因特网发展简史(英文版)

T. Tronco (Ed.): New Network Architectures, SCI 297, pp. 1–11.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 A Brief History of the Internet

Tania Regina Tronco

CPqD Foundation, Rodovia Campinas Mogi-Mirim, km 118,5,

Campinas – São Paulo, CEP 13096-902, Brazil tania@.br

Abstract. This chapter introduces a brief history review of Internet with focus on its original conception. It’s important to remember such initial ideas because they were the basis of Internet architecture, they are still at the core of today’s Internet and they can be helpful to rethink new design requirements nowadays. Hence, we start by the initial packet-based network protocols and their evolution to TCP/IP. 1 Introduction

The Internet architecture concept was conceived at the end of the 60´s by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) during the Cold War, when the United States and Soviet Union were preparing for an eventual military confrontation. At that time, the U.S. military created an underground network of cables and equip-ments intended to survive a nuclear attack. This network was named ARPANET and its design consisted of a number of requirements such as:

•

Data should be moved through leased lines to avoid problems with in-terruptions of the telephone system; •

The information to be transmitted should be broken into segments of fixed length (packets) instead of being a continuous stream and •

The network should be totally decentralized, without a single node in the control of the network, yielding reliability and robustness.

ARPANET was opened to universities after the end of arms race and a key re-quirement was added to the network project:

•

Communication between computers, called hosts, should be done through devices called Interface Message Processor (IMP), as shown in Fig. 1.

The IMP function was to receive messages from a host and break them in packets. These packets should pass from IMP to IMP through the network until the destina-tion IMP, which should pass them to the destination host.

The network consisted of the interconnection of these IMPs through the leased lines supplied by telephonic companies. The first IMP was built by the company

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2 T.R.

Fig. 1 A Typical Section of ARPANET (adapted from [1])

BBN (Bolt Beraneck and Newman) from Cambridge in 1976. The report No. 1822

of BBN [2] contains the specifications for the interconnection of a host and an

IMP. According to this report, for each regular message, the host specified a desti-

nation, composed of three parameters: IMP, host and handling type. These pa-

rameters specified uniquely a connection between source and destination host. The

handling type was used to specify characteristics of the connection, such as prior-

ity or non-priority of transmission. The messages should be sent to the destination

in the same order that were transmitted by the source and, for each regular mes-

sage, the host also specified a 12 bit identifier to be used with the destination of

the message, forming a message-id, in order to retransmit them in case of the

network failure.

The first IMP was installed at University of California (UCLA), in Los Ange-

les, followed by SRI (Stanford Research Institute), University of California in

Santa Barbara and University of Utah, 4 points in total. The first ARPANET

transmission was made between UCLA and SRI in Mento Park, California in

1969. In the same year, the first RFC (Request for Comments) was published;

RFC3 defined the RFC series for ARPANET and later, the Internet.

2 Decade of the 70´s

After installing some IMPs in a network, the objective of DARPA was to stan-

dardize the ARPANET network interface to allow more DARPA sites to join the