专四虚拟语气总结(打印)

专四语法（虚拟语气）
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。

条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。

非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

eg. If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A.will rain
B. rains
C. rained
D. is rained
答案B。

真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：
1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will. (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。

条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形
⏹If I had time, I would do it again.
⏹If I had known of your arrival, I should have met you at the station.
⏹If she had further considered the problem, she might have come to the correct
conclusion.
真题举例：
1. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _____ quite such a crowd people there.（00, 49）[C]
A. weren’t
B. hasn’t been
C. hadn’t been
D. w ouldn’t be
2. If your car _____ during the first 12 months,take it to an authorized dealer.
（98, 43）[B]
A. shall need
B. should need
C. would need
D. will need
3. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.
(09, 52) [B]
A. could have been
B. would be
C. will be
D. would have been
4. _____ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.
(02, 60）[A]
A. Had it not been
B. Hadn’t it been
C. Was it not
D. Were it not
5. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he _____ able to advise you much better than I can. (05, 51) [A]
A. would be
B. will have been
C. was
D. were
6. I was to have made a speech if _____. (97, 51) [C]
A. I was not called away
B. nobody would have called me away
C. I had not been called away
D. nobody called me away
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。

⏹Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our
company would not be so thriving as it is.
⏹(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)
⏹Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our
chairman now.
⏹(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)
真题举例：
1. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she _____ much better results now. (08, 52) [D]
A. would be getting
B. could have got
C. must get
D. would get
2. _____ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand ?
(04,54) [A]
A. Would you be surprised
B. Were you surprised
C. Had you been surprised
D. Would you have been surprised
⏹Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up
examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)
⏹ I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I
was fully occupied the whole of last week.
(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)
真题举例：
1. He would have finished his college education, but he _____ to quit and find a
job to support his family. （07, 60）[C]
A. had had
B. has
C. had
D. would have
2. _____ you ____ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for
advice. (05, 63) [C]
A. If, had
B. Have, had
C. Should, have
D. In case, had
3. If your car _____ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an
authorized dealer. (98, 43 ) [B]
A. shall need
B. should need
C. would need
D. will need
有时句中并未出现条件句，其假设情况是由上下文含蓄地提供的，这种句子称为含蓄条件句。

eg. A more careful student wouldn’t have made such glaring mistakes.
With his aid you would have succeeded in it.
But for the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey.
She must have been ill, otherwise she would have come to school.
⏹(1) 连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折
假设。

如：
⏹ A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger.
Unfortunately, it was never done.
⏹Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; o therwise he wouldn’t have
made such a stupid remark.
⏹I used my calculator; otherwise I’d have taken much longer.
⏹(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable
conditions等。

如：
⏹But for your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the
work.（94年）
⏹The storm delayed us. But for the storm we would have been in time.
⏹Supposing I accepted this offer, what would you say?
⏹Without your timely help, my daughter would have drowned.
⏹(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或was/were +不定式完成式或
had intended / meant / planned / hoped / wished +不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。

⏹如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
⏹(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。

如：
⏹I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
真题举例：
1. You ___ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business. (00, 48) [A]
A. needn’t have told
B. needn’t tell
C. mustn’t have told
D. mustn’t tell
2. Aren't you tired? I ____ you had done enough for today. (09,61) [A]
A. should have thought
B. must have thought
C. might have thought
D. could have thought
3. You _____ Mark anything. It was none of his business. (98, 52) [A]
A. needn’t have told
B. needn’t tell
C. mustn’t have told
D. mustn’t tell
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题：_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I
B. I were
C. Were I
D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成were, should, had +主语的形式。

但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。

如我们可说Were I not to do, 而不能说Weren't I to do.
例1: ______ for the fact that she broke her leg，she might have passed the exam.
（2002:50）
A. Had it not been
B. Hadn’t it been
C. Was it not
D. Were it not
例2: ______, he would not have recovered so quickly.（1995－65）
A. Hadn’t he been taken good care of
B. Had he not been taken good care of
C. Had not he been taken good care of
D. Had he been not taken good care of
例3: ______ their help, we would not have succeeded。

（1992:55）
A．Hadn’t been for B. Had it not been for
C. It hadn’t been for
D. Had not it been for
例4: ______ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions.（1994-62）
A. if I realized
B. Had I realized
C. I realized that
D. As I realized
例5: ______ you ______ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. （2005－63）
A. If, had
B. Have, had
C. Should, have
D. in case, had
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。

(1)下列表示建议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的
动词用虚拟形式：advise, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, vote...
eg. I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
⏹She demanded that we attack at once.
⏹The job would require that he be at the f actory at 7 o’clock every morning
注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

如：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判断改错:
（错）You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错)I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对)I insisted that you were wrong.
(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable, best, better, crucial, desirable, essential, imperative, important, insistent, natural, necessary, preferable, strange, urgent, vital...
advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested, surprised...
eg. The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
⏹It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.
⏹It is best that workers have a pleasant place to relax.
⏹It is desirable that the meeting be held as soon as possible.
真题举例：
1. It is absolutely essential that William ____his study in spite of some learning difficulties.(07,65) [C]
A. will continue
B. continued
C. continue
D. continues
2. It is imperative that the government _____ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.(06.59) [C]
A. attracts
B. shall attract
C. attract
D. has to attract
3. It is imperative that students _____ their term papers on time. (o4, 56）[A]
A. hand in
B. would hand in
C. have to hand in
D. handed in
4. It is necessary that he _____ the assignment without delay. (10, 60) [A]
A. hand in
B. hands in
C. must hand in
D. has to hand in
5. I am surprised ____ this city is a dull place to live in. ( 2006, 57) [A]
A. that you should think
B. by what you are thinking
C. that you would think
D. with what you were thinking
辨析：The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential ____ for that. ( 2003,57)
A. for us to be prepared
B. that we are prepared
C. of us to be prepared
D. our being prepared
【详解】在It is essential/important等结构中，可以用不定式结构或从句，但从句必须用虚拟语气，因此四个选项中只有[A]符合要求。

[B]项的谓语动词如改为“be prepared”或“should be prepared”则正确。

(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：
advice, decision, desire, importance, insistence, instruction, motion, necessity, preference, proposal, order, recommendation, request, requirement, resolution, suggestion...
eg. The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 10:30.
⏹Father’s advice that John wait until next week is quite reasonable.
⏹They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent
to the conference on schedule.
例子：He left orders that nothing ___ touched until the police arrived here.(97, 43) [A]
A. should be
B. ought to be
C. must be
D. would be
1. I wish + that 句型用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示
I wish I knew the answer to your question.
He wished he hadn’t said that.
She wished that she could have been there yesterday.
I wish it would rain tomorrow.
2. would rather (sooner)
1) would rather (sooner)+不带to 的不定式，表示个人的选择，或谈论别人的选择，它可以指现在: eg. I would rather have coffee than tea.
He’d rather not go by car.
也可以指过去：
eg. John would rather not have gone to class yesterday.
2）would rather (sooner) that...,从句部分要求用虚拟语气。

i）would raher (sooner ) that + 主语+动词过去式，表示与现在事实相反eg. He would rather that it were winter now.
I’d rather she sat next to me.
ii) would rather (sooner ) that + 主语+动词过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反eg. Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
I’d rather he ha d told me about it.
I would just as soon you didn't drive the car while I’m gone
3. If it were not for… (与现在事实相反)
If it had not been for… (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。

如：
If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
例子：_____ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (02, 60）[A]
A. Had it not been
B. Hadn’t it been
C. Was it not
D. Were it not
4. 以as if/as though引出的状语从句，有时要用虚拟语气。

eg. He smiled, as if he were reading my thoughts.
⏹他会心地笑了，仿佛猜透了我的想法。

⏹He smiled, as if he had read my thoughts.
⏹他会心地笑了，仿佛早已猜透了我的想法。

*如果as if/as though用在连系动词look, seem, taste, smell等后面表示某种可能性，从句常常采用陈述语气。

eg. It looks as if it is going to rain.
⏹It sounds as if it is raining.
⏹as if/as though 后面还可接动词不定式或分词，实际上是从句的省略形式。

⏹eg. He opened his lips as if to say something. (=as if he were going to say
something.)
5. If only…（要是...就好了）谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。

eg. If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
⏹If only it would stop raining.
⏹If only the explosion had not happened!
6. It’s (high/about ) time + 主语+动词过去式
eg. It’s time (that) we got up.
⏹It’s high time he was taught a lesson
真题举例：
1. If only the patient _____ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. (07, 54) [A]
A. had received
B. received
C. should receive
D. were receiving
2. If only I _____ play the guitar as well as you! (06, 52) [B]
A. would
B. could
C. should
D. might
3. It’s high time we _____ cutting down the rainfore sts.(06,54) [A]
A. stopped
B. had to stop
C. shall stop
D. stop
4. That was not the first time he _____ us. I think it’s high time we _____ strong actions against him. (05, 60)[B]
A. betrayed … take
B. had betrayed … took
C. has betr ayed … took
D. has betrayed … take
5. --- What courses are you going to do next semester?
--- I don’t know. But it’s about time ____ on something. (02, 61) [B]
A. I’d decide
B. I decided
C. I decide
D. I’m deciding
6. If you have really be en studying English for so long, it’s about time you _____ able to write letters in English. (99, 49）[B]
A. should be
B. were
C. must be
D. are
7. It’s getting late. I’d rather you _____ now. (11, 61) [A]
A. left
B. leave
C. are leaving
D. will leave
7. lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。

eg. Here’s some money in case you need it.
比较：In case he comes, let me know.
He is working hard for fear that he fall behind.
The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it go wrong on the way.
8. whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。

如：
Whether my brother _____ right or wrong, he will have my unwavering support. (01,
62) [C]
A. is
B. were
C. be
D. would be
eg1.Everything around us, be it air, water or stone, is matter.
eg2.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.。