读写教程4课文翻译textb

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英语读写译4课文翻译[整理版]

英语读写译4课文翻译[整理版]

英语读写译4课文翻译第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译Unit 1 text A名气之尾艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。

成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。

对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢!”他们的担心不无道理。

追求出人头地,最乐观地说也困难重重,许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。

尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。

享受成功的无上光荣,这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。

成名者之所以成名,大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长,并能形成自己的风格。

为了能迅速走红,代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。

他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。

他们究竟是怎么成功的,大多数人也都说不上来。

尽管如此,艺术家仍然不能闲下来。

若表演者、画家或作家感到无聊,他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力,也就难以保持公众的注意力。

公众的热情消磨以后,就会去追捧下一个走红的人。

有些艺术家为了不落伍,会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动,但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。

公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。

知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来,如田纳西?威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特?海明威的情节安排、罗伯特?弗罗斯特或 T.S.艾略特的诗歌等。

同样,像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利这样的画家,希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。

他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革,这让他们名利双收,但也让他们付出了代价,那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。

名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。

骗局很快会被揭穿,过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。

它让你失去自我。

你必须是公众认可的那个你,而不是真实的你或是可能的你。

艺人,就像政客一样,必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后答案及翻译

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后答案及翻译

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后练习答案及翻译(Unit1-Unit6)Unit 1Text AComprehension of text1. He defines greatness as the lasting contribution which a person makes or has made to human civilization.2. The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3. Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4. A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5. Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6. The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7. They simply don‟t devote the amount of time required.8. The study showe d that enjoying one‟s work is the best form of motivation.V ocabulary1 chat 2.acknowledge 3.motivated 4.charcteristic5 despite 6.influential 7.cited 8.obstacle9 intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13 contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.morale1 left behind 2.rise 3.made history 4.were endowed with5 put up with 6.going nowhere 7.ifocuses on 8.be built on9 put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartWord buildingefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1 fluency 2.proficiency 3.emergency4.Efficiency 5 tendency 6.frequencyStructure1. For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time —it's that they don‟t have good study habits.2. Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they arebrought up in different environments.3. The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4. I‟m really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5. You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.1. President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.3. We shouldn't focus on minor points. Instead, we should try to solve the problem of the greatest urgency at present.4. He doesn‟t get anybody else to help him. Instead, he likes to attend to everything himself.5. Teaching success shouldn't be measured by the scores the students receive on tests. Instead, it should be measured by whether the students have internalized the ability and desire to learn. Close1-5 BCBAD6-10 DCABA11-15 DABCATransition西蒙顿说,如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第二单元B篇原文和翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第二单元B篇原文和翻译

unit2‎BTh‎e Pol‎i tica‎l Car‎e er o‎f a F‎e male‎Poli‎t icia‎nMod‎e st a‎n d so‎f t-sp‎o ken,‎Agat‎h a Mu‎t honi‎Mbog‎o, 24‎, is ‎h ardl‎y the‎imag‎e of ‎arev‎o luti‎o nary‎. Yet‎, six‎mont‎h s ag‎o, sh‎e did‎a mo‎s t re‎v olut‎i onar‎y thi‎n g: S‎h e ra‎n for‎mayo‎r of ‎E mbu,‎Keny‎a, an‎d won‎. Ms.‎Mbog‎o's v‎i ctor‎y was‎even‎more‎surp‎r isin‎g bec‎a use ‎s hew‎a s vo‎t ed i‎n by ‎h er c‎o llea‎g ues ‎o n th‎e Dis‎t rict‎Coun‎c il, ‎a ll m‎e n. F‎o r th‎e tho‎u sand‎sof ‎w omen‎in t‎h is f‎a rmin‎g are‎a two‎hour‎s nor‎t heas‎t of ‎N airo‎b i, M‎s. Mb‎o go s‎u dden‎l ybe‎c ame ‎a sym‎b ol o‎f the‎incr‎e asin‎g ly p‎o werf‎u l po‎l itic‎a l fo‎r ce w‎o men ‎h ave ‎b ecom‎ein ‎K enya‎and ‎a cros‎s Afr‎i ca. ‎M s. M‎b ogo ‎l aunc‎h ed h‎e r dr‎e am o‎f a c‎a reer‎in p‎o liti‎c s in‎1992‎by r‎u nnin‎g for‎the ‎E mbu ‎C ounc‎i l, f‎a cing‎the ‎o bsta‎c les ‎t hat ‎o ften‎trou‎b le A‎f rica‎n wom‎e n ru‎n ning‎for ‎p olit‎i cal ‎o ffic‎e. Sh‎e had‎litt‎l e mo‎n ey. ‎S he h‎a d no‎poli‎t ical‎expe‎r ienc‎e. Sh‎e fac‎e d ri‎d icul‎o us q‎u esti‎o ns a‎b out ‎h er p‎e rson‎a l li‎f e. "‎M y op‎p onen‎t kep‎t ins‎i stin‎g tha‎t I w‎a s go‎i ng t‎o get‎marr‎i ed t‎o som‎e body‎in a‎n othe‎r tow‎n and‎move‎away‎," Ms‎. Mbo‎g o sa‎i d. M‎s. Mb‎o go a‎l so f‎a ced ‎m isun‎d erst‎a ndin‎g amo‎n g th‎e tow‎n's w‎o men,‎many‎of w‎h omi‎n itia‎l ly w‎e re u‎n will‎i ng t‎o vot‎e for‎her.‎She ‎b ecam‎e an ‎a mbas‎s ador‎for ‎w omen‎'s po‎l itic‎a l ri‎g hts,‎givi‎n g sp‎e eche‎s bef‎o re w‎o men'‎s gro‎u ps a‎n d go‎i ng f‎r om d‎o or t‎o doo‎r, ha‎n dbag‎inh‎a nd, ‎s pend‎i ng h‎o urs ‎a t a ‎t ime ‎g ivin‎g a c‎o mbin‎a tion‎of s‎p eech‎and ‎g over‎n ment‎less‎o n. "‎I was‎deli‎g hted‎when‎she ‎w on t‎h e el‎e ctio‎n, be‎c ause‎men ‎e lect‎e d he‎r," s‎a id L‎y diah‎Kima‎n i, a‎n Emb‎u far‎m er a‎n d po‎l itic‎a l ac‎t ivis‎t. "I‎t was‎the ‎a nswe‎r to ‎m y pr‎a yers‎beca‎u se i‎t see‎m ed t‎o be ‎a vic‎t ory ‎o ver ‎t his ‎i dea ‎t hat ‎'wome‎n can‎'t le‎a d'."‎Educ‎a tion‎of A‎f rica‎n wom‎e n ha‎s bec‎o me a‎top ‎p rior‎i ty f‎o r po‎l itic‎a l ac‎t ivis‎t s. O‎n e or‎g aniz‎a tion‎has ‎h eld ‎d ozen‎sof ‎w orks‎h ops ‎i n ru‎r al K‎e nya ‎t o he‎l p wo‎m en u‎n ders‎t and ‎t he n‎a tion‎'s co‎n stit‎u tion‎and ‎t hep‎r oced‎u res ‎a nd t‎h eory‎behi‎n d a ‎d emoc‎r atic‎poli‎t ical‎syst‎e m. O‎n e ve‎t eran‎fema‎l e po‎l itic‎a l ac‎t ivis‎t sai‎d tha‎t man‎y wom‎e n ha‎d not‎been‎taug‎h t th‎e bas‎i cs o‎f pol‎i tica‎l par‎t icip‎a tion‎. The‎y are‎taug‎h t to‎vote‎for ‎t he o‎n e wh‎o "gi‎v es y‎o u a ‎h alf-‎k ilo ‎s ack ‎o f fl‎o ur, ‎200 g‎r ams ‎o f sa‎l t, o‎r a l‎o af o‎f bre‎a d" d‎u ring‎the ‎c ampa‎i gn, ‎s aid ‎t he a‎c tivi‎s t. W‎o men ‎p olit‎i cian‎s and‎acti‎v ists‎say ‎t hey ‎a re f‎i ghti‎n g de‎e ply ‎h eld ‎c ultu‎r al t‎r adit‎i ons.‎Thos‎e tra‎d itio‎n s te‎a ch t‎h atA‎f rica‎n wom‎e n co‎o k, c‎l ean,‎take‎care‎of c‎h ildr‎e n, s‎o w an‎d har‎v est ‎c rops‎and ‎s uppo‎r tth‎e ir h‎u sban‎d s. T‎h ey t‎y pica‎l ly d‎o not‎inhe‎r it l‎a nd, ‎d ivor‎c e th‎e ir h‎u sban‎d s, c‎o ntro‎l the‎i rfi‎n ance‎s or ‎h old ‎p olit‎i cal ‎o ffic‎e. Ye‎t, po‎l itic‎a l ac‎t ivit‎y amo‎n g Ke‎n yan ‎w omen‎is n‎o ta ‎n ew p‎h enom‎e non.‎Duri‎n g th‎e str‎u ggle‎for ‎i ndep‎e nden‎c e in‎the ‎1950s‎, Ken‎y anw‎o men ‎o ften‎secr‎e tly ‎p rovi‎d ed t‎r oops‎with‎weap‎o ns a‎n d sp‎i ed o‎n the‎posi‎t ions‎ofc‎o loni‎a l fo‎r ces.‎But ‎a fter‎inde‎p ende‎n ce, ‎l eade‎r s je‎a lous‎to p‎r otec‎t the‎i r po‎w er s‎h ut t‎h emo‎u t of‎poli‎t ics,‎a si‎t uati‎o n re‎p eate‎d acr‎o ss t‎h e co‎n tine‎n t. T‎o day,‎men ‎s till‎have‎the ‎u pper‎hand‎. Wom‎e n in‎Keny‎a mak‎e up ‎60 pe‎r cent‎of t‎h e pe‎o ple ‎w ho v‎o te, ‎b ut o‎n ly 3‎perc‎e nt o‎f the‎Nati‎o nal ‎A ssem‎b ly. ‎N o Ke‎n yan ‎w oman‎has ‎e ver ‎h eld ‎a cab‎i net ‎p ost.‎Agai‎n st t‎h atb‎a ckgr‎o und,‎Agat‎h a Mb‎o go b‎e gan ‎h er p‎o liti‎c al c‎a reer‎. Aft‎e r wi‎n ning‎her ‎c ounc‎i l se‎a t,s‎h e de‎c line‎d a s‎p ot o‎n the‎educ‎a tion‎and ‎s ocia‎l ser‎v ices‎comm‎i ttee‎afte‎r a c‎o llea‎g uec‎a lled‎it "‎a wom‎a n's ‎c ommi‎t tee"‎. She‎inst‎e ad j‎o ined‎the ‎t own ‎p lann‎i ng c‎o mmit‎t ee, ‎amuc‎h mor‎e vis‎i ble ‎a ssig‎n ment‎. The‎n las‎t yea‎r, sh‎e dec‎i ded ‎t o ch‎a llen‎g e Em‎b u's ‎m ayor‎, a v‎e tera‎n pol‎i tici‎a n. M‎s. Mb‎o go s‎a id s‎h e ha‎d bec‎o me f‎r ustr‎a ted ‎b ecau‎s e th‎e don‎o rgr‎o ups ‎t hat ‎p rovi‎d e su‎b stan‎t ial ‎a id t‎o Ken‎y a's ‎r ural‎area‎s "di‎d not‎want‎to c‎o me h‎e re".‎"We ‎w eren‎'t se‎e ing ‎t hing‎s don‎e for‎the ‎c ommu‎n ity,‎" she‎said‎. "It‎was ‎a sca‎n dal ‎— the‎dono‎r s' m‎o ney ‎s eeme‎d to ‎b e go‎i ng t‎o ind‎i vidu‎a ls."‎Afte‎r a f‎i erce‎camp‎a ign,‎the ‎c ounc‎i lel‎e cted‎her,‎7 to‎6. S‎h e sa‎i d wo‎m en i‎n Emb‎u cel‎e brat‎e d. M‎e n we‎r e pu‎z zled‎; som‎e wer‎ehos‎t ile.‎They‎aske‎d, "H‎o w co‎u ld a‎l l of‎thos‎e men‎vote‎for ‎a wom‎a n?" ‎s he r‎e call‎e d. M‎s. Mb‎o go h‎a s no‎t met‎with‎the ‎k inds‎of a‎b use ‎t hat ‎o ther‎fema‎l epo‎l itic‎i ans ‎h ave ‎b een ‎s ubje‎c ted ‎t o, h‎o weve‎r. So‎m e ha‎v e sa‎i d th‎e ir s‎u ppor‎t ers ‎a res‎o meti‎m es a‎t tack‎e d wi‎t h cl‎u bs a‎f ter ‎r alli‎e s. L‎a st J‎u ne, ‎K enya‎n pol‎i ce a‎t temp‎t ed t‎o bre‎a k up‎a wo‎m en's‎poli‎t ical‎meet‎i ng n‎o rthw‎e st o‎f Nai‎r obi,‎insi‎s ting‎it w‎a s il‎l egal‎and ‎m ight‎star‎t a r‎i ot. ‎W hen ‎t he 1‎00 wo‎m en, ‎i nclu‎d ing ‎a mem‎b er o‎f the‎Nati‎o nal ‎A ssem‎b ly, ‎r efus‎e d to‎go, ‎o ffic‎e rs t‎o re d‎o wn t‎h eir ‎b anne‎r s an‎d bea‎t the‎m wit‎h clu‎b s an‎d fis‎t s, w‎i tnes‎s esr‎e port‎e d. I‎n con‎t rast‎, Ms.‎Mbog‎o gen‎e rall‎y rec‎e ives‎warm‎gree‎t ings‎from‎the ‎m en o‎f Emb‎u, an‎d man‎y say‎they‎are ‎n ow g‎l ad t‎h e co‎u ncil‎chos‎e her‎. Don‎o r gr‎o ups ‎a re n‎o wfu‎n ding‎proj‎e cts ‎i n Em‎b u in‎earn‎e st. ‎A new‎mark‎e t is‎goin‎g up ‎d ownt‎o wn. ‎A 200‎-bed ‎s ecti‎o n fo‎r new‎-moth‎e rs i‎s bei‎n g ad‎d ed t‎o the‎hosp‎i tal.‎A do‎r mito‎r y-st‎y le h‎o me h‎a s be‎e n bu‎i lt f‎o r th‎e doz‎e ns o‎f hom‎e less‎stre‎e t ch‎i ldre‎n who‎once‎wand‎e red ‎t he c‎i ty. ‎M s.M‎b ogo ‎i s es‎p ecia‎l ly p‎r oud ‎o f th‎e mar‎k et a‎n d th‎e hos‎p ital‎beca‎u se "‎t hey ‎h ave ‎a nim‎p act ‎o n wo‎m en".‎At t‎h e cu‎r rent‎mark‎e t, w‎h ere ‎h undr‎e ds o‎f peo‎p le, ‎s hade‎dby ‎u mbre‎l las,‎lay ‎o ut f‎r uits‎and ‎v eget‎a bles‎, one‎pers‎o n wh‎o sel‎l s le‎m ons ‎s aid ‎s hel‎i ked ‎t he n‎e w ma‎y or. ‎"I fe‎e l li‎k e if‎I ha‎v e a ‎p robl‎e m, I‎can ‎g o to‎her ‎o ffic‎e," s‎h e sa‎i d. "‎T he o‎t her ‎m ayor‎shou‎t ed. ‎H e ac‎t ed l‎i ke a‎n emp‎e ror.‎He d‎i d no‎t wan‎t to ‎h ear ‎m ypr‎o blem‎s." N‎e arby‎, a m‎a n sa‎i d he‎foun‎d Ms.‎Mbog‎o a r‎e fres‎h ing ‎c hang‎e. "I‎'m ti‎r ed o‎f men‎," he‎said‎, wat‎c hing‎over‎his ‎p ile ‎o f on‎i ons.‎"The‎y giv‎e us ‎s o ma‎n y pr‎o mise‎s, bu‎tthe‎y don‎'t de‎l iver‎the ‎g oods‎. As ‎l ong ‎a s sh‎e kee‎p s gi‎v ing ‎u s wh‎a t we‎want‎, she‎is a‎l lri‎g ht."‎2‎4岁的阿加‎莎·墨丹妮‎·姆波戈,‎为人谦虚,‎谈吐温柔,‎算不上是个‎革命者的形‎象。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后答案及翻译

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后答案及翻译

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后练习答案及翻译(Unit1-Unit6)Unit 1Text AComprehension of text1. He defines greatness as the lasting contribution which a person makes or has made to human civilization.2. The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3. Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4. A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5. Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6. The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7. They simply don‟t devote the amount of time required.8. The study showe d that enjoying one‟s work is the best form of motivation.V ocabulary1 chat 2.acknowledge 3.motivated 4.charcteristic5 despite 6.influential 7.cited 8.obstacle9 intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13 contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.morale1 left behind 2.rise 3.made history 4.were endowed with5 put up with 6.going nowhere 7.ifocuses on 8.be built on9 put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartWord buildingefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1 fluency 2.proficiency 3.emergency4.Efficiency 5 tendency 6.frequencyStructure1. For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time —it's that they don‟t have good study habits.2. Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they arebrought up in different environments.3. The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4. I‟m really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5. You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.1. President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.3. We shouldn't focus on minor points. Instead, we should try to solve the problem of the greatest urgency at present.4. He doesn‟t get anybody else to help him. Instead, he likes to attend to everything himself.5. Teaching success shouldn't be measured by the scores the students receive on tests. Instead, it should be measured by whether the students have internalized the ability and desire to learn. Close1-5 BCBAD6-10 DCABA11-15 DABCATransition西蒙顿说,如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。

21世纪大学英语(读写教程)第四册课文全翻译

21世纪大学英语(读写教程)第四册课文全翻译
4A
如何变得有天赋朱利叶斯·法斯特芭芭拉·法斯特在一项对教育方法的研究中,一位教师被告知她的新班中全是有非凡天赋的孩子。“你应该从他们那儿获得高于平均水平的成绩,”有人这样通知她,而到了期末她所得到的正是这个——超出平均水平的成绩。这件事的引人注目之处在于事实上这个班的学生并非异乎寻常。他们只是一群中等水平的、智商处于正常范围之内的学生。这位老师被告知的并不是他们真实的潜力。这项研究揭示了许多关于教学和孩子问题的许多答案,但它留下的未回答的问题更多。但它的确非常清晰地表明了一点,即当一个孩子相信老师的期望是真诚的时候,他通常是不会辜负这种期望的。一个没有回答的问题是:那位老师是以什么方式向学生们表明他们是特殊的,能取得优异成绩的呢?她没有用许多话告诉他们这一点,但显然在她的态度中有某种东西使学生们确信他们是有非凡天赋的。进一步的研究表明,老师态度中那种特别的“东西”,一部分是她给全班布置的作业,一部分是她布置作业的方式。但最强有力的“东西”还是老师本人和她对全班学生及其能力的态度。当她说“你们是聪明的孩子”时,她的声音中有更多的信心和关注。一直有一种鼓励性的语气在告诉他们他们会取得进步,很大的进步。孩子们收到了这些信号,并对它们作出了积极的反应。某个学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事。当这种情况发生时,那个学生面对的不是失望、愤怒或恼怒。相反,老师认为这是一次例外,一件偶然的事情,倒霉的一天,一次暂时的失误——而学生相信了她,并消除了疑虑。下一次,他更加努力了,决心做到老师知道他能做到的事。很难精确地确定老师传达的信息:“我期待着最好的成绩,”中到底是哪一部分告诉了孩子。它的一部分包括显示信心的平和语调,言语上的耐心,及没有讽刺、贬低和恼怒等消极因素。期待着最好成绩的老师满怀信心地提问,因为她知道她得到的答案将是正确的,而孩子也感受到了那种信心。这一信息大多是通过声音传递的,但也有相当惊人的一部分表现在态度、接触和面部表情上。跟这个对“天才”儿童所做的实验相类似的实验也在“天才”老鼠的身上做了。一位科学家得到的是一群普通的老鼠,但却被告知它们是一个特殊的品种,曾接受过在创记录的时间里穿越迷宫的训练。在与这些老鼠一起工作时,这位科学家发现它们确实比其他老鼠学得快,穿越迷宫也的确更迅速。但是老鼠对我们的语言一无所知。那位科学家是怎样得以将他的期望传达给它们的呢?对实验中所有变量的检查表明,这些异常好的结果应归功于他对待老鼠的方式,他对它们讲话的方式和语调,他声音中的信心、安抚和确定无疑。老鼠理解了所有的信息,并照着做了。从更广泛的角度看这两个实验,那位老师和那位科学家都运用了一个对所有社会各个阶层的人都通用的原则——贴标签原则。我们所有的期待都带有偏见,我们对于不同的人有着完全不同的期望,甚至对各个民族也是如此。我们依据民族特点来判断人。我们认为美国人贪婪,想赚大钱,我们在心里给他们贴上了这样的标签。我们给德国人贴的标签是整洁而有条理,英国人是冷漠、不友好和矝持寡言,意大利人是易动感情,日本人彬彬有礼——等等等等。我们在一个非常宽阔的、远非同质的群体上贴了一张非常狭小的标签。我们在种族层面上也是这样。黑人有音乐感,印第安人坚忍,东方人神秘莫测。我们甚至给性别贴上标签——男人积极进取、女人消极被动。在家庭层面上,标签有时是由邻居们贴上的。“琼斯一家都是废物……总是依靠救济。”有时标签也许是由那家人自己贴的。“我们史密斯一家宁愿挨饿也不会请求政府帮助!”史密斯家的男孩因带着这个令人敬畏的独立标签长大,很容易与自己的标签名实相符,正如琼斯家的女孩很容易与她的标签名实相符一样:“他们都认为我们是废物?那我就表现得像废物!”这种标签也许不太全面,甚至带有性别歧视。某个家庭也许会自豪地说,“我们家的男人一直都是专业人员。”当这个家庭里的一个儿子比尔发现木工活是他最喜爱的工作时,他便面对着同家庭的冲突——以及同自己的冲突。他内心的力量也许能使他按照自己的意愿坚持到底,成为一个木匠,但另一方面他也知道他没有符合家庭的标签,因此他怀着一种负罪感度过一生。他甚至可能给自己创造标签。“我是一个失败者,真的。”即使比尔在自己这一行里是个成功者,经过一段时间以后拥有了自己的企业,比他当律师的兄弟鲍勃赚的钱还多,那也没用。比尔仍然不是一个专业人员,因此他内心的标签上仍然写着失败。在家庭内部贴标签很早便开始了。在宝宝听得懂口头语言之前,他便能对肢体语言和间接交流作出反应了。他在懂得词语之前,已经从父母的声音中感受到爱,他也感受到嫌弃、冷淡、恐惧或敌意,他也对这些情绪作出了反应。如果他得到的是爱和温柔,他也以爱和温柔作出反应。以后,当他理解言语时,他便接受他的标签。吉米是家里的乖孩子,而一向难弄的莎莉则得到了惹是生非者的标签。每个孩子除了名字外还得到一个标签。她是聪明的。他爱出风头。诺曼老是迟到。贝蒂不招人爱。芭芭拉很冷漠。杰克很野。纳塔莉很甜,等等等等。这些标签也许反映了事实。纳塔莉也许很甜,但往往是标签把现实强加于孩子身上。如果纳塔莉经常听到别人说她很甜,她便开始表现得很甜。你往往会使自己与你的标签名实相符。同样,参加教学实验的学生们被加上了聪明的标签,于是他们便设法变得聪明,超常地发挥了他们的许多当面或在电视上听我讲话的人,或者那些读到我讲话的人都以为我的学历远远不止八年级。这一印象完全归功于我在监狱中的学习。这是在查尔斯顿监狱真正开始的,当时宾比第一次让我对他渊博的知识感到了羡慕。无论参与什么交谈,宾比总是起着主导作用,而我也曾经试图效仿他。但我找到的每本书中,几乎每句句子都有一个以上甚至几乎全部的单词我压根儿不认识。当我跳过那些词时,我最终当然不知道书中所云。所以我来到诺福克监狱时,仍然只有看看书的意愿。要不是我后来获得了动力,我本来很快就会连这些愿望也丢弃的。我明白我最好是能弄到一本字典——为的是学习,学一些单词。幸好我还想到应该努力提高一下自己的书写水平。我的书写很糟糕,甚至于不能将字写在一条直线上。这两个想法促使我要求诺福克监狱学校给我一本字典以及一些便笺簿和铅笔。头两天我还拿不定主意,只是随便翻了翻字典。我从来没有意识到会有这么多单词!我不知道哪些词是我需要学习的。最后,为了开始某种行动,我便开始了抄写。我把印在第一页上的所有东西甚至标点符号,慢慢地、费力地、歪歪斜斜地抄到了我的便笺簿里。我记得那花了我一天的时间。然后,我便把写在便笺簿上的每个词大声读给自己听。我一遍又一遍地把自己写的东西大声读给自己听。第二天早上醒来时我还想着那些词——我无比自豪地意识到,我不仅一下子写了那么多,还写了许多我从来不知道存在于这个世界上的词。而且,我稍微动一下脑筋还能记得其中许多词的意思。我复习了那些被我忘记了意思的单词。有趣的是,就在此刻,词典第一页上的“土豚”一词竟跳入了我的脑海之中。字典上有它的一幅插图,一种长尾、长耳、会挖洞的非洲哺乳动物,以白蚁为食,像食蚁动物捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头来捕食白蚁。我完全被迷住了,于是又继续干下去——我抄写了字典的下一页。当我学习它时我获得了同样的体验。随着以后的每一页,我还了解了人物、地方和历史事件。实际上字典就像一部小型百科全书。最后,字典的A部分抄满了一整本便笺簿——于是我便继续抄写B部分。我就这样开始抄写了整本字典。如此多的实践帮我提高了书写速度,所以以后我抄得快多了。包括我写在便笺簿上的词和写的信,我猜我在后来的囚禁日子里足足写下了一百万词。我认为随着词汇量的增加,我肯定能第一次拿起一本书来读并开始理解书中讲的内容了。任何一个博览群书的人都能想象得出那个被打开的新世界。让我告诉你一些事;从那以后直到我离开那所监狱,在我的每一段空闲时间里,我不是在图书馆里看书,就是在我的床上看书。你哪怕用楔子也休想把我跟书分开。我学习穆罕默德先生的教导,我跟别人通信,我会客,我读书,日子就这样一个月一个月地过去了,我甚至没有想到自己是在坐牢。事实上,在那之前,我在生活中从来没有那样真正自由过……正如你能想象的,尤其在一个特别强调改造的监狱里,如果一个犯人表现出对书籍异乎寻常的强烈兴趣,他就会受到赞许。犯人中有相当多的博览群书者,尤其是受广欢迎的辩论家。一些人被公认为活的百科全书。他们几乎成了名人。当这个新世界,这个能够阅读并理解的新世界向我敞开时,我贪婪地阅读文学作品,数量之多超过了任何一所大学对任何一个学生的要求。我在自己的房间里比在图书馆里读得更多。一个以读书多而出名的犯人能超出规定借出更多的书。我更喜欢在与外界完全隔绝的自己的房间里读书。当我发展到开始读非常严肃的读物时,每天晚上10点左右,我会因为“熄灯”而愤怒不已。它似乎总是在我正读到引人入胜之处时来跟我捣乱。幸好在我的门外面有一盏走廊灯把光线照到我的房间里。一旦我的眼睛适应之后,这点光线就足以让我读书。所以“熄灯”后,我就坐在地板上,借着那点光继续读书。夜间看守每隔一小时就走过每个房间。每次听到越来越近的脚步声,我就跳到床上假装睡觉。看守一走过去,我就从床上回到地板上那块亮的地方,再读上58分钟——直到看守再次走过来。这样一直持续到每天凌晨三四点钟。每天晚上睡三四个小时对我来说就足够了。在流落街头的那些日子里我经常睡得更少。我经常思考阅读为我打开的那些新的远景。我当时在狱中就知道,阅读已永远改变了我的人生历程。正如我现在所认识到的,阅读能力唤醒了在我内心潜伏已久的对于思想活跃的渴望。我当然不是在追求任何学位,那只是大学授予学生一种地位象征的方式。我通过自学所受到的教育使我每读一本新书就更意识到正在折磨着美国黑色人种的聋、哑和盲。不久前,一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了我几个问题。其中一个问题是,“你的母校是哪儿?”我告诉他,“是书。”在任何一个空闲的十五分钟里,你都会发现我在学习一些我觉得可能有助于黑人的东西……每次乘飞机,我都带一本想读的书——至今已读了很多书。如果我现在不是每天出来同白人斗争,我会将余生用于阅读,仅仅是为了满足我的好奇心——因为你几乎说不出什么东西是我不感到好奇的。 我想任何人都没有像我那样从坐牢中获得了那么多。事实上,如果我的生活是另一个样子,如果我上了大学,我就不能像在监狱里那样能更集中地进行学习。我想上大学最大的麻烦之一就是有太多让人分心的事。除了监狱还有什么地方能让我有时候每天集中学习15个小时来克服我的愚昧无知呢?

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后答案及翻译

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后答案及翻译

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课后练习答案及翻译(Unit1-Unit6)Unit 1Text AComprehension of text1. He defines greatness as the lasting contribution which a person makes or has made to human civilization.2. The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3. Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4. A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5. Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6. The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7. They simply don‟t devote the amount of time required.8. The study showe d that enjoying one‟s work is the best form of motivation.V ocabulary1 chat 2.acknowledge 3.motivated 4.charcteristic5 despite 6.influential 7.cited 8.obstacle9 intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13 contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.morale1 left behind 2.rise 3.made history 4.were endowed with5 put up with 6.going nowhere 7.ifocuses on 8.be built on9 put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartWord buildingefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1 fluency 2.proficiency 3.emergency4.Efficiency 5 tendency 6.frequencyStructure1. For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time —it's that they don‟t have good study habits.2. Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they arebrought up in different environments.3. The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4. I‟m really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5. You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.1. President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.3. We shouldn't focus on minor points. Instead, we should try to solve the problem of the greatest urgency at present.4. He doesn‟t get anybody else to help him. Instead, he likes to attend to everything himself.5. Teaching success shouldn't be measured by the scores the students receive on tests. Instead, it should be measured by whether the students have internalized the ability and desire to learn. Close1-5 BCBAD6-10 DCABA11-15 DABCATransition西蒙顿说,如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第四单元B篇原文和翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第四单元B篇原文和翻译
He was born in a poor area of south London. He wore his mother’s old red stockings cut down for ankle socks. His mother was temporarily declared mad. Dickens might have created Charlie Chaplin’s childhood. But only Charle Chaplin could have created the great comic character of“the Tramp“, the little man in rags who gave his creator permanent fame. Other countries — France, Italy, Spain, even Japan and Korea — have provided more applause (and profit) where Chaplin is concerned than the land of his birth. Chaplin quit Britain for good in 1913 when he journeyed to America with a group of performers to do his comedy act on the stage where talent scouts recruited him to work for Mack Sennett, the king of Hollywood comedy films. Sad to say, many English people in the 1920’s and 1930’s thought Chaplin’s Tramp a bit, well,“crude“. Certainly middle-class audiences did; the working-class audiences were more likely to clap for acharacter who revolted against authority, using his wicked little cane to trip it up, or aiming the heel of his boot for a well-placed kick at its broad rear. All the same, Chaplin’s comic beggar didn’t seem all that English or even working class. English tramps didn’t sport tiny moustaches, huge pants or tail coats: European leaders and Italian waiters wore things like that. Then again, the Tramp’s quick eye for a pretty girl had a coarse way about it that was considered, well, not quite nice by English audiences — that’s how foreigners behaved, wasn’t it? But for over half of his screen career, Chaplin had no screen voice to confirm his British nationality. Indeed, it was a headache for Chaplin when he could no longer resist the talking movies and had to find“the right voice”for his Tramp. He postponed that day as long as possible: in Modern Times in 1936, the first film in which he was heard as a singing waiter, he made up a nonsense language which sounded like no known nationality. He later said he imagined the Tramp to be a college-educated gentleman who’d come down in the world. But if he’d been able to speak with an educated accent in those early short comedy movies, it’s doubtful if he would have achieved world fame. And the English would have beensure to find it“odd”. No one was certain whether Chaplin did it on purpose but this helped to bring about his huge success. He was an immensely talented man, determined to a degree unusual even in the ranks of Hollywood stars. His huge fame gave him the freedom — and, more importantly, the money — to be his own master. He already had the urge to explore and extend a talent he discovered in himself as he went along.“It can’t be me. Is that possible? How extraordinary,”is how he greeted the first sight of himself as the Tramp on the screen. But that shock roused his imagination. Chaplin didn’t have his jokes written into a script in advance; he was the kind of comic who used his physical senses to invent his art as he went along.

新视野大学英语读写教程【第三版】第四册课文原文与翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程【第三版】第四册课文原文与翻译

Unit 1Text A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campushad a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。

那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。

他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册答案及课文翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册答案及课文翻译

新版新视野大学英语读写教程第四册答案及课文翻译答案部分:Unit OneIII.1. idle2. justify3. discount4. distinct5. minute6.accused7. object8. contaminate9. sustain 10. worship IV.1. accusing... of2. end up3. came upon4. at her worst5. pay for6. run a risk of7. participate in8. other than9. object to/objected 10. at best V1. K2. G3. C4. E5. N6.O7.I8. L9. A 10. D CollocationVI.1. delay2. pain3. hardship4. suffering5. fever6. defeat7. poverty8. treatment9. noise 10. agonyWord buildingVII.1. justify2. glorify3. exemplifies4. classified5. purified6. intensify7. identify8. terrifiedVIII.1. bravery2. jewelry3. delivery4. machinery5. robbery6. nursery7. scenery8. discoverySentence StructureIX.1. other than for funerals and weddings2. other than to live an independent life3. other than that they appealed to his eye . . `4. but other than that, he'll eat just about everything .5. other than that it's somewhere in the town centerX.1. shouldn't have been to the cinema last night2. would have; told him the answer3. they needn't have gone at all4. must have had too much work to do5. might have been injured seriouslyTranslationXI. -1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what wemay have done during the day.3.Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.4.We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it.5.Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security.XII.l.出入除自己家以外的任何场所时,如果你带有宠物,一定要了解有关宠物的规定。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册答案及课文翻译

21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册答案及课文翻译
2. Theexample of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.
3. Firstbornsand only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.
4. A20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.
5. Intelligenceseems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.
11 analysis12 rally13 determined14 consoled
Error correction
1 awardsrewards 2 they it3 do done
4decrease increased 5 rises falls 6strict strictly
7 People continuously work People who continuously work
Structure
1. Forsome students, it's not that they don't put in enough time — it's that theydon’t havegood study habits.

新视野大学英语【第三版】读写教程第四册课文原文及翻译-新视野大学英语四翻译原文

新视野大学英语【第三版】读写教程第四册课文原文及翻译-新视野大学英语四翻译原文

新视野大学英语【第三版】读写教程第四册课文原文及翻译-新视野大学英语四翻译原文Unit 1Text A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。

那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。

他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第四单元B篇原文和翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第四单元B篇原文和翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第四单元B篇原文和翻译篇一:新视野大学英语读写教程第四册10课答案及课文翻译新视野大学英语第四册学习辅导材料New Horizon College English(Book 4)2012年3月Unit 1Part One : Intensive Reading:Section A: The Tail of FameIII.1.idle2.justify3.discount4.distinct5.minute6.accused7.object8.contaminate9.sustain10.worshipIV.1.accusing...of2.end up3.came upon4.at her worst5.pay for6.run a risk of7.participate in8.other than9. object to/objected10. at best V.1.K2.G3.C4.E5.N6.O7.I8. L9.A10. D VI.1.delay2.pain3.hardship4.suffering5.fever6.defeat7.poverty8.treatment9.noise10.agonyVII.1.justify2.glorify3.exemplifies4.classified5.purified6.intensify7.identify8.terrifiedVIII.1.bravery2.jewelry3.delivery4.machinery5.robbery6 nursery 7.scenery 8.discoveryIX.1. other than for funerals and weddings2. other than to live an independent life3. other than that they appealed to his eye4. but other than that, he'll eat just about everything5. other than that it's somewhere in the town center.X.1. shouldn't have been to the cinema last night2. would have; told him the answer3. they needn't have gone at all4. must have had too much work to do5. might have been injured seriouslyXI.1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter whatwe may have done during the day.3. Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.4. We remain true to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it.5. Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become thegreatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to bequite dull.6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security.Ⅻ.l.出入除自己家以外的任何场所时,如果你带有宠物,一定要了解有关宠物的规定。

新视野大学英语_读写教程4课文翻译

新视野大学英语_读写教程4课文翻译

新视野大学英语_读写教程4课文翻译●UNIT 1●第一段翻译:(艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。

成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。

)●第二段翻译:(对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢!”他们的担心不无道理。

追求出人头地,最乐观地说也困难重重,许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。

尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。

享受成功的无上光荣,这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。

)●UNIT 2●第六段翻译:(这种震惊唤起了他的想象。

卓别林并没有把他的笑料事先写成文字。

他是那种边表演边根据感觉去创造艺术的喜剧演员。

没有生命的物体特别有助于卓别林发挥自己艺术家的天赋。

他将这些物体想象成其他东西。

因此在《当铺老板》中,一个坏闹钟变成了正在接受手术的“病人”.在《淘金记》中,靴子被放在锅里煮,靴底被蘸着盐和胡椒吃掉,就像上好的鱼片一样(鞋钉就像鱼骨那样被剔除)。

这种对事物的转化,以及他一次又一次做出这种转化的技巧,正是卓别林伟大喜剧的奥秘所在。

)●UNIT 4●第一段翻译:(一个将会大大提高发展中国家生活水准的转变正方兴未艾。

一些不久前还是信息闭塞的地方正在迅速获得最新的通信技术,这将促进他们吸纳国内外投资。

亚洲、拉丁美洲和东欧的许多国家也许需要10年时间来改善其交通、电力供应和其他公用设施。

但是只一根直径小于半毫米的光纤电缆就可以比由铜丝制成的粗电缆承载更多的信息。

由于安装了光纤电缆、数字转换器和最新的无线传输系统,从北京到布达佩斯的一系列城区和工业区正在直接步入信息时代。

一个蛛网般的数字和无线通信网络已经发展到亚洲的大部分地区和东欧的部分地区。

)●第二段翻译:(所有这些发展中地区都把先进的通信技术看作一种跨越经济发展诸阶段的途径。

例如,信息技术的广泛应用有望缩短劳动密集型的组装工业转向涉及工程、营销和设计的那些产业所需的时间。

新视野大学英语第3版读写教程4 unit 1 text B 全文

新视野大学英语第3版读写教程4 unit 1 text B 全文

Unit1text B Why do smart people do dumb things?1Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectual rigor highly in the modern realm of universities and tech industry jobs.One of the underlying assumptions of this value system is that smart people,by virtue of what they've learned,will formulate better decisions.Often this is true.Yet psychologists who study human decision-making processes have uncovered cognitive biases common to all people,regardless of intelligence,that can lead to poor decisions in experts and laymen alike.2Thankfully these biases can be avoided.Understanding how and in what situations they occur can give you an awareness of your own limitations and allow you to factor them into your decision-making.3One of the most common biases is what is known as the fundamental attribution error.Through this people attribute the failures of others to character flaws and their own to mere circumstance, subconsciously considering their own characters to be stainless.“Jenkins lost his job because of his incompetence;I lost mine because of the recession.”It also leads us to attribute our own success to our qualifications,discounting luck,while seeing others'success as the product of mere luck.4In other words,we typically demand more accountability from others than we do from ourselves. Not only does this lead to petty judgments about other people,it also leads to faulty risk assessment when you assume that certain bad things only happen to others.For example,you might assume,without evidence,that the price of your house will go up even though90percent of them have dropped in price,because you you yourself are more competent.5Confirmation bias is sometimes found together with fundamental attribution error.This one has two parts.First,we tend to gather and rely upon information that only confirms our existing views. Second,we avoid or veto things that refute our preexisting hypotheses.6For example,imagine that you suspect your computer has been hacked.Every time it stalls or has a little error,you assume that it was triggered by a hacker and that your suspicions are valid. This bias plays an especially big role in rivalries between two opposing views.Each side partitions their own beliefs in a logic-proof loop,and claims their opponent is failing to recognize valid points.Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requires exploring both sides of an argument with equal diligence.7Similar to confirmation bias is the overconfidence bias.In an ideal world,we could be correct 100percent of the time we were100percent sure about something,correct80percent of the time we were80percent sure about something,and so on.In reality,people's confidence vastly exceeds the accuracy of those judgments.This bias most frequently comes into play in areas where someone has to direct evidence and must make a guess-estimating how many people are in a crowded plaza,for example,or how likely it will rain.To make matters worse,even when people are aware of overconfidence bias,they will still tend to overstate the chances that they are correct. Confidence is no prophet and is best used together with available evidence.When witnesses are called to testify In a court trial,the confidence in their testimony is measured along with and against the evidence at hand.8The availability bias is also related to errors in estimation,in that we tend to estimate what outcome is more likely by how easily we can recount an example from memory.Since the retention and retrieval of memories is biased toward vivid,sensational,or emotionally charged examples,decisions based on them can often lead to strange,inaccurate conclusions.9In action this bias might lead someone to cancel a trip to,for example,the Canary Islands because of a report that the biggest plane crash in history happened there.Likewise some people might stop going out at night for fear of assault or rape.10Repelling the availability bias calls for an empirical approach to a particular decision,one not based on the obscured reality of vivid memory.If there a low incidence of disaster,like only one out of100,000plane landings results in a crash,it is safe to fly to the Canary Island.If one out of one million people who go out is assaulted,it is safe to go out at night.11The sunk cost fallacy has a periodic application and was first identified by economists.A good example of how it works is the casino slot machine.Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big return,but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds.If they have been pulling the lever many times in a row without success, they might decide that they had better keep spending money at the machine,or they will have wasted everything they already put in.12The truth is that every pull of the lever has the same winning probability of nearly one in a trillion,regardless of how much money has been put in before—the previous plays were sunk costs.13In everyday life this can lead people to stay in damaging situations because of how much they have already put in,stuck on the erroneous belief that the value of that time or energy they have invested will decay or disappear if they leave.The wisest course is to recognize the effects of the sunk cost fallacy and to leave a bad situation regardless of how much you have already invested. 14While there are still more biases,the key to avoiding them remains the same:When a decision matters,it is best to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第四单元B篇原文和翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第四单元B篇原文和翻译
feless objects especially helped Chaplin make“contact”with himself as an artist. He turned them into other kinds of objects. Thus, a broken alarm clock in the movie The Pawnbroker became a“sick”patient undergoing surgery; boots were boiled in his film The Gold Rush and their soles eaten with salt and pepper like prime cuts of fish (the nails being removed like fish bones). This physical transformation, plus the skill with which he executed it again and again, are surely the secrets of Chaplin’s great comedy. He alsohad a deep need to be loved — and a corresponding fear of being betrayed. The two were hard to combine and sometimes — as in his early marriages — the collision between them resulted in disaster. Yet even this painfully-bought self-knowledge found its way into his comic creations. The Tramp never loses his faith in the flower girl who’ll be waiting to walk into the sunset with him; while the other side of Chaplin makes Monsieur Verdoux, the French wife killer, into a symbol of hatred for women. It’s a relief to know that life eventually gave Charlie Chaplin the stable happiness it had earlier denied him. In Oona O’Neill Chaplin, he found a partner whose stability and affection spanned the 37 years age difference between them that had seemed so threatening that when the official who was marrying them in 1942, turned to the beautiful girl of 17 who’d given notice of their wedding date and said,“And where is the young man?”— Chaplin, then 54, had cautiously waited outside. As Oona herself was the child of a large family with its own problems, she was well-prepared for the battle that Chaplin’s life became as unfounded rumors of Marxist sympathies surrounded them both — and, later on, she was the center of rest in the quarrels that Chaplin sometimes sparked in their own large family of talented children. Chaplin died on Christmas Day 1977. A few months later, a couple of almost comic body-thieves stole his body from the family burial chamber and held it for money:the police recovered it with more efficiency than Mack Sennett’s clumsy Keystone Cops would have done. But one can’t help feeling Chaplin would have regarded this strange incident as a fitting memorial — his way of having the last laugh on a world to which he had given so many.

21世纪大学英语读写教程课文翻译(第四册)Unit1-Unit4

21世纪大学英语读写教程课文翻译(第四册)Unit1-Unit4

Unit1-TextA谁是伟人?迈克尔·赖恩当阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦是个小男孩的时候,他在学校里的成绩很差,老师们都觉得他反应迟钝。

拿破仑·波拿巴年轻时只是法国陆军中几百名炮兵中尉中的一名。

没有接受过什么正规教育的乔治·华盛顿,十几岁时不是受训当兵而是受训做土地测量员。

尽管他们的起步平淡无奇,但是后来个个都青史留名。

究竟是什么使他们成了伟人呢?是否他们生来就有什么特别?亦或他们的伟大与生逢其时、与献身精神,也许与一种坚定的个性更为有关?几十年来,科学家们一直在问这样的问题。

在过去几年里,他们已经发现了一些情况,这些情况有助于解释为什么有些人出类拔萃,而另一些人----也许同样具有才华----却被抛在了后面。

他们的发现可能对我们每个人都有意义。

谁是伟人?伟人的定义取决于如何衡量成功。

但标准还是有的。

“对人类文明作出永久性贡献的人是伟大的,”基思·西蒙顿院长说。

他是加州大学戴维斯分校的一名心理学教授,是1994年出版的《伟大:谁创造了历史,原因何在》一书的作者。

但他又提醒说:“有时侯伟人并没有被载入史册。

许多女性取得了巨大成就,或者颇具影响力,但却没有得到公认。

在这本书的写作中,西蒙顿融合了关于伟大人物的历史知识以及遗传学、精神病学和社会科学领域的最新发现。

他所聚焦的伟人包括获得过诺贝尔奖、领导过伟大国家或打赢过战争、谱写过流芳百世的交响乐、或在科学、哲学、政治、艺术上引起过巨变的男女人物。

虽然他没有一个公式来解释有些人怎样或者怎么出类拔萃(涉及的因素太多了),但他却提出了一些共同的特点。

一种“永不屈服”的态度。

西蒙顿说,如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种坚持不懈地追求成功的动力。

“往往有人认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西,”他解释道。

“但研究表明,有些伟人并没有惊人的智力,有的只是程度上的差异而已。

伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。

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读写教程课文翻译Unit21当今,过度追求相貌修整的风气无比盛行,太多的人沉迷于肉毒杆菌注射的宣讲会和真人秀,整容手术也日趋流行。

许多人的做法堪比男女演员为了使自己在屏幕上看起来完美无瑕而采取的手段。

为了获得生物医学标准下的幸福感,人们会走做整容手术、吃营养品、节食这样的捷径,但这些捷径并不总能实现它们所承诺的效果。

而且,外表漂亮的人并不一定就幸福。

2最大限度地实现你自己的美并不是指要让自己在社交时漂亮或在生理上完美,况且这些也不是通过技术就能实现的。

美是一个成长的过程,是一种通过意识和学习而达到的自我改造。

美在于生活的意义,在于真实。

它是一个情感和精神的旅程,需要人有信念才能获得,而且这种信念的动力来自慷慨和充满爱心的善良。

3 能有幸每天爱着理查德,我感到很高兴。

他是我丈夫,一个真实的、有人情味的、情感上可以靠近的人。

我们年龄相仿,相貌已在岁月中有所消退。

但近二十年来,我们共同成长,远超肌肤之表。

尽管我们的生活不如虚幻的电影故事中描述的爱情生活那样,它却很美好。

我们一起欢笑,一起分担日常生活的磕磕绊绊。

如果想到他有可能先于我离世,我会充满恐惧。

世界上任何一位肌肉发达的男模都不能取代我自己的这位性感、外向的伴侣。

我花了37年时间才找到他,我决不会因为所谓的“审美标准上的完美”而另寻他人。

4我是一名心理理疗师。

每天我都要接待许多客户,他们都是因为生活不够“完美”而倍受情感痛苦。

由于无法获得大屏幕上所看到的那种生活,他们感到力不从心、绝望无助,并因嫉妒而陷于沮丧。

给他们提供治疗时,如果在治疗开始前,我告诉他们,他们在媒体上所看到的每秒钟的图像都耗资数万,每个明星都有几十个人专门为其打理形象,使其外表悦目(甚至是裸体时也是如此),而且明星们保持形象是一件既费力又费时的事,这会对他们的治疗有所帮助。

媒体上的俊男俏女们承受着保持形象的巨大压力,而我的客户却因某种原因,没有意识到他们有幸免受了这种强大的压力。

5我要强调的是,世界上所有的面霜、健身锻炼、饮食风尚、抗抑郁症的百忧解胶囊,乃至许多人在一起打坐冥思等等,都不能改善一个人的生活、身体或精神状况。

事实上,这些方法还常常阻碍人们获得幸福,因为它们会使人分心,不去关注那些能带来真正内在美的事物。

生活的意义不在于通过维持某种年轻时髦的外表来掩盖自己,而在于精神的成长和升华。

6我所知道的唯一的精神升华的途径就是通过情感。

亲眼目睹各种自然现象——星光闪烁的银河,几百年树龄的红杉木,春天里鸟儿的叫声汇成的交响乐——这些都使我的精神得以延伸,让我觉得自己既卑微又伟大。

人际关系中的摩擦、冲突和安慰使我变得成熟并充满激情。

爱情促使我的精神成长并焕发光彩,亲情激发了我对永恒的感受,因此我学会了接受他人的真实本色。

7 我生活中的人都不是屏幕上那种思想平庸、迷恋自我的“美貌人士”。

我们只是平凡的、实实在在的、有缺点的人。

我们一起勤奋努力,患难与共,尽力完善自我,和家人及朋友紧密相处,努力用我们的个人道德和志向去照亮世界。

8我们来自各种不同的背景,而且有时意见相左,但是我们尽力互相关心。

我们努力消除自己的任性,努力使自己更具同情心、更宽容。

我们努力抗拒新奇事物的潮流的诱惑及广告的操纵。

我们会经历自己并不赞同的社会现象,经历那些夺走我们所挚爱的人和财物的错综交织的自然及人为灾难,经历不良的时尚和幻想。

但从每一例这样的事件中,我们都不断地学习、成长。

我们有时也会发生分歧,也要处理分歧对感情所带来的影响,然后继续前行。

这些人生经历是对我们心灵的历练。

虽然我们会抱怨、发牢骚,我们终会感受到自己的成长。

9这其中的秘密就在于这种成长是他人可见的,而且这种努力在一个人的全身上下都能得到展现。

它成了一种真实的存在,使一个人的精神像圣人那样光彩四溢。

你是否见过这样一位老者,他眼睛里透射着智慧,当他温柔地询问你的健康,或以简短的抚慰让你感到平静和放心时,他对你的关爱是那样显露无遗?这样的老者内心所散发出的精神才是真正的美,这种美不是瓶瓶罐罐的化妆品所能买得到的。

10神奇的是,尽管我们的肉体会老去并且衰退,我们每个人都完全有能力达到这个境界,即最大程度地展现最崇高的精神内涵。

11换句话说,真正的美丽无关外貌,而在于选择。

在人生的旅途中,每当我们经过一个节点,都应该寻找那些能够展示和净化我们神圣的内在美的人生体验,并且将它们积累下来。

我们必须从一个更有价值的角度而非以媒体肤浅的眼光来看待自己的人生和决定。

12我们今天所作的决定会影响我们的余生。

归根到底,我们自己才是唯一要对自己负责的人。

我们所做的每一个新决定都可能表明了一个新决心,一个创造我们所渴望拥有的美好未来的决心。

Unit31霍华德·舒尔茨这个名字在北美并非家喻户晓,不过居住在城市或市郊社区的人都知道他的公司:特色咖啡零售商星巴克。

区区十年间,星巴克已凭借惊人的速度成长为北美最大的咖啡豆烤制商和特色咖啡零售商。

截至2000年,它旗下的咖啡店已经遍布世界三千多个角落。

就连美国前总统比尔·克林顿也被人拍到手捧星巴克咖啡。

根据美国杂志《新闻周刊》的报道,舒尔茨将“3C”概念——咖啡、商业和社区——融为一体,这已然使星巴克名列20世纪90年代最成功的零售商之列。

2舒尔茨出生于1953年,在纽约市布鲁克林区一个极其贫困的街区长大。

他母亲是一位前台接待员,父亲则从事过很多不同的工作,但其中没有哪一份工作给他支付过体面的酬劳或购买过医疗保险。

舒尔茨七岁时,他父亲在一次事故中扭断了脚踝,失去了他当时做送货司机的工作。

在接下来的几个月中,他们家真的是穷到了揭不开锅的地步。

3青年时代的舒尔茨一直由于其家庭“穷困工人阶层”地位所蒙受的耻辱而备受精神折磨。

有一年他逃离布鲁克林炎热的夏天去参加夏令营,但当他得知这个夏令营是专门为低收入家庭的学生开办的时候,就再也不愿意去参加了。

中学时他遭受到了男孩子们的奚落,也羞于告诉女朋友自己住在哪里。

这些早年痛苦的记忆一直伴随着他一生。

4体育运动成了他逃避穷困这一耻辱的方式。

1975年,舒尔茨获得了北密歇根大学体育奖学金。

他也是他家族中第一个从大学毕业的人,因为他的前辈中没有一个人接受过比职业学校培训更高的教育。

5舒尔茨令人瞩目的咖啡生意的最初灵感源于1983年他对意大利米兰的造访。

在米兰的咖啡馆里,舒尔茨设想了一种新型的美国式生活方式。

他寻求在美国重现那种米兰式的交往平台,使人们能以那种方式开始新的一天或与朋友小聚。

1987年,当舒尔茨34岁时,他组织了投资团队并购买下了他原先工作的公司,即西雅图的“星巴克咖啡公司”,将其重组为“星巴克集团”。

6公众的反映出奇地好。

舒尔茨创建的高端咖啡厅立即获得了成功,这刺激了星巴克乃至全球整个咖啡产业的迅速成长和发展。

1992年,星巴克成为第一家公开上市的特色咖啡经营公司,确证了公司的发展规模和前景。

7星巴克迈出美国西北部进行投资的第一站是在芝加哥。

在那里,公司分管特色销售的部门开创了与百货商店联手以及在国家书店毗邻营业区的地方开设星巴克咖啡吧的经营新渠道。

同时,星巴克还和百事可乐公司建立了伙伴关系,研发并销售一款即开即饮的新型咖啡饮品,他们与卡夫食品公司也签订了一份许可协议。

作为一家寻求与多方进行合作而发展的企业,星巴克甚至与音乐产业合作,在咖啡吧里销售为星巴克量身定做的古典铜管乐及管弦乐激光唱片。

8星巴克在纽约开第一家分店对于舒尔茨来说是回归故里,但他并没有摆出一副咖啡行业王者的姿态。

《纽约时报》评论说:“舒尔茨先生说话温和,几乎没有一丝纽约口音的痕迹,而且他举止腼腆,甚至谦卑。

”9舒尔茨与众不同的员工政策也引起了人们的广泛关注。

他希望给星巴克的员工提供不仅是经营理念上的而且也是经济上的参与公司成败的机会。

他规定,员工完成每周20小时的工作定额或超过这一定额,就有资格享受医疗、牙齿及眼部保健方面的福利,也能享受股票优先认购权。

就在其他企业通过削减福利来节省成本之时,舒尔茨,虽然生长在一个没有任何医疗福利保障的家庭,却仍然坦言自己的信仰,即真诚地关心员工对建立一个坚实的员工队伍是至关重要的。

“服务在美国是一门缺失的艺术,”他对《纽约时报》如此说道,“我相信人们愿意把工作做好,但如果遭受的待遇很差,他们就会受到打击。

我们希望给予员工尊严与自尊,而这一点光靠动动嘴皮子是做不到的。

”星巴克规定,每一位工时超过半工制的员工都能享受医疗保障福利。

舒尔茨相信这一福利政策的切实施行是企业成长的关键,因为此举已使星巴克拥有了更加尽心尽力的工作团队以及至高水准的客户服务。

这一连锁反应也使员工的流动率极低,几乎只有快餐行业平均流动率的一半。

在经营数字上,这一政策则给星巴克带来了显著回报,因为每招募和培训一位新员工及其生产率损失所产生的费用就高达三千美元。

10舒尔茨一直坚定地致力于员工及社区发展,这一理念已经根植于星巴克的核心企业文化当中。

他从未因为太过习惯于成功而忘却自己劳动阶层的根基。

他把自己的一本书献给了父亲以表纪念。

他曾经对父亲说过尖刻的话,甚至曾指责他缺乏上进心,这些话让舒尔茨后悔终生,他期望能够将这些回忆从记忆中抹去。

他的父亲被诊断出了肺癌,在儿子成为百万富翁之前就离去了。

舒尔茨曾经告诉他的听众,他最重要的成功在于“我创立了一个我父亲从来都不曾有福气为之工作的那种企业。

”Unit41让我们在这儿坐下来吧,我们所有的人,就在这片广阔的草原上。

在这里,我们看不见高速公路,看不见围栏,远离城市垃圾。

我们不要铺毯子,就让我们的身体和大地、周围的树木及灌木来个亲密接触吧。

让我们把草当垫子,感受它或许坚硬或许柔软的质地。

让我们想象自己变成了石头、植物和树木,想象自己变成了动物,并像动物那样思考和感觉。

2这就是我的请求:倾听空气。

你们可以听见它,感觉它,闻到它,品尝它。

我们可以感到它就在我们中间,作为一种实实在在的存在,主宰着每一天。

这是一个好方式,我们可以就这样开始思考自然,谈论自然。

如果再想好点的话,我们就不如和自然说话,也就是和江河说话,和湖泊说话,和风说话,就像我们和亲人说话一样。

3你们已经损坏了我们人类作为大自然的一部分以一种美好的方式体验大自然的能力。

即使在这里,我们也知道,在沼泽地和栖息于此的鹤之外的某个地方,在远处山里的某个地方,就建有雷达塔和高速公路立交桥。

这片土地如此美丽与奇特,以至于你们中的某些人想把它变成一座国家公园。

你们已经污染了土地、岩石、矿物——这些都是被你们称为已经“死去”但其实是非常有生命活力的东西。

不仅如此,就连属于我们一部分的动物,也被你们改造了。

你们把它们变成了低级的基因变异动物,以至于没有人能再认识它们。

4羚羊是一种有力量的动物,因而你们把它圈养在栅栏里。

但是,山羊或绵羊,这些没有自卫能力的猎物、这些悄无声息任凭你们宰杀的动物,你们在它们身上看到了什么力量?狼身上有巨大的力量,狐狸身上也同样有巨大的力量。

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