外文翻译-例子
英译汉佳作欣赏
英译汉：佳译赏析巧选主语成妙译（1）原文】饱经沧桑的20世纪仅剩下几个春秋，人类即将跨入充满希望的21世纪。
【译文】I n a few years’ time, mankind will bid farewell to the 20th c entury, a century full of vic issitudes, and enter into the 21s t c entury, a c entury full of hopes.【赏析】1995年，联合国举办纪念成立50周年庆祝活动，江主席出席并发表演说。
原文是该篇演说的第一句，是地道的汉语。
翻译此句时，一般译者往往会亦步亦趋地将原文译为两个分句，分别以“饱经沧桑的20世纪”和“人类”作主语。
但高明的译者吃透了原文的精神，选择mankind为主语统领全句，以准确而地道的英语译出，确实是一则难得的佳译，值得翻译爱好者认真体会。
英译汉：佳译赏析之“肚里的墨水”（2）【原文】T heir family had more money, more hors es, more slaves than any one els e in the Country, b ut the boys had less grammar than mos t of their poor C racker neighbors.【译文】他们家里的钱比人家多，马比人家多，奴隶比人家多，都要算全区第一，所缺少的只是他哥儿俩肚里的墨水，少得也是首屈一指的。
【赏析】原文选自Gone With the Wind。
译文忠实且流畅，算得上好译文，特别值得一提的是译者对grammar的处理，如果照搬字典自然难于翻译，但译者吃透了原句精神，译为“肚里的墨水”，真是再妥帖不过了。
英译汉：佳译赏析之“思前想后”（3）【原文】A nd in these meditations he fell asleep.【译文】他这么思前想后，就睡着了。
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
最新名片翻译中英对照
名片翻译：Name: WANG Dali/ WANG, Dali(国际通用)Jame Legge 名姓Legge, James 姓（颠倒号）名理雅个❤外国人名字翻译时要注意他们的译名而非直译（尤其是明、清时人物）Confucius孔子Mencius孟子Sun Y at-san孙中山Place Name:The Huanghe River黄河the Shaxian County Tibet西藏❤名字凑足两个词昆仑山：the Kunlun Mountain若曾有外文翻译，则提及时为：The Baima River, or Whiter Horse River is…Fujian Normal University, formerly Fukien ChristShaanxi陕西Shanxi山西Chang’an长安Wuyi Mountains武夷山脉小结：住址：浙江省台州市黄岩区天长路18号201室翻译成英文就是：Address: Room 201, 18 Tianchang Road, Huangyan District, T aizhou City, Zhejiang Provinc e.翻译时有几点需要注意：中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小：×国×市×区×路×号，而英文地址则刚好相反，是由小到大：×号, ×路(Road), ×区(District), ×市(City), ×省(Province), ×国。
Ｘ室 Room ＸＸ村（乡）Ｘ VillageＸ号 No. ＸＸ号宿舍Ｘ DormitoryＸ巷 / 弄Ｘ LaneＸ单元 Unit ＸＸ号楼 Building No. ＸＸ楼/层Ｘ/FＸ住宅区/小区Ｘ Residential Quarter甲 / 乙 / 丙 / 丁 A / B / C / DＸ厂ＸFactoryＸ酒楼/酒店ＸHotelＸ花园Ｘ GardenＸ街Ｘ S treet 缩写: St.Ｘ路Ｘ Road 缩写: Rd.Ｘ区Ｘ District缩写: Dist.Ｘ县Ｘ CountyＸ镇Ｘ T ownＸ市Ｘ CityＸ省Ｘ Province 缩写: Prov.请注意：翻译人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音。
计算机 JSP web 外文翻译 外文文献
计算机 JSP web 外文翻译外文文献12.1 nEffective web n design involves separating business objects。
n。
and object XXX。
Although one individual may handle both roles on a small-scale project。
it is XXX.12.2 JSP ArchitectureIn this chapter。
XXX using JavaServer Pages。
servlets。
XXX of different architectures。
each building upon the us one。
The diagram below outlines this process。
and we will explain each component in detail later in this article.Note: XXX.)When Java Server Pages were introduced by Sun。
some people XXX。
While JSP is a key component of the J2EE n and serves as the preferred request handler and response mechanism。
it is XXX.XXX JSP。
the XXX that JSP is built on top of the servlet API and uses servlet XXX interesting ns。
such as whether we should XXX in our Web-enabled systems。
and if there is a way to combine servlets and JSPs。
南邮外文翻译一范例
南京邮电大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：经济与管理学院专业：学生姓名：班级学号：外文出处：Journal of Occupational Psychology,1977, Vol.50附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件：1.外文资料翻译译文重新评估工作满意度和工作生活质量——詹姆斯.C.泰勒有用的工作满意度的措施在评估工作的特点以及改善工作生活质量中是有问题的。
根据民意调查和组织调查显示，多年以来，虽然在高和稳定的工作满意度水平下，雇员的挫折感和异化迹象却一直在增加。
经过更密切的检查，这似是而非的调查导致的结论是：无论再严谨的工作满意度调查及测量，得到的只是修改工作和减少员工的挫折感方面的没必要的信息。
根据以往的经验以及对工作生活质量的研究表明，为了克服这个缺陷，在测量工作满意度的时候，雇员本身需要更多地参与测量。
工作满意度已经成为一个模糊不清的尴尬概念。
许多代表着工业人文主义利益的社会科学调查员都对工作满意度十分有兴趣，他们建议要去关注和改善人与职位的关系，提高工作满意度。
从20世纪30年代开始，这种关注已经从制造业扩展到服务和文职部门。
然而，我们可以断言，大部分对工作满意度的研究都无法仅通过对工作及工作本身的研究。
历史上曾经有过对工作满意度的研究，这或许可以支持或者攻击现状，这种趋势还将继续下去。
尴尬的是，在对美国雇员的工作满意度的继续调查研究中，用极高的百分比来衡量他们工作的满意程度，而在同一时间内降低对工人的承诺，雇员所表达的通过增加缺勤率（特别是部分周缺勤），罢工（因其他原因除了工资）而拒绝谈判达成的合同以及破坏产品的比率显然变得更大。
雇员异化的这些问题已经提起公众的注意，但是如果公众关注继续增长，为什么雇员安静的绝望与工作越来越被看作是与压力之间的和解，这些事实和精心准备将使对工作满意度的严格调查成为必然。
前言本文的目的是在不减少抽样误差和防范反应的情况下，使用更精密的统计测试，在不同的模式下对满意度数据进行界定和衡量。
外文音译命名法的例子
音译法音译法就是模仿外文商标的发音而进行汉译的方法。
这种方法应用非常普遍，其特点是翻译快捷、简便，并能保留原名的音韵之美，让人体验到正宗的异国情调，同时也满足部分消费者追崇“洋味”的心理。
他们往往认为这种商标更能体现自己的身份和地位。
通常是若原语商标构不成意义,或属新奇型或专有独用型,多采用音译法。
如大家熟知的一些品牌：Motorola摩托罗拉，Nokia诺基亚，Sony索尼等代表的系列产品;Ford福特，Audi奥迪，BUICK别克，LINCOLN 林肯等轿车;adidas阿迪达斯，CHANEL夏奈尔，Pierre Cardin皮尔卡丹等服装;ROLEX劳利士，OMEGA欧米茄等手表;BOSS波士，ELIXIR 怡丽丝尔，BVLGARI宝格丽，LANC?ME兰蔻等化妆品;Levi's李维斯(牛仔服);ALIDA阿俪达(高级女鞋);Finbid芬必得(药品);Corona科罗娜，(啤酒);MacLaren麦克拉伦(婴儿车);Cartier卡地亚(珠宝手饰)等。
直译法直译法就是根据外文商标的语言，直接把词意翻译成汉语的方法。
译文的目的语与原文的始发语表达的形式和内容往往相同。
这也是一种应用广泛的方法，其特点是“不失真”，能保留原名传递的意义、信息、情感等，直接传达原文的语义，让消费者更能体会到原商标的涵义，甚至引发联想而产生兴趣、好感，利于商品的销售。
一般说来，如果商标原名本身具有某种特定的涵义或某种象征意义，就应尽可能地考虑直译。
如英国汽车Lotus，直译为“莲花”，能给人以许多美好的联想：莲“出淤泥而不染，濯清莲而不妖”的高洁、质朴，莲“香远益清”的芳香，“亭亭的风姿”，“姣姣的风韵”，“清水出芙蓉，天然去雕饰”不施粉黛的天生丽质，无与伦比的脱俗气质等等;床上用品Fair Lady译为“贵妇人”，给人一种高雅的感觉;轿车Crown译为“皇冠”，暗示轿车的显贵，若音译为“克朗”，感觉就相差甚远。
外文翻译--信号放大器-精品
At the most basic level, a signal amplifier does exactly what you expect –it makes a signal bigger! However, the way in which it is done vary with the design of the actual amplifier, the type of signal, and the reason why we want to enlarge the signal. We can illustrate this by considering the common example of a ―Hi-Fi‖ audio system.In a typical modern Hi-Fi: system, the signals will come from a unit like a CD player, FM tuner, or a Tape/Minidisk unit. The signals they produce have typical levels of the order of 100 mV or so when the music is moderately loud. This is a reasonably large voltage, easy to detect with something like an oscilloscope or a voltmeter. However, the actual power levels of these signals are quite modest. Typically, these sources can only provide currents of a few milliamps, which by P=VI means powers of just a few milliwatts. A typical loudspeaker will require between a few Watts and perhaps over 100 Watts to produce loud sound. Hence we will require some from of Power Amplifier to ―boost‖ the signal power level from the source and make it big enough to play the music.Many practical amplifier chain together a series of analog amplifier stages to obtain a high overall voltage gain. For example, a PA system might start with voltages of the order of 0.1 mV from microphones, and boost this to perhaps 10 to 100V to drive loudspeakers. This requires an overall voltage gain of10, so a number of voltage gain stages will be required.In many cases we wish to amplify the current signal level as well as the voltage. The example we can consider here is the signal required to drive the loudspeakers in a ―Hi-Fi‖ system. These will tend to have a typical input impedance of the order of 8 Ohms. So to drive, say, 100 Watts into such a loudspeaker load we have to simultaneously provide a voltage of 28 Vrms and 3.5 Arms. Taking the example of a microphone as an initial source again a typical source impedance will be around 100 Ohms. Hence the microphone will provide just 1 nA when producing 0.1 mV. This means that to take this and drive 100 W into a loudspeaker the amplifier system must amplify the signal current by a factor of over 10 at the same time as boosting the voltage by a similar amount. This means that the overall power gain required is 10 –i.e. 180 dB!This high overall power gain is one reason it is common to spread the amplifying function into separately boxed pre—and power—amplifiers. The signal levels inside power amplifiers are so much larger than these weak inputs that even the slightest ―leakage‖from the output back to the input may cause problems. By putting the high—power (high current) and low power sections in different boxes we can help protect the input signals from harm.In practice, many devices which require high currents and powers tend to work on the basis that it is the signal voltage which determines the level of response, and they then draw the current they need in order to work. For example, it is the convention with loudspeakers that the volume of the sound should be set by the voltage applied to the speaker. Despite this, most loudspeakers have an efficiency (the effectiveness with which electrical power is converted into acoustical power) which is highly frequency dependent. To a large extent this arises as a natural consequence of the physical properties of loudspeakers. We won’t worry about the details here, but asa result a loudspeaker’s input impedance usually varies in quite a complicated manner with the frequency. (Sometimes also with the input level.)This kind of behavior is quite common in electronic systems. It means that, in information trms, the signal pattern is determined by the way the voltage varies with time, and ideally the current required is then drawn. Although the above is based on a high—power example, a similar situation can arise when a senor is able to generate a voltage in response to an input stimulus but can only supply a very limited current. In these situations we require either a current amplifier or a buffer. These devices are quite similar, and in each case we are using some form of gain device and circuit to increase the signal current level. However, a current amplifier always tries to multiply the current by a set amount. Hence it is similar in action to a voltage amplifier which always tries to multiply the signal current by a set amount. The buffer differs from the current amplifier as it sets out to provide whatever current level is demanded from it in order to maintain the signal voltage told to assert. Hence it will have a higher current gain when connected to a more demanding load.The nature of electrical signals in electronic circuits readily enables the technology to be divided into classes.One of the classes is analog electronics; another is digital electronics.Both analog and digital electronics use similar electronic elements,but the manner of use is different , and the technologies appear to be quite distinct .For this reason we shall study them separately until we bring them together as they invariably unite in instrumentation and applications.Analog electronics pertains to those systems in which the electrical voltage and electrical current are analogous to physical quantities and vary continuously. Electronic circuits that reproduce music must have voltages and currents that are proportional to the sound. A high fidelity amplifying system attempts to keep the analogy as true as possible.Analog electronic circuits are carefully designed to make the electrical voltages and currents follow the input signal.If an input signal doubles in amplitude,the output voltage or current also should double;this is possible because the circuit elements are made to operate within limits that preserve the linearity.An electrical voltage that is proportional to temperature and changes smoothly as the temperature changes is an analog of temperature.If the temperature range is divided into small increments,then the temperature may be indicated by a digital display.As the temperature (voltage) changes smoothly,a decision must be made by an electronic system as to the numerical value to be displayed as the temperature.The circuit making the decision is called an analog-to-digital converter,ADC.The inverse process is accomplished by a digital-to-analog converter,DAC.Digital electronic circuits do not require the linearity of analog circuits.Digital circuits act as electronic switches and switch from one state to another.The output state,on or off, is the only signal condition to be examined.In digital circuits the output state is determined by the input signals in as direct a manner as the output voltage of an analog circuit is related to the input signal. In digital circuits the relation between input and output states are expressed as logic equations; the elements of digital electronics are called logic gates. Logic gates switch between states,on or off, very quickly so that they may operate at many megahertz in computers and otherapplications.As technical developments continue to provide new and amazing integrated circuits,as they have since the 1960s,both analog and digital systems will be more capable. The designers of electronic systems using integrated circuits will have unlimited possibilities for innovation.一般情况下，信号放大器正如人们期望的一样工作---将信号放大。
70词英语作文带译文
70词英语作文带译文
Certainly, here's a 70-word English essay with its translation:
Title: "The Importance of Education"
Education is the key to unlocking opportunities. It empowers individuals to reach their full potential and contributes to societal progress. Through learning, we acquire knowledge, critical thinking skills, and the
ability to adapt to a changing world. Education fosters innovation, drives economic growth, and promotes social cohesion. In essence, investing in education is investing
in a brighter future for individuals and society as a whole.
Translation: 教育的重要性。
教育是打开机会之门的关键。
它赋予个人实现其全部潜能的能力，并促进社会进步。
通过学习，我们获得知识、批判性思维技能
和适应变化世界的能力。
教育促进创新，推动经济增长，并促进社
会凝聚力。
从本质上讲，投资于教育就是为个人和整个社会投资于更加光明的未来。
外文翻译--检验贸易平衡和汇率之间的关系：以中国与美国为例子
原文：Examining the relationship between trade balance and exchange rate: the case of China’s trade with the USAIn this paper, we investigate the nexus between China’s trade balance and the real exchange rate vis-a`-vis the USA. Using the bounds testing approach to cointegration, we find evidence that China’s trade balan ce and real exchange rate vis-a-vis the USA are cointegrated, and using the autoregressive distributed lag model we find that in both the short run and the long run a real devaluation of the Chinese RMB improves the trade balance; as a result, there is no evidence of a J-curve type adjustment.1、IntroductionThere is now a large literature that examines the nexus between trade balance and real exchange rate on developing countries (see, inter alia, Narayan and Narayan, 2004; Wilson and Tat, 2001; Lal and Lowinger, 2002; Kale, 2001; Singh, 2002). Recent empirical literature for developing countries finds a J-curve type adjustment of the trade balance due to shocks in the real exchange rate. For instance, Wilson and Pat (2001) do not find any evidence of the J-curve for Singapore. Lal and Lowinger (2002) find evidence of the J-curve for a group of East Asian countries; Kale (2001) finds evidence of the J-curve for Turkey; and Narayan and Narayan (2004) find evidence of the J-curve type adjustment of the trade balance for Fiji.1.We investigate the r elationship between China’s trade bala nce and its exchange rate vis-a-vis the USA dollar. Our approach is as follows: (1) to investigate evidence for contegration, we use the bounds testing approach; (2) to estimate the long-run and short-run elasticity, we use the autoregressive distributed lag model suggested by Pesaran and Shin (1999); and (3) to estimate the impact of shocks to exchange rate on the trade balance, we apply the impulse–response functions.The paper proceeds as follows. The next section presents the trade balance model to be estimated. This is followed by a brief description of the methodology used in this study. The penultimate section contains the empirical findings. In the last section, the results are discussed.Model and MethodologyModelOur model is as follows:Ln EMt =α+β1lnRERt + εtwhere ln EMt is the logarithm of the real exports to real imports ratio; ln RERt is the logarithm of the real exchange rate (RMB per US dollar), defined as the number of units of domestic currency per unit of foreign currency; α is a constant; and εt is a error term. According to the J-curve hypothesis, an increase in real exchange rate initially reduces the demand for the home country’s exports but increases its demand for imports. This initially leads to a deterioration of the trade balance due to the belief that imports in local currency increase more than the initial increase in exports after a change in price. However, as export and import volumes adjust to price changes over time, the trade balance improves. Hence, it is expecte d thatβ1＞0.MethodologyTo implement the bounds testing procedure, it is essential to model Equation 2 as a conditional autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) as follows:Here, all the variables are as previously defined. The bounds test for examining evidence for a long-run relationship can be conducted using either the F-test or the t-test. We find that in the long run, a 1% increases in the real exchange rate leads to a 1.2% increase in the export to import ratio, implying an improvement of China’s trade balance relative to the USA. This result is statistically significant at the 1% level of significance. In the short run, we find that a 1% increase in the real exchange rate leads to a 0.5% increase in the trade balance. This result is also statistically significant at the 1% level. The error correction term ECt-1, which measures the speed of adjustment to restore equilibrium in the dynamic model, has a negative sign and is statistically significant at the 1% level ensuring that the series is non-explosive and that long-run equilibrium is attainable. The coefficient of -0.42 implies that a deviation from the long-run ME ratio during this period is corrected by about 42% in the next period – an indication that, following a shock, convergence to equilibrium is swift, taking slightly over two years.Impulse–response functionRecent studies (Lal and Lowinger, 2002; Narayan,2004) on the J-curve recommend that the best way of deriving evidence of the J-curve is by using the impulse–response functions. We find and plot the response of trade balance to one standard deviation shock to real exchange rate in Fig. 1, and the response of exchange rates to one standard deviation shock to the trade balance in Fig. 2.The impulse–response function reveals that a one standard deviation shock to the real exchange rate (or devaluation of the RMB) leads to a very volatile response of trade balance for the first three years. After three years, however, the impact of shocks to real exchange rate on the trade balance dies out. Moreover, there is no evidence of any J-curve type adjustment of the trade balance.ConclusionThis paper examines the nexus between China’s trade balance with the USA and the real exchange rate. The test for a long-run relationship between trade balance and real exchange rate is based on the bounds testing approach. while the short-run and long elasticities are estimated using the ARDL estimator. We gauge the response of trade balance to one standard deviation shock to the real exchange rate using the impulse–response function. Our findings are as follows: (1) we find that China’s trade balance and real exchange rate vis-a`-vis the USA is cointegrated; (2) the long-run and short-run elasticities on the real exchange rate are positive and statistically significant, implying that a devaluation of the real exchange rate improves China’s trade balance; and (3) the impulse–response analysis suggests that a one standard deviation shock to real exchange rate creates a lot of instability in China’s trade balance for the first three years but the impact of this shock dies out thereafter.An important distinction between the present study and the literature on developing countries is that while most studies on developing countries find a J-curve type adjustment of the trade balance to shocks in real exchange rate, China’s experience is different: a real devaluation improves the trade balance in both the short run and the long run, which may be part of the reason for China’s exceptional export performance.外文题目Examining the relationship between trade balance andexchange rate: the case of China’s trade with the USA出处：Applied Economics Letters作者：Paresh Kumar Narayan检验贸易平衡和汇率之间的关系：以中国与美国为例子摘要在本文中，我们探讨中国与美国之间贸易平衡和实际汇率的的关系。
外文翻译--基于51单片机温度报警器的设计(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
外文翻译--基于51单片机温度报警器的设计(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)XXX: Design of a Temperature Alarm Based on 51 MCUDepartment: n EngineeringMajor: Measurement and Control Technology and nClass:Student ID:Name:Supervisor:Date:A microcontroller。
also known as a single-chip computer system。
XXX its ns being integrated on a small chip。
it has most of the components needed for a complete computer system。
such as CPU。
memory。
internal and external bus systems。
and mostof them also have external storage。
At the same time。
it integrates XXX interfaces。
timers。
real-time clocks。
etc。
The most XXX integrate sound。
image。
ork。
and complex input-output systems on a single chip.XXX used in the industrial control field。
Microcontrollers XXX CPUs inside the chip。
The original design concept was to integrate a large number of peripheral devices and CPUs on a chip to make the computer system XXX's Z80 was the first processor designed according to this concept。
外文翻译
The effect of business improvement districts on the incidence of violent crimes商业改善区域对暴力犯罪的发生率产生的影响1、J ohn MacDonald,2 、Robert J Stokes,1、约翰·麦克唐纳、2、罗伯特·J斯托克斯,ABSTRACTObjective目的To examine whether business improvement districts (BID) contributed to greater than expected declines in the incidence of violent crimes in affected neighbourhoods.检测发现在感染所居住的地区商业区域的改善，促成了暴力犯罪的比预期的下降率。
Method 方法A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to assess the changes in the incidence of violent crimes between 1994 and 2005 and the implementation of 30 BID in Los Angeles neighbourhoods.在1994年和2005年的洛杉矶地，贝叶斯结构层次模型被用来评估你的变化发生的暴力犯罪的发生率的变化，投标率达30。
ResultsThe implementation of BID was associated with a 12% reduction in the incidence of robbery and an 8%reduction in the total incidence of violent crimes .投标的实现与下降12%的抢劫率相关，也与下降8%的暴力犯罪率相关。
外文资料翻译---Struts 和 Tiles 辅助基于组件的开发
题目名称：Struts And Tiles Aid Component-basedDevelopment译文题目：Struts 和 Tiles 辅助基于组件的开发原文题目：Struts and Tiles aid component-based development 原文出处：Thinking in Java, 3rd ed. Revision 4.0Struts 和 Tiles 辅助基于组件的开发1994 年，当时主流的采用Web 应用程序的开发才刚开始。
由于Web 的不成熟，只有较少的工具能帮助开发人员构建Web 软件。
结果，在特定解决方案中的应用程序混合了HTML 代码与应用程序逻辑。
很显然，UI 设计的更改和业务逻辑的更新在大型应用程序中既困难又昂贵，因为紧耦合的表示和逻辑将这两种元素搅和在一起，进而导致错误和缓慢的进展。
而且，混合的代码要求部分开发人员具备UI 设计知识，或者要求开发人员与图形设计人员之间有紧密的工作关系，这常常会造成时间上的浪费。
JSP 技术和标记的引入稍微改善了这种更改问题，因为能够将逻辑和显示分离。
UI 设计人员能够对显示进行卓有成效的工作，同时开发人员能够专注于逻辑。
然而，这种方法仍存在一些缺陷。
尤其是某些操作（还有公共操作）的开发仍很困难。
验证表单就是典型的例子。
正如很多人所知，表单验证的过程类似于这样：显示表单；等待用户填写然后提交数据。
检查各个域值是否有效；如果有错误，则重新显示表单。
处理用户输入的数据，可能将其存储在一个数据库中。
在新页面上向用户显示处理的结果或下一步（可能是另一个表单）。
如果在这一过程中只使用JSP 页面，那么在需要再次更改代码时，您会发现，按照可管理性这条思路，将控制从一个页面“路由”至另一个页面很难。
您想把第4 步和第 3 步置于同一个页面吗？如果使用多个单独的JSP 页面，那么如何跟踪哪个页面链接至其它页面，以及在要更改一个页面的文件名或位置时该怎么做呢？而且，在第 2 步检测到某个域中的错误时，如何重新显示带有一条错误消息的原始表单，但还要保留用户已填入的值呢？Struts，一种开放源码“模型-视图-控制器”框架，通过帮助解决所有这些问题，从而使开发人员的工作更为轻松。
外文翻译---香农和“香农公式”
毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译系别通信工程与技术系专业班级0703姓名评分指导教师20 年月日香农和―香农公式‖Lars Lundheim{挪威科学技术大学，通信系，教授}在科学技术史上，十九世纪中叶和二十世纪中叶是一个非常突出的时期。
在这个时期，一些发明和创作的实现消除了许多对个人和社会的有影响的限制。
特别是在通信领域，迅速的发展就好像高架铁路，蒸汽轮船，航空和电信一样。
值得人注意的是一些有趣的事情。
由于一些限制被拆除，一些基本的或主要的随即建立了新的限制。
例如，卡罗表明，从热机提炼出来的热能量是有一个极限值的。
后来，这一定律被推广到了第二定律热力学。
就像爱因斯坦的狭义相对论，一个机制的速度被发现。
其他例子包括Kelvin的绝对零度，Heissenberg的测不准原理和哥德尔不完备性定理的数学。
在1948年出版的香农信道编码定理似乎是最后一个被发现的限制，人们或者会奇怪，为什么所有的限制都是在这个有限的时间内完成的。
有一个原因可以解释。
当一个学者还年轻的时候，他总是试着去发现一些东西——一些他们不能确定的东西。
由于通信是在科学发展中时间最短的一个，很自然的它基本的法则是建立在后期阶段。
在本论文中，我们会尽量除开一些事态的发展对香农公式的影响。
香农公式有时候，一个―天才之举‖科学成果的产生会让人无法想象是来自于一个私人科学家。
更常见的是有几个独立的小组在一个特定的成熟的时机逐步研究出来的。
在本文中我们将着眼于一个特定的概念，一个频带有限的信息传输通道的通道容量加白噪声，高斯噪音。
这就是所谓的―香农公式‖：C = W log2(1 + P/N) bits/s我们逐步发现，一方面，二战过后这么些年，当时已经是一个成熟的时机，另一方面，香农公式是一个非常特殊的发现，很多有识之士都非常的认同这个观点。
许多数学表达式都用有关香农的名字来命名。
这个例子并不是最著名的，但在通信领域中或许是最知名的。
这也是当时最迅速最有价值的理解之一了。
外文翻译
供应链风险管理——物流的脆弱性和韧性Donald Waters前言持续的压力迫使管理者去提高他们供应链的效率，允许物料快速且低成本的运作。
这些压力激励出了一系列新的举措和方法，但是人们日益认识到这些新的方法也会带来不可预见的问题，特别是，它们增加了供应链中断的脆弱性，通过消除过去用来保护供应链受不可预见事件影响的松散措施，管理者们建立了一个甚至小的，意想不到的事件都可以使一切停顿的灵活链。
你只需看看报纸的标题就能为这些和工业性相关的行动找到证据：在美国的港口停放着发往欧洲的中国货物，一场地震打乱了来自日本的电子产品的供应，一个主要的部件供应商从商业中退出，一场飓风在墨西哥湾造成的破坏，一艘集装箱船在印度洋丢失了它装载的货物以及一个制造商正从德国移走他的工厂。
当然，并不是所有影响供应链的风险都是头条新闻，你很少听到诸如交货延迟，物价上涨，道路事故，损坏的货物，交通挤塞，以及许多其他的因素--那些供应链管理者们必须担心的东西。
但是，即使是最小的风险也会影响供应链的运行，因此他们需要谨慎管理。
这可能似乎是显而易见的，但供应链风险管理是一个令人惊讶的新概念，而且处在一个非常早期的发展阶段。
大量的事件可以影响一个冗长和复杂供应链的运作，将这些突发事件定义为风险和供应链风险管理是管理它们的功能职责所在。
本书的目标是介绍供应链风险管理的原则，检讨目前的想法，描述这些在实践中最大围应用的方法，并揭示它们主题的朝向。
我们采取直接的方法，按照逻辑思路阐述观点而不改用为哲学讨论或醉心于使用最新的行业术语。
本书的目标是任何想要了解风险管理以及它对供应链管理日益上升的影响的人群，包括那些有来自不同背景得人们，所以我们不能假设多少常识。
为确保我们保持一致，前面的章节概述了问题的重要性，回顾了风险和供应链管理的核心领域。
然后，本书阐述了供应链风险管理的原则，从需要的步骤到详细介绍这些步骤和复杂性应急计划。
1.熟悉风险风险与管理每个人都熟悉风险，我们可能没有一个正式的定义，但是我们一般都认为风险就是可能发生的令人不愉快的事情，有风险就是我们的投资可能会亏本，一列火车将会晚点，我们会有一场汽车事故或者某人会生病。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：油气资源学院专业班级：物探0502指导教师：完成日期：年月日地震驱动评价与发展：以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码：1099——1108出版日期：NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位：PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术，在玻利维亚冲积盆地，我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。
通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。
这些方法包括盆地模拟，联井及地震叠前同时反演，岩石性质及地震属性解释，A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴，光谱分解。
联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。
迄今为止，在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。
基质和区域地质。
Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部，部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。
许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现，目前正在生产。
另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争，如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。
最近发现气田就是这种情况。
接下来，我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。
图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。
基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。
地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。
该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上，该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开（图1），圈闭类型是上盘背斜，它存在于连续冲断层上，Aguja有两个主要结构：Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。
外文翻译——精选推荐
外⽂翻译轨道交通与卡车货运的外部成本⽐较⽂摘：在本⽂中，我们评估了四种具有代表性的具有额外成本类型的货运列车。
为每个类型的货运⽕车，我们估计了三个⼀般类型的外部成本，并分别与私⼈成本所经营的铁路公司、死⼈货运卡车等对⽐。
⼀般类型的外部成本主要包括：事故伤亡及财产损失、伤病；排放（空⽓污染和温室⽓体）和噪⾳。
铁路外部成本0.24-0.25每⼈，⼩于货物运输的1.11美分。
但与私⼈成本相关部分占铁路的外部成本的9.3-22.6%，⽽卡车只有13.2%。
关键词：价格、外部成本、铁路、运输经济学、交通财政1.介绍货运在国家、地区以及城市中都是⼀个重要的元素。
廉价、可靠的运输可以帮助企业降低成本保持商品的竞争⼒。
同样的道理，⼀个好的社会交通政策，就要求我们在满⾜旅客和货物运输需求的同时，尽量减少中间的运输成本。
如果想将社会总成本降到最低，制订政策的⼈就必须充分了解不同交通⽅式的社会成本。
然后才可以更好的制订相应的政策来吸引对应的消费群体来进⾏交通选择。
最理想的情况就是，每个单位运输服务使⽤的价值可以被⼀个指标显⽰，它能反映出完整的增量成本及带给社会的福利。
这样⼀个完整的运输成本概念会形成在事成中，运输使⽤者可以依据此选择⼀个对⾃⼰最优的运输服务。
同时这个定价⽅式意味着社会的成本不会造成各个模式和类型的服务程度有较⼤区别。
2.模态竞争和社会成本在全部成本定价的货运⽅式、对社会的真实的成本价格反映⽤户⽀付,因此竞争模式将在平等的基础上。
如何将外部成本将影响轨道,拖车费和模态之间的竞争将取决于多种因素,包括相关的服务质量,在多⼤程度上两种模式能够为相同的市场。
⼀般来说,铁路和货运市场竞争,在涉及距离相对较短,但较长的轨道运输。
通常,这些价值(美元每吨)通过卡车货运⾼于通过铁路运来。
你必须认识到我们的⼀般单位的分析,ton-mile,包括⼀个极其⼴泛的商品。
举例说,根据1993年美国商品流量调查、价值的“⾮⾦属材料的“平均时间是11美元/吨,和“⾐服”平均每吨249.19。
70词英语作文带翻译
70词英语作文带翻译Title: The Importance of Learning a Second Language。
In today's interconnected world, learning a second language is more crucial than ever. Firstly, it enhances cognitive abilities. Research shows that bilingual individuals have better problem-solving skills and enhanced creativity. Secondly, it fosters cultural understanding. By speaking another language, we gain insights into different cultures, fostering empathy and tolerance. Lastly, it opens up numerous opportunities in career advancement and global communication. In conclusion, learning a second language is not just a skill but a gateway to a broader world.标题，学习第二语言的重要性。
在当今互联互通的世界中，学习第二语言比以往任何时候都更为重要。
首先，它增强了认知能力。
研究表明，双语个体具有更好的问题解决能力和增强的创造力。
其次，它促进了文化理解。
通过说另一种语言，我们能够了解不同的文化，培养出同理心和包容性。
最后，它为职业发展和全球沟通开辟了许多机会。
总之，学习第二语言不仅是一种技能，而且是通往更广阔世界的门户。
英语作文带单词翻译
英语作文带单词翻译Title: The Importance of Learning English in Today's Globalized World。
In today's globalized world, English has become the most widely spoken and used language. It is the language of international business, diplomacy, science, and technology. Therefore, learning English has become essential for anyone who wants to succeed in today's world.Firstly, English is the language of international communication. It is the language that connects people from different countries and cultures. It is the language that is used in international conferences, meetings, and negotiations. Therefore, if you want to communicate with people from different parts of the world, you need to know English.Secondly, English is the language of international trade. Most of the world's international trade is conductedin English. If you want to do business with people from other countries, you need to know English. You need to be able to negotiate contracts, write emails and reports, and communicate effectively with your business partners.Thirdly, English is the language of science and technology. Most of the world's scientific research is conducted in English. If you want to study science or technology, you need to know English. You need to be able to read scientific journals, understand technical terms, and communicate with other scientists.Fourthly, English is the language of the internet. The majority of the content on the internet is in English. If you want to access information, communicate with people, or do business online, you need to know English.Finally, English is the language of travel. If you want to travel to different parts of the world, you need to know English. You need to be able to communicate with people, read signs and directions, and order food and drinks.In conclusion, learning English is essential for anyone who wants to succeed in today's globalized world. It is the language of international communication, trade, science and technology, the internet, and travel. Therefore, if you want to be successful in today's world, you need to learn English.。
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外文文献原稿和译文原稿UMUC – PHASE 2 Phase 2 – Bid Set DNC Architects, Inc. 12/5/2008SECTION 16720: FIRE ALARM SYSTEMPART 1 GENERAL1.01 RELATED DOCUMENTSDrawings and General Provisions of Contract, including General andSupplementary Conditions and Division 1 Specification Sections, apply tothis Section.The provisions of Section 16010 apply to this Section.1.02 DESCRIPTIONComplete electrically supervised addressable system, with Manual FireAlarm Pullstations, Horns, Smoke Detectors, Heat Detectors, FlashingSynchronized Strobe Alarm Lights, Sprinkler Flow and Tamper Devices,Control Panel, and Annunciator Panels.1.03 REQUIREMENTSSecure permits and approvals of all authorities having jurisdiction prior toinstallation.Provide a complete, operational, 24 volt, addressable, closed-circuit,electrically supervised, annunciated, general fire alarm and fire detectionsystem meeting the requirements and approval of:A. NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code.B. IBC [International Building Code].C. Americans with Disabilities Act.D. Authorities having jurisdiction.Secure permits and approvals including wiring diagrams of complete systemprior to installation.Prior to commencement and after completion of work, notify authoritieshaving jurisdiction.Submit letter of approval for installation before requiring acceptance ofsystem.1.04 OPERATION1.04.01 Operation of manual fire alarm pullstation shall:Automatically transmit fire alarm signal to fire department via approvedcentral office.Sound alarm on all horns throughout building; activate flashing lights;actuate floor, zone and device lamp on annunciator panel at lobby; and stopair supply and air return by automatically shutting down all air handlingunits.FIRE ALARM SYSTEM 16720-1 UMUC – PHASE 2 Phase 2 – Bid Set DNC Architects, Inc. 12/5/20081.04.02 Operation of heat and smoke space detectors and sprinkler water flow switch shallperform same operation as manual fire alarm station.Atrium BuildingsSmoke space detectors and sprinkler water flow switch shall alsoautomatically start atrium smoke exhaust and air supply fans.1.04.03 Operation of sprinkler tamper switch shall: Sound trouble alarm signal and illuminatetrouble and floor lamp on annunciator panel at main lobby, and additionalpanel located in rear lobby located in drawings.1.04.04 Operation of duct smoke detector shall: Shutdown contaminated air handling unit,and perform the same operation as space detector.1.04.05 Operation of elevator lobby, machine room, or hoistway smoke detectors shall:Initiate elevator recall sequence: Elevators serving alarm initiating floor toreturn non-stop to lower level floor. If this is an alarm initiating floor,elevator shall return to landing two floors above.1.04.06 Opens or grounds in wiring actuates trouble bell. Silencing switch with pilot lightpermits silencing trouble bell while fault is being cleared. Pilot light remainsilluminated between operation of silencing switch and clearing of fault.1.04.07 Operation of elevator lobby smoke detector, elevator shaft and Elevator MachineRoom smoke detector shall actuate elevator recall system and perform sameoperation as sprinkler tamper switch.1.04.08 Operation of atrium ceiling beam type smoke detectors shall perform same operationas manual fire alarm station, and shall also automatically start all of theatrium smoke exhaust fans.1.04.09 Operation of Elevator Machine Room and elevator shaft heat detectors shall openelevator feeder contactor or shut trip breakers(s) and perform same operationas sprinkler tamper switch.1.05 DIVISION OF WORK1.05.01 Under HVAC work: Install duct detectors with duct boxes and sampling tubes inaccordance with manufacturer's requirement and with electrical contractorpresent. Extend sampling tube across widest duct dimension and throughopposite wall. Maintain clearance and accessibility to duct box and samplingtube end fitting. Provide auxiliary contacts in all packaged equipmentcontrollers for shutdown of contaminated air handling units by smokedetectors.1.05.02 Under sprinkler work: Provide and install sprinkler flow and tamper switches.FIRE ALARM SYSTEM 16720-2 UMUC – PHASE 2 Phase 2 – Bid Set DNC Architects, Inc. 12/5/20081.05.03 Under electrical work: Supply and wire-up duct detectors installed under HVACwork. Wire-up sprinkler flow and tamper switches installed under sprinklerwork. Provide control panel, wiring, space detectors and all components ofthe fire alarm system. Coordinate control interlocks with Mechanical,Elevator [Kitchen Equipment Contractor] and Control subcontracts forshutdown of air handling units, fans, control of smoke control system fans,operation of control dampers, elevator recall and elevator shutdown, [andkitchen equipment control interlocks].1.06 SUMBITTALSA. Manufacturer's Data:CableDevicesPanelsB. Shop Drawings:Content: Catalog cuts of all products, wiring diagrams, a complete systemriser diagram indicating wire sizes, conduit sizes and number of wires, a firealarm annunciator panels detail, and a complete description of the systemoperation.1.07 ACCEPTABLE MANUFACTURERSPolytronics, Notifier, Simplex, FCI, Honeywell, Gamewell.PART 2 PRODUCTS2.01 WIRINGMinimum insulation meeting UL standards for fire alarm cable. Armoredcable and flexible conduit not permitted.2.01.01 Minimum wire size:Horn and light circuits: No. 12Alarm initiating Circuits: Twisted pair as required by manufacturer forquantity of devices and length of circuit.2.01.02 Raceway system: Independent of all other systems, except through manholes andhandholes, independent of light and power only.2.02 PULL STATIONSSemi-flush, pull-lever single action addressable type. Actuating contact tofunction continuously until reset. Provisions for fire drill and test.2.03 HORNSFIRE ALARM SYSTEM 16720-3 UMUC – PHASE 2 Phase 2 – Bid Set DNC Architects, Inc. 12/5/2008D.C., 24 volt, 106 dBA at 10 feet, flush mounted red grill. Painted red enamelwith guard and weatherproof when mounted on exterior of building.2.04 DUCT DETECTORSDual chambers with sensitivity control, addressable, ionization type. Provideone detector and sampling tube in the supply duct for each air conditioningunit. Provide wire and conduit to air conditioning unit control panel fromsmoke detector auxiliary contacts for shutdown of air conditioning unit.2.05 FLASHING LIGHTSFlush mounted xenon strobe type with white lens, red lettering and redenamel finished cover plate. ADA Compliant. Candela rating as indicated onplans.2.06 HEAT DETECTORSRate-of-rise and fixed temperature type (135o F), ceiling mounted.With auxiliary contacts where installed in Elevator Machine Rooms andelevator shafts for ANSI power shutdown requirement.2.07 SMOKE DETECTORDual chamber addressable ionization type with sensitivity control andindicating lamp. Surface mounted high velocity type, with auxiliary contactsfor air handling unit shutdown, where located in Mechanical EquipmentRooms. For smoke detectors in Mechanical Equipment Rooms, provide wireand conduit from smoke detector auxiliary contacts to air conditioning unitcontrol panel for shutdown of air-conditioning unit.2.08 ADDRESSABLE INTERFACE RELAYSProvide for each sprinkler system device to be monitored, including tamperswitches, flow switches, OS&Y valves, etc. Complete with outlet box andcover. Provide for monitoring of fire pump, emergency generator, kitchenhood suppression system and all other control and fire alarm sub-systems notdirectly apart of system specified herein.2.09 CONTROL PANEL120 volt, single phase, 2 wire, 60 hertz input voltage, pre-wired surfacemounted, with:A. Relays, control modules, input modules, output modules, and, whererequired, transformer and rectifierB. Trouble and alarm bellsC. Silencing switch and pilot light with ring back featureD. Indicating lamps, nameplates, switches and terminalsFIRE ALARM SYSTEM 16720-4 UMUC – PHASE 2 Phase 2 – Bid Set DNC Architects, Inc. 12/5/2008E. Battery Pack as per NFPAF. Alphanumeric liquid crystal display indicating type of alarm, type ofdevice and address of device report trouble and/or alarm condition.Provisions for: Indicated number of alarm initiating devices plus 205 future.Auxiliary relays for: Fan shut-down, annunciator panels, elevator recall, andall other control functions noted under paragraph 1.04. Test delay switch,with automatic reset, to allow testing fire alarm system without activatingauxiliary control functions.2.10 ALARM EXTENDER PANELSComplete with integral power supply, battery and battery charger andsupervised alarm notification appliance circuits. Size for present number ofADA strobes plus [30] additional 75 candela strobes per panel.2.11 GRAPHIC ANNUNCIATORComplete with outline of building, indicating stairways, elevators and zone,floor, and type of device indicating lamps, trouble lamp, test button, silenceswitch, reset switch and power on lamp. See detail on drawings. Panel finishaccording to Architect. Recessed, flushed mounted back box. Additionalgraphic annunciator shall be located at North entrance.PART 3 EXECUTION3.01 TESTCheck duct detectors for minimum 500 ft. per min. air flow with air velocitymeter. Activate space and beam smoke detectors with smoke from controlledfire per manufacturer's recommendations, local fire inspector and aninstrument simulator.Verify operation of each alarm initiating device and each alarm notificationappliance.Verify fan shut-down and elevator recall operation. Verify control andannunciator panels for trouble indication and alarm indication.Verify automatic operation of Atrium smoke control system.Verify operation of ANSI elevator power shutdown system.Operate equipment in presence of Fire Department and Architect.Wiring insulation test minimum: 10 megohms with signaling apparatusdisconnected.END OF SECTIONFIRE ALARM SYSTEM 16720-5译文引言近年来，随着Internet/Intranet建网技术的飞速发展和在世界范围内的迅速普及，计算机应用程序已从传统的桌面应用转到Web应用。