英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史是世界文学史中的重要组成部分，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的众多文学作品和作家。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些英国文学史上的重要时期和作品，以帮助大家更好地理解和复习这一领域。
1. 中世纪文学中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，以骑士文学和宗教文学为主要形式。
《贝奥武夫》是中世纪英国文学中最重要的作品之一，讲述了贝奥武夫与怪物格伦德尔的战斗。
此外，中世纪还有许多神秘的抒情诗歌和教会文学，如《悲歌》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
2. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的黄金时代，代表作家包括莎士比亚、斯宾塞和培根。
莎士比亚的戏剧作品是世界文学的瑰宝，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》。
斯宾塞的史诗《仙后》也是这一时期的杰作，描绘了亚瑟王的传奇故事。
3. 17世纪文学17世纪是英国文学史上的变革时期，文学形式更加多样化。
约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》是这一时期的代表作之一，探讨了人类的堕落和救赎。
约翰·唐纳的戏剧作品《魔法师》则展示了他对权力和政治的深刻洞察力。
4. 18世纪文学18世纪是英国文学史上启蒙时代的兴起，代表作家包括亚历山大·蒲柏和塞缪尔·约翰逊。
蒲柏的诗歌作品《伊甸园》和《人类的悲剧》探讨了人类的自由意志和苦难。
约翰逊的《英语词典》对英语语言的规范化和发展起了重要作用。
5. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是19世纪英国文学的重要流派，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治。
华兹华斯的诗歌作品《抒情诗集》和《普雷德斯》强调了自然和个人情感的重要性。
柯勒律治的《抒情诗集》则表达了对自然的热爱和对社会不公的关注。
6. 维多利亚时代文学维多利亚时代是英国文学史上的繁荣时期，代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯和艾米莉·勃朗特。
狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》揭示了当时社会的不公和贫困问题。
英国文学史及选读--复习要点总结
英国文学史及选读--复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. : ; ; , （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. （名词解释）3. “ ”: a ’s4. （名词解释）5.6. : ; ( ; 124 , 24 ; ; ; : )7. (名词解释)8. （名词解释）9 ——10. （名词解释）11. （名词解释）12. “ ”13. “” . “ ”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. 四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是这是肯定的。
他的也很重要，最重要属18。
（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读）15. 三大史诗非常重要，特别是和。
对于需要知道它是写成的，故事情节来自，另外要知道此书和的形象。
16. ——’s17. —— ; : , .18. （名词解释）19. （名词解释）20. ——“ ”21. ——“ ”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。
22. ’s ’s23. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”; ()24. : “’s ”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A ”比较重要，要注意作者用的也就是反讽手法。
25. 18 .26. : “ ”, “ ”, 当然是比较重要，剧情要清楚，的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。
另外注意的和，另外是。
27. ——“” ( ), “ ”, “ ”28. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。
他是一个比较重要的作家，另外也被称为 .29. ——“ ”项狄传30. ——“ ”31. ——“ ”(), “ ” () ( ), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” ( )32. （名词解释）33. ——“ a ”（英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为“有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”）(a 墓园派诗人)* / ”: A , a , , . , ’s“ a ”. .34. 18 , ; : .35. ——“ ”许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集。
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲Part 1 The Anglo―Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期1.H istorical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. Anglo―Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学2 christian基督徒文学alliterative verse头韵诗Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot 鹿兀grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写2) a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic 民国史诗Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期11.H istorical BackgroundRoman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是normanconquest。
The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）Kings―Barons男爵―Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团was formed2.T he languageUpper classes: French, Latin The mon people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the mon English people.3.The literatureRomance was a type of literature that was very popular2in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter:Geoffrey’s His tory杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体1)t he Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士2)M atter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝3)M atter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthurand his knights of the Round Table3.m ain literatureSir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman3妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340―1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1.H istorical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2.W hat's middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系3.L ife and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely41. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863.English The Canterbury tales4.The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way.5The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to e someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. --Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1)it gives a prehensive广泛的picture of Chaucer’s time2)the dramatic structure3)Chaucer’s humor4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer6used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣A ballad is a narrative叙述poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）―two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics:1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introductionof the characters and the background of the tale2)There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals witha single episode插曲3)the story is often told through dialogue and action4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的5)The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza7节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。
英国文学选读复习资料
英国文学选读复习资料英国文学选读复习资料英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，涵盖了众多经典作品和文学流派。
对于学习英国文学的学生来说，复习资料的准备是至关重要的。
本文将为大家提供一些关于英国文学选读的复习资料，帮助大家更好地准备考试。
1. 莎士比亚戏剧莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
在复习莎士比亚戏剧时，可以重点关注他的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》、《奥赛罗》和《李尔王》。
这些作品涉及到人性、权力、背叛等主题，是莎士比亚戏剧的代表作。
2. 简·奥斯汀的小说简·奥斯汀是英国文学史上最著名的女作家之一，她的小说以描写社会风俗和爱情婚姻为主题，作品充满了幽默和讽刺。
复习时可以选择她的代表作《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等，了解奥斯汀小说中的女性形象和社会风尚。
3. 罗伯特·勃朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁的诗歌罗伯特·勃朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁是19世纪英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物。
他们的诗歌作品充满了情感和想象力，涉及到爱情、宗教、社会等多个领域。
复习时可以选择他们的代表作品，如罗伯特·勃朗宁的《我的最后的那一首诗》和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁的《葡萄牙之歌》。
4. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国最重要的小说家之一，他的作品揭示了当时社会的阶级分化和人性的复杂性。
复习时可以选择他的代表作《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等，了解狄更斯小说中的社会批判和人道主义思想。
5. 威廉·莎士比亚的诗歌除了戏剧作品，莎士比亚还有许多优秀的诗歌作品。
他的诗歌涉及到爱情、自然、时间等主题，语言优美、意境深远。
复习时可以选择他的一些著名sonnet，如《十四行诗集》中的第18首和第130首，了解莎士比亚诗歌的特点和主题。
6. 珍·奥斯汀的小说珍·奥斯汀是19世纪英国最重要的女作家之一，她的小说以描写女性生活和婚姻为主题，作品充满了幽默和洞察力。
英国文学史及选读复习资料
英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学历史悠久而丰富多样，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的各个时期和流派。
在这篇文章中，我们将探索英国文学史的一些重要时期和作品，并提供一些选读复习资料，帮助读者更好地了解和掌握英国文学。
中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，其代表作品包括《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
《贝奥武夫》是一部史诗，描写了勇敢的英雄贝奥武夫的冒险故事。
《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部讲述了一群人在前往坎特伯雷朝圣途中分享故事的作品，通过这些故事，揭示了中世纪社会的各个层面。
文艺复兴时期是英国文学史的重要里程碑，该时期的作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，充满了人文主义的精神。
莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的作品包括诗剧《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
这些作品以其深刻的人物刻画和复杂的情节而闻名，被认为是世界文学的瑰宝。
17世纪是英国文学史上的黄金时代，其中最重要的作家是约翰·米尔顿。
他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学的巅峰之作，以其对人类自由意志和权力的思考而著称。
此外，约翰·多恩也是这一时期的重要作家，他的诗歌作品以其独特的形式和思想深度而受到赞誉。
18世纪是英国文学史上的启蒙时代，这一时期的作品强调理性和科学思维。
亚历山大·蒲柏是这一时期最重要的作家之一，他的诗歌作品《诗人的墓》和《奥德赛》被广泛阅读和研究。
此外，詹姆斯·汤姆森的长诗《四季》也是这一时期的重要作品，描绘了大自然的美丽和变化。
19世纪是英国文学史上的浪漫主义时期，作家们追求情感和个体的表达。
威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是浪漫主义诗歌的代表作家，他们的作品强调对自然和内心世界的关注。
此外，查尔斯·狄更斯是这一时期最重要的小说家之一，他的作品《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》等揭示了当时社会的不公和人性的复杂性。
20世纪是英国文学史上的现代主义时期，作家们挑战传统文学形式和观念。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料
以下是一些关于英国文学史的复习资料：
1. 《英国文学的发展与演变》（The Development and Evolution of British Literature）：这本书提供了英国文学史的全面概述，从中世纪到现代不同时期的文学作品和文学流派都有介绍。
2. 《英国文学史导论》（Introduction to British Literary History）：这本导论书通过对英国文学史的重要事件、作家和作品进行深入讲解，帮助读者理解英国文学的演变和发展。
3. 《英国文学史简明教程》（A Short History of English Literature）：这本书以简明清晰的语言介绍了英国文学史的重要内容，包括不同时期的文学作品和重要作家的生平和作品。
4. 网络资源：有许多网站提供关于英国文学史的资料和学
术文章，如英国文学史学术网站、大学的文学部门网站等。
你可以在搜索引擎上搜索英国文学史相关的关键词，找到
适合你的学习资料。
5. 学术论文和专著：在学术期刊和图书馆中，你可以找到
许多针对英国文学史的研究论文和专著，这些都是深入了
解英国文学史的重要资源。
无论使用哪种资料，重要的是要有系统地学习和复习英国
文学史，理解各个时期的文学作品和文学流派的特点和发
展趋势，同时熟悉一些重要的作家和作品。
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
新编英国文学及选读复习资料1
英语专业课程：新编英国文学选读复习大纲Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料
（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料Part I The Middle AgeChapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1. Beowulf（贝奥武甫）: England’s national epic.（第一部民族史诗）2. artistic feature: ① using alliteration② using metaphor and understatementChapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most greatest narrative（叙事）poets of England.2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-----In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer’s realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. [乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。
英国文学史及选读复习资料
Lecture1Ⅱ. Recommended Novels for Reading (British)18th-centuryGulliver’s Travels: Jonathan Swift; social satire/fantasy/;Part I, II, and IV interesting; language difficulty ***.Robinson Crusoe: Daniel Defoe; an account of the process of the building of the British Empire in the 18th century;diary-like detailed description and narration; language difficulty **.19th-centuryGreat Expectations:Charles Dickens; about moral corruption and loss of innocence and honesty in growing up; the Cinderella pattern in structure; language Dif ***; a bit too long.Jane Eyre:Charlotte Bronte; a poor, plain governess struggling for self-dignity and personal happiness; language dif **.Wuthering Heights:Emily Bronte; one of the best novels in the world; a presentation of the most primitive, natural, powerful, touching as well as the most destructive love human beings are capable of; language dif **.Silas Marner:George Eliot; a religious fable about religion of humanity;language dif **; small.Tess of D’Urbervilles:Thomas Hardy; tragic fate of a “pure” young peasant woman at the time of capitalist invasion into the country in the 19th-century England; language dif ***.20th-centurySons and Lovers: D.H. Lawrence; Oedipus Complex; the study of man-woman relations; language dif ***.Mrs Dalloway, Virginia Woolf; about the spiritual journey of Mrs Dalloway; typical stream of consciousness fiction;language dif ***, not longThe Fifth Child: Doris Lessing; about distortion or horror of human nature/ a human-born monster; Language dif **, small.Ⅲ. ContentsChapter One: Old English LiteratureChapter Two: Middle English LiteratureChapter Three: Geoffrey ChaucerChapter Four: The RenaissanceChapter Five: The Revolution and RestorationChapter Six:Enlightenment in EnglandChapter Seven: The Romantic PeriodChapter Eight: The Victorian AgeChapter Nine: Twentieth Century LiteratureⅣ.Development of LiteratureThree stages of English language development:i. Old English /Anglo-Saxon (OE. As the language up to 1066 is usu. called)ii. Middle English (about 1100-1500)iii. Modern English (about 1500-present)Part One: Old and Medieval English LiteratureHistorical background3 conquests/invasions--- Romans (4th to the 6th cen.):politics of self-government, transportation system, cities, Latin language and Christianity (little remained)---English/Anglo-Saxon Conquest ( Angles, Saxons, Jutes)A. Germanic tribes from the Mediterranean coast:Scandinavia, Denmark and GermanyB. the Pagans/heathens异教徒C. enslaved the Celts and drove others to Wales,Scotland and IrelandD. began feudalism; new social strata: serfs 农奴—freemen自由民—farmers农民--thanes乡士--earls爵爷—kings王爷E. a medley of different races/ethnic groups; ofmultiple influences and cultural and political orders ---Norman Conquest in 1066 by William,Duke of Normandy from Northern France:A. further established feudalism, and ended the slave system in 14th cen.B. powerful Popedom 教皇制established(1/3 of land, political right, wide moral degeneration of the clericals; penances or pardons 赦罪令C. highly centralized royal power, but conceded in the13th cen. with establishment of parliament(1215the Magna Carta/King John)D. communication with the outside world: diplomaticrelations, development of trade and increasing strength for tradesmen and skilled professionalsE. influence from outside world in ideologyF. coexistence of 3 languages: Latin, the clerical andlearned; French, noblemen and royal court; A-S nativeEnglish/ Celtic dialect (vernacular) for the common[Not until the 13th century did English enter the worldof official discourse 官方用语. 1258 Henry III issued aproclamation布告in 3 languages, 14th cen.,parliament and court allowed English.](The Dark Age: blind belief of Roman Catholicism and after-life and stagnant philosophical and artistic development)Ⅴ.Literature (secular)---the Old English (until A-S period) and Middle English (after 1066)---tales passed on orally by gleemen or minstrels 吟唱诗人until Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyOld English Period : Beowulf, an EpicA. the most important existent work; the national epic of Anglo-SaxonsB. written in 7-8 cen.C. partly-historical and partly-legendaryD. not about England but their homeland in DenmarkE. epic form: a long verse narrative on the exploits of a national hero, BeowulfF. the primitive people’s heroic struggle against hostileforces of the natural world under a wise leaderG. pagan elements + Christian coloring: “fate”, “God’,“Lord”H. alliteration and Germanic languageMiddle English LiteratureA. Romance 罗曼史---Roman, French matters for subjects: Trojan War, Charlemagne, Roland and the knights; chivalric;---English romance: King Arthur and his round-table knights;“Sir Gawain and the Greenknight” (1360-1370), “Le Morte d’Arthur” by Sir Thomas MaloryB. Religious writings and translations(from Hebrew to Latin):Langland’s “Piers the Plowman”C. Poetic form:alliterative poetry头韵诗metrical poetry韵律诗Lecture 2 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)Father of English poetry /literature3 periods of creation:French Romaunt of the Rose, translationItalian (after Dante Divine Comedy, Petrarch and Boccaccio, Decameron; The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, Troylus and Criseyde)British (1386-1400) The Canterbury Tales●Contributions:A.the first to present a comprehensive and realistic pictureof the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury TalesB.introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of varioustypes to replace the Old English alliterative verseC.the first to use the rhymed couplet of iambicpentameter/heroic couplet●Canterbury Tales:The story: 29 pilgrims, and the poet on the way to Canterbury, stopped at an inn. At the proposal of the host of the Tabard Inn each was to tell 4 stories on the way to and back from Cant. Host be the guide and judge, the best teller gets a free supper at the cost of all the rest upon their return to the inn. Should have been 120stories, but only 24 completed and preserved, 2 incomplete, 2 unfinished. Theme: influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, he affirmsman’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposes asceticism 禁欲说; praises man’s energy, intellect, and love of life; exposes and satirizes the social evils, esp. the religious abusesstructure: General prologue (occasion, characters) followed by stories; a separate prologue between two stories characterization:vivid portrayal of individualized个性化characters of the society and of all professionsand social strata except the highest and thelowest1. shows respect for the two landed gentry,the plowmanand the parson;2. satirizes all the religious people，except the parson，whoare guilty of sins: Pride, Wrath, Envy, Lust, Gluttony, Avarice, and Sloth3. shows a growing sense of self-importance of the trades/towns people, reflecting the changing social status, esp.in towns and citiesStyle:lively, vivid Middle-Age English, satire, humour, Heroic Couplet; of unequal meritst he 3 famous tales:A. the Wife of Bath’s tale of an Arthurian knightB. the Oxford clerk’s of a patient young ladyC. the Franklin小地主’s about a wife’s full submission toher husbandIV. Text study:Comment:●This is a satirical picture of a vain, pretentious nun. Thoughsupposedly in a religious capacity, she had many worldly weaknesses and was in no way a true Christian, let alone a devout clergy person.●The portrait is pervaded by ironical depictions, and the toneis light-hearted and humorous. Readers can only smile in amusement.●In heroic couplet.Text study Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales / The Prioress Pre-readingYou are going to read Chaucer’s description of a prioress, a nun who is the head of a religious order or a religious house (e.g. an abbey). Before reading Chaucer’s description, we could try to create a picture of a nun from our knowledge or imagination.1. Imagine the facial expression of a nun, what words wouldyou use to describe it?2. A nun, especially a prioress, is usually remarkable for thefollowing characteristics (tick the words/expressions of your choice):a solemnity, charm, kindnessb serious/ pleasant/ easy-going/ sombre mannersc full of sense / sensibility3. If she carries a motto, which do you think is more likely tobe her choice?a All that glisters is not gold.b Glory belongs to the King.c God helps those who help themselves.d Love conquers all.Discussion1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satirically portrayed?How?3. What figures of speech are used?Language and Style1. Select a detail which contains humour or irony. What makes it comic or ironic?2. What do you notice about the rhyme at the end of the lines Key information for Memory:3 conquestsBeowulf(A-S national epic/Old English literature/native subject/alliteration)“Sir Gawain and the Greenknight”, anonymousWilliam Langland’s Piers the Plowman, religiousChaucer’s Canterbury Talesromance; heroic couplet; alliteration; epic; metric poem Assignment:Reference questions for Renaissance:1.What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2.What is the development of drama? What were the originalforms and content and practice of drama?3.Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are themajor playwrights of the time?4.Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to Englishdrama?5.Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history,comedy, tragedy)? What features?6.What did Jonson write about? Representative work?7.Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (p.31-32). What is it mainlyabout? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy? 8.What was the most important translation of the time? Lecture 3-4 Renaissance English LiteratureHistorical background⏹Hundred Years’ War with France from 1337 to 1453⏹War of Roses from 1455 to 1485 between the House ofLancaster and the House of York⏹Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty⏹the enclosure movement, the commercial expansion andthe war with Spain⏹16th century -- a period of the breaking up of feudalrelations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalismEngland – an absolute monarchy⏹Religious Reformation-- end the rule of the Catholic Church-- king as both the head of Church andthe head of state⏹Protestantism --the official national religionHenry 8 ( a Tudor Monarch )In religion, the far-reaching movement of Reformation began in England during Henry VIII’s reign. He declared the break withthe Roman Catholic Church and confiscated the property of the Church. Protestantism began to gain ground among the English people.King James BibleIn 1611, appeared in England. It was the work of many learned scholars headed by Bishop Lancelot Andrews, an eloquent orator with an exquisite ear for the cadences of language. King James Bible became the monument of English language and literatureGenesis, or the Creation⏹God made Adam and Eve and let them live in Garden ofEden.⏹God warned Adam and Eve not to eat the forbidden fruiton the Tree of Knowledge.⏹Adam and Eve were all naked. They lived a happy life.They had no feelings of shame.⏹Satan, in the disguise of a serpent, sneaked into Garden ofEden. He succeeded in inducing Eve to eat the Forbidden Fruit.⏹Eve gave Adam some fruit, and Adam accepted it gladly.⏹They realized that they were nude, so they put on figleaves to cover their body.⏹God got very angry. They had violated God’s will, sothey were punished.⏹Adam and Eve were driven out of the Garden of Eden.They had to gain their bread by the sweat of their brow.⏹Adam and Eve’s descendents must work hard forredemption, otherwise they would never be allowed to go back to heaven.Revelations⏹ORIGINAL SIN⏹With Adam and Eve’s fall, we sin all. That’s whywe must work hard to make a living.⏹God’s will is everything.⏹Those who violate God’s will must be punished, nomatter what the underlying reason is.The Tower of Babel⏹Long, long ago, all the world spoke the same languageand used the same words.⏹Tired of hard work, people decided to build a city and ahigh tower with its top in the heavens.⏹God feared that the people would challenge his authority.⏹He s aid to his followers, “Let us go down there andconfuse their speech, so that they will not understandwhat they say to one another.”⏹God made people speak different languages. People hadto give up the plan of building the tower because they could not understand each other. They were dispersed all over the world.Queen Elizabeth – the summit of absolute monarchy⏹Elizabethan age:-- progress of bourgeois economy-- victory in the Spanish War-- commercial expansion abroad-- development of art and literature-- an unsettled time: peasants’ uprisingsRenaissance: The DefinitionThe rise of the bourgeoisie showed its influence in cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or the rebirth of literature. Renaissance sprang in Italy and spread to France, Germany, the Low Countries, and lastly to England. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for classical literature, the other is the rise of Humanism.HumanismHumanism was the keynote of the Renaissance. People ceasedto look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. They began to admire human beauty and human achievement. Man is no longer the slave of the external world. He can mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks.Drama: Origin and Development (1)English drama1.Origin: religious ceremony, church plays2.DevelopmentReligious periodmystery plays and miracle plays biblical stories and the stories of the saints; they were played at churches at first; Then with the increasing numbers of actors and plays, the players went to the market places. Miracle plays are the further development of mystery plays.The Second Shepherd’s PlayMoral periodmorality plays: focused on the conflict between good and evil through allegorical characters. They were too abstract. So Vice, a lively figure approximated the modern clown, was introduced. (such as Everyman, Good Deeds, Death, Knowledge);EverymanInterludes--- a short performance during thethe intervals to enliven the audience aftera solemn scene---end of the 15th century---a transition to Elizabethan drama⏹Classical-style comedy and tragedy was in the making inEngland.⏹Three unities (unity of time, place and action byAristotle)3.Renaissance drama⏹---comedy and tragedy were⏹established as types of drama⏹---development of theaters⏹---growth of acting culture4.University wits⏹---John Lyly, Robert Greene, George peele, ChristopherMarlow, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Nashe, Thomas Lodge---technical innovations⏹Free Renaissance tragedy from classical restraints⏹Develop a comedy tradition more close to lifeJohn Lyly: write for a refined, aristocratic audience⏹Thomas Kyd: start the tradition of revenge tragedy5.Christopher Marlow(1564-1593)---most gifted “university wit”---The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus⏹Cause of the tragedy: blind faithin human intellect⏹Theme: praise of individuality; conviction of thepossibility of human efforts in conquering the universe---make blank verse the principal instrument of English drama 6. William ShakespeareAll the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.1)Dramatic career:---the first period: apprenticeship---the second period: full of sunshine and laughter---the third period: full of storm and clouds---the fourth period: principal tragicomedies2)Great comedies:---sing of love, youth, and ideal of happinessA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like It, Twelfth Night---two groups of characters:⏹Young men and women⏹Simple and shrewd clowns and other common people---respect women3)Great tragedies:social contradictions and social evilsHamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth4) Historical playspolitical plays:the necessity for national unity under one sovereignHenry 5, the only ideal king, a symbol of English glory5) Features of his dramatic works:⏹Shakespeare is a realist.---authentic panorama of his age---characters are representatives of the people of his time⏹Shakespeare is a master of English language.---language reveals the peculiarities of his character---use about 16,000 words in his writings---create a lot of new words and expressions⏹Shakespeare is good at many poetic forms.blank verse6）Literary TermsComedy⏹Comedy is a light form of drama, which aims primarily toamuse and which ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smiles and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot. Viewed in another sense, comedy may be considered to deal with people in their human state, restrained and often made ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions, and animal nature. The general spirit of these comedies is optimism.Tragedy⏹ a serious play or novel representing the disastrousdownfall of a central character, the protagonist. According to Aristotle, the purpose is to achieve a catharsis through incidents arousing pity and terror. The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in the protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster.Blank Verse⏹unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexibleEnglish verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and soon became a popular form for narrative and dramatic poetry. Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Stevens and Robert Frost are fond of this form.无韵诗Monologue⏹an extended speech uttered by one speaker, either toothers or alone. Significant varieties include the dramatic monologue(a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience), and the soliloquy(in which the speaker is supposed to be “overheard” while alone).独白Soliloquy⏹ a dramatic speech delivered by one character speakingaloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.内心独白Hamlet Text StudyThe Story of HamletHamlet is the prince of Denmark. He is a great scholar and a brave soldier/swordsman.Denmark is at war with another country. So the sentry is on duty at night. The sentry saw the ghost of the Old King.The sentry told the news to Hamlet. The next night, Hamlet went to the sentry post.He saw the ghost. It was his father.The ghost ran away. Hamlet followed him. The ghost told Hamlet that it was Claudius, his uncle, who had murdered him and married his mother Gertrude. The ghost told Hamlet to revenge him.Hamlet is a humanist. He would never follow the ghost’s words without a second thought.Hamlet pretended to be mad. One day, a dramatic troupe came to the court. Hamlet directed a play in which a king is murdered by his younger brother. The younger brother married his sister-in-law.Everyone has a kind of guilty conscience. While watching the play, Claudius got restless. During the interval, he went out of the room and did his prayers.(repentant)Hamlet followed Claudius. Claudius was doing his prayers. But he did not take action. It is believed that if you kill a personwhile he is praying, his soul will go to heaven, not to go to hell. It is not revenge in its real sense.So the king let his queen (Hamlet’s mother) have a talk with Hamlet. While they were talking, a minister named Polonius (Hamlet’s would-be father-in-law) was eavesdropping behind the screen.Hamlet heard the noise behind the screen. He mistook the person for his uncle. So he stabbed at the screen with his sword. Polonius was killed.On the voyage to England, Hamlet met some pirates. The pirates abducted Hamlet and went back to Denmark. He rewrote the letter in imitation of his uncle’s handwriting, in which he told the English king to kill the two messengers upon arrival.While they reached the seashore, Hamlet killed the pirates and went back to the court.Claudius heard the news that Hamlet had come back. He got worried. Just then, Polonius’s son, Laertes came back to Denmark, too. He wanted to have a duel with Hamlet.The tournament began. To make sure that Hamlet would be killed, Claudius p ut poison in Laertes’s weapon. What’s more, he put a cup of poisonous drink beside Hamlet.Man proposes, God disposes.Laertes hurt Hamlet. They changed weapons. And Hamlet hurt Laertes with the same poisonous weapon. He threw the weapon at Claudius and Claudius was killed.The queen drank the poisonous drink and died.Just then, Hamlet’s friend, the Norway Prince Fortinbras, came to Denmark. Hamlet told the ministers that he would like Fortinbras to become the Danish king.Hamlet died. Fortinbras became the new king. He had a great funeral for the dead.Famous quotations from it⏹“Frailty, thy name is woman!”⏹“For anything so overdone is from the purpose ofplaying, whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to natu re; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time her form and pressure.” (“给自然照一面镜子，给德行看一看自己的面目，给荒唐看一看自己的姿态，给时代和社会看一看自己的形象和印记。
英国文学史复习资料1
英国文学史复习资料1Review:The Development of English LiteratureFrom the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods:1.Early and Medieval English literature; （中古文学）2.The English Renaissance（文艺复兴）;3.The 17th C. –The Period of Revolution（资产阶级革命） and Restoration （王权复辟）;4.The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment （启蒙运动）5. Romanticism（浪漫主义） in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;6. The Victorian Age; （维多利亚时期）7. The 20th Century Literature –Modernism and Post-Modernism（现代和后现代主义）1.Early and MedievalEnglish literature (5th C.-1485)1) Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the6th century. It is the oldest poem on the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.2)The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman conquest. After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code, theromantic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc.. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.3.The 17th Century—The Period of Revolution and RestorationThe bourgeoisie revolution against monarchy-the Puritan Age. The greatest representatives are the “Three Johns”: John Milton, John Donne , the representative of the Metaphysical School and John Bunyan,a great prose writer.4.The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment （启蒙运动）an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.In literature, Classicism, or Neoclassicism, dominated this century.The middle of this century in England sees the inception of a new literary current– sentimentalism .At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pre-Romanticism emerged.5. Romanticism（浪漫主义） in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;Romanticism in England came into being in the latter half of the 18th century with William Blake and Robert Burns representing the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism. With the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798, Romanticism began to bloom in the history of English literature. The trend ended at the death of Scott in 1832.This is an age of poetUnit 11.Early and Medieval English literature(中古文学)1) Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊)Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic(史诗),and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf （贝奥武甫）, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem on the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.名词解释Epic: A long narrative（叙事诗）poem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes.Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark（丹麦）story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements2) The Anglo-Norman（盎格鲁-诺曼） Period (1066-1350)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman conquest（诺曼底人对英格兰的军事征服）. After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry （骑士精神）was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code（骑士法典）, the romantic interest in women , tenderness（亲切） and reverence （崇敬）paid to Virgin Mary（圣母玛丽亚）etc..The prevailing （流行的） form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 高文爵士和绿衣骑士2. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟1)Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400), a Londoner of bourgeois （资本家）origin, an outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and “the father of English poetry”. His The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English.He also contributed importantly in the second half of the14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier（朝臣）, diplomat（外交官）, and civil servant（公务员）.But it is his writing of poetry that makes him remembered.2)代表作：the Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致介绍：The Canterbury Tales, an unfinished series of stories purporting (claim or pretend ) to be told by a group of pilgrims journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket andback. Among the band of pilgrims are a knight, a monk, a prioress, a plowman, a miller, a merchant, a clerk, and the wife from Bath. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories in a frame story(框架故事), between 1387 and 1400. It is the story of a group of 32(30? 31? 29?) people who travel as pilgrims（朝圣者）to Canterbury (England). The pilgrims, who come from all layers （阶层）of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury.名词解释：a frame story(框架故事):A narrative that provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told.文学作品中一个故事套着一个故事的结构，故事中的故事。
英国文学史及选读复习2 The Anglo
The Anglo-Saxon period1. brief history.After the withdrawal of Roman troops, Anglo-Saxons and Jutes arrived in England from northern Germany and Denmark in about 5th century. They were different tribes of Teutons (Germanic people). England, the name comes from Angle-land. The Angles is an important Teutonic (Germanic ) tribe. The language they spoke is called old English.2. Anglo-Saxon literature.Writings in old English, c.650—1150. Old English poetry is heroic, drawing on Germanic myth and custom, or Christian. Nearly all of it survives in only four manuscripts, and it is the literature closest to Germanic oral sources.Widsith (7th cent.) or The Traveler’s Song is an early example. The epic Beowulf , based on oral sagas, survives in an 8th century Christian version. The elegiac undercurrent in Beowulf is central to such poems as Deor, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer, which contrast a happy past with a desolate present. Heroic battles are the theme of The Battle of Maldon and The Battle of Brunanbur h. Of the Christian poets, Caedmon and Cynewulf are known by reputation. The Dream of the Rood is the earliest dream vision poem in English.Old English verse is alliterative and unrhymed. Prose was written in Latin before King Alfred, who had many works translated. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, continued for several centuries, from Caesar’s conquest to some time after Alfred’s death . Two preeminent prose writers were Aelfric and Wulfstan, authors of homiletic sermons.3. Alfred 871-899, the Saxon king, was a great warrior and scholar. He fought Danish Viking invaders and staved them off the kingdom. He used the peace he had won to concentrate on his work of founding schools to improve education, and restoring monasteries to invigorate religious life. Famous schol ars came to Alfred’s court at Winchester to help him to translate from Latin the first books to be written in the Eng lish language. Alfred also had the chance to frame laws and so civilize his subjects. The most important law by him was, “Do not to others what you would not have them do to you.”4. The song of BeowulfIt is an English epic reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times. It has over 3000 lines, divided into two parts with an interpolation between the two. The whole song is essentially pagan in spirit and matter, while the interpolation is obviously an addition made by the Christian who copied it.5. The subject matterIt recounts Beowulf’s struggle with the water monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother; the hero’s victory in old age over a dragon; and his death and funeral. The poem in alliterative verse fuses Christian elements with a picture of old Germanic life.6. alliterationrepetition of the first sound or letter of a succession of words. e.g. safe and sound.7. ThemeThematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. For instance, the battle between Beowulf and the dragon symbolically represents that phase of Winter and Summer myth in which the Summer God, here embodied by Beowulf, fights his last battle against the Winter Dragon in order to rescue the treasures of earth, that is, the golden corn and ruddy fruits. Having given them back to men, Beowulf himself dies of the Winter’s breath.8. Artistic features of Old English poetry1. Old English poetry is composed without rhyme. Its lines are usually divided into two halves with a pause in between, and each half line has two strongly stressed syllables which give musical effects to the poem with an indeterminate number of unstressed ones.2.Almost all this poetry is strongly characterized with structural alliteration.3. To set the verse apart from normal speech and mark it out as a special mode of discourse, it makes use of vivid poetic diction and parallel expressions for a single idea, especially those of compound words, i.e. a word picture, such as : “swan-road” or “whal e-path” (sea); “sea-wood” or “wave-floater” (ship); “shield-bearer,” “battle-hero” or “spear-fighter” (soldier),etc. All these qualities are exemplified in the epic poem Beowulf.9. Features of Old English proseLucid & powerful, be it history, romantic adventure, righteous indignation or the subtleties of theological argument.The lucid and powerful homilies of Aelfric and Wulfstan (d. 1023) reveal a complete mastery of the medium and show that southern England had an advanced prose literature in Europe.。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料第一章：中世纪文学1.1 安格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪-1066年）- 口头传统和史诗：《贝奥武夫》- 基督教文学：《凡尔登战役》1.2 后征服时期（1066年-1485年）- 基督教文学：《格尔罗与黛斯蒙德》- 骑士文学：《亚瑟王传说》、《罗宾汉传》第二章：文艺复兴时期（1485年-1603年）2.1 草原学派- 约翰·斯克利- 托马斯·莫尔2.2 伊丽莎白时代- 威廉·莎士比亚：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 - 克里斯托弗·马洛：《第一部十诫》第三章：17世纪文学3.1 评剧派- 本·琼生：《伊丽莎白时代断头台上的十一个人》- 约翰·福特：《佩里克尔斯·普林》3.2 枪炮派- 约翰·洛克：《论人类理解》- 托马斯·霍布斯：《利维坦》第四章：启蒙时代（18世纪）4.1 洛克主义- 亚当·斯密：《国富论》- 大卫·休谟：《人性的研究》4.2 唯理主义- 亚历山大·波佩：《怪异小说》- 理查德·斯蒂文森：《金银岛》第五章：浪漫主义（19世纪）5.1 威廉·华兹华斯：《抒情诗》5.2 柯勒律治：《唐吉诃德》第六章：维多利亚时代6.1 珍奥斯汀：《傲慢与偏见》6.2 狄更斯：《雾都孤儿》6.3 奥斯卡·王尔德：《道林·格雷的画像》第七章：现代主义（20世纪）7.1 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫：《至灵宴》7.2 乔治·奥威尔：《1984》7.3 约瑟夫·康拉德：《黑暗之心》第八章：后现代主义（20世纪末至今）8.1 萨尔曼·鲁西迪：《午夜的孩子》8.2 伊恩·麦克尤恩：《第二个苏格拉底》8.3 泽拉尔·纳西莫夫：《洛丽塔》总结：英国文学史涵盖了从中世纪到现代的丰富多样的文学作品。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读复习资料整理(word文档良心出品)
Old English Period— Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)1.The History•From 55 BC to 410 AD, the Romans conquered the land and transplanted its civilization.2.The LiteratureTwo divisions:Pagan & ChristianPaganThe Seafarer水手; The Fight at Finnisburg芬尼斯郡之战; The Wanderer流浪者; Waldhere瓦登希尔;The Battle of Maldom马尔登战役Widsith(威德西斯); The complaint of Deor迪奥的抱怨•The wife’s Lament妻子的哀歌; Ruin毁灭are good examples.Beowulf, England’s national epic.Writing featuresnot a Christian but a pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization,The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stressesThe use of alliteration is another notable feature and makes the stresses more emphatic. There are a lot of metaphors and understatements in this poemAnglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)The literature•The Growth of the Arthurian Legends•The legends of King Arthur and his knights had existed as an oral tradition since the time of the Celts.The 17th CenturyA Brief Introduction of the 17th century⏹The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie⏹James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny⏹Charles I: 1625-1649⏹Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658⏹Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration⏹James II：1685-1688⏹William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”⏹The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689John Donne代表作：The FleaMetaphysical PoetryHoly Sonnet 10SongA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀John Milton⏹the early phase of reading and lyric writing⏹the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it⏹the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writingParadise Lost--- the great epicParadise Regained；Samson AgonistesJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）The 18th-century LiteratureThe Rise of English NovelsThe historical backgroundComparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.The rise of the English novel.代表作：Daniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeJonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》Satirical features⏹Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）⏹The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and theirinstitutions of England.⏹The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.⏹The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing andspeculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.⏹The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.Henry FieldingTom JohnsonSocial significanceThe writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggleThe 18th-century Literature (II)The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandThe rapid development of social life•On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.•On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.•On the religious scene, deism came into existence代表Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard● a masterpiece of lyric●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---musical/rhythmic,---controlled and restrained,---polished languageSection 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. Whenthe “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in faceof death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could●ever bring anything back to life.Section 4●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial tothe growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.Section 5●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason toforget these farmers.Section 6●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. Avillager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.Section 7●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks thepassers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadnessOliver Goldsmith’s《The Vicar of Wakefield》•Pre-Romantic Poems (I)William BlakeThe Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick RoseRobert Burns⏹1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;⏹2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs⏹3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang SyneBurns’s position and his features⏹ A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland⏹Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.⏹His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent masteryof the old song traditions.⏹His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentimentBurns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of RomanticismThe Romantic Period (I)⏹“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人William WordsworthSamuel ColeridgeRobert Southey•William Wordsworth•Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyComments on WordsworthWordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.•George Gordon Byron•Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan•What is Byronic hero?•Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.•Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.•Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions •Byronic heroes•heroic of noble birth•passionate•rebellious•individual•Summery•This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external •The theme•This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.•Rhetorics•Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.•He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.• A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.•Rhyme and meter•The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. •Percy Bysshe Shelley•Comments on Shelley• 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.• 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.• 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.❖ 4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.❖ 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.❖ 6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.❖7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.❖Ode to the West Wind❖Stanza 1❖It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).❖Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem❖Stanza 2❖I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).❖It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome ofa vast tomb (ll. 24-25).❖Stanza 3❖It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).❖The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).❖Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.❖Stanza 4❖It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.❖The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.❖The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.❖He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).❖Stanza 5⏹It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).⏹The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.⏹John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romanticmovement⏹Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a NightingaleWalter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novelJane AustenPride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；PersuasionCritical Realism Victorian PeriodFeatures of Dickens’s novels♦Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society♦Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.The story of some major novels♦Oliver Twist♦David Copperfield♦Great Expectation♦ A Tale of Two CitiesWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair•The Brontë sisters•Charlotte•Jane eyre (1847)•Shirley (1849)•Villette (1853)•The professor (1857)•Emily•Wuthering Heights (1847)•Anne•Agnes Grey (1847)•The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》Alfred Lord Tennyson•the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850•The Princes (1847),•In Memoriam (1850),•Maud (1855),•Enoch Arden (1864),•The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert BrowningMy Last Duchess a dramatic monologueThe transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatureThomas Hardy◆Under the Greenwood Tree◆Far from the Madding Crowd◆The Return of the Native◆The Mayor of Casterbridge◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureOscar Wilde♦The Picture of Dorian Gray♦Lady Windermere’s Fan♦ A Woman of No Importance♦An Ideal Husband♦The Importance of Being Earnest♦Salome♦The Happy Prince and Other TalesGeorge Bernard Shaw♦ a prolific writer;♦winning Nobel Prize in 1925Mrs. Warren’s professionD. H. Lawrence•Novels•Sons and Lovers•The Rainbow•Women in Love•Lady Chatterley's Lover•Novellas•St Mawr•The Virgin and the Gypsy•The Escaped Cock“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby附读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
(完整word版)英国文学史复习资料大纲英语专业必考
一．作家作品连线1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟——The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事），The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls（百鸟会议)The House of Fame（声誉之堂）、Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德）2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, SonnetThe Merchant of Venice，Henry IV，Twelfth Night，King Lear，Macbeth 3.Francis Bacon培根——（Essays）Of Marriage and Single Life(轮婚姻和单身), Of Studies4.John Donne邓恩（Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人）-— Song and Sonnets （歌与十四行诗）, Holy Sonnets（圣十四行诗）5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost(失乐园）、Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）6.Daniel Defoe笛福——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记)、Captain Singleton（辛格顿船长)、Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）A Journal of the Plague Year（大疫年日记）、Roxana （罗克萨娜）7.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特——Gulliver’s Travel s（格列佛游记）A Tale of a Tub (一只桶的故事)，A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）8.William Blake布莱克——Song of Innocence（天真之歌)，Song of experience（经验之歌）, Poetical Sketches(诗的素描), The Book of Thel（塞尔书)9.Robert Burns彭斯——Auld Lang Syne, A Red Red Rose，10.William Wordsworth华兹华斯——I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud11.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治——Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗），BiographiaLiteria （文学传记）、Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)12.Jane Austen简·奥斯丁—- Pride and Prejudice二、术语解释1、Epic（史诗）： A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. It started in the 5th century, Beowulf was an important epic。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料一、早期文学1、凯尔特文学：凯尔特人是英国最早的民族，他们有自己的语言和神话传说。
他们的文学作品包括《德鲁伊特教义》和《芬尼亚传奇》。
2、盎格鲁-撒克逊文学：随着罗马帝国的衰落，日耳曼部落开始在英国定居。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时期最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，讲述了一位英勇的武士贝奥武夫的故事。
二、中世纪文学1、英雄史诗：中世纪时期，英国出现了许多描写骑士和英雄事迹的史诗，如《罗兰之歌》、《希尔德布兰德之歌》等。
2、骑士文学：随着封建制度的发展，骑士成为英国社会的一个重要阶层。
骑士文学主要描写骑士的冒险经历和爱情故事，如《亚瑟王传奇》等。
3、宗教文学：中世纪时期，英国的宗教文学也很发达。
最有名的作品是《神曲》和《圣经》的英译本。
三、文艺复兴时期文学1、伊丽莎白时代文学：伊丽莎白一世时期，英国进入了文艺复兴时期。
这个时期的文学作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
2、斯图亚特王朝复辟时期文学：斯图亚特王朝复辟后，英国文学开始向古典主义转变。
这个时期的文学作品包括弥尔顿的《失乐园》和约翰·德莱顿的诗歌等。
四、启蒙时期文学1、启蒙运动：启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲的一个思想解放运动，旨在推翻封建制度，建立资产阶级民主制度。
英国的启蒙运动以洛克和休谟为代表。
2、现实主义小说：随着工业革命的兴起，英国的现实主义小说开始兴起。
这个时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特姐妹等。
他们的作品主要描写社会底层人民的生活和资产阶级的虚伪与贪婪。
3、浪漫主义诗歌：19世纪初，英国的浪漫主义诗歌开始兴起。
这个时期的代表诗人包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治和拜伦等。
他们的作品主要表达个人情感和对自然的向往。
五、维多利亚时期文学1、维多利亚时代的社会背景：维多利亚时代是英国的一个繁荣时期，也是英国殖民主义的高峰期。
这个时期的英国成为“日不落帝国”。
2、小说：维多利亚时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹、哈代等。
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学简史复习资料General introduction of English literature1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里·乔叟2. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) 文艺复兴——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚——Ben Jonson 本·琼生——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛3. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁——William Blake威廉·布莱克——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯5. Romantic English Literature (1798-1832) 浪漫主义时期——William Wordsworth, 威廉·华兹华斯——Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治——George Gordon Byron, 乔治·戈登·拜伦——Percy Bysshe Shelley 佩西·比舍·雪莱——John Keats, 约翰·济慈——Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特——Jane Austen简·奥斯汀6. Critical Realistic Literature in the 19th Century 维多利亚时期（批判现实主义）——W.M. Thackeray, 萨克雷——C harles Dickens, 查尔斯·狄更斯——Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁——Bronte sisters：Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Ann Bronte——George Eliot乔治·艾略特——Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德——Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代——Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德7. 20th Century English Literature——George Bernard Shaw乔治·萧伯纳——Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德——William Butler Yeats 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝——Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫——James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯——D. H. Lawrence劳伦斯——T. S. Eliot 爱略特一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻metaphor 手法3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法）例子：of m an was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷的故事集》(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
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英国文学简史复习资料General introduction of English literature1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里·乔叟2. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) 文艺复兴——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚——Ben Jonson 本·琼生——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛3. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁——William Blake威廉·布莱克——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯5. Romantic English Literature (1798-1832) 浪漫主义时期——William Wordsworth, 威廉·华兹华斯——Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治——George Gordon Byron, 乔治·戈登·拜伦——Percy Bysshe Shelley 佩西·比舍·雪莱——John Keats, 约翰·济慈——Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特——Jane Austen简·奥斯汀6. Critical Realistic Literature in the 19th Century 维多利亚时期（批判现实主义）——W.M. Thackeray, 萨克雷——C harles Dickens, 查尔斯·狄更斯——Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁——Bronte sisters：Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Ann Bronte——George Eliot乔治·艾略特——Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德——Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代——Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德7. 20th Century English Literature——George Bernard Shaw乔治·萧伯纳——Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德——William Butler Yeats 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝——Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫——James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯——D. H. Lawrence劳伦斯——T. S. Eliot 爱略特一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻metaphor手法3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法）例子：of m an was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷的故事集》(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymedBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯·珀西主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 侠盗罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman）戏剧dramaThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1、key word: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1)、Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔Utopia 《乌托邦》2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙·斯宾塞poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
6)、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚戏剧drama四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)五、The period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2” The Deserted Village”《荒村》，诗歌poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. 感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。
代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷“ Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard”《墓园挽歌》七、The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义1、前浪漫主义代表人物：1) William Blake 威廉·布莱克诗人poet代表作品：诗集《天真之歌》Songs of Innocence: The Lamb, The Chimney Sweeper1789诗集《经验之歌》Songs of Experience: The Tiger, London, The Chimney Sweeper17942) Robert Burns 罗伯特·.彭斯苏格兰诗人poet代表作品：A Red, Red Rose 《一朵红红的玫瑰》、My Heart’s on the Highland《我的心在高原》、《友谊地久天长》（Auld Lang Syne）。