附录笔记常用符号和缩略语(建议打印)

附录一笔记常用符号和缩略语(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations) 1．常用笔记符号：符号信息意义箭头符号↑ 上升；提高；增强；上涨；增长；扩大；起飞；升空；提拔；晋升（grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket, soar, appreciation, promote, upwards）↓ 下降；下沉；降低；滑坡；轰炸；减少；恶化；降职；削减/裁减（drop to, bomb, jump, go down, descend, decrease, deteriorate, depreciation, reduce, downwards）↗上扬；渐渐好转（become better and better）↘下挫；不断亏损（become worse and worse）→ 出口；去；向前；出国；前往；运往；导致；发展成为… （export to, enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, send to, transmit to, lead to, export to, cause）← 回顾；从前；进口；倒退；来自；源于（come from, originate from, receive from, go back to, import from）例如：café ← French意为: café源自于法语数学符号+ 增加；补充；除此之外；另外(furthermore, in addition to, with, and, besides, etc)—减少；删除；缺乏（minus, lack, deduct, except, subtract）×表示“不对的，错的，坏的，不好的，臭名昭著的”（mistake, incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious）> 超过，大于，胜过，优于（more than, bigger than, surpass, better than, superior to）＞＞大大超过(much greater than, much more than)< 小于，不足，次于，逊色（fewer than, less than, worse than, inferior to）＜＜远远少于(much less than)= 等于符号（equal) 在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”（equal to, the same as)，另外可以表示“是…的对手“（a rival, a competitor)等意思。

还可以表示“同等”概念(means, that is to say, in other words, the same as, etc)≠ 表示否定意思“不等于”（not equal to )，“不同”（be different from），或者“无敌、不是…对手”（matchless, peerless, no match for）≈ 表示“大约，左右”（approximately, around, about, or so）∑ 总和；总数（total, the total number/sum, totally）∵表示“原因，理由”（because, owing to, thanks to, due to）∴表示“结果、结论”（therefore, as a result, consequently, so）标点符号：表示“说，告诉，认为，宣称，声明，抗议，譬如”（say, speak, tell, declare, announce, protest, such as）? 表示“问题，疑问，问”（problem, issue, question, doubt, suspicious, skeptical, ask, puzzle, confused, mystery, bewildered）·（1）表示“观点，意见，注意，论点”（viewpoint, opinion, idea, point）（2）表示不同的时间概念。

如用“d”表示“今天”（today)，那么“昨天”（yesterday)即用“·d”表示，“前天”（the day before yesterday)同理类推，可记为“··d”，3天前（Three days ago)可写成“·3d”；“d·”表示“明天”（tomorrow)，“d··”表示“后天”（the day after tomorrow)。

！表示“危险，警告，当心，值得注意的是，重要”1）dangerous, warning, alarming, alert, hazardous, perilous, jeopardy, watch out …2）very important, vital, crucial, critical( ) 表示“包括，在…之中”（including, within, among, inside）其他符号@ 表示“关于”（about, as for, concerning, with respect to, etc）∆表示“我谨代表”（on behalf of）⊙表示会议室的圆桌（round table)，中间的一点可以把它看作一个烟灰缸或一个花瓶，因此整个符号表示“会议，开会”（meeting, meet)，或者“讨论”（discussion)等意思。

其他有关会议的单词有：conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, assembly,gathering, committee, commission, association, union, senate, parliament.∪这个符号形似一个杯子（glass)，在听力测试记录中可用来表示“协议、协定、合同”（agreement, contract, treaty, covenant, compact, convention, resolution)，因为人们签约时，往往会举杯祝福，非常形象。

表示双边协议（Bilateral Agreement)，三边协议（Trilateral Agreement)或多边协议（Multi-lateral Agreement)，也很容易，只要在∪中分别加2，3或m就可以了，即 2 3或 m。

>< 表示“对立，冲突”（confrontation, conflict）∞ 表示交流，沟通等（communication, interaction）表示“影响，效果，压力，负担”(influence, effect, affect, impact, have bearing on, pressure, stress,burden, load)♀ 表示“女性”(woman, female, famine)♂表示“男性”(man, male, masculine)□表示国家（country, state, nation）□表示“出口”(export)□表示“进口”(import)⋂表示“发展”(development, advancement)Λ 表示“领导，顶点，顶级，顶峰”1) top, head, peak, uttermost, climax, supreme, crown2) leader, director, chancellor, boss, manager, officer, captain, king, queen, emperor, empress, majesty,dictator, ruler, commander, governor, mayor, administrator, supervisor, monitor, minister, president 表示“国家领导人，政府首脑”(state leader, government head)和；与；共同；与…在一起；陪同（and, together with, accompany）√ 表示“正确，对，好，肯定，著名，同意，支持”（correct, good, affirmative, certain, well known, famous, agree, support）°表示“人，人民”(person, people)。

如：中°，US°，经°，物°～表示“交流，交换，替代，相互”（exchange, replace, mutual, each other）// ⊗表示“停顿/止，终止”（stop, halt, complete, finish）⎢⎢表示“渠道”(channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch)表示高兴（happy, glad, pleased, delighted, enjoy）∈表示“属于” (belong to)☆星号常表示“重点，重心，重视，优秀，杰出，”1) important, significant, key, crucial, critical, meaningful, essential, decisive, consequential,2) outstanding, distinguished, marked, remarkable, notable, excellent, perfect, eminent, famous,well-known, well-recognized, great, prominent, prestigious, extraordinary, glorious, noteworthy,grand, magnificent3) wonderful, terrific, fantastic, fabulous, marvelous4) chief, primary, main, major, dominant, overwhelming, most5) emphasize, stress, focus, underscore, underline, highlight, attach great importance to, lay stress on,pay attention to* 表示“特征，特点”(feature, character, characteristic, symbol, sign, peculiarity, attribute, quality, nature, trademark, mark, specialty⊕表示“医院，红十字”（hospital, red cross）TM 商标￡英镑＄美元￥人民币2.常用字母所代表的含义y 年yearM 月monthw 周weekh 小时hourm 分钟minutes 秒钟secondd 日子，今天day, today .2y 两年以前two years ago c 世纪centurye 经济economy economicsf 金融finance, financialg 政府governmentn 多个many, much, severalp 政治，政党，政权politics, policy, party s 科学，社会science, societyv 胜利，成功victory, triumph, success,achievement3.常见国际组织缩写联合国UN = United Nations安理会SC = Security Council联合国计划开发署UNDP = United Nations Development Program联合国教科文组织UNESCO= United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization联合国儿童基金会UNICEF = United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund 国际货币基金组织IMF = International Monetary Fund联合国国际法庭ICJ = International Court of Justice联合国维持和平部队UNPKF = United Nations Peace-Keeping Force国际原子能机构IAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency国际奥委会IOC = International Olympic Committee国际刑事警察组织Interpol = International Criminal Police Organization东南亚国家联盟ASEAN = Association of Southeast Asian Nations北大西洋公约组织NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization欧盟EU = European Union世贸组织WTO = World Trade Organization关贸总协定GATT = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade世界卫生组织WHO = World Health Organization亚太经济合作组织APEC = Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation石油输出国组织OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 七国集团G-7 = Group of Seven八国集团G-8 = Group of Eight5.热点词汇英文缩写：国民生产总值GNP = Gross National Product国内生产总值GDP = Gross Domestic Product五年计划5y计/p中国共产党CPC = Communist Party of China人民代表大会NPC = National People’s Congress中国人民政治协商回忆CPPCC = Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference社会保障体系社保/SSS = Social Security System中国人民保险公司PICC = People’s Insurance Company of China中国远洋运输公司COSCO = China Ocean Shipping Company经济特区SEZ = Special Economic Zone国有企业SOE = State-owned Enterprise合资企业JV = Joint V enture信息技术IT = Information Technology研究和发展R&D = Research And Development投资回报率ROI = Return of Investment外国直接投资FDI = Foreign Direct Investment汇丰银行HSBC = Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation 并购M&A = Merger and Acquisition香港特别行政区HKSAR = Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 6.单词的四种常见缩略方法1）省略所有元音Market – mkt Manager – mgr Message – msg Standard – std Receive – rcv Prepared – ppd Background – bkgd Government – gvt Package – pkg Hotel - htl2）保留前几个字母Information – info Insurance – ins Exchange – excI owe you – IOU In stead of – I/O University – uni Biology – bio Association – asso Introduction – intro Minimum – min Maximum – max Chemistry – chem. Liberation – lib Subject – sub Document – doc International - int3）保留开头和结尾Week – wk Room – rm People – pl 4）根据发音Are – rY ou – uThough – thoThrough – thruFor – 4See – c附录二口译笔记符号（补充）Part 1Part 2。