化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案
济南大学成人教育《化学工程与工艺专业英语(224201)》期末考试复习题及参考答案
9.钠：（ ）
A、sodium，Na B、iron，Fe C、gold，Au D、iodine，I E、nitrogen，N F、tin，Sn
答案： A
10.氧：（ ）
A、calcium，Ca B、carbon，C C、oxygen，O D、silver，Ag E、hydrogen，H F、chlorine，Cl
氧 答案： 二 化硫
13. aluminum oxide：（ ）
氧 铝 答案： 化
四、 句式改写
请 两 简单 为 导 1. 将 个 句合并 which或that引 的从句
The peak of graphene oxide was shifted to 22.5°. This is due to partial reduction of graphene oxide to graphene caused by coprecipitation reaction of iron ions.
苯 答案： 三甲基
3. calcium hypochlorite：（ ）
氯 钙 答案： 次 酸
4. sodium perchlorate：（ ）
氯 钠 答案： 高 酸
5. copper sulphate：（ ）
铜 答案： 硫酸
6. 2-hexene：（ ）
烯 答案： 2-己
7. dichloromethane：（ ）
单词 两 答案： therefore、hence、consequently、thus,在表示“因此”的 任意 个
4. replace：（ ）、（ ）
单词 两 答案： displace、substitute,在表示“替代”的 任意 个
5. in addition to：（ ）、（ ）
化学工程与工艺专业英语Unit_11
Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学In a wider sense, engineering may be defined as a scientific presentation of the techniques and facilities used in a particular industry. For example, mechanical engineering refers to the techniques and facilities employed to make machines. It is predominantly based on mechanical forces which are used to change the appearance and/or physical properties of the materials being worked, while their chemical properties are left unchanged. Chemical engineering encompasses the chemical processing of raw materials, based on chemical and physico-chemical phenomena of high complexity.广义来讲，工程学可以定义为对某种工业所用技术和设备的科学表达。
例如，机械工程学涉及的是制造机器的工业所用技术和设备。
它优先讨论的是机械力，这种作用力可以改变所加工对象的外表或物理性质而不改变其化学性质。
化学工程学包括原材料的化学过程，以更为复杂的化学和物理化学现象为基础。
Thus, chemical engineering is that branch of engineering which is concerned with the study of the design, manufacture, and operation of plant and machinery in industrial chemical processes.因此，化学工程学是工程学的一个分支，它涉及工业化化学过程中工厂和机器的设计、制造、和操作的研究。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案
Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers(automatic control equipment)14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9.profitbility10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam 14.cooling water15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals 1. Ethylene 2. acetic acid 3.4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes 1. Ammonia 2. ammonia absorber 3. NaCl & NH 4OH 4.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO 3Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8.9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage9. surface and underground 10.fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3－102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8.9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch 1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H + or OH –15. regenerant 16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators 9.10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product17. non-condensable gasUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions 11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganisms。
化学工程与工艺专业英语1、2、3、4、5、6、7、10、11、12、13、20、21
Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。
比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。
有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。
20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。
这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。
而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。
这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。
特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。
这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。
1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。
尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。
化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得。
石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。
今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。
它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。
这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。
这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。
2．化学工业的定义在本世纪初，要定义什么是化学工业是不太困难的，因为那时所生产的化学品是很有限的，而且是非常清楚的化学品，例如，烧碱，硫酸。
化学工程与工艺专业英语
化学工程与工艺专业英语1. Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries.尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业.2.At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time.20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。
化学化工专业英语范东生答案
化学化工专业英语范东生答案1.There are several(A)students in our grade.A.hundred.B.hundreds of.C.hundred of.D.hundreds of the.2.Seven minutes for us to finish the jobs(B)quite enough.A.are.B.am.C.is.D.were.3.What()bad news.My parents order me to finish(A)hard work in()bad weather.A.a,such a,such a.B.such,such.C.such,so.D.a,such,such a.4.English is always heard(C)in these days of China.A.taught.B.be taught.C.have taught.D.to be taught.5.Can you tell me how()medicine has(A).A.many,lost.B.much,lost.C.many,been lost.D.much,been lost.6.()New Year is coming,what will you do on(A)New Year‟s Day.A.the.B.;C.The;a.D.The.7.left my pen and now I‟v e no one(C).A.to write.B.to write by.C.to writ for.D.to write with.8.It was too noisy for me(C).A.to go to bed.B.to fall asleep.C.to get to asleepD.to go to asleep.9.What(C)you sing if she plays the piano for you.A.would like.B.did.C.do.D.will.10.When the hard job(C),we‟ll travel to the Great Wall.A.is finished.B.was finished.C.will be finished.D.has been finished.。
化学工程与工艺专业英语unit1精品文档
into them. The difficultly comes in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of activities, To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride)/poly (vinyl acetate). Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer,
has made to meet and satisfy our needs? 4 . Is the chemical industry capital-or labor-intensive? Why?
1. Origins of the Chemical Industry
Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800,and developed to provide chemicals for use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking.
化学化工专业英语部分练习参考答案
化学化工专业英语部分练习参考答案P8.练习答案：（4）I-steel 工字钢；I-shaped I型材；n-region n区p-region p区；T-beam 丁字梁，T型梁P-N-junction P-N结；T-connecting 丁字接头，T形接法A.C.:alternating current 交流电D.C.:direct current 直流电P13.练习答案：一、注意名词单复数的译法1、这台设备已经用了许多年了。
2、空气是各种气体的混合物。
3、许多植物能利用二氧化碳中的氧。
4、带负电荷的机体所含电子数多于质子数。
5、其它蒸发材料（物质）和蒸发过程将简要地加以讨论。
6、这样的一些操作要求物质由气流传递到液体中去。
7、如果不饱和性归因于三键的存在，那么这些化合物都会被称为炔烃。
8、尚未试图在蒸发过程中将蒸汽分馏成各种馏分。
9、许多盐、酸和碱等化合物将被广泛应用于家庭、工业和医药实践中。
10、苯的同系物是那些苯环上含有单烷基（取代一个氢）或多烷基（取代多个氢）的物质。
11、当然，一旦酸失去质子，碱必然接受质子。
因此，酸和碱的反应就是一种质子转移的反应。
这种反应就是我们通常所知的中和反应。
12、这篇文章着重讨论一些原料和成品生产技术上最近的发展。
二、注意词义引申的译法1、叔醇非常难以氧化。
2、含1个到4个碳原子的正烷烃是气体。
3、通常,所有的金属都是良导体,其中银的传导性最好,其次是铜。
4.从两种或任意多种溶液中分离溶质都需要蒸馏的分馏技术。
三、注意词的增译及省译1、橡胶能阻止电流通过。
2、过去每到他轮班时就会给车床上油。
3、从这个意义上讲，结构分析普遍应用于大多数的有机研究。
4、过去在电子尚未被发现以前，人们就假定了不可见电流是从正极流向负极。
5、有人看见这些工人在修理发电机。
6、这些植物提取物的功效已经为早期人类所发现。
7、树木之所以幸存是因为其进化已经使它们成为了高度分隔的有机体。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案
Key to Exerci se Unit 1 Chemic al Indust ries1.the Indust rialRevolu tionani c chemic als3.the contac t proces s4.the Haberproces s5.synthe tic polyme rs6.interm ediat es7.artifi cialfertil izers 8.pestic ides9.synthe tic fibers10.pharma ceuti cal11.resear ch and develo pment12.petroc hemic alput ers14.capita l intens iveSome Chemic als Used In Our DailyLifeFood artifi cialfertil izers, pestic ide, veteri naryproduc ts Health antibi otics, β-blocke rsClothi ng synthe tic fibers (e.g. polyes ters, polyam ides),synthe tic dyesShelte r synthe tic polyme rs (e.g. urea-formal dehyd e,polyur ethan es),plasti csLeisur e plasti cs and polyme rs (e.g. nylon)Transp ort additi ves (e.g. anti-oxidan ts, viscos ity indeximpove ments),polyme rs, plasti csUnit 2 Resear ch and Develo pment1.R&D2.ideasand knowle dge3.proces s and produc ts4.fundam ental5.applie d6.produc t develo pment7.existi ng produc t8.pilotplant9. a emergi ng case10.enviro nment al impact11.energy cost 12.techni cal suppor t13.proces s improv ement14.efflue nt treatm ent15.pharma ceuti cal16.suffic ientl y pure17.Reacti on18.unreac ted materi al19.by-produc ts20.the produc t specif icati on21.Produc t storag eUnit 3 Typica l Activi tiesof Chemic al Engine ers1.Mechan ical2.electr ical3.civil4.scale-upmer cial-size6.reacto rs7.distil latio n column s8.pumps9.contro l and instru menta tion10.mathem atics11.indust ry12.academ ia13.steam14.coolin g water15.an econom ical16.to improv e17.P&I Drawin gs18.Equipm ent Specif icati on Sheets19.Constr uctio n20.capaci ty and perfor mance21.bottle necks22.Techni cal Sales23.new or improv ed24.engine ering method s25.config urati onsUnit 4 Source s of Chemic als1.inorga nic chemic als2.derive from3.petroc hemic al proces ses4.Metall ic ores5.extrac tionproces s6.non-renewa ble resour ce7.renewa ble source s8.energy source9.fermen tatio n proces s10.select ive 11.raw materi al12.separa tionand purifi catio n13.food indust ry14.to be wetted15.Key to succes s16.Crushi ng and grindi ng17.Sievin g18.Stirri ng and bubbli ng19.Surfac e active agents20.Overfl owingUnit 5 BasicChemic als1.Ethyle ne2.acetic acid3.Polyme rizat ion4.Polyvi nyl acetat e5.Emulsi on paintHigh-volume sector Low-volume sectorProduc tionscaletens to hundre ds of thousa ndstons per yeartens to a few thousa nds tonsper yearProduc ts / a plantsingle produc t multi-produc ts Operat ion manner contin uousbatchPriceor profit fairly cheapvery profit ableUsageinterm ediat es end-produc tsChalle ngesreduce d demand, enviro nment pollut ionProdu c ts in the secto r sulph u ric acid,phosp h orus -conta i ning compo u nds, nitro g en-conta i ning compo u nds, chlor -alkal i , petro c hemi c als, commo d ity polym e rsagroc h emic a ls,dyest u ffs, pharm a ceut i cals , speci a lity polym e rsUnit 6 Chlor -Alkal i and Relat e d Proce s ses 1. Ammon i a 2. ammon i a absor b er 3. NaCl & NH4OH 4. Carbo n dioxi d e5. NH4Cl 6. Rotar y drier 7. Light Na2CO 38. Water Produ c tRaw mater i alMajor steps or Princ i pal react i ons UsesSoda-ashbrine ,limes t oneammon i atin g ,carbo n atin g , preci p itat i ng, filte r ing, dryin g , calci n ingraw mater i al forglass m akin g , sodiu m silic a te; as an alkal i Chlor i ne brine 2Na + + 2Cl -+2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2as water purif i cati o n, bleac h ing of wood pulp;produ c tion of vinyl chlor i de, solve n ts,inorg a nic chlor i ne-conta i ning produ c ts Caust i c soda brine 2Na + + 2Cl - +2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2for paper -makin g ,manuf a ctur e of inorg a nicchemi c als, synth e ses of organ i cchemi c als,produ c tion of alumi n a andsoap Sulfu r ic acideleme n tal sulph u rS +O 2 → SO 2SO 2 + O 2 → SO 3 SO 3 + H 2O → H2SO4feeds t ock for ferti l izer s ; produ c tion of ethan o l, hydro f luor i c acid, alumi n um sulph a tesUnit 10 What Is Chemi c al Engin e erin gMicro s cale (≤10-3m) ● Atomi c and molec u lar studi e s of catal y sts● Chemi c al proce s sing in the manuf a ctur e of integ r ated circu i ts ●Studi e s of the dynam i cs of suspe n sion s and micro s truc t ured fluid sMesos c ale (10-3－102m)●Improv ing the rate and capaci ty of separa tions equipm ent●Design of inject ion moldin g equipm ent to produc e car bumper s madefrom polyme rs●Design ing feedba ck contro l system s for biorea ctorsMacros cale(>10m)●Operab ility analys is and contro l system synthe sis for an entire chemic alplant●Mathem atica l modeli ng of transp ort and chemic al reacti ons ofcombus tion-genera ted air pollut ants●Manipu latin g a petrol eum reserv oir during enhanc ed oil recove rythroug h remote sensin g of proces s data, develo pment and use of dynami cmodels of underg round intera ction s, and select ive inject ion of chemic alsto improv e effici encyof recove ryCourse Course conten tScienc e and Math. Chemis try, Physic s, Biolog y, Materi al Scienc e, Mathem atics,Comput er Instru ctionChemic al Engine eringThermo dynam ics, Kineti cs, Cataly sis,Rector Design and Analys is, Unit Operat ions, Proces s Contro l, Chemic al Engine ering Labora torie s, Design / Econom icsOtherENGINe ering Electr icalEngine ering, Mechan ics, Engine ering Drawin gHumani tiesand SocialSCIENc e Unders tandthe origin sofone’sowncultur e as well as that ofothersUnit 21 Chemic al Indust ry and Enviro nment1.ATMOSp heric chemis try2.strato spher ic ozonedeplet ion3.acid rain4.enviro nment allyfriend ly produc ts5.biodeg radab le6.harmfu l by-produc t7.effici ently8.powerplantemissi ons9.differ ent plasti cs10.recycl ed or dispos ed11.acidic wastesoluti onsani c compon ents13.membra ne techno logy14.biotec hnolo gy15.microo rgani smsFronti er Resear ch activi tiesor proble ms facedIn-site proces singFieldtests;Uncert ainti es of the proces s, Advers e enviro nment impact sProces s solidsImprov e solids fractu re proces ses,Resear ch on the mechan ics of pneuma tic and slurry transp ort, Unders tandthe chemic al reacti on proces ses,Equipm ent design and scale-upSepara tionproces sResear ch on:membra ne separa tions, chemic al select ive separa tionagents, shape-select ive porous solids,tradit ional separa tionmethod sMateri alsFind constr uctio n materi als, Develo p new proces s-relate d materi als, Develo p less energy intens ive materi alsDesign and scale-up Comple xity, Lack of basicdata,。
化工专业英语练习题 参考答案
练习一参考答案1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1)A process is any operation or series of operations that causes a physical or chemical change in asubstance or a mixture of substances .The material that enters a process is referred to as input or feed the process,and that which leaves is called output or product.2)As a chemical engineer,you might be called on to design individual process units (such as reactors,distillation columns,heat exchangers),supervise the operation of a process,or modify a process design to accommodate a change in the feed or in the desired product characteristics.As a rule,to any of these things you must know the amounts,compositions,and conditions of the materials that enter and leave each process unit,and if you are working with an existing units,you must be able to measure enough of these quantities to verify that the process is doing what it was designed to do.3)Founded in 1839from a small production firm for pharmaceutical products,B.Braun has grown steadilyinto a multinational company dealing with medical products,medical technology,pharmaceutical and biotechnology.2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1）包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸发、过滤，无论产物是什么，这些操作都基本同，从而导致了单元操作的概念。
化学工程与工艺 专业英语(二)
Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them.
1
h
In simple terms research can be thought
of as the activity which produces new idea
and knowledge whereas development is
putting those idea into practice as new
Note, however, that there has been a major
change in recent years as academic institutions
have increasingly turned to industry for research
化学化工专业英语长句完整版答案.doc
化学化⼯专业英语长句完整版答案.doc化学化⼯专业英语答案第九章长句练习课后习题答案1, The two pairs of electrons of oxygen mav be shared with, one carbon alone forming a double bond,or with two separate carbons, or with one carbon and one hydrogen forming only single bonds.-译⽂：氧上的两对电⼦可与⼀个碳共⽤⽽形成双键，也可与两个不直接相连的碳原⼦共⽤形成单键，也可与⼀个碳原⼦和氢原⼦分别形成单键。
（相当于三个并列句，顺译法）?2, [Although] organic chemistry is more than 150 years old, its progresses faster than ever5[ as the result of newtheoretical concepts and experimental techniques fromother areas of science.]-译⽂：尽管有机化学的历史已超过150年，但由于其它领域内不断浦现出新的理论与实验技术，有机化学的发展速度⽐以往任何时候都要快。
（倒译法，把as引导的状语从句提前）3、The synthesis of organic compounds involves conversion of available substances of known structure,through a sequence of particular, controlled chemicalreactions, into other compounds bearing a desiredmolecular structure.译⽂对屈类物质的处理通常是将硝酸与硫酸按⼀定浓度 ?'-译⽂：有机化合物的合成是将已知结构的物质，通过特定的、可控制的化学反应，转化为含有⽬标分⼦结构的其它化合物。
化学工程与工艺专业英语eighth
Eb1 : 辐射力
I
：定向辐射强度
b1
X dA1 ,dA2
dA2
cos1 r 2
cos 2
(1)
图8-2 两微元面间的辐射
同理：
X dA2 ,dA1
dA1
cos1 r 2
cos2
(2)
整理（1）、（2）式得：
X dA1 ,dA2dA1 X dA2 ,dA1dA2
(3)
两微元表面角系数的相对性表达式： dA1 X dA1 ,dA2 dA2 X dA2 ,dA1
守衡原理，从任何一个表面发射出的辐射能必 全部落到封闭系统的个表面上。因此，任何一 个表面对封闭腔各表面的角系数之间存在下列 关系：
X1,1 X1,2 X1,3 X1,n 1
n
X1,i 1
(5)
i 1
图8-3 角系数的完整性
上式称为角系数的完整性。
注：若表面1为非凹表面时，X1,1 = 0；若
A1 X 1,2 A2 X 2,1 A1 X 1,3 A3 X 3,1 A2 X 2,3 A3 X 3,2
上述方程解得：
X 1,2
A1
A2 2 A1
A3
X 1,3
A1
A3 2A3
A2
X 2,3
A2
A3 2A2
A1
由于垂直纸面方向的长度相同，则有：
X 1,2
l1
l2 l3 2l1
根据角系数的完整性：
X ab，cd 1 X ab，ac X ab，bd
X ab，ac
ab ac bc 2ab
ab bd ad
X ab，bd
2ab
(bc ad) (ac bd)
X ab,cd
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题答案
• 创新 (innovation)
术语 (terminology)
• 阀 (valve) 流程图 (flow sheet or flow chart)
• 梯度 (gradient)
组成 (composition)
• 杂质 (impurity)
模拟 (simulation)
Supplementary Exercise 3: Nomenclature of Chemical Elements in the Fifth Period
• (7) artificial fertilizers • (8) crop protection chemicals • (9) technology • (10) pharmaceutical • (11) research and development • (12) petrochemical • (13) automatic controll equipment • (14) capital rather-than-labor intensive
• 2. 钛元素的英文名称是什么？有什么含义？ • 答案：钛元素的英文名称是titanium，源于希腊
神话中的巨人神 “Titan”。 • 3 为什么铁原子的英文名称和元素符号不一致？ • 答案：铁原子的英文名称iron是从拉丁语的矿石
aes ，或德语eisen铁的光泽和冰 eis 相似而得来。 元素符号Fe来自拉丁语firrus“坚硬”的第一个 字母。
光谱分析中确认，使用希腊神话中太阳神 “Helios”的名字命名。
• 3. 钠原子的英文名称是什么？钠的元素符号为什 么不是英文名称的第一个字母？
• 答案：钠原子的英文名称sodium来源于阿拉伯 语suda，而钠的元素符号来源于它的拉丁文名称 natron的第一个字母，所以有不同的表示。
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》全本
Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:1.When did the modern chemical industry start?2.Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?3.What are the contribution which the chemical industry has made tomeet and satisfy our needs?4.Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》全本
Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
化学化工专业英语部分练习参考答案
化学化工专业英语部分练习参考答案P8.练习答案：（4）I-steel 工字钢；I-shaped I型材；n-region n区p-region p区；T-beam 丁字梁，T型梁P-N-junction P-N结；T-connecting 丁字接头，T形接法A.C.:alternating current 交流电D.C.:direct current 直流电P13.练习答案：一、注意名词单复数的译法1、这台设备已经用了许多年了。
2、空气是各种气体的混合物。
3、许多植物能利用二氧化碳中的氧。
4、带负电荷的机体所含电子数多于质子数。
5、其它蒸发材料（物质）和蒸发过程将简要地加以讨论。
6、这样的一些操作要求物质由气流传递到液体中去。
7、如果不饱和性归因于三键的存在，那么这些化合物都会被称为炔烃。
8、尚未试图在蒸发过程中将蒸汽分馏成各种馏分。
9、许多盐、酸和碱等化合物将被广泛应用于家庭、工业和医药实践中。
10、苯的同系物是那些苯环上含有单烷基（取代一个氢）或多烷基（取代多个氢）的物质。
11、当然，一旦酸失去质子，碱必然接受质子。
因此，酸和碱的反应就是一种质子转移的反应。
这种反应就是我们通常所知的中和反应。
12、这篇文章着重讨论一些原料和成品生产技术上最近的发展。
二、注意词义引申的译法1、叔醇非常难以氧化。
2、含1个到4个碳原子的正烷烃是气体。
3、通常,所有的金属都是良导体,其中银的传导性最好,其次是铜。
4.从两种或任意多种溶液中分离溶质都需要蒸馏的分馏技术。
三、注意词的增译及省译1、橡胶能阻止电流通过。
2、过去每到他轮班时就会给车床上油。
3、从这个意义上讲，结构分析普遍应用于大多数的有机研究。
4、过去在电子尚未被发现以前，人们就假定了不可见电流是从正极流向负极。
5、有人看见这些工人在修理发电机。
6、这些植物提取物的功效已经为早期人类所发现。
7、树木之所以幸存是因为其进化已经使它们成为了高度分隔的有机体。
化学工程与工艺专业英语二.
Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. In may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the “real world ”will be apparent. Not that it will be provide a valuable training in defining and solving problems, i.e. research methodology for the research student who carries it out, under supervision. however, later “spin offs” from such
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Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers(automatic control equipment)14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9.profitbility10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam 14.cooling water15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals 1. Ethylene 2. acetic acid 3.4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes 1. Ammonia 2. ammonia absorber 3. NaCl & NH 4OH 4.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO 3Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8.9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage9. surface and underground 10.fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3－102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8.9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch 1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H + or OH –15. regenerant 16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators 9.10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product17. non-condensable gasUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions 11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganisms。