【四级语法】01_非谓语动词+基础
英语专四非谓语动词考点辅导
英语专四非谓语动词考点辅导英语专四非谓语动词考点辅导默而识之,学而不厌,诲人不倦。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的英语专四非谓语动词考点辅导，希望能给大家带来帮助!◆ 非谓语动词是历年专四测试的重中之重，每年试题一般一到两道(1-2分)。
◆ 命题特点1. 非谓语动词的时态与语态;2. 非谓语动词的否定式;3. 动词不定式的各种形式及应用;4. -ing结构的各种形式及应用;5. -ed结构在句中的不同用法;6.非谓语动词作状语、宾语等的辨析;7.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等。
【非谓语动词基础知识】一个句子当中，已经存在谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下，需要非谓语动词来修饰句子的其他成分。
动词不定式; 现在分词; 过去分词; 动名词I.不定式的时态及语态一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生用途：表将来表某一次具体的动作表目的I have a lot work to do; I do not like to dance; To learn English well, I practice more.2. 动名词一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式 Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前用途：抽象、习惯性( his hobby is painting; I am proud ofbeing a Chinese)3.分词的时态和语态现在分词一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done过去分词 done用途：现在分词：主动、进行、令人……的过去分词：被动、完成、感到……的.The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行)the room facing south(主动)The film is disappointing. Tom is disappointed(令人……的)/(感到)Look at the broken glass.(被动、完成)注意* 所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的_前面_*如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动词的完成时态。
专四语法(非谓语动词)解读
(4) 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表 示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的 逻辑主语则由of引导： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
• 真题示例：“The man preparing the documents is the firm’s lawyer” has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT • A. the man who has prepared the documents • B. the man who has been preparing the documents. • C. the man who is preparing the documents • D. the man who will prepare the documents
真题演练
• 1. It is not uncommon for there ____ problem of communication between the old and the young. • A. being B. would be C. be D. to be • 2. _____ at in his way, the situation doesn’t seem so desperate. • A. Looking B. Looked • C. Being looked D. To look • 3. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ___ the spoil ones. • A. not counting B. not to count • C. don’t count D. having not counted
专四语法非谓语动词
English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语， 相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： ambition to do “干……的雄心” →be ambitious to do“有雄心干……” curiosity to do “对……的好奇心” →be curious to do“对……好奇” ability to do“做……的能力” →able to do“有能力做……”
2.不定式做宾语 掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear,
the door, only to find it locked.
The three men tried many times to sneak across the
border into the neighbouring country, only to be captured by the police each time.(99年)
changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)
四级语法讲座2：非谓语动词
分词作状语与独立主格结构
要注意区分分词作状语与独立主格结构，前者的逻辑 主语是与句子的主语是一致的，而后者有自己的主语， 即分词的前面有名词/代词，否则句子的意义就不通。 如： Getting dark, I left in a hurry. 这是个错句。正确的形式是在分词前加上它的主语it. 再如： Stepping on the platform, the audience gave John a thunderous applause. 这个句子的真正意思是想说：当John登上舞台的时候， 观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。正确的说法应是： Stepping on the platform, John received/was given a thunderous applause.
语态
1. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______to the nation. （96/6/24） 【D】 A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left 2. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self--restraint as if I were the one ______. 【D】 （96/6/28） A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected 3. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in 【B】 Cuba. （00/1/45） A) having cultivated B) being cultivated C) been cultivated D) cultivating
英语专业四级语法重点汇总【杨顺国】
英语专四语法重点汇总一.非谓语动词的主要考点1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下：mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔2. 不定式的习惯用法典型句型整理如下：如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事”如：“cannot but do”——“不禁做某事”如：“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事”如：“can do nothing but do”——“不能不做某事”如：“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事”如：“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事”例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the usefulinstruction given by his family tutor.When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus.3. 动名词的习惯用法典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下：如：be busy/active doing sth.如：It’s no good/use doing sth.如：spend/waste time doing sth.如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.例句：There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句）牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.一、形容词与副词及其比较级1. 形容词的句法功能形容词通常在句子中用做定语、表语与主语的语法成分，通常考到的知识点总结如下：(1) 以“a”开头的形容词如“alone”、“alike”、“asleep”、“awake”等一般不能做前置定语，通常是做表语或后置定语的例句：Jerry didn’t pass the important final exam, please let him alone for the time being.Michael came back from job just now, and his eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep.(2) 某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词其实是形容词，不能看错是副词，例如“friendly”、“leisurely”、“lovely”等(3) 下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语这些典型单词罗列如下：“remain”、“keep”、“become”、“get”、“grow”、“go”、“come”、“turn”、“stay”、“stand”、“run”、“prove”、“seem”、“appear”、“look”等例句：The situation remains tense between the two countries at this juncture. 在这个节骨眼上，两国形势仍然持续紧张。
四级语法大全：非谓语动词
四级语法大全：非谓语动词在英语学习中，语法的学习是非常重要的。
英语的句型复杂多变，如果语法知识掌握不够全面很容易出错。
下面是(m.)英语四六级频道为大家搜集整理的四级语法大全—非谓语动词，希望对大家有所帮助!不定式形式主动形式被动形式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing完成进行式 to have been doing完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生。
假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生，就要用不定式的完成式。
I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进行式。
You are not supposed to be working. You haven't quite recovered yet.We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.。
(完整word版)专四语法之非谓语动词
非谓语动词也称为动词的非限定形式，不可以在句中单独做谓语，也不受主语的人称和数的限制。
非谓语动词具有双重性质，既有动词的特点（有时态、语态的变化，能被状语修饰，也有自己的宾语），又有非动词的特点（可以代替名词或形容词）。
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词，前者表主动或进行，后者表被动或完成)三种。
它们可以在句中充当除谓语以外的其它各种成分。
●非谓语动词作主语１）不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语，但分词却不可以。
不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作e.g. is not a serious disadvantage in life. (2001, 51)A. To be not tallB. Not to be tallC. Being not allD. Not being tall[分析] 句意为：个子不高在生活中不是一个大的缺点。
非谓语动词在句中主语。
非谓语动词的否定式，要直接在非谓语动词前加not，因此，排除掉A和Ｃ。
动名词和不定时都可以作句子主语，但动名词表示一贯性动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
个子不高是一贯的实施，应该用动名词，所以Ｄ正确。
２）不定式和动名词都可以用it 来代替作形式主语，但在含有no, -less等否定词的句子里，常用动名词作主语。
如：It is useless talking with her. 和她谈话是没有用的。
It is no good discussing with her. 和她讨论是没有益处的。
3）如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两者应保持同样的形式，或同为不定式，或同为动名词。
如：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked。
英语四级之非谓语动词
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To see is to believe. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面第一句可用 如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. （2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. （3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面 有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾 语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种 复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema． 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式 连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.
非谓语动词(大学英语四级版)
非谓语动词（一）概述在大学英语四六级考试的词汇和语法部分中，年年必考的一项语法就是非谓语动词（Non-finite Verb）。
非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。
其特点是：1．不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。
2．它们具有各种形态：原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。
3．不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。
但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。
4．分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语和复合结构中的复合宾语，但不能做主语和宾语。
它也不受主语人称和数的限制。
不定式1．结构不定式的主动态是to do，其否定式是not to do，被动态是to be done，进行态是to be doing，完成态是to have done。
例：1996年6月四级第24题Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation.A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left结合选项来看，全句的意思：“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家"。
收藏品是"被留给国家”，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D) is to be left。
2．不定式做主语例：1995年1月四级第55题It is not unusual for workers in that region _________.A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a monthC) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a monthit 在句中作形式主语。
[四级语法] 2011英语四级考试基础语法-非谓语动词
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[四级语法] 2011英语四级考试基础语法-非谓语动词一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。
2023上半年英语四级必备语法知识点(10篇)
2023上半年英语四级必备语法知识点(1)非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子(或者句子，短语)当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。
(它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语)。
独立主格的结构1：名词(代词)+ 分词[现在分词、过去分词]现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为;过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。
作题时要通过判断动作与名词(代词)之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。
当动作由名词(代词)发出时使用现在分词，而名词(代词)是受动者时则用过去分词。
1. Silver is the best conductor of electricity，copper _B_ it closely.A followedB followingC to followD being followed2. All things _A_，the planned trip will have to be called off.A consideredB be consideredC consideringD having consideredcall off 取消; cancel vt. 取消; 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
独立主格的结构2：with + 名词(代词)+ 分词[句子当中作状语]3. After the Arab states won independence，great emphasis was laid on expanding education，with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.A to be encouragedB been encouragedC being encouragedD be encouragedas well as 和(相当于and); be encouraged不会考。
专四练习之语法(非谓语动词,独立结构)
1.名词（或代词）＋现在分词（或过去分词）。如： 1）The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey. 2）Good-bye said,he went home.
With +n./pron.+ doing/done/prep.
With book in hand
主格名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词
短语
(作逻辑主语)
(作逻辑谓语)
（二） 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独 立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词 等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 4）用分词时表示主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过 去分词；
3.非谓语动词作补语的要点提示
1. 现在分词表动作正在进行， 过去分词表被动， 不定式表动作已完成或结束 2.补语如果是非持续性动词，不定式表
一次性的动作，现在分词则表示反复发 生的动作。
真题演练（2004）
The Minister of Finance is believed____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.
Consider/ decide/ know/ explain /forget/ learn/ remember/ tell/ wonder
真题演练（1993）
I never regretted_______ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay.
(完整版)非谓语动词语法讲解
非谓语动词语法讲解一、非谓语动词的概念动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to do to have done to be doing被动to be done to have beendoneing 形式主动doing having done 被动being done having beendone过去分词被动done四、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing五、非谓语动词的复合结构不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing)六、非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。
七、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如：________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选 Bb. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.It’s important for us to learn English well.It’s kind of you to help us.注意：下面几个句型是用动名词：It’s no good / use doing sth.It’s usel ess doing sth.There is no need to do sth.2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。
专四语法之非谓语动词.PPT
1
语态 时态 一般
非谓语动词的时态和语态 被 动
不定式
to be done
动名词 being done Having been done
现在分词 过去分词 being done
Having been done
完成
to have been done
注意： 过去分词无所谓主动和被动式，有且只有一般式done。
Attention！
there be 结构作介词宾语时为动名词形式 there being, 但在介词 for 之后的宾语必须用不定式 there to be。 I never dreamed of there being such a good chance. What’s the chance of there being a general election this year? It was too late for there to be any open shops.
专四语法复习之非谓语动词
谓语动词形式？非谓语动词形式？
teaches teaching will teach having taught was taught are teaching to teach teach
非 谓 语 动 词
不定式 (to) + v 动名词 v-ing
public, the star wore a pair of sunglasses.
非谓语动词的否定式为 not ＋ 非谓语动词
3
非谓语动词在句中作什么成分？
主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语
动名 词 现在 分词 不定 式 过去 分词
√
×
√
√பைடு நூலகம்
四级语法重点—非谓语动词
四级语法重点—非谓语动词1.1 不定式和动名词作动词的宾语(1)注意那些只接动名词不接不定式作宾语的动词,它们是：acknowledge, advise, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, consider, avoid, confess, defer,delay, deny, enjoy, escape, fancy, forbid, favour, finish,(can't) help ,imagine , miss, mind, practise , permit , resist , risk, suggest等，例如：People appreciate _____ with him because he has a good sense of humor.A) to work B) to have workedC) working D) having working因为他很有幽默感,所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。
（98.1-37, C 对）I appreciate to your home.A）to be invited C）having invitedB）to have invited D）being invited感谢你邀请我到你家。
（91.6-51，D对）The teacher doesn't permit in class.A）smoke C）smokingB）to smoke D）to have a smoke教师不允许在教室里抽烟。
（91.6-49，C对）Mark often attempts to escape whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A）having been fined C）to be finedB）to have been fined D）being fined每当马克违反交通规则时，常常企图逃避罚款处分。
TEM4语法—Unit 1 非谓语动词
Unit 1 非谓语动词非谓语动词，又叫非限定动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语（但可以和情态动词或助动词一起充当谓语），它们不受主语的限定，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等（除谓语外的其他各种成分）。
同时非限定动词也保留了动词的部分特征，有时态和语态的变化，也可以有自己的宾语、表语、状语等，构成非限定动词短语，在逻辑意义上也有其动作的执行者或承受者，叫非限定动词的逻辑主语(Logical Subjects)。
在历年的专四考试中，非谓语动词的考查占了相当大的比重。
1.非谓语动词做主语：（1）不定式和动名词在句中可以做主语，分词不可以。
（2）不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象的动作。
eg: Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体) （3）不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语，但在含有no, -lese等否定词的句子里，常用动名词作主语。
eg: It is useless talking with her.It is no good discussing with her.（4）如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两种应保持同样的形式，或同为不定式，或同为动名词。
eg: To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.（5）非谓语动词的否定式是直接在非谓语动词前加noteg: Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.2.非谓语动词作宾语：（1）不定式和动名词在句中可以做宾语，分词不可以。
二者的区别在于：前者往往表示“未完成的”或者“未发生的动作”，而后者则表示“已完成的”或“已发生的”动作。
【四级语法】01_非谓语动词+基础
【四级语法】01_非谓语动词+基础讲义·非谓语动词（基础）主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语不作谓语的动词= 非谓语动词动名词doing不定式to do现在分词doing过去分词done名词= 主干形容词／副词= 修饰动名词= 相当于名词的位置分词（现在分词／过去分词）= 相当于修饰（形容词和副词）的位置不定式= 不一定是什么形式= 啥都行（主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语）谓语动词个数= 连词数+ 1【零】非谓语动词的前世今生一、句子的进化：两个简单句→并列句→从句→非谓语动词John被Bluesky College录取了。
John非常开心。
John was admitted into Bluesky College. John is more than delighted now.（简单句）John was admitted into Bluesky College and John is more than delighted now.（并列句）Because John was admitted into Bluesky College, John is more than delighted now.（状语从句）Admitted into Bluesky College, John is more than delighted now.（非谓语动词短语）玩法规则两个句子主语相同，其中一个句子去掉主语后将其谓语变成非谓语动词。
一般现在时主动、一般过去时主动、现在进行时主动、过去进行时主动→-ing一般现在时被动、一般过去时被动、现在进行时被动、过去进行时被动→-ed（过去分词done）如果谓语动词中有am/is/are/was/were，则将am/is/are/was/were直接去掉。
并列句中，能被翻译成“由于”，“随着”，“当…时”的句子，通常变为非谓语动词。
主从复合句中，从句通常变为非谓语动词。
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讲义·非谓语动词（基础）主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语不作谓语的动词= 非谓语动词动名词doing不定式to do现在分词doing过去分词done名词= 主干形容词／副词= 修饰动名词= 相当于名词的位置分词（现在分词／过去分词）= 相当于修饰（形容词和副词）的位置不定式= 不一定是什么形式= 啥都行（主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语）谓语动词个数= 连词数+ 1【零】非谓语动词的前世今生一、句子的进化：两个简单句→并列句→从句→非谓语动词John被Bluesky College录取了。
John非常开心。
John was admitted into Bluesky College. John is more than delighted now.（简单句）John was admitted into Bluesky College and John is more than delighted now.（并列句）Because John was admitted into Bluesky College, John is more than delighted now.（状语从句）Admitted into Bluesky College, John is more than delighted now.（非谓语动词短语）玩法规则两个句子主语相同，其中一个句子去掉主语后将其谓语变成非谓语动词。
一般现在时主动、一般过去时主动、现在进行时主动、过去进行时主动→-ing一般现在时被动、一般过去时被动、现在进行时被动、过去进行时被动→-ed（过去分词done）如果谓语动词中有am/is/are/was/were，则将am/is/are/was/were直接去掉。
并列句中，能被翻译成“由于”，“随着”，“当…时”的句子，通常变为非谓语动词。
主从复合句中，从句通常变为非谓语动词。
孩子们一边前行，一边开心地唱着他们最喜爱的歌。
The children were marching while they were singing their favorite song happily.The children were marching, singing their favorite song happily.我看见一个老大爷骑自行车。
（我看见一个骑自行车的老大爷。
）I saw an old man. The old man was riding a bike.I saw an old man who was riding a bike.（定语从句）I saw an old man riding a bike.（非谓语动词短语）我拜访他家，我要借一本书。
I visited his house and I would borrow a book.I visited his house to borrow a book.玩法规则一般将来时主动（will do／must do）→to do过去将来时主动（would do）→to do一般将来时被动（will be done／must be done）→to be done过去将来时被动（would be done）→to be done我们被邀请参加一场派对，这场派对下周五在我们俱乐部举行。
We are invited to a party. The party will be held in our club next Friday.We are invited to a party which will be held in our club next Friday.（定语从句）We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.John被Bluesky College录取了。
John的爸爸非常开心。
John was admitted into Bluesky College. John's father is more than delighted now.John admitted into Bluesky College, John's father is more than delighted now.相当于是主语的一种格式= 独立主格【壹】作状语一、由状语从句或并列句转化而来1. _Seeing_ (see) that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.2. _Standing_ (stand) in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.3. _Encouraged_ (encourage) by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.4. Not _realizing_ (realize) that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.5. _Attracted_ (attract) by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.6. _Seen_ (see) from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.二、由状语从句转化而来，但引导词未被省略1. When _looking_ (look) at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.2. Though _lacking_ (lack) money, his parents managed to send him to university.3. We all know that, if not carefully _dealt_ (deal) with, the situation will get worse.4. The flowers (his friend gave him) will die unless _watered_ (water) every day.5. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _questioned_ (question) at the meeting by my boss.三、to do作目的状语1. _To complete_ (complete) the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours aday.2. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _to be heard_ (hear).3. _To ensure_ (ensure) the safety of gas, the government has checked the city’s gas supply system thoroughly.4. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _to be trained_ (train) for a space flight.5. All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as _to be received_ (receive) in time for Christmas.四、(only) to do作结果状语（意外结果，基本没好事儿）1. He hurried to the station only _to find_ (find) that the train had left.2. He was busy writing a story, only _stopping_ (stop) once in a while to smoke a cigarette.3. George returned after the war, only _to be told_ (tell) that his wife had left him.五、形容词后用to do（喜怒哀乐惊、难易程度、好坏）Glad to see you!先说形容词，吊足别人的胃口，之后再进一步解释说明原因！（to do作原因状语）1. We were astonished _to find_ (find) the temple still in its original condition.2. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _to breathe_ (breathe).3. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _to break_ (break) into small pieces.六、having done与having been done（不作定语）1. _Having completed_ (complete) the programme, they stayed there for another two weeks.To complete2. _Having waited_ (wait) in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.3. _Having been told_ (tell) many times, he finally understood it.Told七、独立主格1. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _having_ (have) a life span of around 20 years.2. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _finished_ (finish) for the day.八、悬垂结构（独立成分）to tell you the truth 我跟你讲实话吧，…to be honest 实话说，……frankly/honestly/generally speakingconsidering考虑到judging from/by根据…来判断1. ______, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.A. General speakingB. Speaking generalC. Generally speakingD. Speaking generally2. ______ his age, the little boy read quite well.A. ConsideringB. ConsideredC. ConsiderD. Having considered3. ______ from the appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a war will break out soon.A. JudgedB. JudgingC. Having judgedD. To judge4. ______ you the truth, I’d rather read than watch television; the program seem to be getting worse all the time.A. TellingB. To tellC. ToldD. Having told【贰】作定语一、由限制性定语从句转化而来1. It is one of the funniest things _found_ (find) on the Internet so far this year.2. Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions _taken_ (take)?3. On receiving a phone call from his wife _saying_ (say) she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.4. The government plans to bring in new laws_forcing_ (force) parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.二、由非限制性定语从句转化而来（逗号后面不用to do）1. The club, _founded_ (found) 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members.2. Mike found his missing car in the street outside his house, _looking_ (look) newly cleaned and polished.3. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _killing_ (kill) all four people on board.A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, which _killed_ (kill) all four people on board.4. The news shocked the public, _leading_ (lead) to great concern about students’ safety at school.5. More highways have been built in China, _making_ (make) it much easier for people to travel form one place to another.三、名词前有“极端限定”时如果和修饰词构成主动关系时，用不定式（to do）；构成被动关系，用过去分词（done）。