民上, 为他们提供原材料与生活资料,让他们工作。
⒊一种可能的设想是, 资本的利润只是为某种特殊劳动支付的工资即付给监督和指挥工人劳动的工资的别名。
然而, 利润截然不同与工资, 他受完全不同的原则支配, 与所谓劳动监督与指挥的劳动数量、强度和智力根本不成比例。
⒋必须注意,价格的三个组成部分的实际价值是由各自所能购买或支配的劳动量来衡量的。
劳动不仅衡量商品价格中工人劳动的那一部分的价值即工资, 而且衡量商品中的地租和利润那两个部分的价值。
⒌例如, 雇佣织匠的资本必然比雇佣纺匠更大, 因为它不仅要复还雇佣纺匠的资本及其利润,而且还要支付织匠的工资,而利润必然总与资本保持某种比例。
⒍单独看来, 每一种具体商品价格都可以分解成为三部分中的某一部分或全部, 同样, 总体来看, 构成一国劳动全部年产量的所有的商品的价格也必然分成同样的三部分, 作为劳动的工资,资本的利润和土地的地租分配给该国的不同居民。
⒎当这三种不同的收入属于不同的对象时, 辨别起来很容易, 但当属于同一个人时, 却常常混淆不清,至少在普通说法中是这样。
⒏在文明社会, 由于交换价值纯由劳动构成的商品极少, 大部分商品的交换价值主要来自利润和地租, 因此该国劳动的年产物所能购买或者支配的劳动量总是远远超过这些年产物在栽种、制造和运送市场时所使用的劳动量。
二、马尔萨斯人口论⑴我想,迄今为止,还没有哪个国家,至少我还没有听说那个国家风俗如此淳朴,生活资料如此充裕,以致早婚可以不受任何限制,下层阶级可以不用为生活用品的不足而担心,上层阶级也不必为生活水平下降而担心。
英语专业考研英美文学名词解释
英语专业考研英美文学名词解释英美文学名词解释1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.2. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.3. Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americ a’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attemptedto achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.5. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.6. American Realism: in American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7. American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.8. American Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terrors from the romantic literature of Europe. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.9. Analogy: (a figure of speech) A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities between them. Analogies are often used for illustration or for argument.10. Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.11. Antagonist: A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative;a rival of the hero or heroine.12. Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.13. Aphorism: A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.14. Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.15. Argument: A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people’s idea or actions. Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.16. Aside: In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.17. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.18. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the werrors to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.19. Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.20. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.21. Ballad stanza: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.22. Biography: A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person. 23. Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 24. Caesura诗间休止: A break or pause in a line of poetry.25. Canto: A section or division of a long poem.26. Caricature: The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous. A physical characteristic, an eccentricity, a personality trait, or an act may be exaggerated. 27. Character: In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.28. Characterizatiogogoo, the means by which a writer reveals that personality.29. Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.30. Climax: The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotory’s tur ning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.31. Comedy: in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.32. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but itusually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.33. Conflict: A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.34. Connotation: All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse. Connotation is distinct from denotation, which is the literal or “ dictionary” meaning of a word or phrase. 35. Consonance: The repetition of similar consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. 36. Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.37. Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.38. Dactyl扬抑抑: It’s made up of one stressed and two unstressed syllables, with the stressed in front.39. Denotation: The literal or “dictionary” meaning of a word.40. Denouement结局: The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part ofa play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.41. Description: It is a great part of conversation and of almost all writing. It is a part ofautobiography, storytelling. With description, the writer tries terror, feel, and hear by showing rather than by merely telling. It’s through the use of specific details and concrete language that abstract ideas and half-formed thoughts are make vividly real. We have objective and subjective description.42. Diction: A writer’s choice of words, par ticularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision. 43. Dissonance: A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord.44. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.45. Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.46. Emblematic image: A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.47. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known asthe Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.48. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.49. Epigram: A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.50. Epigraph: A quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, short story, or poem that makes some point about the work.51. Epilogue收场白: A short addition or conclusion at the end of aliterary work.52. Epiphany主显节: A moment of illumination, usually occurring at or near the end of a work. 53. Epitaph: An inscription on a gravestone or a short poem written in memory of someone who has died.54. Epithet称号: A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something. 55. Era of Modernism: The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimesdiscarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.56. Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essaymay be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.57. Exemplum说教故事: A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon that illustrates a moral principle.58. Exposition: (1) That part of a narrative or drama in which important background information isrevealed. (2) It is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information. Exposition is one of the major forms of discourse. The most familiar form it takes is in essays. Exposition is also that part of aplay in which important background information is revealed to the audience. 59. Fable: A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrate a moral. 60. Farce: A type of comedy based on a ridiculoussituation, often with stereotyped characters. The humor in a farce is largely slapstick―that is, it often involves crude physical action. The characters in a farce are often the butts of practical jokes.61. Figurative language: Language that is not intended to be interpretedin a literal sense. By appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. Figurative language consists ofsuch figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron矛盾修饰法, personification, simile, and synecdoche.62. Figure of speech: A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures ofspeech―simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy―involve a comparison between unlike things.63. Flashback: A scene in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poemthat interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.64. Foil衬托: A character who sets off another character by contrast.65. Foot: It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.66. Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggestwhat will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for theending of the story.67. Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.68. Hyperbole: A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement,for special effect.69. Iamb抑扬格: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.70. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb―that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.71. Image: We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.72. Imagery: Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader’s mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell, and hearing.73. Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourishedfrom 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leadersof this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.74. Incremental repetition: The repetition of a previous line, or linesbut with a slight variation each time that advances the narrative stanza by stanza. This device is commonly used in ballads. 75. In medias res: Atechnique of plunging into the middle of a story and only later using a flashback to tell what has happened previously. In medias res is Latin for“in the middle of things”. 76. Inversion: The technique of reversing, or inverting, the normal word order of a sentence. Writers may use inversion tocreate a certain tone or to emphasize a particular word or idea. A poet may invert a line so that it fits into a particular meter or rhyme scheme.77. Invocation: At the beginning of an epic (or other poem) a call to a muse, god, or spirit for inspiration.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
英语专业文学名词解释的单词
narrative [['nærətiv]]基本翻译n. 叙述；故事；讲述adj. 叙事的，叙述的；叙事体的deed [[di:d]]基本翻译n. 行动；证书；[法]契据vt. 立契转让epic [['epik]]基本翻译adj. 史诗的，叙事诗的n. 史诗；叙事诗；史诗般的作品transmitted基本翻译v. 传输；传送（transmit 的过去分词）adj. [医]透射的recitation [[,resi'teiʃən]] 基本翻译n. 背诵；朗诵；详述；背诵的诗romanticism[[rəu'mæntisizəm]]基本翻译n. 浪漫主义；浪漫精神idealization[[ai'diəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-]]基本翻译n. 理想化；理想化的事物flourish [['flauriʃ]]基本翻译n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt. 夸耀；挥舞vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期sentimentalize[[,senti'mentəlaiz]]基本翻译vt. 使感伤；为…而伤感vi. 感伤；流于感伤depict [[di'pikt]]基本翻译vt. 描述；描画emphasis [['emfəsis]]基本翻译n. 重点；强调；加强语气sordid [['sɔ:did]]基本翻译adj. 肮脏的；卑鄙的；利欲熏心的；色彩暗淡的soliloquy [[sə'liləkwi]]基本翻译n. 独白；自言自语extended [[ik'stendid]]基本翻译adj. 延伸的；扩大的；长期的；广大的v. 延长；扩充（extend的过去分词）delivered [[di'livəd]]基本翻译adj. 业已交货v. 递送（deliver的过去分词）reveal [[ri'vi:l]]基本翻译vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧manifest [['mænifest]]基本翻译vt. 证明，表明；显示vi. 显示，出现n. 载货单，货单；旅客名单adj. 显然的，明显的；明白的clarity [['klærəti]]基本翻译n. 清楚，明晰；透明universal [[,ju:ni'və:səl]]基本翻译adj. 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的；全世界的；全体的n. 一般概念；普通性artists基本翻译n. 艺术家，设计师（artist 的复数）capture [['kæptʃə]]基本翻译vt. 俘获；夺得n. 捕获；战利品，俘虏complexity [[kəm'pleksiti]] 基本翻译n. 复杂，复杂性；复杂错综的事物confusion [[kən'fju:ʒən]]基本翻译n. 混淆，混乱；困惑reshape [[,ri:'ʃeip]]基本翻译vt. 改造；再成形discard [[dis'kɑ:d, 'disk ɑ:d]]基本翻译vt. 抛弃；放弃；丢弃vi. 放弃n. 抛弃；被丢弃的东西或人era [['iərə, 'εərə]]基本翻译n. 时代；年代；纪元indeed [[in'di:d]]基本翻译adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至int. 真的（表示惊讶、怀疑、讽rebirth [[,ri:'bə:θ,'ri:b-]]基本翻译n. 再生；复兴刺等）revival [[ri'vaivəl]]基本翻译n. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效stimulated [['stimjə,letid]]基本翻译adj. 受激的v. 刺激（stimulate的过去式和过去分词）feudal [['fju:dl]]基本翻译adj. 封建制度的；领地的；世仇的medieval[[,medi'i:vəl, ,mi:-]]基本翻译adj. 中世纪的；[贬]原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的corruption [[kə'rʌpʃən]]基本翻译n. 贪污，腐败；堕落Catholic [['kæθəlik]]基本翻译adj. 天主教的；宽宏大量的n. 天主教徒；罗马天主教devotion [[di'vəuʃən]]基本翻译n. 献身，奉献；忠诚；热爱keynote [['ki:nəut]]基本翻译n. 基调；主旨；主音vt. 给…定基调；说明基本政策vi. 作主旨发言sonnet [['sɔnit]]基本翻译n. 十四行诗；商籁诗Renaissance [[ri'neisəns;'renəsɔns; rəne'sɔŋs]]基本翻译n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪）Elizabethan [[i,lizə'bi:θən]]基本翻译adj. 伊丽莎白一世时代的；英国女王伊莉莎白一世的n. 伊莉莎白女王一世时代的英国人（尤指文人）rhyme [[raim]]基本翻译n. 韵律；韵脚；韵文；押韵词vt. 使押韵；用韵诗表达；把…写作诗vi. 押韵；作押韵诗monologue [['mɔnəlɔɡ]]基本翻译n. [戏]独白imitate [['imiteit]]基本翻译vt. 模仿，仿效；仿造，仿制Joyce [[dʒɔis]]基本翻译n. 乔伊斯（女名）James [[dʒeimz]]基本翻译n. 詹姆斯（姓氏，男子名）；[圣]《雅各书》depict [[di'pikt]]基本翻译vt. 描述；描画distracted [[dis'træktid]]基本翻译adj. 心烦意乱的；思想不集中的v. 分心（distract的过去式）illusory [[i'lju:səri]]基本翻译adj. 错觉的；幻影的；虚假的；产生幻觉的mist [[mist]]基本翻译n. 薄雾；视线模糊不清；模糊不清之物vi. 下雾；变模糊vt. 使模糊；使蒙上薄雾William [['wiljəm]]基本翻译n. 威廉（男子名）；[常作W-][美俚]钞票，纸币Faulkner [['fɔ:knə]]基本翻译n. 福克纳（美国小说家，曾获1949年诺贝尔文学奖）plots基本翻译n. 情节；阴谋；小块土地（plot的复数）；平面图v. 划分；策划（plot的三单形式）；绘制…的地图narrator [[nə'reitə, næ-]]基本翻译n. 叙述者；解说员sequence [['si:kwəns]]基本翻译n. 序列；顺序；续发事件vt. 按顺序排好dislocate [['disləukeit]]基本翻译vt. 使脱臼；使混乱amicable [['æmikəbl]]基本翻译adj. 友好的；友善的consciousness[['kɔnʃəsnis]]基本翻译n. 意识；知觉；觉悟；感觉scheme [[ski:m]]基本翻译n. 计划；组合；体制；诡计vi. 搞阴谋；拟订计划vt. 计划；策划rhyme [[raim]]基本翻译n. 韵律；韵脚；韵文；押韵词vt. 使押韵；用韵诗表达；把…写作诗vi. 押韵；作押韵诗Renaissance [[ri'neisəns;'renəsɔns; rəne'sɔŋs]]基本翻译n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪）。
项目专业英语名词解释
CAD (Computer Aided Design，简称CAD)计算机辅助设计CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture)计算机辅助制造CAPP Computer Aided Process Planning,简称CAPP。
计算机辅助工艺规程设计CAE (Computer Aided Engineering,简称CAE) 计算机辅助工程分析ERP (Enterprise resource plan)企业资源计划PDM产品数据管理 Product Data Management以产品为中心，通过计算机网络和数据库技术，把企业生产过程中所有与产品相关的信息和过程集成起来进行管理的技术。
BPR (Business Process Reengineering企业流程再造)：从根本上的重新考虑并彻底重新设计业务流程，以实现在关键的业绩上，如成本、质量、服务和响应速度，取得突破性的进展。
BOM物料清单 (Bill of Materials)它是一种描述装配件的结构化的零件表，其中包括所有的子装配件、零件、原材料的清单，以及制造一个装配件所需物料的数量，如工时、材料、设备、工装、车间等。
MRP 物料需求计划（Material Requirement Planning）的简称。
MRP是一种将库存管理和生产进度计划结合为一体的计算机辅助生产计划管理系统。
它以减少库存量为目标，统筹地为制造业管理者提供满足生产计划需要的物资供应手段。
MRPII 制造资源计划（Manufacturing Resource Planning）的简称。
是在物料需求计划（MRP）的基础上发展起来的。
它不仅编制产品和零部件的生产进度计划、物料采购计划，而且还可以直接从系统获得各种财务信息如销售收入、库存资金占用量和产品成本等。
是一个覆盖企业全部生产资源的管理信息系统。
SCM 供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）的简称。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” intime.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that theforms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. Thebasic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form aminimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素:Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical classof words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small numberof classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence whichresults from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology:It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology:A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what thesign stands for.2)Productivity:provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent beforeand for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach orlanguageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically inducedabortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is calleda polysemic word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired morethan one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?答： Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of theexchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
计算机专业英语名词解释
计算机专业英语名词解释1 Data is a collection of un-organized facts, which can include words, numbers, images, and sounds. 数据是未经组织的事实的集合,数据可以包括单词,数字,图像和声音.2 A computer consists of a variety of hardware components that work together with software to perform calculations（计算）, organize data, and communicate with other computer.计算机由许多硬件部件构成,这些硬件与软件一起工作,以便执行计算,组织数据及与其他计算机通信的任务.3 These hardware components include input devices, output devices,a system unit, storage devices, and communications devices.硬件部件包括输入设备,输出设备,系统单元 ,存储设备和通信设备.4 An input device allows a user to enter data and commands into thememory of a computer. 输入设备让用户向计算机存储器输入数据和命令.5 Storage differs from memory ,which can hold these items permanently，whereas memory holds these memory holds items only temporarily(暂时的)。
外存储器与内存储器不同,外存储器能永久保存数据而内存储器仅临时保存.6 A hard disk provides much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk. 硬盘能比软盘提供更大的存储容量.7 Four common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, and a DVD-ROM drive. 四种常用的外存设备分别是:软盘驱动器,硬盘驱动器,CD-ROM驱动器和DVD-ROM驱动器.8 The central processing unit (CPU), sometimes referred to as the processor, interprets（解释）and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. 中央处理器(CPU)有时也称处理器,用来解释并执行基本的计算机操作指令.9 In the system unit, a computer’s memory stores data, instructions,and information. 在系统单元中，计算机的存储器存储数据,指令和信息.10 ROM(Read-Only Memory) is a memory chip that only can be readand used; that is , it cannot be modified(修改)。
教育技术学专业英语重点
教育技术学专业英语一、Professional Vocabulary（专业词汇、名词解释）Behavioral objectives movement 行为目标运动Cognitive psychology 认知心理学Communications 传播，传播学Cone of experience 经验之塔Constructivism 建构主义Electric performance support systems 电子绩效支持系统General system 一般系统论Instructional systems design(ISD) 教学系统设计Knowledge management systems 知识管理系统Learn-centered learning environments以学习者为中心的学习环境Operant conditioning 操作性条件反射Programmed instruction 程序教学Progressivism 进步主义Reinforcement 强化Subject Matter Expert(SME) 学科容专家Task analysis 任务分析Verbalism 言语主义Virtual reality 虚拟现实Artificial intelligence 人工智能Audiovisual communication 视听传播Intelligent agent 智能代理Media-oriented 面向媒体Process-oriented 面向过程Situated cognition 情境认知Systematic 系统化Attribute of media 媒体特性Correspondence course 函授课程Mainframe 主机，大型机No significant difference 无显著变化The great media debate 媒体大争论Videodisk 视盘Distance education 远程教育Real-time 【计算机】实时的K-12 从幼儿园到12年级的儿童教育Intuitive notion 直观概念Schema theory 图式理论Elaboration theory 精细化理论Metacognition 元认知Classical conditioning 经典性条件反射Operant conditioning 操作性条件反射Verbal behavior 言语行为Cognitive science 认知科学Long-term memory 长时记忆Short-term memory 短时记忆Multiplication table 乘法表Taxonomy of learning 学习分类Verbal information 言语信息Intellectual skills 智慧技能Cognitive strategies 认知策略Rote learning 机械学习Non-arbitrary 非任意性Prior knowledge 先有知识Iterative process 迭代过程Assimilation 同化Verbatim recall 逐字回忆Societal dynamic 社会动力学Communication theory 传播理论Mass communication 大众传播Incoming message 收文Cooperative network 协作网络Sender and receiver 发送者和接收者Innovation Diffusion Theory（IDT) 创新推广理论Instructional development 教学开发Advisory system 咨询系统Automated Instructional Design(AID) 自动化教学设计Authoring tools 著作工具Electronic performance support systems 电子绩效支持系统，简称EPSSInformation management 知识管理Intelligent tutoring system 智能导师系统Interactive simulation 交互式仿真模拟Systematic instructional development 系统化教学开放Front-end analysis 前端分析Formative evaluation 形成性评价Summative evaluation 总结性评价Events of instruction 教学事件Learning environment 学习环境Student-centered learning 以学生为中心的学习Technology-supported learning environment 技术支持的学习环境Information highway 信息高速公路Information literacy 信息素养Critical skills 关键技能二、填空(书上的图）1、戴尔的“经验之塔” P32、教育技术学的畴 P143、为有意义的学习必不可少的条件P494、格拉奇-伊利模型 P805、Kemp Model P816、Dick and Carey Model P827、ADDIE Model P83三、重点句子翻译第一章：Programmed instruction is a method of presenting new subject matter to students in a graded sequence of controlled steps. Students work through the programmed material by themselves at their own speed and after each step test their comprehension by answering an examination question or filling in a diagram. They are then immediately shown the current answer or given additional information. 程序教学一种以可以控制步骤按照由易到难的顺序向学习者呈现新的学科容的方法。
化工专业英语名词解释
一.专业名词解释(选取几个)动力煤：fuel coal；steam coal水煤浆：coal water mixture煤阶：rank实验室煤样：laboratory sample of coal工业分析：proximate analysis元素分析：ultimate analysis挥发分：volatile matter固定碳：fixed carbon煤炭焦化：coal carbonization孔隙率porosity 发热量：calorific value灰成分分析：ash analysis粘结指数：caking index干燥无灰基：dry ash-free basis 灰融融性：ash fusibility洁净煤技术：clean coal technology炼焦配煤：coal blending for coking煤炭气化：coal gasification煤基活性炭：coal-based activated carbon二.短语解释Coal formation 成煤作用Coal forming process 成煤作用Peatification 泥炭化作用metamorphism 变质作用三.文章中词语翻译1.The coalification process is, in essence （本质）, the progressive （渐进的，累进的）change in the plant debris as it becomes transformed from peat to lignite （褐煤）and then through the higher ranks （高阶）of coal （such as subbituminous（次烟煤）and bituminous （烟煤）coals）to anthracite （无烟煤）. The degreeof coalification generally determines the rank of the coal, but the process is not aseries of straightforward （简单的，直截了当的）chemical changes. For example,the metamorphism （变质作用）of the plant debris not only relies on （＝dependon）geological time （地质年代）but also on temperature and pressure.A. Clay Minerals (Aluminosilicates)粘土矿物（铝硅酸盐）B. Quartz (Silica)石英（硅石）C. Carbonate Minerals碳酸盐矿物质D. Sulfur (Sulfide and Sulfate) Minerals硫（硫化物和硫酸盐）矿物质4. Indeed, a high ash content also introduces additional problems such as a loss inthe combustion efficiency (燃烧效率) as well as problems related to handling (处理)and disposing (处理) of larger amounts of mineral ash. Obviously, mineral matter incoal will (and often does) cause problems during utilization, and measures (措施) to counteract (抵消) any adverse effects (反作用，不利作用) that will arise from (起于)the presence (到场，存在) of the mineral matter are necessary. On the other hand,the potential benefits that could arise from the presence of this same mineral mattershould not be ignored (忽视); catalytic effects (催化效果) in processes designed forthe liquefaction (液化)and the gasification (气化) of coal may be cited (引用) asexamples(P74)四：英译汉煤的定义—煤是由古代植物遗体在一定的气候，生物，环境和地质条件下经历复杂的生物和物理化学变化形成的一种沉积有机岩。
英语名词解释大全
英语名词解释大全1. Apple: A fruit that is typically red or green in color and has a crisp texture and a sweet or tart taste.2. Book: A written or printed work consisting of pages bound together and usually divided into chapters.3. Car: A motor vehicle with four wheels, typically powered by an internal combustion engine or an electric motor, used for transportation.4. Dog: A domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking or howling sound.5. Elephant: A large mammal with a trunk, two tusks, and large, fan-shaped ears, typically found in Africa and Asia.6. Flower: The reproductive structure of a plant, typically consisting of petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils, and often brightly colored.7. Guitar: A stringed musical instrument with frets, typically played by plucking or strumming the strings.8. House: A building for human habitation, typically consisting ofa ground floor and one or more upper floors.9. Island: A piece of land surrounded by water on all sides.10. Jacket: A short coat typically extending to the hips, worn for warmth or protection.11. King: The male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by birth.12. Lamp: A device that produces light, typically consisting of a bulb or a tube that emits light when an electric current is passed through it.13. Moon: The natural satellite of the Earth, which orbits around it and reflects sunlight to give the appearance of a shining disk in the night sky.14. Nurse: A person trained to care for the sick or infirm, especially in a hospital.15. Ocean: A very large expanse of saltwater that covers most of the Earth's surface.16. Park: A piece of land set aside for public use, often featuring grassy areas, trees, and playgrounds.17. Queen: The female ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by birth or marriage.18. River: A large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another river.19. Sun: The star around which the Earth and other planets revolve,providing heat and light to sustain life on Earth.20. Tree: A woody perennial plant, typically with a single trunk and many branches, that grows taller than a shrub.These are just a few examples of English nouns and their definitions. There are countless more nouns in the English language, each with its own unique definition and characteristics.。
一百个常用的名词解释英语
一百个常用的名词解释英语在学习英语的过程中，掌握常见的名词解释是至关重要的。
名词不仅仅是一种词类，更是我们日常生活中所用到的事物的表示。
以下是一百个常用的名词解释，希望对你的英语学习有所帮助。
1. Apple（苹果）- 一种红色或绿色的水果。
2. Book（书）- 纸质或电子形式的写作材料。
3. Chair（椅子）- 一种坐具，通常有四条腿和一个靠背。
4. Dog（狗）- 一种常见的宠物，通常具有四条腿。
5. Elephant（大象）- 一种巨大的陆地动物，它有长长的鼻子。
6. Friend（朋友）- 一个和你有密切关系的人。
7. Guitar（吉他）- 一种弦乐器，通常用于演奏音乐。
8. Hat（帽子）- 一种在头顶上戴的饰物，用于遮阳或保暖。
9. Internet（互联网）- 一个全球性的计算机网络系统。
10. Juice（果汁）- 从水果中榨取的液体。
11. Key（钥匙）- 用于打开或关闭锁的工具。
12. Lamp（灯）- 一种发光的装置，用于照明。
13. Money（钱）- 一种用于交换商品和服务的货币。
14. Nose（鼻子）- 位于人类或动物脸上的器官，用于嗅觉和呼吸。
15. Orange（橙子）- 一种橙色的水果。
16. Pen（钢笔）- 一种用于写字或绘画的工具。
17. Queen（女王）- 一个国家的女性统治者。
18. Rain（雨）- 从云朵中降下的水滴。
19. Shoes（鞋子）- 用于保护脚部的物品。
20. Table（桌子）- 一种用于放置物体的家具。
21. Umbrella（雨伞）- 一种用于遮阳或遮雨的装置。
22. Van（货车）- 一种用于运输货物的汽车。
23. Water（水）- 透明的液体，用于饮用和洗涤。
24. Xylophone（木琴）- 一种打击乐器，由一排平行排列的木槌构成。
25. Year（年份）- 一年的时间单位。
26. Zoo（动物园）- 一个设有动物展示的公共场所。
英语专业英文化名词解释
1.The Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.2.The East RisingIn order to gain independence,different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces.One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916.The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.3.Home RuleIreland had long been dominated by Britain,but Irish desire for an independent Irish state was never lost. ”Home Rule”refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs.The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914,but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.4.The function of ParliamentThe function of Parliament are : to pass laws,to vote for taxation,to scrutinise government policy,administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.5.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy,These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.6.The importance of general electionsGeneral elections are very important in western democracy.According to the author,they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.7.The formation of the government651 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK.The party which holds a majority of those “seats”in parliament forms the government,with its party leader as the Prime Minister.8.Privatisation in the 1980sThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s,with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound.Therefore,in the 1980s,when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power,an extensive programme ofprivatisation was carried out.Many state-owned businesses (such as steel,telecom,gas,aerospace) were turned into private companies.Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.9.”The City””The City”refers to the historic area at the center of London.It is one of the biggest financial centers in the world with the greatest concentration of banks,insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities.At the heartof the city is the London Stock Exchange.10.Elizabethan DramaThe general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries in known as the Renaissance.In British culture,one of the most successful and long-lasting expression of this development lay in Drama.That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603).The first professional theatre in London opened in 1576,and others followed,performing the plays of many notable playwrights,including Christopher Marlowe,Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare. 11.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period.Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence”.Keats,Byron and Shelley,the three great poets,brought the the Romantic Movement to its height.The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.prehensive schoolsComprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today.Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education.Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.13.The foundations of British foreign policyThe contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.As Britain lost its empire so recently,British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.14.Britain and the Unites StatesThe British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States.During World War Ⅱ，the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years,because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation.Even today,British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects.However,Britain’s“special relationship”with the United Stated has gone through many ups and downs.The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States.But both sides have worked hard to maintain the“special relationship”.15.The DreamingThe Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together.The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land.The people don’t own the land,instead the land and interact with each other.They also prob=vide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment.。
专业英语名词解释
第一单元application software 应用软件basic application 基本应用软件communication device 通信设备compact disc (CD) 光盘computer competency 计算机能力Connectivity 连通性Data 数据database file 数据库文件desktop computer 台式计算机device driver 磁盘驱动程序digital versatile disc（DVD）数字多用途光盘digital video disc（DVD）数字多用途光盘document file 文档文件end user 终端用户floppy disk 软盘handheld computer 手持计算机hard disk 硬盘Hardware 硬件High definition 高清Information 信息information system 信息系统information technology 信息技术input device 输入设备Internet 因特网Keyboard 键盘mainframe computer 大型机Memory 内存Microcomputer 微型机Microprocessor 微处理器midrange computer 中型机Minicomputer 小型计算机Modem 调制解调器Monitor 监视器Mouse 鼠标Network 网络notebook computer 笔记本电脑operating system 操作系统optical disk 光盘output device 输出设备palm computer 掌上电脑People 用户personal digital assistant（PDA）个人数字助理presentation file 演示文稿primary storage 主存Printer 打印机Procedure 规程Program 程序random access memory 随机存储器secondary storage device 辅存Software 软件specialized application 专门应用软件Supercomputer 巨型机system software 系统软件system unit 系统单元tablet PC 平板电脑Utility 实用程序wireless revolution 无线革命worksheet file 工作表第三单元Analytical graph 分析图application software 应用软件AutoContent Wizard 内容提示向导basic applications 基础应用软件bulleted list 项目符号列表business suite 商业套装软件Button 按键Cell 单元格character effect 字效Chart 图表Column 列Computer trainer 计算机培训员Contextual tab 上下文标签Database 数据库database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统database manager 数据库管理员Design template 设计模板dialog box 对话框Document 文件Editing 编辑Field 字段find and replace 查找和替换Font 字体font size 字号Form 窗体Format 格式Formula 公式Function 函数Galleries 图库grammar checker 语法检查器graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面home software 家庭软件home suite 家庭套装软件Icons 图标integrated package 集成组件Label 标签master slide 母板Menu 菜单menu bar 菜单栏numbered list 编号列表numeric entry 数值型输入personal software 个人软件personal suite 个人套装软件Pointer 指针presentation graphic 图形演示文稿productivity suite 生产力套装软件query 查询range 范围recalculation 重算record 记录relational database 关系型数据Report 报表Ribbons 功能区、格式栏Row 行Sheet 工作表Slide 幻灯片software suite 软件套装Sort 排序specialized applications 专用应用程序specialized suite 专用套装软件speech recognition 语音识别spelling checker 拼写检查器Spreadsheet 电子表格system software 系统软件Table 表格text entry 文本输入Thesaurus 分类词汇集Toolbar 工具栏user interface 用户界面utility suite 实用套装软件what-if analysis 变化分析Window 窗口word processor 文字处理软件word wrap 字回行workbook file 工作簿Worksheet 工作表第五单元（至125页）Booting 启动Cold boot 冷启动Desktop 桌面Device drive 设备驱动程序Dialog box 对话框Embedded operating systems 嵌入式操作系统File 文件Folder 文件夹Graphical user interface （GUI）图形用户界面Icon 图标Language translator 语言翻译器Menu 菜单Multiasking 多任务Notwork operating systems（NOS）网络操作系统Network system 操作系统Platform 平台Pointer 光标Software environment 软件环境System software 系统软件Utility 实用程序。
语法常考的名词解释英语
语法常考的名词解释英语“名词”是英语中最基本的词性之一，它用来表示人、物、地点、抽象概念等。
在英语语法中，名词是非常常见且常考的内容之一。
本文将探讨一些常见的名词及其解释，帮助读者更好地理解和运用名词。
一、普通名词（Noun）普通名词是指用来表示泛指或个体的名词。
它可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两种。
1. 可数名词（Countable Noun）可数名词用来表示可以计数的人或物。
它可以在前面加上一个冠词（a/an）或者数字来表示数量。
例如：“a book”（一本书）、“three apples”（三个苹果）。
可数名词分为单数和复数两种形式，复数形式通常在名词末尾加上“s”或“es”。
例如：“a cat”（一只猫）、“two cats”（两只猫）。
2. 不可数名词（Uncountable Noun）不可数名词用来表示不能单独计数的物质、抽象概念或一类事物。
它不能在前面加上冠词或数字来表示数量。
不可数名词通常以单数形式出现，不需要加任何后缀。
例如：“water”（水）、“information”（信息）。
如果需要表示一个数量，可以使用量词来修饰。
例如：“a glass of water”（一杯水）、“a piece of information”（一条信息）。
二、专有名词（Proper Noun）专有名词是具体指代某个特定人、地点、组织或事物的名词。
它以大写字母开头，通常不需要加冠词。
例如：“John”（约翰）、“Paris”（巴黎）、“Coca-Cola”（可口可乐）。
专有名词是唯一的，不能复数化。
三、集体名词（Collective Noun）集体名词是用来表示一组人、事物或概念的名词。
它通常以单数形式出现，但却可以表示多个个体。
例如：“family”（家庭）、“team”（团队）。
当集体名词被看作一个整体时，可以用单数动词来修饰；当集体名词被看作个体时，可以用复数动词来修饰。
例如：“My family is going on vacation.”（我的家人们要去度假。
【人文地理学】119个专业英语名词解释汇总
【人文地理学】119个专业英语名词解释汇总[1]Physical GeographyThe study of natural processes and the distribution of features in the environment, such as landforms, plants, animals, and climate[2]Human GeographyThe study of the events and processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter earth[3]Spatial PerspectiveGeographic perspective that focuses on how people live on Earth, how they organize themselves, and why the events of human societies occur where they do[4]Ecological Perspectivethe relationships between living things and their environments[5]Locationthe position that a point or object occupies on Earth[6]Absolute LocationThe exact location of an object, usually expressed in coordinates of longitude and latitude[7]Relative Locationa description of where a place is in relation to other places or features[8]Placea location on Earth that is distinguished by its physical and human characteristics[9]SiteA place's absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics, such as the landforms, climate, and resources[10]SituationLocation of a place in relation to other places or its surrounding features [11]SpaceThe area between two or more things[12]Distributeto arrange within a given space[13]Densitythe number of things- people, animals, or objects -in a specific area [14]Patternthe way in which things are arranged in a particular space[15]Flowmovement of people, goods, or information that has economic, social, political, or cultural effects on societies[16]Environmental Determinismthe idea that human behavior is strongly affected, controlled, or determined by the physical environment[17]Distance Decaya principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have[18]Time-space Compressiona key geographic principle that describes the ways in which modern transportation and communication technology have allowed humans to travel and communicate over long distances more quickly and easily[19]Possibilismtheory of human-environment interaction that states that humans have the ability to adapt the physical environment to their needs[20]SustainabilityThe use of Earth's land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will continue to be available in the future[21]ScaleThe area of the world being studied[22]Regionan area of Earth's surface with certain characteristics that make it cohesive yet distinct from other areas[23]Formal Regionan area that has one or more shared traits; also called a uniform region [24]Functional Regionan area organized by its function around a focal point, or the center of an interest or activity[25]Nodethe focal point of a functional region[26]Suburbsless densely populated residential and commercial areas surrounding a city[27]Perceptual Regiona type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a vernacular region[28]Vernacular Regiona type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a perceptual region[29]Globalizationthe expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale[30]Theorya system of ideas intended to explain certain phenomena[31]World System Theorytheory describing the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy; categorizes countries as part of a hierarchy consisting of the core, periphery, and semi-periphery [32]Coreclassification of a country or region that has wealth, higher education levels, more advanced technologies, many resources, strong militaries, and powerful allies[33]Peripheryclassification of a country or region that has less wealth, lower education levels, and less sophisticated technologies and also tends to have an unstable government and poor healthcare systems[34]Semi-peripheryclassification of a country or region that has qualities of both core and peripheral areas and is often in the process of industrializing[35]Sustainable Developmentdevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs[36]Quantitativeinvolving data that can be measured by numbers[37]Qualitativeinvolving data that is descriptive of a research subject and is often based on people's opinions[38]Censusan official count of the number of people in a defined area, such as a state[39]Geographic Information Systems(GIS)a computer system that allows for the collection, organization, and display of geographic data for analysis[40]Topographythe representation of Earth's surface to show natural and human-made features, especially their relative positions and elevations[41]Remote Sensingcollecting or analyzing data from a location without making physical contact[42]Global Positioning System(GPS)a network of satellites that orbit Earth and transmit location data to receivers, enabling users to pinpoint their exact location[43]Cartographersa person who creates maps[44]Absolute DistanceDistance that can be measured using a standard unit of length[45]Relative Distancedistance determined in relation to other places or objects[46]Absolute DirectionThe cardinal directions north, south, east, and west[47]Relative Directiondirection based on a person's perception, such as left, right, up, or down [48]Map Scalethe relationship of the size of the map to the size of the area it represents on Earth's surface[49]Reference Mapsa map that focuses on the location of places[50]Thematic Mapsany map that focuses on one or more variables to show a relationship between geographic data[51]Population Distributionwhere people live in a geographic area[52]Dispersedspread out[53]Climatethe long-term patterns of weather in a particular area[54]Temperate Climatesa climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts[55]Landformsthe natural features of Earth's surface[56]Human Migrationthe permanent movement of people from one place to another[57]Population Densitythe number of people occupying a unit of land[58]Arithmetic Densitythe total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density [59]Physiological Densitythe total number of people per unit of arable land[60]Arable Landland that can be used to grow crops[61]Agricultural Densitythe total number of farmers per unit of arable land[62]Subsistence Agriculturean agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock[63]Carrying Capacitythe maximum population size an environment can sustain[64]Dependency Ratiothe number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100[65]Sex Ratiothe proportion of males to females in a population[66]Demographicsdata about the structures and characteristics of human populations [67]Fertilitythe ability to produce children[68]Crude Birth Rate(CBR)the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population [69]Total Fertility Rate(TFR)the average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years (ages 15 to 49)[70]Mortalitydeaths as a component of population change[71]Crude Death Rate(CDR)the number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population [72]Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births [73]Life Expectancythe average number of years a person is expected to live[74]Population Pyramidsa graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population[75]Rate of Natural Increase(INR)rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate[76]Doubling Time(DT)the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double[77]Urbanizationurban growth and development[78]Overpopulationa term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life[79]Neo-Malthusiandescribing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources[80]Demographic Transition Model(DTM)a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate[81]Epidemiological Transition Model(ETM)a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death[82]Antinatalistdescribing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth[83]Pronatalistdescribing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth[84]Land Degradationlong-term damage to the soil's ability to support life (page 103) [85]Mobilityall types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances[86]Circulationmigration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs[87]Human Migrationthe permanent movement of people from one place to another[88]Emigrationmovement away from a location[89]Immigrationmovement to a location[90]Net Migrationthe difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country[91]Gravity Modela model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation [92]Push Factora negative cause that compels someone to leave a location[93]Pull Factora positive cause that attracts someone to a new location[94]Voluntary Migrationtype of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place [95]Forced Migrationtype of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors[96]Transnational Migrationinternational migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin[97]Internal Migrationmovement within a country's borders[98]Friction of Distancea concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve[99]Transhumancethe movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter[100]Chain Migrationtype of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there[101]Step Migrationseries of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination[102]Intervening Obstaclean occurrence that holds migrants back[103]Intervening Opportunityan occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice [104]Guest Workersa migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor[105]Circular Migrationmigration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs[106]Distance Decaya principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have[107]Refugeesa person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death[108]Asylumthe right to protection in a country[109]Internally Displaced Personsperson who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country's borders[110]Human Traffickingdefined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"[111]Repatriateto return to one's home country[112]Interregional Migrationmovement from one region of the country to another[113]Intraregional Migrationmovement within one region of the country[114]Quotaslimit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year [115]Kinship Linksnetworks of relatives and friends[116]Skills Gapa shortage of people trained in a particular industry[117]Remittancesmoney earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country [118]Brain Drainthe loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another often richer country[119]Relocation Diffusionthe spread of culture traits through the movement of people。
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fat suppression 重复时间
repetition time 重建间距
reconstruction interval 纵隔窗
mediastinal window
ADC analog-to-digital converter 平板 X 线探测器
flat-panel X-ray detector 屏-片乳腺 X 线摄影
screen film mammography 时间分辨率
temporal resolution
时间剪影图像
temporal subtraction image 视野
echo time 计算机断层扫描
CT computed tomography 剂量指数
does index 静脉尿路造影术
intravenous urography 空间分辨率
spaho 脉冲序列
pulse sequence 模拟转换器
gradient echo 图形存档与传输系统
PACS picture archiving and communication systems 团注激发技术
bolus triggering technique 医学数字成像与传输
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine 正电子发射断层显像技术
采集时间
acquisition time 层间距
intersection gap 弛豫增强技术
relaxation enhancement technique 磁共振成像
MRI magnetic resonance imagine 单扇区重建算法
single-segment reconstruction algorithm 多排探测器 CT
multi-detector row CT 多平面重组
MPR multiplanar reformation 翻转角
flip angle 飞焦点技术
fly focal spot technique 高分辨率 CT
HRCT high-resolution CT 冠状动脉血管造影
coronary angiography 回波时间
FOV field of view 数字 X 线射影
Digital Radiography DR 数字减影血管造影]
digital subtraction angiography 双扇区重建算法
dual-segment reconstruction algorithm 双源 CT
dual-source CT 梯度回波