英汉汉英实用翻译教程
[文学]英汉翻译实用教程第2讲_英译汉_1
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3. 改换说法
• 在翻译时，在译清原文的确切含义的基础上，按 译语的搭配习惯，选择恰当的译语词汇对原文加 以引申，并可以改变原文的结构和句式，译文只 要忠实原文、通顺流畅即可。例如: • 1. During the first part of his life, Lincoln was a storekeeper and postmaster. • 林肯早年当过店主和邮政局长。 • 2. A network of highways was built from coast to coast. • 横跨大陆建筑了一个公路网。
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• 6. The alternating current does not know such a disadvantage as the direct current does. • 死译：交流电不知道直流电的这种缺点。 • 引伸：交流电不存在直流电的这种缺点。 • 7. If iron is kept moist, rusting is rapid, which might lead us to think that water was the influence causing the corrosion. • 死译：如果保持潮湿，生锈就快，这可能使我们 以为水是引起腐独的影响。 • 引伸：如果保持潮湿，生锈就快，这可能使我们 以为水是引起腐独的原因。
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• 而对于那些本身似为中性的词汇，我们必须根据上下文判 断其褒贬而做出适应的表达。例如： • 1）He is a well-known professor … • 文明遐迩…。（褒义） • 2）He is a well-known criminal … • 臭名远洋… 。（贬义） • 3） John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. • 约翰是个积极肯干的推销员，他工作干得很出色。（褒义） • 4） Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. • 希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。（贬义）
英汉汉英翻译教程参考译文
第6课The Miao Dragon Boat Festival (II)The Miao Dragon Boat Festival is different from / differs from the Hans’ / that of the Hans / the Han celebration. Apart from / Besides / In addition to a different date of celebration from that of the Hans’ (which takes place / happens / is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month) , it generally does not include a dragon boat race, but (it) chiefly (includes) visits to friends and relatives in other villages instead. The dragon boat begins its voyage along the river early in the morning / in the early morning, and is received by friends and relatives wherever / at any place where it stops / arrives.When it approaches / comes near a village, an iron blaster is set off to announce its arrival / inform friends and relatives (of its arrival). Villagers on the bank respond with firecrackers / set off firecrackers in response and come to meet it. The hosts present two cups of rice wine to each oarsman / present each oarsman with two cups of rice wine and then tie / fasten gifts—ducks, geese, and colored silks—(on) to the head of the dragon. Gifts for close relatives, like / such as sons-in-law or cousins, are pigs or goats.At about 4 p.m. the boat stops alongside the river bank. The people on the boat eat, with their fingers / without using bowls and chopsticks, meat and glutinous rice balls (which are) placed on the sides of the boat. Women and children on the bank come to “beg”the boatmen for food. Legend had it that if one ate food from a dragon boat, he would be free from disaster and have all his wishes fulfilled, / eating food from a dragon boat would protect one from disaster and fulfill all one’s wishes, which / and that later became a tradition / traditional custom.On the banks of the river are also held / there are also the Miaos’traditional horse races, bullfights and drum dances. Girls in holiday clothes / holiday attire / holiday array / their holiday best dance to (the accompaniment of) (log) drums / (log) drum beats. Young men and women sing antiphonally all through the festival nights; they get to know each other / get acquainted with each other thereby, and often get married / become man and wife later.第7课大本钟大本钟是伦敦最有名的地标之一，也是世界上最大的四钟面时钟之一。
郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第9章 文化与翻译【圣才出品】
第9章文化与翻译一、英译汉1. as stubborn as a mule【译文】犟得像牛2. seek a hare in a hen’s nest【译文】缘木求鱼3. lead a dog’s life【译文】过着牛马一样的生活4. cry up wine and sell vinegar【译文】挂羊头，卖狗肉5. put back the clock【译文】开倒车6. drink like a fish【译文】牛饮7. Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.【译文】嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
8. —“Until her husband won the pools, she was the most commonplace, dowdy, illiterate creature imaginable, but now that she dresses herself up like a society queen and nearly always remembers to sound her aitches, people are already beginning to forget what she was like before.”—“Fine feathers make fine birds.”【译文】——“过去没有比她更平平常常、无知无识而又邋邋遢遢的了，自从她男人赢得全部赌注以后，她打扮得象个社交皇后，总是记住发H的音，人们开始忘记她以前是什么样子了。
”——“人靠衣裳马靠鞍嘛。
”9. I’d much rather see her once or twice and not do anything about it---what could I do about it anyway? She’s a bit out of my class, don’t you think? If I did try to do anything, I’d only get sent off with a flea in my ear.【译文】我宁愿见她一两面就算了──我还能干什么呢？你没看到她和我不怎么相称吗？我要干点什么，也只会碰一鼻子灰。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第10、11章【圣才出品】
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第10、11章【圣才出品】第10章⼤写、标点符号与英汉互译⼀、将下列各条译成英语。
注意⼤⼩写1. 地中海中的岛屿和加那利群岛【答案】Mediterranean islands and Canary Islands2. 我准备去西部度假。
【答案】I am going to the West for my vacation.3. 基⾟格的⽗亲是个德国⼈。
【答案】Kissinger’s father is a German.4. 你提到的那座天主教堂和圣爱德华天主教堂不同。
【答案】hat Catholic church you mentioned is different from St.Edward’s Catholic Church.5. 《双城记》是狄更斯的⼀部⼩说，⽽《⼈⽣颂》是朗费罗的⼀⾸诗。
【答案】A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Dickens and "The Psalm of Life" is a poem by Longfellow.⼆、翻译下列各条。
注意正确使⽤撇号1. ⽛医的诊所【答案】the dentist’s office2. 我表兄弟们的房⼦【答案】my cousins’ houses3. ⼥⼠们的帽⼦【答案】the ladies’ hats4. 琼斯⼀家的汽车【答案】the Joneses’ car5. 我⼏位嫂⼦的信件【答案】my sisters-in-law’s letters6. 五美元的价值【答案】five dollars’ worth7. 基⾟格和尼克松的计划【答案】Kiss inger and Nixon’s plan8. 尼克松和罗杰斯各⾃的计划【答案】Nixon’s and Rogers’s plans三、将下列句⼦译成汉语。
注意标点符号的使⽤1. The teacher said. “I will accept your excuse.”【答案】这位⽼师说：“我同意你的请假。
实用翻译教程(2)
• • • •
• • • •
Their power increased with their number. 他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。 （并列分句） I found the house suddenly, and stood there with my heart beating fast and tears coming to my eyes. （并列分句） 我突然找到那所房子。 我站在那里，心剧 烈地跳着，泪水也涌上眼睛。 We cannot see it clearly for the fog． 由于有雾，我们看不清它。 （译成原因分句）
• 男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计师的当。
• 4 . Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law. • 能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一 条公认的规律。 （名词短语） • 5 . The night was chilly—it was early November． A light drizzle added to my discomfort ． • 夜里冷风飕飕，那是 十一月初，天下起 了毛毛细雨，令我倍加难受。
• 她可以谅解地为自己高超的烹调技艺感到自豪。 • 她自夸她高超的烹调技艺，这是情有可原的。
• 2. The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed.
• 古人曾试图说明彩虹是怎样产生的，但没 有成功。
• 3. Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “selfreliance.”
汉英互译实用基础教程
实用基础教程汉译英教程：本教程旨在帮助学习者掌握汉译英的基本技巧和策略，提高英语表达能力。
我们将通过讲解常用词汇和句型，分析翻译实例，并提供练习题，帮助学习者在实际操作中提高翻译能力。
English Translation Tutorial:This tutorial aims to help learners master the basic techniques and strategies of English translation, and improve their English expression skills. We will explain commonly used vocabulary and sentence patterns, analyze translation examples, and provide practice exercises to help learners improve their translation abilities in practical situations.翻译实践汉译英实践：将一段中文文本翻译成英语。
我们将提供一段简单的中文文本，学习者可以根据教程中的技巧和策略进行翻译，并在完成后与参考译文进行对比，找出自己的不足之处。
English Practice Translation:English-Chinese Translation Practice: Provide a simple Chinese text and learners can translate it into English according to the techniques and strategies taught in the tutorial. After completing the translation, they can compare their translation with the reference translation to identify areas for improvement.英译汉实践：将一段英语文本翻译成中文。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第3、4章【圣才出品】
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第3、4章【圣才出品】第3章翻译常⽤的⼋种技巧⼀、翻译下列各段。
注意翻译术语的适当运⽤，尤其是有关翻译技巧的定义1. There are in the main eight techniques and principles in translation, either from English into Chinese or from Chinese into English. They are: diction, amplification, omission, conversion, inversion, negation, division and repetition.【答案】不管是英译汉还是汉译英，主要有⼋条翻译技巧(和原则)，即选词⽤字法，增译法，减译法，词类转移法，词序调整法，正说反译法、反说正译法，分译法和重译法。
2. By “diction” we mean proper “choice of words” in translation on the bas is of accurate comprehension of the original.【答案】所谓“选词⽤字法”，就是在正确理解原⽂的基础上适当地选择词语。
3. Repetition is useful chiefly for clearness, which is of course the first quality to be acquired in a discourse. Secondly, words are repeated also for the sake of emphasis or force, which is another important quality in expression. Lastly, repetition will give life to the discourse and make it more attractive.【答案】重译法之所以有⽤，第⼀是它可使译⽂明确(明确是衡量语⾔质量的第⼀个标准)；第⼆是为了强调，使语⾔有⼒(这是衡量语⾔质量的另⼀重要标准)；第三是为了使译⽂⽣动形象，引⼈⼈胜。
翻译新概念英汉互译实用教程
Байду номын сангаас
第三章 英译汉实用指南
•
第一节 英语理解中的难点及翻译对策 第二节 英译汉表达中的四对关系 第三节 英语名词的译法 第四节 英语修饰语的译法 第五节 英语“三态”、“一气的译法” 第六节 英语三大从句的译法 第七节 英语特殊句型的翻译 第八节 英语长句的翻译 第九节 英语习语、典故的翻译
第五章 英语应试翻译题常见结构及 译技指导
• 第一节 英译汉译技指导 第二节 汉译英译技指导 附录各章练习参考答案
第四章 汉译英实用指南
•
第一节 怎样才能译出地道的英语 第二节 汉译英表达五戒 第三节 汉译英主干及信息重心的确立 第四节 汉语词语的翻译 第五节 汉语的基本句型及其翻译 第六节 汉译英语篇重组 第七节 汉语习语和文章标题的翻译 第八节 汉译英典型错误透析
第一章 翻译概论
第一节 翻译的作用与使命 第二节 翻译标准 第三节 直译与意译 第四节 “归化与“异化译法” 第五节 “可译性”和“不可译性的补 偿” 第六节 “翻译症的症状及克服方略”
第二章 英、汉语言对比及互译对策
•
第一节 英、汉语言的共相 第二节 英、汉语言的差异 第三节 英、汉互译的常用技巧
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)课后习题及详解-第1、2章【圣才出品】
第1章翻译概述一、填空1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance【解析】严复提出的翻译标准：信、达、雅。
2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years.【答案】two thousand【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。
3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, smoothness【解析】我国现今通用的两个翻译标准：“信”和“达”。
二、回答下列问题1. What is meant by translation?【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation?【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness.三、英译汉1. Source language and target language【答案】译出语和译入语2. the Oriental and Occidental languages 【答案】东方语言和西方语言3. Alexander Fraser Tyler【答案】亚历山大•弗雷泽•泰勒4. Georges Mounin【答案】乔治•穆南5. Feedorov【答案】费道罗夫6. Indu Dharmarakcha【答案】竺法护7. Kumara’3iva【答案】鸠摩罗什8. Paramartha(Gunarata)【答案】真谛/波罗末陀（拘那罗陀）【答案】利玛窦10. Euclid’s Elements【答案】《几何原本》11. La Dame aux Camelias【答案】《茶花女》12. A History of Politics(by E. Jenks)【答案】《社会通诠》（甄克思著）13. On Liberty(by J. S. Mill)【答案】《群己权界论》（约翰•穆勒著）14. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A.Smith) 【答案】原富》（亚当•斯密）15. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T. H. Huxley)【答案】《天演论》（赫胥黎）四、汉译英【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance2. “宁顺而不信。
英汉互译实用教程(一)
英汉互译实用教程(一)英汉互译实用教程1. 简介该教程旨在帮助读者掌握英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，以便更准确地进行翻译工作。
2. 基本原则在进行英汉互译时，我们需要遵守以下几个基本原则：•准确性：翻译应尽量准确传达原文的含义。
•通顺性：翻译应符合目标语言的表达习惯，通顺易懂。
•简洁性：尽量使用简洁明了的语言表达，避免冗长复杂的句子结构。
•场景适应性：根据不同的场景和目的，采用相应的翻译方式。
3. 实用技巧在进行英汉互译时，可采用以下实用技巧来提高翻译质量：•词汇对应：寻找准确的词汇对应关系，确保翻译准确。
•短语搭配：注意短语的搭配习惯，避免直译。
•语法结构：理解并掌握英语和汉语的语法结构，确保句子通顺。
•上下文理解：通过上下文理解原文的意思，以便更好地进行翻译。
•文化差异：考虑文化差异对翻译的影响，尽量做到意译。
4. 实例演练下面是一些实例演练，旨在帮助读者更好地理解和掌握英汉互译的实用技巧：1.英文句子：“The cat is on the table.” - 翻译成中文：“猫在桌子上。
”2.中文句子：“这是我的手机。
” - 翻译成英文：“This is my cell phone.”3.英文短语：“It’s raining cats and dogs.” -翻译成中文：“下大雨了。
”4.中文短语：“明天见。
” - 翻译成英文：“See youtomorrow.”5. 注意事项在进行英汉互译时，需注意以下几个事项：•专有名词：对于专有名词，应保持与原文一致。
•文化差异：根据不同的文化背景，适当进行意译，以便更好地传达信息。
•翻译细节：注意细节的处理，如时态、人称、单复数等。
6. 总结通过本教程的学习，读者可以掌握英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，提高翻译准确性和表达流畅度。
在实践中不断积累经验，不断提升翻译能力，才能成为一名出色的创作者。
希望本教程能帮助到您，在英汉互译的道路上取得更好的成绩！7. 深度学习在提高英汉互译能力的过程中，深度学习是一个重要的方向。
英汉汉英视译教程
3. 实词为重，虚词为轻。视译时的阅读和思
维重心要侧重实词语义，淡化虚词。在听译的情
况下，译员本能地用耳朵捕捉由实意词所构成的
主干逻辑关系，只有把关注重心放在了实意词上，
其他虚词、功能词才能起到有效的辅助作用。视
译的情形则与此不同，多数人的阅读习惯是逐字
逐行地阅读，这样会影响视译译员捕捉主干逻辑
的速度， 降低理解效率。因此，视译译员需要
了从视译角度提供了充分的解析之外，我们还同时
从其他角度提出了具有实用性和探索性的翻译见解。
我们殷切希望本教材的问世能够引发业界师生们的
深刻思考，使当前我国视译或口译教学效率低下的
现实有所改观，从而开创外语教学的新局面。
鉴于作者学识和经验所限，本教程定有诸多缺
憾，甚至谬误之处，诚请各位同仁不吝赐教。谨此
预致谢意！
编者
2013 年12 月于天津
第5页/共42页
序言
视译既是一种口译形式，也是各种口译、乃
至笔译形式的基础性训练模式。视译的功效是其
他训练形式不能替代的，也是不可或缺的。以下
是编者对有关视译诸方面的问题和普遍性翻译问
题所作的思考和分享，以及就如何使用本教材所
提出的一些建设性意见和忠告。殷切希望初次接
第24页/共42页
译的行为。从译员与发言人讲话的同期性而言，视
译可分为交传视译和同传视译。交传视译是指译员
看着母语讲稿间断地（与发言人交替）口头翻译成
外文，或看着外文讲稿间断地（与发言人交替）口
头翻译成母语，即交替传译中的“带稿交传”
（Consecutive Interpreting with Text）；同传视译是
过原文朗诵时间的一又三分之一为准，这通常指
郭著章李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（文化与翻译）【圣才出品】
郭著章李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（⽂化与翻译）【圣才出品】第8章⽂化与翻译8.1 复习笔记第1节概述⼀、⽂化概念1. ⼴义⽂化⼴义论者认为：⽂化是个⼏乎⽆所不包的⼤范围、⼤概念，既有属于物质领域的，也有属于意识形态领域的。
据此⼴义定义，美国著名翻译理论家尤⾦·奈达将语⾔⽂化特性分为五类：(1) Ecology⽣态学；(2) Material Culture物质⽂化；(3) Social Culture社会⽂化；(4) Religious Culture宗教⽂化；(5) Linguistic Culture语⾔⽂化。
2. 狭义⽂化狭义论者却认为⽂化只指精神⽂明，这是中外⼤多数⼈⽐较⼀致的看法。
⼆、翻译与⽂化关系1. 任何翻译都离不开⽂化。
历来有经验的译者或翻译研究者都⽐较注意⽂化与翻译的关系。
2.在学习⼀种语⾔的过程中认真研究与该语⾔相关联的⽂化，⼤量的⽂化信息可以等值传递，这就是两种⽂化共性的东西。
与两种⽂化的差异相联的内容构成了翻译中的难题，这种难题任何译者都会经常遇到。
第2节⼤众审美⼼理与⼴告翻译⼀、⼤众审美⼼理与⼴告翻译的关系审美⼼理是⼀种综合的⽂化意识，涉及到政治观点、宗教观念、⽣活⽅式和风俗习惯等各个⽅⾯，⼤众审美⼼理更是如此；⽽⼴告⼜是⼀种⾯对⼤众的重要宣传⼿段，本⾝就是⼀种重要的社会⽂化，它不仅要遵循社会⽂化习惯和投合⼤众审美⼼理，⽽且在影响和形成社会⽂化和审美⼼理⽅⾯起着重要作⽤。
⼆、翻译⽅法1. 熟悉外族⽂化，了解异域⼈民审美⼼理；否则的话，就会在出⼝商品的商标翻译中出现败笔。
如：“蜜蜂”牌洗澡⾹皂被直译为“Bees”，看来也是完全对应的英译，但英⽂读者却不欢迎这个译名，因为蜜蜂⾝上有⼏乎看不见的绒刺，擦在⾝上⾃然感觉不到舒服。
2. 为向译⽂读者忠实地转达原⽂信息，有时要作适当的⽂化转换。
如：“⽟兔”这⼀商标为什么英译成“Moon Rabbit”⽽不译成“Jade Rabbit”?原因在于：“⽟兔”乃我国神话中陪伴吴刚⽣活在⽉宫桂花树下的兔⼦，因此，它⼜成为⽉的代称。
郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)-翻译练笔材料及详解【圣才出品】
附录翻译练笔材料及详解一、英文短篇1A faint whinny, penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda①. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road loomed up darkly over the house②, only leaving a pale strip of sky. Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush.③From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda.Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand④. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist—the yellow robin’s plucked string⑤, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time.【参考译文】一阵轻微的马嘶声闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡，把她惊醒了①。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第五章 句子翻译技巧
meeting this afternoon.
2.4 转化为汉语的判断句
例1：The pamphlet of technical glossary is redacted by an engineer.
译文：有些科学家的观点更开阔，更富有普遍性和哲理性。他 们指出，有关人类战争本能的证据尚不完全，而且容易引起误 解。事实上，人类自身具有消除战争的能力。
第五章 句子翻译技巧
第二节 转态译法
2.1 保留原主语，被动转换为主动
例1：Six medical scientists were honored in 1973 by the Gairdner Foundation of Toronto, Canada, for outstanding research.
3.1 反说正译
例3：Almost from the first, Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo that gave blue jeans their name, but it was not until the 1870s that he added the copper rivets which have long since become a company trademark.(C. Quinn:” The Jeaning of America”)
512后置译法此外非限制定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切只是对先行词加以说明描述或解释或对整个语句所陈述的事实或现象加以总结概括补充说明其前都有逗号分开
郭著章 李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解-第1~3章【圣才出品】
第1章翻译概述1.1 复习笔记第1节翻译自学方法和译者合格条件一、翻译自学方法掌握必要翻译知识和理论，进行大量实践阅读翻译理论书籍、期刊，进行名著翻译实践、阅读翻译技巧书籍、浏览翻译网站等。
二、译者合格条件（一）外文水平高有些原文在特定情况下有特定译法，不能一概而论。
要特别重视基本功的训练。
1. (Just) imagine (it).【译文】不可能/想不到/没想到【解析】≠把它想象一下吧。
2. I’ll buy it.【译文】我不懂。
/我答不出。
/请告诉我。
【解析】≠我将买它。
（二）中文水平高母语好是理解和表达的需要。
理解指汉译英时理解汉语原文，表达指英译汉时可用好的汉语来表达。
（三）知识面广1. John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.【译文】约翰为人可靠，他既诚实又正直。
【解析】需要英国历史典故方面的知识。
2. The Security Council has been seized of the question since then.【译文】安理会自那时以来就一直受理这个问题。
【解析】需要国际法方面的知识。
3. Nyaungu was actually the boundary between the two Japanese divisions.【译文】良字实际上是日军两个师的结合部。
【解析】需要地理、军事等方面的知识。
（四）政治觉悟高这一点在决定用词褒贬时要特别注意。
1. the peasant uprisings in the history of China【译文】中国历史上的农民起义【解析】不能根据英国的ALD及其香港出的汉译翻成“中国历史上的农民叛乱(或叛变)”，而应译为“农民起义”。
2. The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.【译文】敌人杀害了我们一位同志，我们宰了一个敌特。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第四章 词语翻译技巧
二、 汉译英
1、动词转为名词 这本书反映了20世纪90年代的中国社会状况。
The book is a reflection of the Chinese society of the 1990s. 据我们了解，贵公司经营中国产品已有多年 历史。
We learn that you have been dealers of Chinese products for many years. 我公司决定按照来函说明的条款，试订下列 货物。
（2）省略物主代词
We are doing our physical experiments. 我们正在做物理实验。
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight.
植物是从太阳那里获得能量的。
The diameter and the length of the wire are not the only factors to influence its resistance. 导线的直径和长度不是影响电阻的仅 有因素。
3、省略连词
When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle, they are reflected. 短波发送出去，遇到障碍就反射回来。
Go and see if they are still in the laboratory. 请去看看他们是否还在实验室里。
第四章
词语翻译技巧
第一节 词类的转换
英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系。 英汉两种语言在词汇和语法结构方面 有许多不同，因此，在多数情况下英 汉互译的时候很难将两种语言的词汇 或结构一一对应。为了使译文符合译 出语的习惯，翻译时不必拘泥于原文 的表层结构，可以在忠实原文意义的 前提下，将原文中某些词的词类或成 分转换为译出语的其他词类或成分。
英汉互译实用教程
英汉互译实用教程近年来，随着全球化的发展，英语的重要性日益凸显。
越来越多的人开始学习英语，希望能够与世界各地的人进行交流。
而对于汉语母语者来说，学习英语也是一项艰巨的任务。
本文将为大家提供一些英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，希望能够帮助大家更好地掌握这门语言。
首先，理解文化差异是有效进行英汉互译的关键。
中英两种语言的背后有着不同的文化底蕴，往往一个词或一个短语在两种语言中的意义和用法存在差异。
因此，在进行翻译的过程中，我们需要注意到文化上的差异，并灵活运用翻译技巧。
例如，在英语中，“君子”一词有礼貌和品格的含义，而在汉语中则强调人们的修养和品德。
对于这种情况，我们可以根据上下文选择合适的翻译方式，以确保译文传达出准确的意思。
其次，积累词汇是提高英汉互译能力的基础。
无论是进行英译汉还是汉译英，都需要掌握大量的单词和词组。
因此，我们需要通过广泛阅读、听力和口语练习来积累词汇。
除了背诵常用的单词和短语外，还可以结合语境来学习词汇。
例如，在学习英语时，可以通过观看英语电影或阅读英语原著，从中学到更多地道的表达方式，提高译文的质量。
此外，在进行英汉互译时，我们还需要注意语法结构和表达习惯的差异。
英语和汉语的语法结构和表达方式存在着很大差异，因此，我们需要在翻译时注意语法的正确运用。
例如，在英语中，主语和谓语动词之间需要有一定的一致性，而在汉语中则没有此种要求。
在进行翻译时，我们需要把握好这些细微的差异，以确保译文的准确性。
此外，我们还需要注意到每种语言的表达习惯。
例如，在英语中，“how are you”是一种常见的问候语，而在汉语中则不常用此类表达。
因此，在进行口译时，我们可以根据交流对象的文化背景来选择合适的表达方式，避免产生不必要的误会。
最后，多加练习是提高英汉互译能力的有效方法。
无论是英译汉还是汉译英，在翻译的过程中，不断练习能够帮助我们更加熟练地运用语言。
可以通过翻译一些简单的句子和段落，或者参加翻译比赛来提高自己的翻译水平。
实用翻译语篇练习及答案
In March 1947, the Communists told me I must leave Y enan. They were evacuating their last capital and going into the hills where I was unable to go. Mao told me I might return “when we again have contact with the world”. He thought it would be in about two years. He understated. In less than a year I met Chiense in Paris who told me the time was near for my return. “Events move faster than we thought.” Byt autumn of 1948 I was in Moscow bound for China. Five months I kept asking for my Soviet exit visa. Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey, the Russians arrested me as a “spy” and sent me out through Poland. Five days in jail I wondered what I had stepped on. I never knew.Six years I lived in America; no Communists in the world would speak tome. Then Moscow “rehabilitated”me, by publishing that the charges had been “without grounds”. Again an invitation came from China. This time it took three years‟legal fight to get my American passport. I had it by spring of 1958. Ten year late!I was 72 then, living in Los Angeles where I had more friends than anywhere else. I owned a town house, a summer lodge in the mountains, w winter cabin in the desert, a car and a driver‟s license to take myself about. I had income to live on for life. Should I go to China now?I went to Moscow first, my second home for nearly thrity years. My husband‟s relatives urged me to stay. “Here you have always a home!” I was moved. I was even more moved when the Writer‟s Union made me their guest and sent me for a month to a Rest Home while they got back all the rubles I had lost at the deportation, and an order for a Moscow apartment agina. “Would I care to choose it now?”I thanked them very sincerely but said: “Better wait till I return from Peking.”Could Peking have the magic Y enan had? Could I adjust to Chinese life at 72? Two months later I told my Chinese friends: “This is not a criticism of any other country, neither the U.S.A. nor the U.S.S.R. But I think the Chinese know better than anyone the way for man. I want to learn and write.”They found an apartment for me in the Peace Committee‟s compound.When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer‟s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters”with the deference my employer thought I should assume.But the limit was reached on Tuesday my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my employer‟s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this.On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up.I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order.This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look more astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham.He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind of insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and got another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant.“Are you going to deliver them or not?”the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,”he shouted, So I got out.This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.They tell us, sir, that we are weak—unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our back, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of notions; and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable—and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come!!!It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to bur ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already on the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, has to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegances. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting.When a neighbor‟s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “Y ou know what they say, Senora: …There‟s no pot so ugly it can‟t find a lid.‟”And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.”One afternoon, I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitche n. Her daughter had quarreled with her husband‟s parents, and Imelda was insisting that she apologized to them. Her daughter objected. “But, Mama, I just can‟t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they‟re too poor. So today when they wouldn‟t even lend us enough to pay for a new bed, all I did was say something that I‟ve heard you say a hundred times: …If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?”“Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, …What the tongue say, the neck pays for‟? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. Y ou know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, …What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!”Her daughter made one more try. “But Mama, you often say, …If the saint is annoyed, don‟t pray to him until he gets over it.‟ Can‟t I leave it for tomorrow?”“No, no and no! Remember: …If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.‟ Y ou know, my child, you did wrong. But, …A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.‟I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora‟s dinner, I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: …One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.‟”I took home a briefcase full of troubles. As I sat down on that hot and humid evening, there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my brain. So I picked up a book, settled into a comfortable chair and applied my own special therapy—supper-slow reading.I spent three or four hours on two short chapters of Personal History by Vincent Sheean—savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase, or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. No longer was I in Sydney, Australia, on a sticky heart-wave night. Relishing every word, I joined foreign correspondent Sheean on a mission to China and another to Russia. I lost myself in the author‟s world. And when finally I put in down, my mind was totally refreshed.Next morning, four words from the book—“take the long view”—were still in my mind. At my desk, I had a long-view look at my problems. Once more, super-slow reading had given me not only pleasure but perspective, and helped me in my everyday affairs.I discovered its worth years ago….Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar.I has stared with the practical object of making my book last. But by the end of the second week I began to realize how much I was getting from super-slow-reading itself. Sometimes just a particular phrase caught my attention, sometimes a sentence. I would read it slowly, analyze it, read it again—perhaps changing down into an even lower gear—and then sit for 20 minutes thinking about it before moving on. I was like a pianist studying a piece of music, phrase by phrase, rehearsing it, trying to discover and recreate exactly what the composer was trying to convey.From this motive I began to think seriously of matrimony, and choose my wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a fine glossy surface, but such qualities as would wear well. To do her justice, she was a good-natured, notable woman; and as for breeding there were few country ladies who could show more. She could read any English book without much spelling; but for pickling, preserving, and cookery, none could excel her. She prided herself also upon being an excellent contriver in housekeeping, though I never could find that we grew richer with all her contrivances.However, we loved each other tenderly, and our fondness increased as we grew old. There was, in fact, nothing that could make us angry with the world or each other. We had an elegant house, situated in a fine country, and a good neighbourhood. The year was spent in moral and rural amusements, in visiting our rich neighbours, and relieving such as were poor. We had no revolutions to fear, more fatigues to undergo; all our adventures were by the fireside, and all our migrations from the blue bed to the brown.As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation; and I profess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it. Our cousins, too, even to the fortieth remove, all remembered their affinity and come very frequently to see us. Some of them did us no great honour by these claims of kindred; as we had the blind, the maimed, and the halt amongst the number. However, my wife always insisted that as they were that same flesh and blood, they should sit with us at the same table. So that if we had not very rich, we generally had very happy friends about us; for this remark will hold good through life, that the poorer the guest, the better pleased he ever is with being treated; and as some men gaze with admiration at the colours of a tulip, or the wing of butterfly, so I was by nature an admirer of happy human faces. However, when any one of our relations was found to be a person of very bad character, a troublesome guest, or one we desired to get rid of, upon his leaving my house I ever took care to lend him a riding-coat or a pair of boots, or sometimes a horse of small value, and I always had the satisfaction of finding he never came back to return them. By this the house was cleared of such as we did not like; but never was the family of Wakefield known to turn the traveler or the poor dependant out of doors.LectureThe traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college leve l brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session tow or three times a week. The most common mode of instruction is the lecture. When lectures are the principal method of instruction in larger classes, regular periods may be set aside for small group discussions under the leadership of an assistant instructor. In cases where a small class size encourages informality, lectures may be combined with discussions sessions based on assigned readings, required textbooks, and other outside materials.Accurate, legible notes are invaluable aids to the student who is enrolled in a lecture course. Notes should be taken during lectures, and when the student is reading the texts prior to each session of the course. The key to good note-taking is to be able to listen a lot and to write only as much as is needed to record the essence of a point or idea presented by the lecturer. Thus, students should endeavor to identify only the main points and ideas being presented and to write them down in outline form. They should also strive to take good notes the first time and not plan to recopy notes—or to do so only when clarity and conciseness demand it. Finally, they should review their notes for about five minutes on the same day that they take them, and go over them again for about half an hour at least once a week, according to a regular schedule or plan. There is no course syllabus to be memorized; instead, the examinations will be base on the material presented in the lectures and textbooks.ReadingReading skills are equally important. Experts estimate that it is possible for any normal adult English speaker to read 1,000 words a minute (and more), with special training. Y et most students read only about 300 words per minute. The following principles might be helpful for foreign students who whish to increase their reading skill:1. Always s read faster than is comfortable. The faster your normal rate of reading become, the better your understanding will be.2. While reading do not allow yourself to regress, but keep reading ahead in very sentence, even when you come across a new word. If some word, term, or phrase has clouded your understanding, you should reread it only after you have read the entire paragraph through once.3. Read selectively. As you read make a conscious effort to screen the nouns, pronouns, and verbs from the other words, since these are the words that give meaning to what you have read. In effect, you should really read nouns, pronouns, and verbs and merely see the rest of the words in the sentence.Joe‟s dark eyes searched frantically for Cleo as he marched with the other Negro soldiers up the long thoroughfare towards the boat. Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-by. But where the hell was Cleo?Beside him Luke Robinson, big and fat, nibbled from a carton of Baby Ruth candy a he walked. But Joe‟s eyes kept traveling up and down the line of civilians on either side of the street. She would be along here somewhere; any second now she would come calmly out of the throng and walk alongside him till they reached the boat. Joe‟s mind made a picture of her, and she looked the same as last night when he left her. As he had walked away, with the brisk California night air biting into his warm body, he had turned for one last glimpse of her in the doorway, tiny and smiling and waving good-by.They had spent last night sitting in the little two-by-four room where they had lived for three months with hardly enough space to move around. He had rented it and sent for her when he came to California and learned that his outfit was training for immediate shipment to Korea, and they had lived there fiercely and desperately, like they were trying to live a whole lifetime. But last night they had sate on the side of the big iron bed, making conversation, half-listening to a portable radio, acting like it was just any night. Playing-acting like in the movies.It was late in the evening when he asked her, “How‟s little Hoey acting lately?”She looked down at herself. “Oh, pal Joey is having himself a ball.” She smiled, took Joe‟s hand, and placed it on her belly; and he felt movement and life. His and her life, and he was going away from it and from her, maybe forever.Cleo said, “He‟s trying to tell you good-by, darling.”And she satvery still and seemed to ponder over her own words. And then all of a sudden she burst into tears.She was in his arms and her shoulders shook. “It isn‟t fair! Why can‟t they qtake the ones that aren‟t married?”He hugged her tight, feeling a great fullness in his throat. “Come on now, stop crying, hon. Cut it out, will you? I‟ll be back home before little Joey sees daylight.”“Y ou may never come back. They‟re killing a lot of our boys over there. Oh, Joe, Joe, why did they have to go and start another war?”《实用翻译教程》英译汉课堂练习（10）Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of. He was a thin old man, seventy when she died, a queer, crotchety person with coarse gray-black hair and beard, quite straggly and unkempt. He looked at you out of dull, fishy, watery eyes that had deep-brown crow‟s-feet at the sides. His clothes, like the clothes of many farmers, were aged and angular and baggy, standing out at the pockets, not fitting about the neck, protuberant and worn at elbow and knee. Phoebe Ann was thin and shapeless, a very umbrella of a woman, clad in shabby black, and with a b lack bonnet for her best wear. As time had passed, and they had only themselves to look after, their movements had become slower and slower, their activities fewer and fewer. The annual keep of pigs had been reduced from five to one grunting porker, and the single horse which Henry now retained was a sleepy animal, not over-nourished and not very clean. The chickens, of which formerly there was a large flock, had almost disappeared, owing to ferrets, foxes, and the lack of proper care, which produces disease. The former healthy garden was now a straggling memory of itself, and the vines and flower-beds that formerly ornamented the windows and dooryard had now become choking thickets. A will had been made which divided the small tax-eaten property equally among the remaining four, so that it was really of no interest to any of them. Y et these two lived together in peace and sympathy, only that now and then old Henry would become unduly cranky, complaining almost invariably that something had been neglected or mislaid which was of no importance at all.“Phoebe, where‟s my corn-knife? Y ou ain‟t never minded to let my thins alone no more.”“Now you hush, Henry,”his wife would caution him in a cracked and squeaky voice. “If you don‟t, I‟ll leave yuh. I‟ll git up and walk out of here some day, and then where would y‟l be? Y‟ ain‟t got anybody but me to look after yuh, so yuh just behave yourself. Y our corn-knife‟s on the mantel where it‟s allus been unless you‟ve gone an‟put it summers else.”Old Henry, who knew his wife would never leave him in any circumstances, used to speculate at times as to what he would do if she were to die. That was the one leaving that he really feared. As he climbed on the chair at night to wind the old, long-pendulumed, double-weighted clock, or when finally to the front and the back door to see that they were safely shut in, it was a comfort to know that Phoebe was there, properly ensconced on her side of the bed, and that if he stirred restlessly in the night, she would be there to ask what he wanted.“Now, Henry, do lie still! Y ou‟re as restless as a chicken.”“Well, I can‟t sleep, Phoebe.”“Well, yuh needn‟t roll so, anyhow. Yuh kin let me sleep.”This usually reduced him to a state of somnolent ease. If she wanted a pail of water, it was a grumbling pleasure for him to get it; and if she did rise first to build the fires, he saw that the wood was cut and placed within easy reach. They divided this simple world nicely between them.It was a fine day in early Spring. Bright sunshine flooded the street where a group of boys in Sunday clothes were playing ball. In most of the tenements the windows were up. Clean-shaven men in collarless shirts or in underwear, women with aprons or sloppy pink wrappers leaned on the sills and gazed with aimless interest at the street, the sky, those who were passing below. Thus they would spend most of every Sunday morning through the coming summer and now, in the first flush of mild weather, they had already taken up their posts. The street rang with the animated bickering of the boys at their game, with the click of a girl‟s shoes as she shipped rope, with the muted sounds of a dozen unseen radios.Into this familiar scene came a sudden intruder: an odd-looking ambulance with glazed window. It turned into the street quietly, moved along slowly as the driver searched for a number, and then came to a stop before a rooming house a drab, four-story building of yellowish, soot-stained brick. In the tenement windows above all eyes turned to the ambulance. On the street all games stopped and, in an instant, the ambulance was surrounded by children.Those who knew why it had come told the others. An hour earlier there had been a police car and, still earlier, two men from the gas company. The odor of gas emanating from the building has been so strong that it had made church-goers sniff as they passed by on the street.Up above now, in the open windows of the surrounding tenements, new faces had appeared, and eyes were riveted on the doorway of the yellow brick building. No on talked, no one moved away, and no one came down.When the tow men in the front seat of the ambulance stepped out and walked into the house, one of the boys, a wiry, sallowfaced, blond lad, jerked his thumb and murmured softly to the others: “Oh, mama, ain‟t they got the job?”“They‟ll be carrying you down some day, Shortly,”a stoutish lad commented with an attempt at humor.The door of the rooming house opened again and conversation stopped. Both men came out. They walked to the rear of the ambulance and opened the door. Inside all was dazzling white, excessively sanitary-looking. Piled one on the other were several unpainted pine boxes without covers. The men lifted out the topmost one. The children became very still, even the youngest one ceasing their chatter. The man who was holding the rear of the box rested it for a moment on his hip and thigh, while using his free hand to close the door. They went inside with the smaller youngsters tailing after them. The landlady shut the door and leaned against the jamb with folded arms. “Beat it,” she said.The men appeared. The box had its anonymous occupant now in its dark, canvas shroud. The younger children stared in eager fascination, but it was clear that they could not fully comprehend. The older boys, clumped together, looked on intensely, lips pressed together. The blond boy quickly crossed himself.Thousands of years ago the ancient peoples found out that days were longer in summer than in winter, and nights were shorter. They knew that this had a great deal to do with the changes of the seasons and the growth of plants and animals. They determined through generations of painstaking observation that the day was shortest in the Northern Hemisphere on the 22nd of December, after which it gradually grew longer until the 21st of June, when the day was the longest in the year and the night was the shortest. After that, the day would begin to shorten again gradually. In the beginning, the actual dates of these two days had to be calculated for each individual year, and depended on what kind of calendar was being used.The first calendar to fix these days on definite dates of the year was the solar calendar, which had 365 days in a year an d—every four year s—a “leap-year”with one extra day.To an observer on earth, the sun seems to move farther and farther away from the equator to the north until on June 21st it seems to reach its furthest point north. Then it seems to “pause”for one day before it turns around and goes back. Then it goes further and further south until on December 22nd it appears to “pause” again for one day before swerving back north again. These two days are called the Summer Solstice and the Winter Solstice respectively.Now we know that all this is caused by the movement of the earth around the sun. as the earth journeys around the sun, it spins on its own axis. This can be illustrated by a simple experiment. If you push a sharp stick through a rubber ball and twirl it with two fingers, the ball spins around I much the same way the earth is spinning at this very moment. The points where the stick comes through the ball correspond to the North and South Poles. If you twirl this ball at night directly in front of a bright light, you will notice that half the ball is lighted up while the other half is in the shade. That is just like our night and day. If you keep the stick strictly vertical to the light and twirl it at an even speed, any spot on the ball‟s surface will be in the light and in the shade the same length of time.If the earth were spinning just like this rubber ball, there would only be day and night on earth, but no seasons, and days would always be the same length as night s—12 hours each. But that is not how the earth spins. It spins with its axis tilted. Its axis is always at the angle to the plane of its orbi t—and angle of about 23.5 degrees.It is this tilting that accounts for our four seasons and the lengthening and shortening of days and nights. For this reason also, the Equator (an imaginary line drawn around the earth at equal distance from the two poles) is not always directly under the sun‟s rays. For six months the earth is tilted towards the sun, and the Northern Hemisphere gets more than its share of sunlight every day. Days are longer than nights, and what is more, the sun‟s rays come down more perpendicularly instead of slanting down.。
英汉翻译完整教程[2]
![英汉翻译完整教程[2]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9658a514c5da50e2524d7f1c.png)
Students should do their own work in order to maximize learning. Collaborating on assignments is permitted, but copying another student’s work is prohibited. Similarly, students who are caught copying or plagiarizing will fail the assignment.
1. 增译法
2. 省译法
3. 词类转换
4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
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第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程：
1. 重译法
2. 语态变换法
3. 词序调整法
4. 拆译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
Wednesday
Classroom
Class 1
14:30—16:00 p.m.
A1203
导学——课程要求
Course Description & Requirements
Description:
This course named Translation Theory and Practice aims at cultivating the SS’ ability of translating between E-C and C- E—they have the ability to understand and master some basic theories and techniques about translation. E.g. the brief history of Chinese and western translation theory, the differences between E and C, the eight basic techniques in translation, some methods to deal with the special sentences, etc. In a word, the SS will have the first impression to English language and Chinese, and through these discussions they will have a higher ability in their English writing. It will take us at least a span of 4 lectures to finish one topic in the syllabus.
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一、汉译英部分1.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。
•Tao Te Ching - The Way of Life - The Wisdom of Ancient China•The tao that can be described is not the eternal Tao.•The name that can be spoken is not the eternal Name.The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names.2.子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”•The Master "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?•"Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?•"Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?"•The Master said, "Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue."曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？”The philosopher Tsang said, "I daily examine myself on three points:-whether,in transacting business for others, I may have been not faithful;-whether, in intercourse with friends, I may have been not sincere;-whether I may have not mastered and practiced the instructions of my teacher."3. 子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。
”...子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
”The Master said, "I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men."…The Master said, "Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous."子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。
”The Master said, "If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others."4. 古之学者必有师。
师者，所以传道受业解惑也。
人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。
生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。
吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。
In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts. Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts? If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved. Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher. Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher. Sincewhat I desire to learn is the doctrine, why should I care whether he was born before or after me? Therefore, it does not matter whether a person is high or low in position, young or old in age. Where there is the doctrine, there is my teacher.5.子曰：“三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。
”The Master said, "The commander of the forces of a large state may be carried off, but the will of even a common man cannot be taken from him."6.子贡问为仁。
子曰：“工欲善其事，必先利其器。
居是邦也，事其大夫之贤者，友其士之仁者。
”Tsze-kung asked about the practice of virtue. The Master said, "The mechanic, who wishes to do his work well, must first sharpen his tools. When you are living in any state, take service with the most worthy among its great officers, and make friends of the most virtuous among its scholars."二、英译汉部分1.One of the most salient features of our culture is that there is so much bullshit. Everyone knows this. Each of us contributes his share. But we tend to take the situation for granted. Most people are rather confident of their ability to recognize bullshit and to avoid being taken in by it. So the phenomenon has not aroused much deliberate concern, or attracted much sustained inquiry. In consequence, we have no clear nderstanding of what bullshit is, why there is so much of it, or what functions it serves. And we lack a conscientiously developed appreciation of what it means to us. In other words, we have no theory. I propose to begin the evelopment of a theoretical understanding of bullshit, mainly by providing some tentative and exploratory philosophical analysis. I shall not consider the rhetorical uses and misuses of bullshit. (On Bullshit)其中最显著的特点就是我们的文化有这么多废话。
每个人都知道这一点。
我们每个人都贡献自己的份额。
但我们倾向于选择情况是理所当然的。
大多数人都相当自信的识别能力的废话,避免陷入。
所以,这种现象不是故意引起了极大的关注,或引起了很大的持续的询价,则甚为感自觉发展对什么是我们。
换句话说,我们没有理论。
我建议开始理论的发展,了解胡说,主要通过提供一些尝试性和探索哲学分析。
我不认为修辞的用途和误用的废话。
(废话)2. IT WAS the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way- in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.那是最美好的时代,那是最糟糕的时代;那是智慧的年头,那是愚昧的年头;那是信仰的时期,那是怀疑的时期;这是光明的季节,那是黑暗的季节;这是希望之春,这是失望之冬;人们面前有着各样事物,我们面前一无所有;我们都将直上天堂,我们都将直下地狱——简而言之,这个时期是到目前为止喜欢目前的时期,一些最喧嚣的权威坚持,它是最高级的良善的或邪恶的,也是最高级的3．We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利4. STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。