100个最常用的语言学术语(欧美语言学)

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语言学术语解释和举例

1. Sequential Rules [sɪ'kwenʃ(ə)l] 序列规则Sequential Rules are rules thatgovern the combination of sounds in particular language.e.g. If a word begins with a /l/ or /r/, then the next sound must be a vowel（元音）.2. Prototype ['prəʊtətaɪp]原型What members of a particular community think of as the typical instance of a lexical category.e.g. F or some English speakers “cabbage”(rather than say carrot) might be theprototypical vegetable.3. Presuppositional Trigger 预设触发语A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of apresupposition in an utterance.e.g.” Jane had another date with John.” It presupposes the fact that Jane has had onedate with John before. Apparently, the use of “another” called a presupposition trigger.4. Possessor [pə'zesə] 所有人Refers to one who has somethinge.g. Jane’s doll. The first noun is the possessor.5. Positive Face 积极面子The positive consistent self-image or “personality”(including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)claimed by interactants.e.g.: You are excellent.6. Phoneme ['fəʊniːm] 音位The smallest unit in the sound systemof a languagee.g. the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound /p/ is pronounceddifferently7. Performative Utterance 言有所为It is a sentence which is not true or false but instead 'happy' or 'unhappy', and which is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary (语内表现行为的) act rather than used to state something.e.g. "I swear to do that", "I promise to be there"8. Negative Face 消极面子The basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction. i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition.e.g.: You’d better not smoke here.9. Morpheme ['mɔ:fi:m] 词素The smallest meaningful unit of language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.e.g. the English word unkindness consists of three morphemes: the S TEM1 kind, thenegative prefix un-, and the noun-forming suffix -ness.10. Metonymic Reasoning [,metə'nimik] 转喻推理Metonymic Reasoning is a figure of speech used in rhetoric(修辞) in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately(密切地) associated with that thing or concept.For instance, "London", as the capital of the United Kingdom, can be used as a metonym (an instance of metonymy) for the British governmente.g:silk suits you.”silk stands for the cloth made of silk.11. Truth-conditional Semantics 语义真值条件Truth-conditional Semantics is an approach to semantics(语义学) of natural language that sees the meaning of assertions as being the same as, or reducible to, the truth conditions of that sentence..For example, 'snow is white'.12. Theme [θiːm] 主题Refers to one or thing that undergoes an actione.g.sam found the dog.13. Synonymy [sɪ'nɒnɪmɪ] 近义词/同义词Synonyms are words which have different forms but similar meanings.e.g. Start, begin, commenc e14. Syllable ['sɪləb(ə)l] 音节Syllable is phonological unit which is composed of one or more phonemes.. Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.For example, /let/ consists of one syllable, whereas /ri’ga:d/ consists of two syllables. 15. Source 来源Refers to the place from which an action originates.For example, Sam left Beijing for Nanjing.16. Metaphoric Reasoning 隐喻性思维A word or phrase which is used for special effect, and which does not have its usual or literal meaninge.g. My hands are as cold as ice.17. Location 位置Refers to the place where an action happens,e.g. Jane put the magazines on the table. The table is location.18. Instrument 工具Refers to the means by which an action is performed.For example, the key opened the door.19. Indirect Speech Act 间接言语行为A speech act in which the communicative intention is not reflected in the linguistic form of the utteranceFor example, “It is very hot in here” may be used to e xpress a request to turn on the air conditioner.20. Impersonalization [im,pə:sənəlai'zeiʃən] 非人格化A device used either to avoid mentioning oneself or the interlocutor(对话者), or to appeal to public rule or institutional regulation, which helps to gain successful interpersonal communication.e.g. (1)I don’t think you can smoke in the waiting room, sir. (2)Smoking is not allowed in the waiting room, sir. Obviously, (2) is more polite than (1).21. Hyponymy [haɪ'pɒnɪmɪ] 下义词A relationship between two words, in which the meaning of one word includes the meaning of the other words.e.g. tiger, lion, elephant and dog are hyponyms of the word animal.22. Goal 目标Refers to the place to which an action is directed.For example, Sam left Beijing for Nanjing.23. Functional Shift 词性转换Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.e.g. noun to verb, to knee, to tape, to break.24. Family Resemblance 家族类似性That a lexical category(词汇范畴) resembles another one can be called family resemblance.e.g. the notion概念of game. One game may resemble类似at least one game, although not all of them have to be alike at the same time.25. Experiencer 感受者One who perceives something. Example: Sam was sad．26. Exophoric Reference [,eksəu'fɔrik] 外指Refers to the relation between an entity in the situational context and a linguistic item in the texte.g. he is the man you want to see, said when the mentioned person comes up to the speaker.27. Entailment 限定关系The relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second is inferred from the truth of the firste.g. john has a boy”entailing”john has a child”.28. Endophoric Reference 内指照应Refers to a relation between two linguistic items in the same texte.g. John loves Jane, he takes great care of her. This is known to all.29. Deictic Exprseeion ['daiktik] 指代表达（指示语）Deictic Exprseeion are linguistic items used to anchor these specific points in the communication event.e.g. here and there, which refer to a place in relation to the speaker: The letter is here. (near the speaker). The letter is over there. (further away from the speaker)30. Coordinate Sentence 并列句contains two or more clauses(从句) are conjoined by a linking word, such as “and”, “or”, “so”, or “but”.e.g. here a star, and there a star31. Constative Utterance [kən'steitiv] ['ʌtərəns] 表述句It’s the descriptions of facts or states of affairs. For example, The earth is round.”32. Componential Analysis 语义成分分析The process that breaks down the meaning of a word into its minimal distinctive features or properties using feature symbols is called componential analysis.For example, boy may be shown as [+human] [+male] [-adult]33. Complex Sentence 复合句A sentence which contains one or more clauses are embedded(嵌) into a main clause to communicate purpose, reason, time, place, manner, or concession.e.g.this is the place where my father worked 10 years ago.34. Clause 从句A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predicate structure..A clause may be finite or non-finite.e.g. I hurried home. / Because I was late, they went without me.35. Causative ['kɔ:zətiv] 成为..的原因/使动词A natural force that causes a changeFor example, The flood killed 25.36. Cataphoric Reference [,kætə'fɔ:rik] 后指照应Donates a relation between the current pronominal item and the later occurring expressione.g. This is what John does for Jane, he sends a bunch of roses to her every day.37. Blending ['blendiŋ]混成法Blending s a word formed by combining parts of other wordse.g. smog (formed from smoke and fog)38. Back-formation 逆构（逆成法）New words may be created from already existing words by subtracting a real or supposed affix.e.g. the word “edit” from the pre-existing word “editor” by deleting the assumed suffix “-or”39. Antonymy [æn'tɔnimi] 反义Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.e.g. Dead and alive; male and female40. Anaphoric Reference [,ænə'fɔrik] 前指Involves a relation between a preceding referential expression and the current pronominal iteme.g. John loves Jane, he takes great care of her. This is known to all.41. Analogy [ə'nælədʒi] 类比The process by which words are reformed or created on the model of existing grammatical termsFor example, zipper-gate, football-gate, Watergate42. Allophone ['æləufəun] 音位变体Allophone is the phonetic variants of a phoneme in a particular language.e.g. the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark/l/, clear /l/.43. Agent 人物，主格Refers to the one who performs an actionFor example, Sam opened the door.44. Affixation [,æfik'seiʃən] 词缀A bound morpheme that is joined before, after, or within a root or stemIt mainly includes prefixes, suffixes, infixese.g. prefix un-, suffix –ness；infix –foot45. Adjacency Pair [ə'dʒeisənsi] 相邻语对An initiation, say a question or a request, by the first speaker and the response by the second speaker, like an answer to the question or compliance with the request, form an adjacency pair.For example, “what’s your name?”“My name is Tom.”。

语言学中英术语对照

语言学中英术语对照Glossary and Index Aabbreviation 缩写词,略语Abercrombieablative 夺格,离格abstractness 抽象性accent 重音(符)accuracy 正确性accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者addition 添加address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分;附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affix hopping 词缀跳跃affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义ambiguous歧义的American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学American English 美式英语American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言American structuralism 美国结构主义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应AndersonAnimal communication system 动物交际系统animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词;前在词anthropological 人类学的anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称;代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性;得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音Apteaptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项;中词;主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气;送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵;半谐音Atkinson, A.M.attributive 属性;修饰语;定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学Austin, John Langshaw authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behaver 行为者behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论Black English 黑人英语blade 舌叶;舌面前部blank verse无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用;借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接British English 英式英语broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造;仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的;使投动词CD-I, compact disk-interactive 交互式激光视盘center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统Chinese 汉语choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句;从句click 吸气音;咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节;符尾code 语码;信码cognitive psycholinguistics 认知心理语言学cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关;关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘COMPACT DISD-READ ONLY MEMORY,CD-ROM 激光视盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词;复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer 计算机;电脑computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致(关系)concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义contact 接触content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规;规约conventional meaning 常规意义;规约意义conventionality 常规性;规约性conversational implicature 会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列Cordercoreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl. corpora) 语料;素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数(名词)counterfactual proposition 反事实命题couplet 对句;对联creativity 创造性;原创性Creole 克里澳尔语;混和语cross-cultural 跨文化cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culture 文化culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延;指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix. 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学description 描写descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离;变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号;变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学dialogue对话dictionary 词典digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音;双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇;话语discourse analysis 语篇分析;话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的;离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化(作用) distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分distribution 分布do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围;领域dorsal 舌背音;舌中音dorsum 舌背(音)double comparative 双重比较download 下载drama 戏剧drill-and-practice software 操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性;简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略(法)elliptical sentence structure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的emphasis 强调empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音;增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的;素的evaluation 评估event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的;彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的;扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动。

语言学名词解释

一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。

2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。

It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。

3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。

4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。

语言学名词

语言学名词语言学名词是用来描述和研究语言现象和语言结构的专门术语。

下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释：1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语音产生、传播和接收的学科，包括音素的分类、语音能力和语音现象等。

2. 语音：语言中的基本声音单位，通过调节声带、口腔和喉咙等发音器官产生。

语音可以被分类为辅音和元音。

3. 辅音（Consonant）：通过喉咙、口腔和鼻腔等部位的阻碍或摩擦，产生的声音单位。

4. 元音（Vowel）：发音器官不受阻碍或摩擦，使空气顺畅通过口腔而产生的声音单位。

5. 语音形式学（Phonology）：研究语音符号在特定语言中的组合和分布规律的学科。

6. 语音规则（Phonological rules）：用来描述声音变化和音系结构的一套规则。

7. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言结构和组织的学科，包括句法、语义和语用等方面。

8. 句法（Syntax）：研究句子结构和成分之间的关系，以及句子的形式和结构组织。

9. 语义（Semantics）：研究词、短语和句子的意义和含义的学科。

10. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在特定语用背景下的使用和理解方式。

11. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究词汇的起源、结构、使用和意义等方面。

12. 词（Word）：语言中的基本意义单位，具有独立的意义和语法功能。

13. 词法（Morphology）：研究词的内部结构、形态变化和构词法的学科。

14. 语素（Morpheme）：语言中的最小意义单位，可以独立存在或者是其他词的构成组成部分。

15. 词义（Word meaning）：词语所表达的概念或事物的内涵。

16. 语篇（Discourse）：由句子和词组组成的扩展语言单位，表达完整的意义。

17. 修辞学（Rhetoric）：研究语言如何用于说服和交流的学科。

18. 语族（Language family）：具有共同源头和结构相似的一组语言。

语言学精华术语概念(英文版)

Linguistics - TermsMetafuncion: The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions. Language plays three metafunctions: 1. the ideational function, to identify things, to think, or to record info; 2. the interpersonal function, to use it as a medium to communicate in a community; 3. the textual function, to organize message in a logical way; to bring units of language into unity.Contractive distribution: sounds appearing in the same environment. a. minimal pairs: two words differing by only one sound in the same position (e.g. sip, zip); b. minimal sets: words distinguished by one segment in the same position (e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat). Complementary distribution: allophones that are not found in the same position, but share phonetic featuresFree variation: if segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. Segments in free variation are generally dialectal variation (e.g. economics).Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme. The morpheme can be classified into free morphemes, bound morpheme (inflectional morpheme and derivational morphemes).Allomorphs: a morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.(E.g. the prefix：in has four allomorphs as found in the words impossible, immoral, irregular, irresistible.)Inflectional morphemes: indicating grammatical categories (e.g. indicates case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.) Derivational affixes: Derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words. The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called deviation.Syntagmatic relations: chain relations, supported by TG grammar, regarding language as an abstract system, analyzing its form; It is a method of analyzing sentences by looking into their constituents and generalizing the pattern.Paradigmatic relations: choice relations, supported by SF grammar, emphasizing the vertical relations in order to explain the realization of the function of language; It focuses on the language in use.Transitivity: Transitivity is the syntactic structure as representation of experience. The ideational function is realized by the transitivity system of language. It is a type of linguistic process which represents what exists and what is going on around us andinside us. The three main linguistic processes are termed material processes, relational processes and mental processes.Mood: The unique contribution by systematic-functional grammar is the observation that only a particular element of syntactic structure, called mood, realizes the interaction between the speaker and hearer.All purposes in conversations fall into two fundamental categories: giving or demanding. Giving goods-and services is offer; giving information is statement. Demanding g&s is command; demanding information is question.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the subject and the finite. The subject is the first noun phrase in a statement. The finite is a verbal operator that expresses tense or modal meaning as well as positive or negative form.Modality: Modality expresses the semantic space between yes and no. It can be categorized into modalization and modulation. Modalization relates to how valid the information is (probability, usuality); Modulation relates to how confident the speaker can be in the eventual success of the speech act (obligation, inclination). Reference: reference is one aspect of meaning and the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world. E.g. London refers to the capital of Great Britain. The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal.Sense: It is mental representation and the association with something in the speaker/ hear’s mind. E.g. when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression. Homonymy: Homonyms are words which have the same form but different meanings. Homograph: same spelling, different meaningsHomophone: same pronunciation, different meaningsFull Homonym: same spelling and pronunciation, different meaningsHyponymy: Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion. Tiger, lion, elephant and dog are hyponyms of the word animal. Words like animal are called superordinates. Componential analysis: The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is CA. Advantages: 1. It is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning. 2. It reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis. 3. It examines the components of senses. The more semantic features a word has, the narrower its reference is. Limitations: It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicons, merely to words within the same semantic field.Prototype: The theory of prototype introduces a notion of degree of membership. 1. Some members of a category are typical and central while others are peripheral. 2. There is no clear dividing line between the judgments of two entities. Rather, the one category is gradually merged into the other. 3. Categories are gradable. This approach allows for marginal members. 4. This theory eliminates the dilemma of the traditional conception of category as it postulates that typical members may possess more features than non-typical members.Deixis: Deixis means “pointing”via language. An expression used by speaker to identify something is called deictic expression. (E.g. “what’s this”. The deictic expression “this” is to indicate something in the immediate context.) Deixis can be put into person deixis (comprising personal pronouns), place deixis (specifying the locations relative to the speech event), time deixis (indicating the time of speaking and hearing) and discourse deixis (an expression that has its reference within the discourse or text).Anaphoric reference: the reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed anaphoric reference. E.g. “a boy and a girl are planting a tree, she is holding it and he is shoveling earth”“he,she” is used as anaphoric reference to refer to “a boy and a girl.”Cataphoric reference: the reversal of the antecedent-anaphora pattern is known as cataphoric reference. E.g. it’s a good idea to have a picnic. It is used as cataphoric reference to refer to “to have a picnic”.Speech act: actions performed via speaking are called speech acts. A speech act consists of three dimensions. The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called locutionary act. The act of communication intention through utterance is termed illocutionary act. The act of bringing an effect is known as perlocutionary act. As functions may not correspond to forms, speech acts can be direct and indirect. 1. Direct speech act: corresponding to the structure of an utterance (straightforward)2. Indirect speech act: those in which there is no correspondence between a structure and a function (polite). It takes longer to process on the part of the hearer.Code model: Communication is achieved by encoding and decoding messages. Inferential model: Illocutions and implicatures are not directly represented by linguistic codes; they must be inferred.Back-channel signals: People always use indications to indicate that he/she is listening. There are two types of indication: paralinguistic signals such as nodding, gestures, smiles, and other facial expressions; vocal signals, uh-uh, yeah, mmm and so on. These vocal and paralinguistic signals are called back-channel signals.Variety: the form of a language used by any group pf speakers or used in a particular fieldFour types: 1. The standard variety(the form of a language used by the governments and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is mainly or only written form) 2. Regional dialect(a variety of language spoken by people living in an area) 3. Sociolects (forms of languages that characterize the speech of different social classes) 4. Registers (a term referring to “varieties according to use”, vs. the former “according to user”) Three dimensions: field (the purpose and subject-matter of communication); mode (the means by which communication takes place); tenor (the relations between the communicators)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: Language, culture and thought are interdependent. That different people speak differently – that they think differently – that their language offers them different ways of expressing Relativism: Culture affects the way we think through language, especially in our classification of the physical world, the social world, and the ideological world. E.g. kinships in different languages. Communicative competence: the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it Four parameters underlining a speakers CC: (1) Whether/to what degree sth is formally possible (good in grammar); (2) Whether/to what degree sth is feasible (acceptability); (3) Whether/to what degree sth is appropriate; (4) Whether/to what degree sth is in fact done (effectiveness).。

语言学纲要名词解释100例

1、语言是音义结合的词汇语法体系。

语言是社会交际工具。

2、语言的属性：物理属性、生理属性、社会性（本质属性）。

3、语言与思维同时产生，处于相互作用之中。

4、语言是一种特殊的社会现象，没有阶级性。

语言在社会中有很大作用，但对社会有依赖性。

它不是经济基础，也不是上层建筑。

5、话语由语言单位组织而成，它也是音义结合的，但要受到言语环境的制约，受到言语规律的支配。

6、语言单位的特点：现成性。

7、语言客观存在于言语之中，但凭直接观察不能体会完整的语言体系。

8、劳动使语言的产生成为必要和可能。

9、言语是在特定的言语环境中为完成特定的交际任务对语言的使用。

语言存在于言语之中。

10、语言的分化是指方言之间和亲属语言之间差别扩大、语言增多的过程。

11、语言的统一是指方言之间和亲属语言之间差别缩小、不同语言相互混合、语言减少的过程。

有三种情况：一、方言集中为民族共同语；二、语言交融，有三种情况：①侵略者的语言同化了当地居民的语言，②侵略者的语言被同化，③两种语言同时使用，形成双语制；三、未来世界语言的统一。

12、语言发展的规律：语言发展的理据性规律、语言发展的类推规律、语言发展的简化规律、语言发展的丰富化规律、语言发展的抽象化规律、语言发展的概率规律、语言发展的不平衡规律、语言发展的渐变性规律、语言发展的内部制约规律。

13、几种独立的，但彼此又有同源关系的语言互为亲属语。

14、方言是一种语言的地域变体，为该地域全体成员服务，但服从于共同语；亲属语言为独立的社会集体服务，有独立的结构体系。

15、语言学的分科：传统语言学把语言分为——语音学、词汇学、语法学及文字学。

16、传统语言学一般指十九世纪以前的语文学以及十九世纪以来的历史比较语言学。

公元一世纪，许慎写了《说文解字》分析了汉字结构，提出了“六书”的名称。

根据研究的对象，可分为训诂学、文字学、音韵学三个分科，统称为“小学”。

大体上说来，中国传统语言学中的训诂学着重研究字义，文字学着重研究字形，音韵学着重研究字音。

语言学导论术语汉译..

A-bar movement（A-棒儿移位）306 Ablaut（元音交替）164Abney, S.（人名，阿伯尼）360accent (see phrasal stress)（重读）accusative case （宾格）248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360–1accusative possessors in Child English（儿童英语中宾格性领属者）359–61accusative subjects（儿童英语中宾格性主语）in Child English355–8in infinitive clauses（非定式小句）251 acquired language disorders（获得性语言错乱）13, 213acquisition of language（语言的获得）(see also developmental linguistics（发展语言学）) 408acrolect（上层方言）234activation in psycholinguistics（心理语言学中的激活作用）202, 209active articulator（主动性发音器官）31 active voice（主动语态）137additions in speech errors（言语失误中的追加）115Adger, D. （人名，阿杰尔）267 adjacency pairs（邻接对）401adjectives（形容词）130comparative form of （（形容词）的比较级形式）130and derivational morphology（（形容词）和派生形态学）144dimensional（程度（形容词））175–6, 177, 179incorporation（（形容词）并入）161in language acquisition（（语言习中的）形容词）187superlative form of （形容词的最高级）130adjuncts（附加语）249, 331adverbs（副词）130, 144Affected Object（蒙受性宾语）334–5affix（词缀）140Affix Attachment（词缀附接）273, 319 affricates（塞擦音）29African American V ernacular English (AA VE)（非裔美国人英语方言土语）agreement in（AA VE的一致关系）233, 237double negation in（AA VE的双重否定）297empty T in（AA VE中的空语类T）271–2 inversion in（AA VE中的倒装）311–13 possessives in（AA VE中的所有格或属格）237age and variation in language use（年龄与语言运用中的变异）235–6age-graded sociolinguistic variables（与年龄段相关的社会语言学变量）16Agent（施事）305, 333, 334–5 agglutinating languages（黏着语）156–7 agrammatism（语法缺失）(see also Broca’s aphasia（布洛卡失语症）) 214–17,377–82, 385, 408comprehension errors in（语法缺失中的理解错误）215, 216–17, 378–80production errors in（语法缺失中的发音错误）215–16, 378agreement （一致关系）135, 137, 144–5, 233, 248in AA VE（AA VE中的一致关系）233, 237 in complement clauses（补语小句中的一致关系）251in East Anglian English（东央格鲁英语中的一致关系）233in EME（EME中的一致关系）320 operations in syntax（句法中一致关系演算或操作）264–5, 267–8, 306, 345, 407in SLI（SLI中的一致关系）219, 385in south western English （东南部英语中的一致关系）233allomorphs（语素变体）152allomorphy（语素音位变化）151–2 lexically conditioned（词汇制约的语素音位变化）152phonologically conditioned（音系制约的语素音位变化）152, 220plural（复数的语素音位变化）188–9 third person singular present（第三人称单数现在时的语素音位变化）220allophones（音位变体）77allophonic variation（音位的变化）77 allophony（音位变化）77alternation in phonology（音系（学）中的交替）26, 83–5, 90, 152alveolars（齿龈音）30, 109 alveopalatals（齿龈硬腭音）(see palato-alveolars)ambiguity（歧义）(see also structural ambiguity（结构歧义）) 5, 232 amelioration in semantic change（语义变化中的改进现象）231American English（美国英语）55, 63, 71, 227 A-movement（论元移位）306Ancient Egyptian（古埃及人）119 Antecedent（先行语）277local for reflexives（约束反身代词的局部先行语）277–8anterior as phonological feature（作为音系特征的前部性）86, 413anticipations in speech errors（言语错失中的先兆）115, 117antonyms（反义词）176, 208, 209 antonymy（反义关系，反义现象）176, 177–8 aphasia（失语症）11–13, 213–19 selective impairment in（失语症中的缺陷或障碍选择性）213apophony （元音交替，元音弱化）(see ablaut) apparent-time method（视时方法后手段）16, 66approximant as phonological feature（无擦通音作为音系特征）412approximants（无擦通音）33in child phonology（儿童音系中的无擦通音）100–4Arabic （阿拉伯语）81, 224 arbitrariness of the linguistic sign（语言符号的任意性）205argument movement（论元移位）(see A-movement)arguments（论元）130, 247Armenian alphabet（亚美尼亚字母或文字）119Articles（冠词）( see also determiners（限定语）) 130, 133Ash, S. （人名，阿施）237aspect （体）252perfect（完成（体））252, 261 progressive（进行（体））252aspirated as phonological feature（送气作为音系特征）87, 413aspiration（送气音）35, 75–7, 87–90, 90–1 assimilation（同化现象）(see also harmony （和谐发音）) 5in Farsi（Farsi中的同化现象）49 partial（部分同化）100target of （同化对象）100total（整体同化）100trigger for（同化的触发者）100 audience design（（面向受众的设计））53–4, 409Austin, J. L. （人名，奥斯汀）394 Australian English（澳大利亚英语）62, 64, 71, 227auxiliary copying in children（儿童语言中的助动词拷贝）295auxiliary inversion（助动词倒装）294–6 auxiliary verbs（助动词）133difficulties with in SLI（特定语言障碍中助动词使用上的困难）219, 385dummy（假性助动词）319errors in SLI （SLI中助动词的错失）385 as finite T（助动词作为定式的T）259, 261and gapping（助动词和空位）272 perfect （完成体）136progressive（进行体）136babbling（婴儿发出的咿哑声）96back as phonological feature（后部（音）作为音系特征）413backtracking in parsing（切分中的回溯法）373back vowels（后元音）36, 109–10Bailey（贝利）, B. 313Bantu（班图语）156bare nominals（光杆名词性成分）284–5 in Child English（儿童英语中的光杆名词型成分）358–9base form of verbs（动词的基础形式/基式）147basic level of categorisation（（范畴化的基本层级）194–6, 226, 232in Wernicke’s aphasia（维尼克失语症中范畴化的基本层级）217–18basilect（下层方言）235behaviourism（行为主义）115Belfast（贝尔法斯特）51Belfast English（贝尔法斯特英语）300Bell（贝尔）, A. 53Bengali（孟加拉人（的），孟加拉语（的））71–2, 87Berko（拨库）, J. 189Bidialectalism（双方言现象）409 Bilabials（双唇音）30Bilingualism（双语现象）409Binarity（二分性）of parametric values（参数值的二分性）314, 317, 320, 321, 325,349, 351of phonological features（音系特征的二分性）85blends（融合）207–8, 209in paragrammatism（语法倒错性言语障碍中融合现象）382Bloom（布龙姆）, L. 355body of tongue （舌面）(see dorsum) borrowing（借用）224–5bound morphemes（粘着语素）140in aphasia （失语症者话语中的）216in SLI（特定语言损伤中的）219–21 bound variable interpretation of pronouns（约束代词阐释的变量）342–4bound word（粘着词）150Bradford（布莱德福德）47–8Braine, M.（人名）351Bresnan, J. （人名）246British English ( 英国英语see also Contemporary Standard English) 62 , 69 –70, 71,227–8, 230broad transcription（宽式标音）76 Broca, P. （人名）12Broca’s aphasia (布洛卡失语症see also agrammatism) 214– 17, 377–82 Broca’s area （布洛卡区）12Brown, R. （人名）189Bucholtz, M. （人名）51Bulgarian （保加利亚语）85calque（仿造，语义转借）225 Cambodian （柬埔寨语）38Canadian English （加拿大英语）227–8 Cantonese （广东话，粤语）79, 81Cardiff （加迪夫，地名）53Caribbean English（加勒比式英语）66 case (格see also genitive case（属格）, nominative case（主格）,objective case（宾格）) 248assignment of（格指派）264, 265–6, 267–8, 345, 356–8,360–1errors in agrammatism （语法缺失中的格错误）216errors in SLI（特定语言损伤中的格错误）385（拉丁语中的格）in Latin 158marking in Child English（儿童英语中的格标记）355–8structural（结构格）356in Turkish（土耳其语中格）158 categorical perception（范畴感知）113 causative verb（致使动词）274–5Celtic languages（凯饵特语族语言）164 central vowels（央元音）36centre-embedding（中心内嵌现象）370, 373–4cerebral cortex（大脑皮层）11cerebral hemispheres（大脑半球）11, 214 chain shift（链移）66–7Chambers, J. （人名）227child grammar（儿童语法）349–61child phonology（儿童音系）96–106 Cherokee（切罗基语）119Chicago（芝加哥）66Chinese （汉语）43, 119, 156, 224 Chomsky, N. （人名，乔姆斯基）1, 2, 7, 11, 213, 245–6, 314, 325, 377, 407Chukchee（楚克其人[语]）160–1 circumfix (框架式词缀see confix)citation form（引用形式，基础形式，原形）134clauses（小句）247bare infinitive（光杆不定试小句）275–6 complement （小句补语）250–2, 275, 276 as CPs （充任CPs的小句）279, 280, 282, 283, 293, 304, 349, 356, 361declarative（陈述小句）279, 280finite in German SLI（德语SLI小句中的限定性）385finite verb in （小句中的限定动词）251, 265–6force of（小句的语力）279function of（小句的功能）253in German（德语中的小句）321–4 infinitive（不定式小句）275, 276–8 interrogative （疑问小句）279main（主要小句，主句）250, 280–1 non-finite verb in（小句中的非定式动词）251, 281–2v. phrases（小句和短语）261–2relative（关系小句）253, 367in sentence perception（句子感知过程中的小句）367, 368tensed (v. untensed)（时态小句和非时态小句）251as TPs（小句作为TPs）273, 274, 275–6, 278click studies（点击调查）367–8 cliticisation（附着化）274–6and copies（附着化和拷贝）296, 298–9 clitics（附着成分）150–1in Spanish（西班牙语中的附着成分）151 cluster (see consonant cluster) 音丛（参见辅音丛）codas of syllables（音节的节尾（音））79–82 in child language（儿童语言中的节尾音）104–5cognitive effects of utterances（话语的认知效应）399cognitive synonymy（认知同义关系或现象）174–5cognitive system（认知系统）language as（语言作为认知系统）1–14, 409 coherence in discourse（语篇中的连贯）397 co-hyponyms（共存性下义词/下位词）172, 209in Wernicke’s aphasia（维尼克失语症中的共存性下义词）218co-indexing（同指标/同标引）341 Comanche（科曼奇族/语）225co-meronyms（共存性局部关系词）174, 208 comment (v. topic)（话题和评述/述题）249, 281Communicative Princ iple of Relevance（交际的关联原则）399–400communities of practice（实践社群）52 commutation test（接换测试）390 competence (v. performance)（（语言能力）和语言行为/运用）2–3, 9, 264, 339, 367, 370, 375, 388, 408, 409complement（补语）130, 247–9, 262 covert（隐性补语）278interrogative expressions as（疑问表达式充任补语）297complementaries（互补性反义词）176 complementarity（互补性/关系）176, 177–8 complementary distribution（互补分布）76 complement clause（补语小句）250–2in German（德语中的补语小句）322 complement clause question（疑问型补语小句）299–300complement clause yes-no question（是非型疑问补语小句）303complementiser（标句词）135 declarative（陈述句的标句词）279 empty（空标句词）278–83, 284, 299 interrogative（疑问型标句词）279 complex sentence（复合句）250–3 compounds（复合词）148–50, 379, 408in language acquisition （语言习得中的复合词）191–2structural ambiguity in（复合词中的结构歧义）149synthetic（合成性复合词）162 comprehension of language (see sentence comprehension, speech perception)（语言理解（参见句子理解、言语感知））concatenative morphology（并置形态学）163 concept (v. lexical entry)（概念（和词条））205–6, 209, 225, 233confix（框架词缀/环缀）162 conjugation （接合）159consonants（辅音）28–35categorical perception of （辅音的类别感知）113syllabic（成音节性辅音）41three-term description of（辅音的三个方面的描写）34, 61in writing systems （书写系统中的辅音）119consonant change （辅音变化）61–4 consonant cluster （辅音丛）41deletion in（辅音丛中的删除现象）54–6 simplification in child language（儿童语言中的辅音丛简化现象）98consonant harmony（辅音和谐/辅音的协同发音）99consonant insertion（辅音插入）64 consonant loss（辅音丢失）63 consonant mutation（辅音变换）164–5 consonantal as phonological feature（作为音系特征的辅音性）412constituency tests（成分性测试）263–4 constituents（结构成分）249, 263–4 covert (see empty constituents)（隐性成分（参见空成分））in sentence comprehension（句子了解中的隐性成分）366constraints（限制（条件））in phonology （音系中的限制条件）90–1 in syntax （句法中的限制条件）263, 312–13, 318Contemporary Standard English (CSE) （当代标准英语）311questions in（CSE中的疑问句）311, 313, 316strong C in（CSE中的强C）314weak T in （CSE中的弱T）317, 319 content words （内容词、实词）132in aphasias （失语症中的内容词或实词）214–15 continuous perception of vowels（元音的连续性感知）110–11contour tone（轮廓调或曲折型声调）43 contrastive sounds（对立音）77control（控制）276clause（控制小句）277, 282–3verbs （控制动词）277conversation（会话）245, 388logic of（会话的逻辑）395–7 Conversational Analysis (CA)（会话分析）246, 401–2conversational implicature（会话涵义）397 conversational maxims（会话准则）396–7, 399, 409conversational particles（会话中的小品词）400conversion（（词性）转换）143Co-operative Principle（合作原则）396co-ordinating conjunction（并列连词）134 co-ordination test（并列关系测试）263–4, 279–80, 283, 333copy (trace) of movement（移位拷贝（语迹））295, 298–9, 340in Child English（儿童英语中的移位拷贝）295in sentence perception（句子感知中的移位拷贝）368–70as variable（移位拷贝作为变量）341co-referential interpretation of pronouns（代词的同指阐释）342, 343coronal（前舌音/舌冠音）34count noun（可数名词）285Coupland, N. （人名）53covert movement （隐性移位）339, 343–5 covert question operator（隐性疑问算子）302–3, 324Crossover Principle（跨越原则）343–4C Strength Parameter（C强度参数）314 cumulation（堆积现象）158Cutler, A.（人名）207Czech（捷克（语））81data of linguistics（语言学语料/数据）1–2, 117, 170declarative（陈述句/式）253–4, 394–5 declension（形态变化，尤其指格变化）158–9, 160default cases in phonology（音系（学）中的缺省情况）90definitions（定义）179–81, 193deictic words（指示性词语）389, 398 delinking in child phonology（儿童音系中的链接解除现象）103demonstratives（指示语）133dentals（牙齿，齿音）31, 109 derivational morphology（派生形态学）131, 143, 144in compounds（复合词中的派生形态）150 in language acquisition（语言习得中的派生形态）190–2Derivational Theory of Complexity (DTC)（复杂性推导理论）367Derivations（派生（式），推导（式））in phonology（音系学中的推导（式））85 in syntax（句法中的推导（式））306 despecification in child phonology（儿童音系中的描写（式））103determiner phrase (DP)（限定词短语/词组）262, 283–7in Child English（儿童英语中的限定词词组）286determiners (see also articles) （限定词（参见冠词））133, 297empty（空限定词）283–7null in Child English （儿童英语中的空限定词）358as operators（限定词作为算子）297 prenominal（名词前的限定词）286–7 pronominal（代词性限定词）286–7 quantifying（量化限定词）284–5, 303in SLI （SLI中的限定词）219Detroit （底特律）52, 66developmental linguistics（发展论语言学）1, 6–9DhoLuo（卢奥语，东苏丹语族，尼罗语支）164diachronic method in historical linguistics（历史语言学中的历时方法）15–16 diacritic （附加符号）35dialect contact（方言接触）227dialects（方言）regional （地域方言）14rhotic（翘舌音方言）77rural （乡村方言）228social（社会方言）14urban（城市方言）228dictionaries（词典、辞书）179–81 diphthongisation in language change（语言变化中的双元音化）64diphthongs（双元音）38–9discourse markers（话语标记）15 discourses（话语）245discrimination experiment（辨别力实验）111 distinctive features（区别性特征）85, 412, 414in child phonology（儿童音系中的区别性特征）101distribution（分布）76dorsals（舌面音）34dorsum（舌背、舌面）31Do-support（Do支撑）274D-projections（D投射）287, 349drag chain（拉链）67dual-lexicon model of child phonology（音系学中的双词库模型）104–5Dutch（荷兰语）231Early Modern English (EME)（早期现代英语，初期现代英语）negation in（EME中的否定）314–20 null subjects in （EME中的空主语）319–20, 351, 352questions in（EME中的疑问句）316 strong T in（EME中的强T）317East Anglian English（东盎格鲁英语）63, 64–5echo question（回声问）297, 299 Eckert, P. （人名）51–2Economy Principle（经济原则）301–2, 314, 318–19, 324‘edge’ as target of movement （边缘位置作为移位的目的地）306education level and language use（教育水平和语言运用/使用）49Egyptian cuneiform（古埃及楔形文字）119 Eimas, P.（人名）96elision （省缺）4ellipsis（省略）278, 371Elsewhere Condition（另处原则）89–90 empty constituents （空成分）246, 271–86, 407, 408in psycholinguistics（心理语言学中的空成分）271in sentence perception（句子感知中的空成分）368–70enclitic（后附着）151entailment（衍推/蕴含）170–1, 392–3 environment (context) in phonological rules （音系规则中的环境（语境））87errors in speech （言语中的偏误/失误，口误）114–17, 199, 207–9Estonian（爱沙尼亚语）38ethnic group and language use（族群和语言运用/使用）49–50exchanges in speech errors (see also word exchanges) （言语失误中的换位现象（参见词的换位））11 4 –16, 11 7exclamative（感叹句，感叹式）254 exponent（体现）145, 152–3, 252, 259, 261 extended exponence（扩展了的体现）159 extraction site（提取部位）298Farsi (Persian) （波斯语（波斯语的））49 Fasold, R.（人名）272feature matrix （特征矩阵）86features（特征）distinctive in phonology（音系学中的区别性特征）86–90, 177functional in agrammatism（语法缺失中的功能性特征）380–2morphological（形态特征）153, 163 semantic（语义特征）176–9semantic in acquisition（习得中的语义特征）193filler-gap dependencies（填充词-空位依存性/关系）369–70finite (v. non-finite) verb forms（定式（非-定式）动词形式）251–3 finiteness in language acquisition （语言习得中的有定性）359–61Finnish （芬兰语）99, 156flap （闪音）34flapping（闪音化）61floating features（漂移特征）101–4, 106 flouting of conversational maxims（对会话准则的藐视）397, 399focus（焦点）282, 389–92position（位置）282focus bar（焦点棒儿）88Fodor, J. （人名）201form (v. lemma)（形式（和内容））in lexical entries（词条中的形式和内容）128, 205–7free morphemes （自由语素）140Frege, G. （人名）338, 339, 344French （法语）90–1, 215, 224, 225, 230 frequency effect（频率效应）in paraphasias（言语错乱中的频率效应）217, 218in substitution errors（替换语误中的频率效应）208fricatives（擦音）29, 31–3Frisian（弗里斯兰语）231Fromkin, V. （人名）207front vowels （前(部)元音）36, 109–10 functional categories（功能语类）132–5, 247, 385in aphasia（失语症中的功能语类）214–17, 378–82comprehension of in agrammatism （语法缺失中功能语类的理解）378–80in language acquisition（语言习得中的功能语类）187–8and pragmatic presupposition（功能语类和语用预设）393production of in agrammatism（语法缺失中功能语类的产生）378in SLI （SLI中的功能语类）219–21 function words（功能词）132gapping（功能词缺项）272garden-path sentences（花园幽径句）10, 370, 374, 408gender（性范畴）errors in agrammatism（语法缺失中的性范畴错误）380, 381–2errors in SLI（SLI中的性范畴错误）385 in Old English（古英语中的性范畴）233 gender and language use （性范畴和语言的使用/运用）49, 234generative grammar（生成语法）4, 245 generative phonology（生成音系学）97–8 generic interpretation（通指阐释）of determiners（限定词的通指阐释）284 genetic endowment and language（遗传本能与语言）7, 13–14, 188, 311and language disorders（遗传本能与语言错乱）213genitive case（领属格）248, 265, 267, 356, 360–1and possessors in Child English（儿童英语中的领属格和领有者）359–61Georgian alphabet（乔治亚字母表）119 German（德语）81, 162, 164, 206, 231, 321–4 clause structure in（德语中的小句结构）321–4movement in （德语中移位）322–3 operator questions in （德语中的算子疑问句）323–4SLI in（德语中的SLI）383–5strong C in finite clauses in（德语中的强C）323strong T in finite clauses in（德语中的强T）323yes-no questions in（德语中的是非问句）324Germanic （日耳曼语）164, 224, 231 Glides（滑音）33global aphasia（全局性失语症）11glottal fricative（声门擦音）33, 47 glottalisation（声门化）82glottal plosive (glottal stop) （声门爆破音（声门塞音））34Goal（目标/终点）334Gordon, P. （人名）192grammar of a language（一种语言的语法）2–6, 81, 83, 120, 238, 306, 345, 350, 407 grammatical categories（语法语类）247in acquisition（习得中的语法语类）186–8 in sentence comprehension（句子理解中的语法语类）200grammatical functions（语法功能）247–50, 262grammatical (morphosyntactic) word（语法（形态-句法）词）146, 159Greek （希腊语）160, 225Greek alphabet（希腊字母表）119 Grice, P. （人名）396–7, 398, 402 Grimshaw, J. （人名）302Grodzinsky, Y. （人名）380–2gutturals（侯音，腭音）78Halliday, M.（人名）97hard palate（硬腭）31harmony（和谐）consonant （辅音和谐）99lateral（边音和谐）101–4velar（软腭音和谐）99, 101vowel（元音和谐）99–100Hawaiian（夏威夷语）81Head（核心成分）of compounds（复合词的核心）148of phrases（短语或词组的核心）257–61 head-driven phrase structure grammar（核心驱动短语结构语法）246head first word order（核心在首的词序）321, 350head last word order（核心在尾的词序）321 head movement（核心移位）293–6, 298, 306 Head Movement Constraint (HMC)（核心移位限制）318, 324Head Position Parameter（核心位置参数）321, 349, 350–1, 361Head Strength Parameter（核心强度参数）314Hebrew（希伯莱语）215, 380, 381 Henry, A. （人名）300high as phonological feature（高舌位作为音系特征）413high vowels（高元音）36, 109–10 historical linguistics（历史语言学）15–16 Hoekstra, T. （人名）373Holmes, J. （人名）49host for clitic（附着形式的宿主）151 Hungarian（西班牙语）38, 99, 156, 224, 267, 360Hyams, N. （人名）351–2, 359–61 Hyponyms（下位词）172in Wernicke’s aphasia（维尼克失语症中的下位词）218hyponymy（上下位关系）170–3, 177, 178, 194Icelandic（冰岛语）230Idealisation（理想化）409identification experiment（鉴别/识别实验）110–11, 112identification of null subject（空主语的识别）320, 352identity of meaning (see synonymy)（意义的同一性（参见同义关系））imaging techniques （成像技术）13 imperative （祈使句/式）254, 394–5 implicational scale（含义等级）55–6 implicit (understood) subject（隐性（理解出来的）主语）277, 351incomplete phrase（未完成短语/词组）261–2 incorporation（并入）160–1 independence of language faculty（语言能力的独立性）11, 377indirect speech acts（间接言语行为）394–5 inferences in conversation（会话中的推理）400infinite nature of language（语言的无限性）3–4, 260infinitive（不定式）134infinitive particle（不定式小品词）259–60 as non-finite T（不定式作为非有定的T）259 infinitive phrase （不定式短语/词组）259 infix（中缀）163INFL as grammatical category（屈折语素作为语法的语类）261inflection （屈折）143in English（英语中的屈折）137in grammar（语法中的屈折）136 inflectional categories（屈折语类）136as deictic（屈折语类终于哦为指示语）389 inflectional errors（屈折错误）in agrammatism （语法缺失中的屈折错误）378in SLI（SLI中的屈折错误）219–21, 385 inflectional formative（屈折的构成）145 inflectional languages（屈折语）156, 158–9, 160inflectional morphology（屈折形态学）143, 144–8in compounds （复合词中的屈折形态学）150in language acquisition（语言习得中的曲折形态学）187, 188–92inflectional paradigms in aphasia（失语症中的屈折变化表）216inflectional properties（屈折特征）137 inflectional rules （see morphological processes）（屈折规则）（参见形态过程）inflectional systems （屈折系统）156 informational encapsulation（信息封装）201 ‘information’ i n categories（语类中的信息）195–6information structure（信息结构）390–1 innateness hypothesis（内在性假说）7, 11, 213, 349–50, 361, 408input representations in child phonology （儿童音系中的输入表达式）103–6 Instrument（工具/用事）333interaction and variation（互动和变异）54 interdentals （齿间音）31interrogative（疑问（句））253–4, 394–5 interrogative complement（疑问性补语）299–300, 303interrogative interpretation（疑问句阐释）300–2, 341interrogative operator（疑问算子）302–3 intonation（语调）43–4intonational change （语调变化）71–2Inuit（因纽特语）119inversion（倒置、倒装）in questions（疑问句中的倒置现象）294–6, 300, 316, 322in varieties of English（英语变异中的倒置）311–14IPA (International Phonetic Association)（国际语音学会）27–44, 411Irish Gaelic （爱尔兰盖尔语）225Irony（反语）397Iroquoian（伊洛魁语的）161isolating languages（孤立语）156, 157 Italian（意大利语）214, 224, 230, 380 aphasic speech in（意大利语中的失语症者的言语）215, 380, 381–2Jamaican V ernacular English (JVE)（牙买加英语土语）313–14weak C in（牙买加英语土语中的弱C）314Japanese（日语）38, 78, 81, 160topic marking in（日语中的话题）391–2 Jones, D. （人名）27labelled bracketing（带标签的加方括弧法）141, 258labelled tree diagram（带标签的树形图）141–2, 258labials（唇音）34labiodentals（唇齿音）31Labov, W. （人名）16, 56, 57–8, 66–7, 68, 70 language contact（语言接触）227 language change（语言变化）15–16, 56–8, 61–72language disorders（语言错乱）11–14, 408 Language Faculty（语言官能）7–9, 280, 349–50language games（语言游戏）117 language shift（语言变换）15language use（语言运用）and the structure of society（语言运用与社会结构）14–16language variation（语言变异）15 laryngeal fricative (see glottal fricative)（喉擦音（参见声门擦音））larynx（喉）28Lashley, K.（人名）116–17lateral as phonological feature（边音作为音系特征）413lateral harmony（边音和谐）101–4 laterals（边音）33in child phonology（儿童音系中的边音）100–4Latin（拉丁语）157–60, 165, 224, 225, 391 Latin alphabet （拉丁语字母（表））119lax vowels（松元音）38, 77lemma（词条的内容）205–7retrieval of（词条内容的恢复）207–9 lesions of the brain（大脑的损伤）11 levels of linguistic analysis（语言分析的层次/级）76–7, 78, 106, 120Levelt, P.（人名）205level tones（直线调，水平调）43lexeme （词位）143–4, 145, 146, 205 lexical attrition（词汇磨损）228lexical categories（词汇语类）129–32, 247 lexical diffusion（词汇扩散）68–70lexical entry（词条）4, 78, 128, 129, 131, 138, 147–8, 152, 170, 176–8, 191–2, 219–20, 238, 287, 335, 407v. concept（词条和概念）205, 225 lexical functional grammar （词汇功能语法）245lexical gap（词汇空缺）174lexical learning（词汇学习）349lexical recognition（词汇认知）201–3, 207–9 lexical stress (see word stress)（词汇重音）（参见词重音）lexical substitutions in speech errors（语误中的词汇替换）207lexical tone（词调）43lexical verbs（词汇性动词）133lexicon（词库）4, 128, 131, 137–8, 147–8, 170–6, 199, 203, 217–18, 238, 345, 354, 407 grammatical properties in（词库中的语法特征）4, 147phonological properties in（词库中的音系特征）4, 147psycholinguistics and（心理语言学和词库）204–10semantic properties in （语义特征）4, 147 LF component of a grammar（语法的LF部分）5, 407Linear B（线性B）119linguistically determined variation（由语言决定着的变异，语言性质的变异）54–6linguistic experience of the child（儿童的语言经验）7–8linguistic variables and language use （语言的可变性和语言应用）47–58Linking Rules（链接规则）335Liquids（流音）33Literary Welsh （威尔士文学语言）164–5 Litotes（间接肯定法）397Liverpool（利物浦）63local attachment preferences（局部附加优势）372–3localisation of brain function（大脑功能的侧化）11–13Location（处所，位置）334Logical Form (LF) （逻辑形式）5, 246, 330, 339–45, 407logical object （逻辑宾语）5logical subject（逻辑主语）5, 374logic of conversation（会话逻辑）395–7 London（伦敦）65long vowels（长元音）37–8low as phonological feature（低舌位作为音系特征）413low vowels（低元音）36, 109–10 McMahon, A. （人名）232–3McNeill, D. （人名）286Malay（马来语）224Manner, Maxim of（方式，方式准则）397 manner of articulation（发音方式）29–30, 33 and language change（发音方式和语音变化）62–3Maori（毛利语）161, 225Maximal Onset Principle（首音最大化原则）82Meaning（意义）in sentence perception（句子感知中的意义）200meaning inclusion ( see also hyponymy) （意义包含（参见上下位关系））172, 178 meaning opposites（意义对立）175–6 memory for syntax（句法记忆）366 merger（合并）257–62, 306, 345, 407 constraints on （合并的条件限制）264 meronyms（部分关系词）174 meronymy（整体-部分关系）173–4, 208 metalanguage（元语言）336–7, 339 Meyerhoff, M. （人名）51mid closed vowels（中闭元音/半闭元音）38 Middle English（中古英语）231mid open vowels（中开元音/半开元音）38 mid vowels（中元音）36Milroy, J.（人名）51Milroy, L.（人名）51minimal pair（最小比对）75–6minimal responses（小型应对语）15 modifiers in compounds（复合词中的修饰语）148monophthongisation（单元音化）64–5 monophthongs（单元音）38 monosyllabic words（单音节词）41mood and speech acts（语气和言语行为）394–5morphemes（语素）140–3in aphasia（失语症中的语素）214–17 bound（粘着语素）140free（自由语素）140as minimal linguistic sign （语素作为最小的语言符号）140, 145morphological change（形态变化）233–7 morphological development in children （儿童的形态发展）188–92morphological irregularity （形态的不规则性）137morphological operations（形态操作）162–5 morphological processes（形态过程）140–50, 157–65, 407dissociation of in SLI（SLI中的形态的分离）219–20as features（形态作为特征）153 phonological conditioning of（形态的音系限制）152, 220realisations of（形态的实现）152 voicing as（浊化作为形态）164vowel change as（作为形态的元音变化）163–4morphological properties in sentence perception （句子感知中的形态特征）200 morphological variation（形态变异）233–7social contact and （社会接触和形态变异）237morphology（形态学）140, 165 phonological processes in（形态学中的音系过程）162–5morphs（形素）152motor control （运动神经控制）109, 113 movement in syntax （句法中的移位）246, 293–306, 340covert（句法中的隐性移位）345, 407in German（德语中句法移位）322–3 overt（显性句法移位）345, 407in sentence comprehension（句子理解过程中的句法移位）366Myhill, J. （人名）237Nahuatl （那瓦特语）161, 224narrow transcription（严式音标）77nasal as phonological feature（鼻音作为音系特征）85, 412nasalisation（鼻音化）40–1nasals（鼻，鼻音）30native speakers as sources of data（母语者作为语言数据的来源） 1natural classes in phonology（音系中的自然类）88–9Navajo（纳瓦霍语）83, 160Negation（否定）133in Child English（儿童英语中的否定）104 in CSE（CSE中的否定）312, 314–20in EME（EME中的否定）314–20 negative concord in AA VE（AA VE中的否定一致）312negative operator（否定算子）297 Neogrammarians（新语法学派学者）68 Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）1, 11–14 neutral context in lexical decision task（词汇确定任务中的中性语境）202new (v. old) information（新信息和旧信息）390New Y ork（纽约）57New Zealand English（新西兰英语）66, 71–2, 227, 230nodes in tree diagrams（树形图中的节点）258 nominal phrases（名词性短语/词组）in Child English（儿童英语中的名词性词组或短语）358–61as D-projections（名词性短语或词组作为D投射）286, 287, 349, 358, 361 nominative case（主格）248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360in AA VE（AA VE中的主格）272 nominative subjects in Child English（儿童语言中的主格主语）355–8noun incorporation（名词并入）161 nouns（名词）129–30and derivational morphology（名词和派生形态学）144in language acquisition（语言习得中的名词）186, 192–6and person（名词和人称）135in taxonomies（分析体系中的名词）173 non-concatenative morphology（非并置形态学）165non-count nouns（非复数名词）285non-finite clauses（非定式小句）in Child English（儿童英语中的非定式小句）353–61non-finite (v. finite) verb forms（非定式（和定式）动词形式）251–3in German SLI（德语SLI中的非定式动词形式）384–5non-rhotic dialects（非翘舌音方言）37–8, 57 non-standard dialects（非标准方言）15 non-words（非词）perception of （非词的感知）206–7 Norfolk（诺福克）66, 228Northern Cities Chain Shift（北城市链移）66–7, 68Northern English（北部英语）65, 69 Norwich（诺威奇）49, 235nucleus of syllable（音节的节核）41, 79 null constituents (see empty constituents)（空结构成分（参见空成分））null determiners（空限定词）283–7in Child English（儿童英语中的空限定词）358null infinitive particle（空不定式小品词）275null operator questions in Child English（儿童英语中的空疑问算子）352null subject language （空主语语言）320, 351 null subject parameter（空主语参数）319–20, 349, 352, 353, 361null subjects（空主语）in Child English（儿童英语中的空主语）352in Child Italian（儿童意大利语中的空主语）353identification of（空主语的识别）320, 352 in Japanese（日语中的空主语）392in non-finite clauses（非定式小句中的空主语）353–61in wh-questions（wh-疑问句中的空主语）353–4number（数）134errors in agrammatism（语法缺失中的数范畴错误）380errors in SLI（SLI中的数范畴错误）219 object（宾语）137objective case (see also accusative case)（宾格）248object language（对象语言）336–7, 339 obstruents（阻塞音）34, 79Old English（古英语）230, 231, 232, 233, 236Old French （古法语）229, 231old (v. new) information（旧信息）390Old Norse（古斯堪的那维亚语）230 omissions in speech errors（言语失误中的省减现象）115onsets of syllables（音节的首音）79–82in child language（儿童语言中的节首音）104in poetic systems（艺术表达手段系统中的节首音）118in speech errors（言语失误中的节首音）115operator expressions（算子表达）297, 340 in German（德语中的算子表达）323 operator movement（算子移位）297–302, 304, 306Optimality Theory（优选论）90–1 Optional Infinitive (OI) stage（不定式选择性使用阶段）357–8orthographic representation（规范书写法，正字法表示法）84orthography ( see also writing systems) （正字法（参见书写系统））27output representations in child phonology （儿童音系中的输出表达式）103–6 overextension in children’s word use（儿童词语运用中的泛化现象）192–3, 232 overregularisation（过渡规则化）lack of in SLI（SLI中过渡规则化的缺乏）220in morphological development（形态发展中的过渡规则化）190palatals（腭音，舌面中音）31palato-alveolars（舌面-齿龈音）31 paragrammatism（语法倒错型言语障碍）377, 382–3, 385parallel-interactive processing models （平行-交互式处理模式）199–204parameters（参数0 314–24in language acquisition（语言习得中的参数）349–54parameter setting（参数设定）350–4 parametric variation（参数变异）314–24 paraphasia（语言错乱）214–15, 217–19 parser（语法分析器）9, 372–5locality and（局部性和语法分析器）373–5 parsing（句法分析）366partitive interpretation of determiners（限定词的部分释义）284, 303part–whole relationship (see meronymy)（部分-整体关系（参见整体-部分关系））passive articulator（被动发音体）31 passive construction（被动结构）304–5 passive participle（被动分词）137, 146, 148 in German（德语中的被动分词）162 passive voice（被动语态）137, 146, 305 passivisation（被动化）306past participle（过去分词）136past tense morpheme in acquisition（习得过程中的过去时语素）189–90Patient (see Affected Object)（受事（参见受。

语言学(100项)

语言学（100项）序号项目名称负责人所在省市工作单位项目类别预期成果计划完成时间1言语节律的三维模式及其认知功能研究吴洁敏浙江浙江大学重点项目专着2009-12-32晋方言语音百年来的演变研究乔全生山西山西大学重点项目专着2009-8-303影响中学基础英语教学质量的多因素系统研究刘永兵吉林东北师范大学外国语学院重点项目专着研究报告2010-7-14面向内容计算的汉语语义角色知识库的研究和建设袁毓林高校北京大学重点项研究报告电脑软2010-6-30目件5外语教学手段的现代化的理论与实践研究王铭玉黑龙江黑龙江大学俄语学院重点项目专着电脑软件2009-6-306语词构块式音义象征关系理论研究牛保义河南河南大学一般项目专着研究报告2010-6-307语言非范畴化研究刘正光湖南湖南大学外国语学院一般项目专着研究报告2009-12-318多模态即席话语的语料库分析张佐成高校对外经济贸易大学一般项目论文(集)2009-12-319基于平行语料库的英汉对应意义单位研究卫乃兴上海上海交通大学一般项目专着电脑软件2010-12-3110英汉社会用语的语用实陈江南京大学一专着200证研究新仁苏般项目论文(集)9-12-3111英汉事件结构的对比研究吴平高校北京语言大学外国语学院一般项目专着2010-12-3112英汉语构式的认知研究邓云华湖南湖南师范大学外国语学院一般项目专着研究报告2010-10-113英汉语篇间接回指对比研究王军江苏苏州大学一般项目专着2010-7-114翻译接受理论研究朱健平湖南湖南大学外国语学院一般项目专着2009-12-3115译者主体论屠国元湖南中南大学一般项论文(集)2009-6-30目16英汉翻译语言特征量化研究肖忠华浙江浙江大学一般项目专着研究报告2010-2-2817中国哲学典籍英译研究郭尚兴河南河南大学一般项目专着2009-12-3118从巴色会文献看19世纪香港新界的客家方言庄初升广东中山大学一般项目专着2009-12-3119桂北平话语音历史层次及语言接触研究覃远雄社科院中国社会科学院语言研究所一般项目论文(集)2010-10-3120斯氏200词与闽粤客赣方言年代亲缘关系的计算研究刘镇发福建厦门大学一般项目专着研究报告2010-6-3021清初山东官话语音研究张山山东社会科一专着201鸿魁东学院般项目0-3-3122术语标准化研究与多语种术语对照词典编撰修刚天津天津外国语学院一般项目专着工具书2009-12-3123东干语调查研究林涛宁夏西北第二民族学院一般项目专着2009-12-324中国北方（部分）人口较少民族语言保持模式个案研究丁石庆高校中央民族大学一般项目专着2010-12-325汉语网络词语理据研究许光烈广东广州大学人文学院一般项目专着工具书2009-12-3126英语本土化研究及应用李文中河南河南师范大学一般项专着研究报告2009-12-3目027医患交际的会话分析研究于国栋山西山西大学一般项目专着2010-6-3028来华留学生语言社会化进程中跨文化交际能力的培养史兴松高校对外经济贸易大学一般项目专着论文(集)2009-12-329言者意义推断的跨文化交际学研究唐德根湖南湘潭大学一般项目论文(集)专着2010-7-3030中介语语言学的多维研究与学科建构杨连瑞山东中国海洋大学一般项目专着论文(集)2010-7-1031汉、维失语患者语言韵律损伤的对比研究梁洁新疆新疆师范大学一般项目专着2010-6-3032认知文体学与新时代外刘高清华大学一专着201语教育学综合研究世生校般项目1-12-333英语专业基础阶段内容依托式课程改革研究常俊跃辽宁大连外国语学院英语学院一般项目专着研究报告2009-9-134大学英语四、六级考试反拨效应历时研究辜向东重庆重庆大学一般项目专着2009-12-335网络和多媒体技术下的外语学习方式与绩效研究阳志清湖南中南林业科技大学一般项目专着研究报告2009-12-3136外语课堂话语研究与教师发展张莲高校北京外国语大学一般项目论文(集)研究报告2009-12-3137对外汉语远程可视化教学模式研究郑世珏湖北华中师范大学一般项论文(集)电脑软2009-5-20目件38外国人习得汉语相似词语的认知研究方绪军上海上海师范大学一般项目专着2009-12-339汉藏双语语料库处理技术及其标准规范研究才让加青海青海师范大学一般项目研究报告电脑软件2009-7-3040面向自然语言理解的会话行为研究杨平广东华南理工大学外国语学院一般项目论文(集)2010-5-2941中国高校外语专业多语种语料库建设与研究戴炜栋上海上海外国语大学一般项目专着电脑软件2010-12-342基于平行语料库的《汉英词典》的研编李德俊军队解放军国际关系学院军事外交系一般项目工具书2011-12-843应用语言学名词审定潘上华东师范大一工具200文国海学对外汉语学院般项目书8-12-3144魏晋河洛音注研究蔡鸿贵州贵州师范大学文学院一般项目专着2010-6-3045朱熹古韵研究陈鸿儒福建华侨大学科研处一般项目专着2009-8-3146俄地、白地东巴文调查研究喻遂生重庆西南大学一般项目专着电脑软件2009-12-3147古陶文研究徐在国安徽安徽大学一般项目专着2009-12-3148敦煌愿文词汇研究敏春芳甘肃西北民族大学一般项专着2009-12-3目049类型学视野中的汉语副词研究唐贤清湖南湖南师范大学文学院一般项目专着2010-10-350清代琉球官话系列课本语法研究李炜广东中山大学一般项目专着2010-6-3051清人之唐诗注释研究郭芹纳陕西陕西师范大学一般项目专着2010-12-3152近30年来汉语虚词的发展趋势及其演化规律研究张谊生上海上海师范大学一般项目专着2009-12-3153现代汉语被动标记普－方表现的比较研究屈哨兵广东广州大学一般项目专着2010-5-3054汉语词语搭配获取与语陈江南京师范大一论文201义特征分析的相互关系研究小荷苏学般项目(集)电脑软件0-6-3055基于语料库及树型结构模式匹配的汉语句法自动分析陈家骏江苏南京大学一般项目论文(集)电脑软件2008-12-3156蒙古语喀喇沁方言语言接触个案研究包玉柱高校中央民族大学一般项目专着研究报告2009-12-357蒙古语朗读话语韵律特征研究呼和社科院中国社会科学院民族所一般项目专着论文(集)2010-12-3158维吾尔语框架语义分析系统的研究阿里甫·库尔班新疆新疆大学信息科学与工程学院一般项目电脑软件2010-12-359阿昌语方言研究袁焱云南云南师范大学一般项目专着2009-12-3160藏语比较语法周毛草社科院中国社会科学院民族所一般项目专着2012-12-3161海南临高语比较研究辛世彪海南海南大学人文传播学院一般项目专着2010-5-3162汉彝对照标注词库的建设孙国英四川西南民族大学一般项目研究报告2009-12-163壮傣语支语法类型研究覃小航高校中央民族大学一般项目专着2010-9-964英语时态功能与生成系统研究何伟高校北京科技大学外国语学一般专着论文2009-6院项目(集) -3065评价理论在文体学上的应用及评价语料库的研制彭宣维高校北京师范大学一般项目专着电脑软件2010-8-3166中国学生英语口头话语叙述能力发展规律研究俞洪亮江苏扬州大学外国语学院一般项目专着研究报告2010-7-167中国学生英语听力能力发展的规律与思维方式朱放成湖南邵阳学院外语系一般项目专着2009-12-368日语网络教学系统的立体构建与开发范崇寅辽宁大连民族学院一般项目研究报告电脑软件2009-12-3169俄汉英句法语义对比研究李勤上海上海外国语大学一般项目专着2009-12-3170俄语言语行为理论与功能意向类型孙淑芳黑龙江黑龙江大学俄语学院一般项目专着2010-6-3071东南亚华人社区汉语方言比较研究陈晓锦广东暨南大学文学院中文系一般项目专着论文(集)2010-6-3072朝鲜李朝《类解》类文献的汉朝词汇研究金哲俊吉林延边大学朝鲜－韩国学学院一般项目专着2009-10-373朝鲜时期官话教科书中的非汉语用法研究岳辉吉林吉林大学文学院一般项目专着2009-12-374汉韩动词配价对比金奉民吉林延边大学汉语言文化学院一般项目专着2009-10-375普通话语调短语音高走势模式研究陈虎军队解放军外国语学院英语青年研究报告2009-1系项目2-3 076优选论框架下的韵律句法映射的英汉对比研究杨军江苏东南大学外语系青年项目论文(集)2009-5-3077翻译批评研究刘云虹江苏南京大学青年项目专着2010-8-3078英文小说隐喻翻译模式的研究及相关应用软件的开发张蓊荟江苏江苏省徐州师范大学外国语学院青年项目专着电脑软件2010-6-3079我国翻译专业口笔译教材建设理论之重构及对策研究陶友兰上海复旦大学外国语言文学学院青年项目专着2008-12-380苏皖区域方言语法比较研究王健江苏常熟理工学院青年项目专着论文(集)2010-6-3081吴语、粤语与湘语语序类型比较研究林素娥广东暨南大学华文学院青年项目论文(集)研究报告2009-5-3082移民与城市语言发展研究——以上海为例蒋冰冰上海华东师范大学传播学院青年项目专着2008-12-183新型语言教育评价和发展研究唐雄英江西江西师范大学外国语学院青年项目研究报告2009-6-3084初级阶段留学生字词识别能力的发展研究郝美玲高校北京语言大学汉语进修学院青年项目专着2010-1-1585基于留学生语料库的语篇偏误分析高玮高校中国传媒大学青年项目专着电脑软件2009-12-3186楚系古文字资料音韵汇编及音系研究赵彤高校中国人民大学青年专着2010-9项目-3087宋代音韵学史研究李子君吉林吉林大学文学院青年项目专着2009-12-388中古知庄章三组声母在近、现代北方方言的演变桑宇红河北河北师范大学文学院青年项目专着研究报告2009-7-3189佛经音义文字整理与楷书汉字形体流变研究邓福禄湖北武汉大学青年项目专着2010-6-3090汉文佛典疑难俗字汇释与研究郑贤章湖南湖南师范大学文学院青年项目专着工具书2010-12-391南北朝时期南北词语差异研究王东河南郑州大学青年项目专着2009-12-3192两汉动结式研究宋亚云湖北湖北大学青年项目研究报告2009-12-393汉语"主句现象"与从句环境的类型学研究唐正大社科院中国社会科学院语言研究所青年项目论文(集)2010-9-3094现代汉语事件名词研究韩蕾上海华东师范大学中文系青年项目专着2009-12-3195汉语框架语义知识库的语义角色标注规则研究由丽萍山西山西大学青年项目论文(集)研究报告2009-12-3196汉语诗律演变研究--隋、初唐部分李斐上海上海师范大学青年项目专着2009-12-3197面向信息处理的蒙古语短语结构研究达胡内蒙内蒙古大学蒙古学学院青年专着电脑软2009-1白乙拉项目件1-198白彝关系语素研究汪锋高校北京大学青年项目研究报告专着2009-7-199英汉语关系结构的生成句法分析陈宗利山东鲁东大学外语学院青年项目专着2010-6-3010 0汉语障碍的心理学矫治研究韩在柱高校北京师范大学青年项目论文(集)电脑软件2010-12-3。

西方语言学理论

第一章现代语言学的历史前奏第一节古印度的语言学为了保存口头相传的婆罗门教义《吠陀经》的原文和梵语文学，古印度的语言学家们用经验的方法，对于梵语语法作过相当详细的描述。

著名语言学家巴尼尼的《梵语语法》，由3996条诗歌体的规则所组成。

这些规则分成章节段落，讲解梵语的形态现象和语音现象。

一、语法描写方面印度语言学家对梵语的语法描写和分析是当代流传最广的。

巴尼尼是印度语言学家的杰出代表。

布龙菲尔德称巴尼尼的语法名著是“人类智慧的最伟大的里程碑之一。

它极为详细地描写了梵语中每一个屈折变化、派生现象、组织结构和各种句法的用法。

迄今为止，没有任何其他语言学有关如此完善的描写”。

1.古印度语法学家把词分为四类：静词、动词、介词、小品词。

表示实体意义的词叫静词；表示动作的词叫动词；介词的功能是限制静词和动词的意义；小品词包括比较小品词、连接小品词以及诗歌中作形式成分的小品词。

代词和副词不算独立的词类，分别归入静词和动词中。

他们的句子结构理论认为，单词组成句子要满足三个条件：第一，单词要能够成为正确结构中的合适的语法类别，否则它们只不过是个单词表，毫无实际意义。

也就是说，一个句子中不能只有名词，或只有动词，或只有介词，各种词类要有一定的搭配。

第二，在语义上，单词必须合适，否则就会出现不合语法的荒谬论断。

例如，“她用火把纸弄湿了”，“昨天大花猫下了个黑鸡蛋”。

第三，单词的出现必须有时间上的连续性，如果上午讲一个词，下午又讲一个词，晚上才完成这个句子，那就谁都无法理解或记忆它。

可以看出，这三个条件很像英国语言学家弗斯提出的成分连续性，成分搭配性和时间连续性。

梵语的动词有人称、单复数和时态的屈折变化，是句子的核心部分，其他词类都要与动词保持某种具体关系。

其次是名词，有屈折变化，并按其与动词的关系进行分类，比如是施动者还是受动者等。

2.古印度语法学家还研究构词法，他们把词分为词干和词尾两部分，词干是不变部分，词尾是变化部分。

语言学术语大全专业英语词汇（2）

语言学术语大全专业英语词汇(2)语言学术语：词汇a lexeme词位a lexical item词条a minimum free form最小自由形式a unit of vocabulary词汇单位abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法addition添加adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词affix词缀analogical creation类比构词法assimilation同化associative relations联想关系back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法blending混成法borrowing借词法bound morpheme黏着词素bound root morpheme黏着词根词素broadening词义扩大calque仿造词语cardinal number基数central determiners中置限定词class shift词性变换clipping截断法closed-class words封闭类词coinage/invention新创词语compound复合词contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化contracted form缩写形式conversion变换/变码derivational affix派生词缀derivational morphemes派生语素derivation派生词determiners限定词distant assimilation远距离同化domain范围/领域endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词finite element有定成分finiteness定式folk etymology俗词源free morpheme自由词素frequency count词频统计grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词hierarchy层次性infix中缀inflectional affix屈折词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素invariable words不变词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词lexicogrammar词汇语法lexis/vocabulary词汇表liaison连音loan translation翻译借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loanword借词logogram语标loss脱落meaning shift意义转移meaning shift词义转移metanalysis再分化metathesis换位monosyllabic单音节morpheme词素morpheme语素morpheme语素morphemic structure语素结构morphological change形态变化morphological conditioned形态的限制morphology形态学morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化multisemous多种意义narrowing词义缩小nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化nonomorphemic words单语素词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性obviative(that)远指代词opened-class words开放类词ordinal number序数词orthographic change拼写的变化paradigmatic relations聚合关系paradigm聚合体particles小品词passive vocabulary消极词汇phoneme音位phonological conditioned音位的限制phonological structure音素结构polymorphemic words多语素词polysyllabic多音节post determiners后置限定词predeterminers前置限定词prefix前缀pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-form代词形式pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词pro-verb(do/did)代副词proximate(this)近指代词register语域relative uninterruptibility相对连续性root morpheme词根语素root词根semantic change语义变化semiotics符号学sequential relations序列关系split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes) stem词干suffix后缀syntactical change句法变化syntagmatic relations组合关系synthetic compound综合性复合词the maximum free form最大自由形式theory of least effort省力理论variable words可变词verbal compound动词性复合词word class词类word-formation构词语言学术语：句法a principle system原则系统a rule system规则系统ablative离格accessible subject可及主语accusative宾格across the board extraction抽取跨界移动actor动作者actual sentence division实义句子切分法adjunction加接affix hopping词缀越位anaphor照应语animate noun有生名词appellative/vocative function称呼功能arbitrariness任意性articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统aspect checking特征验证aspect feature基本体貌特征aspect体ASPP is functional projection .ASPP 是功能投射associative relationship联想关系asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主binding domain约束语域binding约束bipartition二分法Bloomfield priori先天综合判断(康德Kant) Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派case格categories语类C-commanding condition成分统领条件checking domain检验区域communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力complement domain补足语区域complement IP=屈折短语conative function意欲功能concatenate联结conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制constituent morphemes成分规则constituent成分construction结构体Context culture 文化语境coordinate construction并列结构core computation核心运算covert component隐性部分crossing branch交叉分支CS(computational system)计算系统dative movement与格移位dative与格determiner限定词empiricism经验主义(洛克，白板说)empty category principle空范畴原则empty subject空主语endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exceptional case marking例外格标记existential process生存过程exocentric construction离心结构expressive function表情功能Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的标准理论external functionalism外部功能主义extreme functionalism极端的功能主义fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射Field语场full-interpretation完全解释原则functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设functional sentence perspective功能句子观gender性genitive属格government支配关系government管辖greed句法操作自利原则head parameter中心语参数hierarchical structure层级结构ideational function概念功能immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法imperative祈使语气imperfective未完成indicative直陈语气INFL(inflection)形态变化。

语言学术语表

语言学术语表介绍语言学是研究语言的科学，涉及语音、语法、语义、语用等多个方面。

在语言学研究中，使用了许多专门的术语来描述和分析语言现象。

本文将介绍一些常见的语言学术语，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。

一、语音学术语1.音素音素是语音的最小单位，是指语言中不同的声音单位。

不同语言中的音素种类和特点有所不同。

2.音位音位是一种理论上的概念，用来表示在一个语音系统中与其他音位有明显对立关系的音素。

音位通常用方括号括起来表示。

3.音节音节是语音的基本单位，由一个或多个音素组成，包括一个音节核和零个或多个音节边界。

4.重音重音是指在词语或短语中重读的音节，通常用音节上的符号’表示。

1.词类词类是用来分类词语的一种方式，常见的词类包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等。

2.句子句子是用来表达完整意义的语言单位，通常包括主语、谓语和宾语等成分。

3.短语短语是由词语组成的一个语言单位，包括名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语等。

4.主谓一致主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致，是语法中一个重要的原则。

三、语义学术语1.词义词义是指词语所具有的意义，包括字面义和引申义两种。

2.同义词同义词是指具有相同或相近词义的词语，可以在一定程度上互换使用。

3.反义词反义词是指意义相对、相反的词语，可以用来表达相反的概念。

4.上下位词上下位词是指表示具体事物和一般概念之间的关系的词语，如“苹果”和“水果”的关系。

1.语用语用是指语言在具体交际实践中的使用和理解。

2.语用推断语用推断是指通过上下文和语境等信息来推断语言表达的意义。

3.语用失误语用失误是指由于不当的语言使用导致的交际上的错误或误解。

4.言外之意言外之意是指在言辞之外所蕴含的意义，需要通过语境等信息进行理解。

以上仅是语言学中的一部分学术术语，通过学习和应用这些术语，可以更好地认识和分析语言现象，提高语言能力和语言理解的水平。

希望本文能够帮助读者理解和运用这些语言学术术语，进一步探索语言学的奥秘。

英语语言学术语

1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。

语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb. hallidayd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

语言学术语中英对照

语言学术语中英对照writing system书写系统 word order 词序 word segmentation分词 word set 词集word segmentation unit 分词单位/切词单位word segmentation standard for Chinese 中文分词规范voice recognition 声音辨识/语音识别 vowel 元音 vowel harmony 元音和谐verb 动词verb phrase 动词组/动词短语 verb recitative compound 动补复合词verbal association 词语联想 oracle bone inscriptions甲骨文verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话V-O construction (verb-object) 动宾结构accent 口音/{Phonetics}重音Universal Grammar 普遍性语法transformation 变形[转换]Transformational Grammar 变形语法/转换语法nested structure 崁套结构text understanding 文本理解abbreviation 缩写/省略语text analyzing 文本分析 text coherence 文本一致性synonym同义词syntactic category 句法类别syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律/句法规则 structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义 stem 词干 stop 爆破音social context 社会环境 simple word 单纯词situation 情境sememe 义素 phoneme 音素 punctuation 标点符号part of speech (POS) 词类 particle 语助词 phrase 词组/短语phonemic stratum 音素层 rhetorical structure 修辞结构 rhetoric 修辞学proper name 专有名词polysemy 多义性 postposition 方位词negative sentence 否定句 multilingual translation 多语翻译Morphology 构词学 Montague Grammar 蒙泰究语法/蒙塔格语法mood 语气morpheme 词素 morphological affix 构词词缀modal 情态词 modal auxiliary 情态助动词 modal logic 情态逻辑modifier 修饰语 metaphor 隐喻M-D (modifier-head) construction 偏正结构locution 惯用语 linguistic unit 语言单位 loan 外来语lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义 lexical category 词类LAD (language acquisition device) 语言习得装置 language acquisition 语言习得intonation 语调interlingua 中介语言interlingual 中介语(的）innateness position 语法天生假说 inflection/inflexion 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀 indirect object 间接宾语immediate constituent 直接成份 imperative 祈使句 homograph 同形异义词homonym 同音异义词homophone 同音词 homophony 同音异义free morpheme 自由语素 duration 音长{语音学}/时段{语法学/语义学} disambiguation 消除歧义/歧义消除discourse 篇章 complement 补语checked 受阻的antonym 反义词apposition 同位语 ambiguity 歧义ambiguity resolution 歧义消解 affirmative 肯定（的；式）对外汉语术语中英对照音节syllable 字母alphabet 语言中的歧异现象ambiguity 发音pronunciation 广东话Cantonese 辅音consonant 声调tone 韵律rhyme声调语言tone language 押韵（v）rhyme 节奏rhythm 语调intonation语音speech of sound 词汇lexicon 语法grammar 语素morpheme构词法word-building/-formation 形态变化morphological change 音位phoneme声带vocal cords 发音器官organs of speech 呼吸器官respiratory organs音标phonetic alphabet 汉语拼音Chinese Phonetic Alphabet 属性attribute 发音articulation 甲骨文oracle bone inscriptions 笔画stroke 名词noun部首character component 表意文字ideograph 象形文字pictograph实词notional word 动词verb 形容词adjective 副词adverb代词pronoun 虚词function word 连词conjunction 语气词mood word 介词preposition 叹词interjection 助词auxiliary word 情态动词modal verb 主语subject 宾语object 定语attribute 补语complement谓语predicate 表语predicative 状语adverbial 修饰语modifier同义词synonym 反义词antonym 词组word group 时态tense专有名词proper noun 专业术语register 语境context 词尾ending后缀suffix 前缀infix 本义original meaning 基本义basic meaning引申义extended meaning 成语set phrase / idiom 方言dialect句法学Synt。

语言学名词解释汇总

语言学名词解释汇总
以下是一些语言学常用的术语及其解释：
1. 语言：人类特有的沟通工具，通过语音或其他形式传递信息。

2. 语音：语言中的声音单元，用来进行交流和表达意思。

3. 语法：语言中组织和表达意义的结构体系。

4. 词汇：语言中的单词和词组。

5. 语义学：研究词汇和句子的意义和推理。

6. 句法：语言中句子的结构和组成方式。

7. 语用学：研究语言使用的情境和目的。

8. 方言：语言的地区变体。

9. 双关语：一个词或短语在不同语境中具有不同的意义。

10. 偏见：对某些人群或事物的主观偏好或偏见。

11. 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知的学科。

12. 语素：一个词中最小的有意义的单位。

13. 外语：一个人不作为母语使用的语言。

14. 语义角色：句子中表示动作的参与者和受益者的角色。

15. 同音异义词：发音相同但意义不同的词。

16. 语体：语言在不同社会和文化环境下的变体。

17. 口音：由不同语音特征引起的发音差异。

18. 父语：一个人从小学习和使用的第一种语言。

19. 旁观者理论：社会心理学概念，指的是观察者对特定语言
和文化的理解。

20. 叙事学：研究叙述结构和故事生成的学科。

这只是一些常用的语言学术语，语言学是一个非常广泛的学科，还有很多其他的术语可供学习和研究。

英语语言学专业术语

英语语言学专业术语英语语言学是研究英语语言的起源、发展、结构和使用的学科。

以下是常见的英语语言学专业术语及其解释。

1. Phonetics（音系学）：研究语音的学科。

主要研究语音发音过程，包括语音的组成、发音方式和特点等。

2. Phonology（音韵学）：研究语音在语言中的功能和规律的学科。

主要研究语音在不同语境下的变化规律和相互关系，包括音素、音位和音系等。

3. Morphology（形态学）：研究语言中单词的形态和构成的学科。

主要研究单词的基本单位和构成规律，包括词根、词缀和词类等。

4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和句子组成的学科。

主要研究句子的构成和排列方式，包括短语、从句和主谓结构等。

5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科。

主要研究语言符号和意义之间的关系，包括单词、短语和句子的意义等。

6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言使用的学科。

主要研究语言与社会文化环境的关系，包括语境、语用规则和交际意图等。

7. Discourse analysis（话语分析）：研究语篇结构和语篇功能的学科。

主要研究语言在话语交际中的组织和作用，包括话语行为、话语结构和话语分析方法等。

8. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会文化因素之间的关系和影响的学科。

主要研究不同社会群体、文化背景和地理区域中语言使用的差异和变化，包括方言、语言变体和语言政策等。

9. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科。

主要研究语言理解、语言产生和语言习得等心理过程，包括语音知觉、语法处理和语言记忆等。

以上是英语语言学常见的专业术语及其解释，希望能够帮助你更好地了解英语语言学。

语言学常用术语

A List of Commonly-used Linguistic Terminology 语言学常用术语表 Part I General Terms 通用术语 Acquisition 习得 Agglutinative language 粘着语 Anthropology 人类学 Appliedlinguistics 应用语言学 Arbitrariness 任意性 Artificial intelligence (AI)人工智能 Behaviorism 行为主义 Behaviorist psychology 行为主义心理学 Bilingualism 双语现象 Cognition 认知 Cognitivelinguistics 认知语言学 Cognitive science 认知科学 Comparativelinguistics 比拟语言学 Computationallinguistics 计算语言学 Corpus-linguistics 语料库语言学 Creole 克里奥耳语；混合语 Culture 文化 Descriptive linguistics 描写语言学 Design features 识别特征 Developmental psycholinguistics 开展心理语言学 Diachronic/historical linguistics 历时语言学 Dialect 方言 Dialectology 方言学 Displacement 不受时空限制的特性 Dualism 二元论 Duality 二重性 Epistemology 认识论 Etymology 辞源学 Experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学 Formalization 形式化 Formal linguistics 形式语言学Forensiclinguistics 法律语言学 Functionalism 功能主义Generallinguistics 普通语言学Grammaticality 符合语法性Ideography 表意法Inflectional language 屈折语 Inter-disciplinary 穿插性学科的 Isolating language 孤立语 Langue 语言 Macro-sociolinguistics 宏观社会语言学 Mentalism 心智主义 Micro-sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学 Montaguegrammar 蒙太古语法 Neuro-linguistics 神经语言学 Orthography 正字法 Orthoepic 正音法的 Paradigmatic 聚合关系 Parole 言语 Pedagogy 教育学；教授法 Philology 语文学 Philosophy 哲学 Phonography 表音法 Pidgin 皮钦语；洋泾浜语 Polysynthetic language 多式综合语 Prescriptive linguistics 规定语言学 Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 Psychology 心理学 Semeiology 符号学 Sociology 社会学 Speech 言语 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Structuralism 结构主义 Synchronic linguistics 共时语言学 Syntagmatic 组合关系 Theoretic linguistics 理论语言学 Universal grammar 普遍语法 Universality 普遍性 Part II Phonology 音位学Ablaut 元音变化Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Affricate 塞擦音Allophone 音位变体Alveolar 齿龈音Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学Articulatory variables 发音变体Aspiration 送气Assimilation 同化Back of tongue舌根Back vowel后元音Bilabial 双唇音Blade of tongue 舌面Broad transcription 宽式音标Central vowel 中元音Collocation 搭配Complementary distribution互补分布Consonant 辅音Dental 齿音Diacritics 变音符号；附加符号Diphthong 双元音Distinctive features 区别性特征Fricative 擦音Front vowel 前元音Glide 音渡Glottal 喉音Hard palate 硬腭International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标Intonation 语调Liquid 流音Manner of articulation 发音方法Minimal pair最小对立体Narrow transcription 严式音标Nasal 鼻音Nasal cavity 鼻腔Palatal 腭音Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔Phone音素Phoneme音位Place of articulation 发音部位Plosive爆破音Phonemic contrast 音位对立Phonetics语音学Rounded圆唇音Soft palate (velum)软腭Spectrograph 频谱仪Speech organ 发音器官Speech sounds 语音Stop塞音Stress 重音Suprasegmental features 超音段特征Teeth ridge (alveolus) 齿龈隆骨Tip of tongue 舌尖Tone 音/声调Unrounded 非圆唇音Uvula 小舌Velar 软腭音Vocal cords 声带Voiced 浊音Voiceless清音Voicing 浊音化Vowel 元音Part III Morphology形态学Acronym 首字母缩略词Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Back-formation 逆成法Blending 紧缩法Borrowing 借用Bound morpheme 粘着语素Clipped words 缩略词Coinage 创新词Compounding 合成法Conversion 转换法Closed class 封闭类Derivational morpheme 派生语素Free morpheme 自由语素Idiom 成语Inflection 屈折变化Inflectional morpheme 屈折语素Jargon 行话Lexicography 辞典编纂学Loan words 外来词Morpheme 语素Open class 开放类Prefix 前缀Productive 能产的Root 词根Stem 词干Suffix 后缀Suppletion 异根Word formation 构词法Part IV Syntax句法学Abstract noun 抽象名词Accusative 宾格Active voice 主动态Adjective 形容词Adjunct 附加状语Adverbial 状语Agreement 一致关系Anaphor 照应语Antecedent 先行词Apostrophe 省略符号Apposition 同位语Article 冠词Attribute 定语Case 格Cleft sentence 分裂句Collective noun 集合名词Comment 述题Competence 语言能力Complement 补语Compound predicate 复合谓语Compound sentence 复合句Concession relation 让步关系Concrete noun 具体名词Connective 连接词Constituent 句子成分Content word 实词Continuous aspect 进展体Coordinate clause 并列句Coordinating conjunction 并列连词Copula 系动词Declarative sentence 述句Descriptive adequacy 描写充分性Direct object 直接宾语Discontinuous constituents 非连续性成分D-structure 深层结构Dual number 双数Dummy word 伪词Endocentric construction 向心结构Ergative 作格Exclamatory sentence 感慨句Existential sentence 存在句Exocentric construction 离心结构Explanatory adequacy 解释充分性Feminine 阴性Finite clause 限定性分句Finite verb 限定性动词Function word 功能词Generic term 泛指性成分Genitive case 所有格；属格Gender 性Gerundive 动名词Habitual aspect 习惯体Head 中心词Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis) 直接成分分析法Imperative mood 祈使语气Imperative sentence 祈使句Imperfective aspect 非完成体Indirect object 间接宾语Infinitive 不定式Inflectional affix 屈折前缀Informal language 非正式语言Intensifier 强势语Interjection 感慨词Interrogative sentence 疑问句Intransitive verb 不及物动词Intransitivity 不及物性Irregular verb 不规那么动词Labeled tree diagram 加标记的树形图Language faculty 语言器官Lexical verb 实词性动词Main clause 主句Masculine 阳性的Matrix sentence 主句Middle voice 中动语态Modality 情态Modal verbs 情态动词Modification 修饰Modifier 修饰语Morphological process 形态过程Move 移位Negation 否认Neuter gender 中性Nominal 名词性的Nominal clause 名词性分句Nominalization 名物化Nominative case 主格Non-place predicate 空位述谓结构Numeral 数词Object 宾语Objective 宾格Oblique case 斜格Observational adequacy 观察充分性One-place predicate 一位述谓结构Onomatopoeia 拟声词Particle 小品词Parts of speech 词性Passive voice 被动语态Past perfect tense 过去完成时Past tense过去时Perfective aspect 完成体Performance 语言运用；言语行为Personal pronoun 人称代词Personification 拟人化Phrasal verb 短语动词Phrase 短语Phrase structure rules (PS-rules) 短语结构规那么Plural 复数的Plurality 复数性Postposition 后置词Postpositional phrase 后置性短语Predicate 谓词Preposition 介词Prepositional phrase 介词性短语Present tense 现在时Progressive aspect 进展体Projection principle 投射原那么Pronominal 代词性的Pronoun 代词Quantifier 数量词Reciprocal pronoun 互指代词Reflexive pronoun 反身代词Reflexive verb 反身动词Relative adverb 关系副词Relative clause 关系状语Relative pronoun 关系代词Rhetorical question 反意疑问句Sentence 句子Sentential 句子的Sentential complement 句子性补语Simple sentence 简单句Singular 单数的Singularity 单数性S-structure 表层结构Subject 主语Subjective 主格Subordinate 附属句Substantive 实词Syntactic function 句法功能Tag question 附加疑问句Tense 时态Topic 主题Transformational-generative grammar (TG grammar) 转换生成语法Transitive verb 及物动词Transitivity 及物性Two-place predicate 二位述谓结构Unaccusativity 动词的非宾格性Verb 动词Verbal behavior 言语行为Voice 语态Word classes 词类Word order 词序Yes-no question 是非问句；一般疑问句Part V Semantics语义学Agent 施事Antonym 反义词Antonymy 反义关系Beneficiary 受益者Color word 色彩词Complementarity 互补性反义关系Componential analysis 成分分析法Contradiction 自相矛盾的说法Deictic center 指示中心Deixis 指示语Downgrade 语义降格Experiencer 经历者Homography 同形异音异义Homonymy 同音异义Hyponym 下义词Hyponymy 下义Instrument 工具Locative 地点Meaningfulness 有意义Naming 命名论Participant role 参与者角色Patient 受事Person deixis 人称指示语Place deixis 地点指示语Polysemy 一词多义Possible world 可能世界Predication analysis 述谓结构分析Recipient 接收者Reference 所指Referent 所指对象Selectional restrictions 选择限制Semantic role 语义角色Sense 意义Superordinate 上义词Synonym 同义词Synonymy 同义关系Theme 受事Theta role (θ-role) 语义角色Time deixis 时间指示语Truth condition 真值条件Valency 配价Part VI Pragmatics语用学Addressee 说话对象Adjacency pair 邻接对Context 语境；上下文Conversational implicature 会话含义Cooperative principle 合作原那么Direct speech 直接话语Discourse 话语Distal 远指Encyclopedic knowledge 百科知识Euphemism 委婉语Focus 焦点Generalized implicature 广义含义Given vs. new information 与未知信息Honorific 敬语Illocutionary act 言外行为Illocutionary force 言外之力Implicature 含义Indirect speech 间接话语Informativeness principle 信息原那么Manner implicature 方式含义Maxim of manner 方式准那么Maxim of quality 质量准那么Maxim of quantity 数量准那么Maxim of relation 关联准那么Performative 施为句Performative verb 施为动词Perlocutionary act 言后行为Potential implicature 可能含义Potential presupposition 可能预设Pre-announcement 事先声明Preparatory condition 准备条件Presupposition预设Presupposition suspension 预设中止Presupposition trigger 预设激发Propositional act 命题行为Propositional content 命题容Propositional relation 命题关系Proposition 命题Proximal 近指Quality implicature 质的含义Quantity implicature 量的含义Scalar implicature 标尺含义Schema 图式Self-repair 自我修正Sincerity condition 老实原那么Speaker 说话者Speech act 言语行为Text 语篇Turn 话轮Turn-taking 话轮转换。

英美文学名词解释

1.古英语：（Old English或Anglo-Saxon）是指从450年到1150年间的英语。

古英语和现代英语无论在读音、拼写、词汇和语法上都很不一样。

古英语的语法和德语比较相近，形态变化很复杂。

公元410年，罗马人结束了对英国的占领，随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落：昂格鲁人（Angles），撒克逊人，和朱尔特人开始到不列颠定居．英语就是盎格鲁_撒克逊的人的语言．语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语，中英语，现代英语．古英语的名词有数和格的分别。

数分为单数、复数；格分为主格、所有格、与格、宾格。

因此一个名词加起来共有8种变化形式。

此外，名词还分阳性、中性和阴性。

但是比较奇怪的是，这些性的区分并不是以性别来判断的，而且没有性别的事物也未必是中性。

例如妇女就是阳性的。

2. 头韵(Alliteration)：是英语语言学分支文体学的重要术语。

头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力.从应用范围、结构特征以及审美价值三个方面对其进行分析讨论,将有助于我们理解和欣赏这一辞格. 头韵在英语里叫alliteration，又叫initial rhyme，或head rhyme，是从拉丁语短语ad literam (根据字母)转化而来的，指两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同，形成悦耳的读音，最常见的押头韵的短语有：first and foremost（首先）、（with）might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners （圣人与罪人）、（in）weal and (or) woe（无论是福是祸）。

若追本探源的话，恐怕押头韵手法可以上溯到古英语(Old English)时期。

大约五世纪时，盎格鲁萨克逊( Anglo-Saxons)入侵者给英国人带来了作为现代英语(Modern English)基础的盎格鲁萨克逊语，或许就在那时还带来一种新的诗歌形式，其主要特征就是频繁使用押头韵手法。

语言学理论及流派,最全

语言学理论及流派,最全语言学流派布拉格学派狭义的布拉格学派是指本世纪20年代后半期以来，参加布拉格语言学会,以及在学术观点,学术活动上跟这个学会有密切联系的一批语言学家和文艺理论家.广义的布拉格学派则包括参加捷克斯洛伐克语言学会等语言学团体，继承布拉格语言学会传统的当代语言学家。

布拉格学派接受了索绪尔的基本理论，承认语言是一个符号系统，但不把语言形式与超语言因素截然分开,重视语言的共时研究，但并不把它与历时研究割裂开来；他们还接受了俄国语言学家库尔德内的功能观,对语言进行结构与功能相结合的研究，因而自称为结构-功能学派。

这个学派颇有影响。

美国语言学家鲍林格作过这样的评价：”在欧洲语言学团体中，影响最大的莫过于布拉格语言学会，美国语言学的每一项重要发展，都与这一学派的学说有关.”这一学派的先驱者是马泰修斯。

1926年10月,他与雅科布逊，哈弗拉奈克，贝克尔等6人发起,建立了布拉格语言学会。

参加学会的外族人中，以俄罗斯人最多，除雅科布逊外，著名的有：特鲁贝茨柯依，卡尔采夫斯基，柯别茨基，依萨钦柯等。

俄罗斯翼成员大多专注于语言内部结构的研究，忽视语言与超语言因素的关系.捷克斯洛伐克的会员多数比较重视语言与社会的关系，注意语言理论的应用性。

他们被称为捷克翼或马泰修斯翼。

捷克翼的会员中除马泰修斯，哈弗拉奈克外,著名的还有:特伦卡，温伽尔特,穆卡硕夫斯基，瓦海克，斯卡利奇卡，柯日奈克，何拉莱克，特罗斯特，奥别尔普法尔采，博尔道夫，诺瓦克，鲍利尼等。

布拉格学派在第一届国际语言学会议(海牙,1928)上,第一次把他们的音位学的观点公诸于世，引起很大的反响.该学派集体观点的全面叙述见于他们在第一届国际斯拉夫学会议上所提出的《论纲》。

《论纲》强调语言是一种功能体系，评价任何语言现象都应从它所达到的目的，所起的功能着眼。

1929年出版会刊《布拉格语言学会论丛》。

1935年创办期刊《词和文》。

1939年捷克斯洛伐克被德国占领和支解，学会为振奋民族精神,合写了文集《关于语言和诗歌的读物》.1956年布拉格语言学会与斯拉夫语言学会等团体合并，成立了捷克斯洛伐克语言学会.1964年，捷克斯洛伐克语言学会出版会刊《布拉格语言学论丛》。

语言学术语表

语言学术语表语言学术语表语言学术语表是一个收录了语言学领域中常用术语及其解释的资源。

它旨在帮助学习语言学的人更好地理解和运用这些术语。

以下是一些常见的语言学术语及其解释：1. 语音学：研究语音及其在语言中的功能和规律的学科。

研究的内容包括音位、音素、音节、音系等。

2. 语法学：研究语言的结构和规则的学科。

研究的内容包括句法、词法、语义等。

3. 语义学：研究语言的意义和符号的学科。

研究的内容包括词义、句义、逻辑等。

4. 语用学：研究语言使用的学科。

研究的内容包括言语行为、会话分析、言外之意等。

5. 语言变体：指同一语言在不同地区、社会群体或语言社群中具有的差异。

这些差异可能涉及发音、词汇、语法等方面。

6. 语言接触：指两种或多种不同语言之间的相互影响。

这种影响可能产生语言借用、语言迁移等现象。

7. 语言演化：指语言随着时间的推移而发生变化的过程。

语言演化可能包括语音演化、语法演化、词汇演化等方面。

8. 语言习得：指个体从婴儿期开始学习一种或多种语言的过程。

语言习得可能包括语音习得、词汇习得、语法习得等方面。

9. 语言教学：指通过各种教学方法和技术帮助学习者习得一种或多种语言的过程。

语言教学可能包括听说读写、文化交流等方面。

除了上述术语之外，语言学术语表还可以包括更多的专业术语，如音韵学、文字学、翻译学、语料库等。

这些术语的解释可以帮助读者更好地理解语言学的相关概念和理论。

语言学术语表的创建旨在方便学习语言学的人查阅和学习相关术语。

通过对术语的解释和说明，读者可以更全面地了解语言学的知识和研究领域。

此外，语言学术语表还可以促进语言学研究者之间的交流和合作，提供一个共享和讨论语言学术语的平台。

《语言学》术语及英文解释

《语言学》术语及英文解释Define the following terms:1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which o riginates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenui th or intuition alone.5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,ying down rules for language use.9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge abou t the system of rules.17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22． V oicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 23．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription. 24．Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25．Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. 26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/. 27． V owl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28．Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.30．Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.31．Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32．IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34．Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41. allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.术语251. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.58. dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous60. category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.61. concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.68. surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69. c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth perio d of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72. ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his ownconsciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+human>89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone hassaid,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.ina specific context.99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.nguage perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.术语3101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of language.102. language production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so on.103. language production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.104. lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.105. macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.106. modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107. parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.108. propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng. 114. communicative competence: a speaker’s know ledge of the total set of rules,conventions,erning the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of know ledge of a grammar. 115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is”genden difference”116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,nguage determines thought.117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.118.linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.119.sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120.sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations.122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.124. locutionary act: the act of saying s omething;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and ly.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. 125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128.entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily f ollows from the other:e.g.”Mary is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”.129.ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.130. communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.131. relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have.132.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary (G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unma rkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).134.constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..135.third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.136.I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.137.direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140.narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of p assage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.141.narrator”srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example,,she considered his unpunctuality.142.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.143.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144.narrator’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the c ategories used by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.145.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he would be late.146.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147.narrator”s repr esentation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of theircharacters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.148.free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.149.direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,etc.术语4puter literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.puter linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.153.Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.154.programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.155.local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.156.CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.157.machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158.concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.159.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,160.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.rmational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retrieval system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.162.document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information retrieval.163.precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.164.recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.165.applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etcmunicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167.syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.168.interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s。

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100个最常用的语言学术语（“欧美语言学”课）
1.语言language
2.语言学linguistics
3.语言学家linguist；philologist
4.语法grammar
5.语法单位grammatical unit
6.语法形式grammatical form
7.语法意义grammatical meaning
8.语法手段grammatical device
9.语法范畴grammatical category
10.元音vowel
11.辅音consonant
12.语文学philology
13.传统语法traditional grammar
14.历史比较语言学historical comparative linguistics
15.转换生成语法transformational generative grammar
16.结构主义语言学structural linguistics
17.应用语言学applied linguistic
18.方言dialect
19.语言教学language teaching
20.语言规划language planning
21.语言政策language policy
22.语言学习策略language learning strategy
23.发现程序discovery procedure
24.语境context；language environment
25.中介语interlanguage
26.音位phoneme
27.音节syllable
28.语素morpheme
29.词法morphology
30.句法syntax
31.交际法communicative approach
32.认知cognition
33.习得acquisition
34.第二语言second language
35.第二语言习得second language acquisition （SLA）
36.自由语素free morpheme
37.黏着语素bound morpheme
38.复合词compound word
39.普遍语法universal grammar，UG
40.词类part of speech
41.直接法direct method
42.认同identification
43.语言能力language competence
44.语言机能language faculty
45.交际能力communicative competence
46.人工语言artificial language
47.外语foreign language
48.术语terminology；technical terms
49.比较comparison
50.对比语言学contrastive linguistics
51.词典学lexicography
52.母语mother tongue；native language
53.语感linguistic intuition
54.语料库corpus
55.句子sentence
56.前缀prefix
57.结构structure
58.希腊语Greek
59.拉丁语Latin
60.梵语Sanskrit
61.语音学phonetics
62.词汇学lexicology；lexics
63.语用学pragmatics
64.语源学（词源学）etymology
65.词典学lexicography
66.地理语言学geographic linguistics
67.儿童语言学the study of child language
68.翻译学translatology
69.机器翻译machine translation
70.计算语言学computational linguistics
71.目的语target language
72.普通语言学general linguistics
73.社会语言学sociolinguistics
74.实验语音学experimental phonetics
75.缩略语abbreviation
76.统计语言学statistical linguistics
77.外来词/外语词loanword；foreign words
78.网络语言cyber language；language used on the Internet
79.文化语言学cultural linguistics
80.心理语言学psycholinguistics
81.音译词transliterated word
82.语言信息处理language information processing
83.语言哲学philosophy of language
84.自然语言natural language
85.格case
86.逻辑学logic；logistics
87.修辞学rhetoric
88.词word
89.相关性relativity
90.黏着agglutination
91.语言类型学linguistic typology
92.音位学phonology；phonemics；phonematics
93.构拟reconstruction
94.组合关系syntactic relations；syntagma
95.聚合关系paradigmatic relations
96.功能function
97.变体variant
98.屈折inflection
99.派生derivation
100.直接成分immediate constituents （IC）。