英汉翻译教程 自考英语Unit_1_Lesson_3
英汉翻译教程第三章
中英文句型的变动
1、英文被动语态变成中文主动语态: A new syllabus has been drawn up. 已经拟定了一份新的课程纲要。 This can be done and must be done. 这件事可以办并且必须办。 It must be admitted that Singapore is a small island country. 我们必须承认新加坡是个小岛国。
5、 can’t／couldn’t＋do＋comparison句型（从正面表达）
I couldn’t agree more about it． 我对此非常赞同。 She couldn’t have explained it more clearly． 她把那件事解释得够清楚了。 6、 would rather… than句型（从反面表达） I would rather go out for a walk than stay in the room doing nothing． 我宁愿到外面去散步也不愿呆在房间里什么事也不做。 I’m sure he would rather resign than take part in such a dishonest transaction． 我相信他宁愿辞职也不会参与那样一桩不正当的交易。
英语句子的主语汉语句子的主语汉语句子的宾语英语句子的宾语介词短语中的宾语能够进行主宾换位的英语句子并不多主要取决于英语句子中所使用的的谓语动词当句子中的谓语动词是failhappenoccurdesertdenyappealcome等时在翻译中就可以使用主宾换位的方法
第三章
翻译的方法及过程
翻译的过程 第一步：理解原文
英文的日期、地点等的排列是从小单位到大 单位；单词连用时是分量轻的在前，分量重 的在后，中文则相反。例如：
英汉翻译教程(1-2章)
• 就文本类型而言，分为文学文本翻译、科技文本翻译、 新闻文本翻译、应用文本翻译。 • 就方式而言，分为全译、摘译、编译等。
What is a text?(1)
•
•
Look at the following example: Is it a text? Why or why not?
– E.g. Tom’s wife is female.
对翻译者的要求
• 深厚的语言功底 —对英汉两种语言正确的理解和纯熟的运 用能力 —汉语及英语语感和表达能力（语法意识、 惯用法意识、连贯意识） • 广博的文化知识及相关专业知识 • 高度的责任感
• Understanding, expression, checking
text paragraph sentence clause phrase word understanding ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ←checking ↓ ↑ expression
Grammatically speaking, a text consists of sentences; a sentence consists of clauses; a clause, phrases; a phrase, words. But Halliday and Hasan thought “the word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole…. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a cry for help to an all-day discussion…. A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit…. It is not defined by its size…. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentence not by size but by realization.” So we can say a text is a communicative unit. It does not only consist of sentences, it is also realized by sentences which must be meaningful. The example is grammatically correct, but it means nothing. （The sentence is not informative, it is not a text.)
英汉翻译教程(1--3章)
翻译的标准
通顺：通顺易懂，符合规范。译文必须是明白流畅的 现代汉语，没有诘屈聱牙、文理不通、晦涩难懂等现 象。例如： 例如：Pindus Road was a long, wide, straight street that ran parallel with Bread Road. 原译：平德斯路是一条与布莱德路平行的、长长的、 宽宽的、笔直的大街。 推荐译文：平德斯路与布莱德路平行，是一条又长又 宽又直的大街。
一、充分表达 例如：He was on his way to China again. 译文：他又风尘仆仆地踏上了去中国的旅程。 点评：其中“风尘仆仆”五个字是多余的。这是 过分表达(over-representation)
长春大学光华学院 陈春田
翻译的过程（表达） 翻译的过程（表达）
二、直译与意译 例如：The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 要知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝一尝。（直译） One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃， 两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚 无水吃。（意译）
长春大学光华学院 陈春田
翻译的标准
亚历山大·弗雷泽·泰特勒：翻译三原则： 1.译文应完全复写出原作的思想。 2.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。 3. 译文应与原作同样流畅。
长春大学光华学院 陈春田
翻译的标准
尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)：等效翻译 对等效论的批判 1.等效论高估计了译者的双语文化知识和双与能力 2.等效论忽视了读者认知能力的差异 3.等效论否定了翻译的“移植”作用 4.等效论混淆了直接交际和间接交际的区别 5.等效论抹杀了不同文体各自的特点
口译教程汉英翻译1—13单元译文
口译教程汉英翻译1—13单元译文Chapter 1: Introduction to InterpretationUnit 1: The Basics of InterpretationUnit 2: Types of InterpretationUnit 3: Skills Required for InterpretationChapter 2: The Process of InterpretationUnit 4: The Preparatory StageBefore starting the interpreting process, interpreters need to familiarize themselves with the topic and conduct research to understand the subject matter thoroughly. They should also prepare their interpreting equipment, such as headsets, microphones, and notepads. Additionally, interpreters may needto review and practice specialized terminology related to the event.Unit 5: The Interpreting StageDuring the interpreting stage, interpreters listen to the speaker and simultaneously translate their words into the target language. They must stay focused and concentrate on thespeaker's message to accurately convey the meaning. Interpreters should also pay attention to the speaker's tone, emotion, and non-verbal cues, as these elements can affect the interpretation.Unit 6: Note-taking TechniquesNote-taking is an essential skill for interpreters.Effective note-taking allows interpreters to retain important information and assist with memory recall during interpretation. Interpreters should develop their own note-taking system and use abbreviations and symbols to jot down key points quickly. However, note-taking should not interfere with active listening and immediate interpretation.Chapter 3: Consecutive InterpretationUnit 7: Introduction to Consecutive InterpretationConsecutive interpretation involves listening to one or several sentences in the source language and then reproducing them in the target language. It requires good memory retention and the ability to accurately convey the meaning. Interpreters should take notes and use their notes as a reference during the interpretation.Unit 8: The Techniques of Consecutive InterpretationInterpreters use several techniques during consecutive interpretation to ensure accurate and fluent delivery. These techniques include paraphrasing, summarizing, clarifying ambiguous statements, and maintaining natural rhythm and pacing. Interpreters should also adapt their interpretation style to match the speaker's tone and style.Unit 9: Consecutive Interpretation PracticeInterpreters can practice consecutive interpretation by engaging in role plays or shadowing experienced interpreters. They can also utilize practice materials, such as speeches, interviews, or articles, to improve their interpretation skills. Regular practice is essential for enhancing memory retention, improving fluency, and perfecting delivery.。
自考翻译之词语翻译教材
Lesson 1 The Questlate/early October 十月底/初fellow countrymen 同胞手足cold suspicion 疑虑重重militarist 军阀军阀家average height 中等身材gleaming eyes 眼睛闪者光辉border on the beautiful 称得上清秀in one’s middle twenties 二十五六岁stand squarely 端端正正地站着in a level voice 以平稳的语调the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党candidate 候选人full member 正式会员（成员）keep a secret 保密in one’s honor以某人名义premier 总理（中国）Prime Minister 首相（英澳等国）The Grand Canal （京杭）大运河（07年考题）VIP贵宾（贵人）Lesson 2 The Story of My Lifethe immeasurable contrast 迥然不同an eventful day 一个重要的日子guess vaguely模模糊糊地预感到to and fro 来来往往an upturned face 微微仰着的脸prey upon sb 折磨某人a deep languor 身心疲惫passionate struggle 感情上的激烈的斗争dense fog 浓雾grope one’s way 摸索着向前wordless cry 无言的呼喊have no way of knowing 无法lesson 3 我和文学文学家a man of letters文学界literary circles传统观念traditional thinking人性发展human development 不合理的制度irrational system 攻击strike out主人公chief/principal characters 最高境界the highest ideal/state 作品a work of literature 浓妆艳抹heavy make-up丑八怪ugly monster流传久远stand the test of time 花言巧语flowery language各种流派different schools福利工厂welfare factory聋哑人deaf mute手语sign language（）百家争鸣let a hundred schools of thought contend伸冤to redress the injustices it had sufferedLesson 4 England before the Industrial Revolutionfrom dawn to dark 从早到晚the Industrial Revolution 工业革命self-made career 自我奋斗的生涯in the air 正在酝酿之中go about 四处奔走the rising town 新兴城市practical men 实干家grammar school 英国中等学校/文法学校conform to 遵从、信奉the Church of England 英国国教arteries of communication 交通动脉especially/peculiarly English具有英国特色的cottage industry 家庭手工业the Royal Society 皇家学会Oxford 牛津Cambridge 剑桥navigation 航行Lesson 5 Opportunities Open in the Westthe gold rush 淘金热mountainous regions 山区open up 开发high plains 高原lay the foundation for 为…打下基础permanent settlement 永久居住stock-raising 畜牧业enterprising men 有创意的人heavily pastured 过度放牧Homestead Act 宅地法legal title 合法手续wild west 西部荒原cease to be 不复存在basic occupation 基础产业machine farming 机械农业expansion into the west 向西部扩张Congress 国会Department of Agriculture 农业部门educational institutions 教育机构centers for scientific research 科学研究中心appropriate funds for 为…拨款lesson 6 新民主主义论新民主主义论On New Democracy五四运动the May 4th Movement辛亥革命the Revolution of 1911戊戌变法the Reform Movement of 1898 革命知识分子revolutionary intellectuals 无产阶级proletariat资产阶级bourgeoisie共产主义思想communist ideology统一战线a united front左/右翼left/right wing六三运动the June 3rd Movement广大的无产阶级the mass of the Proletariat 文化革命the cultural revolution 市民阶级the urban intelligentsia五卅运动the May 30th Movement in 1925北伐战争the Northern Expedition第一次世界大战World War I北洋军阀政府the Northern Warlord government民族危机national crisis巴黎和会the Paris Pease Conference示威游行hold a demonstration变本加厉to intensify罢工to go on strike马克思主义Marxism反封建运动anti-feudal movement反帝爱国斗争anti-imperialist patriotic struggle中国新民主主义革命China’s new-democratic revolution废除二十一条Abolish the Twenty-One Demands!外争国权内惩国贼Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors!Lesson 7 Journey up the NileLife-giving 赋予生命的Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲Mediterranean 地中海Nile Valley 尼罗河河谷freshly harvested 刚刚收割的Aswan High Dam 阿斯旺大坝floods and droughts 旱涝灾害negative effects 不良的后果ghost town 被遗弃而无人烟的村镇at the mouth of the river 河流的入海口summer resort 避暑胜地member of a team 队员drop anchor 抛锚pharaoh 法老（）the course of the Nile 尼罗河河道the Equator 赤道pyramid 金字塔half in, half out of the sea 一半泡在海里，一半在陆地上Lesson 8 AdelaideMediterranean climate 地中海气候mean temperature 平均温度surveyor general 测量总监Torrens River 托伦斯河business district 商业区residential section 居民区name for 任命lord mayoralty 市长职位municipal government 市政府marketing centre 贸易中心aided by 借助于raw material 原材料the bulk of 大部分、大半Natural History Museum 自然博物馆Festival of Arts 艺术节to the west of the city 市区以西backdrop 背景、布景Victoria Square 维多利亚广场gain a reputation as 赢得…荣誉automobile components 汽车零部件Lesson 9 The Imperial PalaceThe Imperial Palace 皇宫Moat 护城河the imperial garden 御花园the Palace Museum 故宫博物馆the Sun Yat-Sen Park 中山公园historical sites 历史遗址the cobbled roadway 鹅卵石路the cultural relics 文物the Nine-Dragon Screen 九龙壁glazed tiles 琉璃瓦the White Dagoba 白塔Iron Screen 铁影壁the Meridian Gate 午门the Outer Palace 外朝the Inner Court 内廷周长circumferenceHall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿the Gate of Supreme Harmony 太和门the Hall of Complete Harmony 中和门the Hall of Preservation Harmony 保和殿Lesson 10 A Global Economyfortunes are tied together 命运相连international trade 世界贸易embrace discipline 支持或遵守准则sovereign nation 主权国家foreign investment 海外投资aggregate output总产量coastal areas 沿海地区per capita GNP 人均生产总值telephone connections 电话用户two way trade 双向贸易/进出口贸易foreign exchange 外汇foreign exchange dealing 外汇交易mutual prosperity 共同繁荣bilateral trade 双边贸易a sound foundation 坚实基础sum total 总额joint ventures 合资企业offshore oil exploration 近海石油勘测Economic Performance 经济实力economic course 经济道路labor intensive industries 劳动密集型产业food production 食品加工业heavy/light industries 重/轻工业commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系emerging markets 新兴市场industrial productivity 工业生产率Lesson11 China and Britain in the World Economymajor economy 经济大国financial services sector 金融服务业international bank lending 国际银行借贷flows of capital 资本流动outward investor 海外投资者trading nation 贸易国the Pacific region 太平洋地区net income 净收入inward investment 对内投资economic reform 经济改革a tribute to 归功于the open door policy 对外开放政策draw a conclusion 得出结论statistics 统计数字share of markets 市场份额economic liberalization 经济自由化domestic competition 国内竞争established markets 发育健全的市场European Union 欧盟（欧洲同盟）World Trade Organisation 世界贸易组织finite stock 定数、定量keep inflation in cheek 控制通货膨胀the international community 国际社会an average growth rate 平均增长率vast size and resources 地大物博have a stake in 与…利害攸关international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资viable future:有前景的未来the liberalization of world trade:世界贸易自由化lesson 12 中国能够依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给基本方针basic principle现阶段at the present stage单位面积产量the yield per unit area粮食总产量目标the total grain output target 兴修水利intensify water-control projects自给率self-sufficiency rate加快speed up弥补make up for复种指数the multiple crop index内陆水域inland waters 水产品aquatic products集约化intensification供需supply and demand畜产品animal by-products木本食物arbor foodstuffs努力于make efforts to do sth人工草场the artificial grassland 测算calculation可耕地arable land科技进步the development of science and technology生产力productivity/productive capacity/ productive forcesLesson 13 A V alentine to One Who Cared—Too MuchSaint Valentine’s Day 情人节footbridge 过街桥/人行桥agonizing flashbacks 痛苦的回忆reel down 蹒跚地走teem with 充满downpour 倾盆大雨river bed 河床in an instant 瞬间，片刻to give sth. much thought 仔细想某事fall apart 坍塌，四分五裂in spring and summer 春夏两季come and go 瞬时即去in need 需要帮助to walk a dog 遛狗mind you 请注意to take one’s report 做记录fiancé未婚夫the far bank 河对岸Lesson 14 How to Grow Oldmaternal grandfather 外祖父guard against 提防，防止great-grand mother 曾祖母devote oneself to 献身于popular science 科普读物absorption in the past 沉湎于过去the flower of one’s youth 风华正茂think to oneself 反思，细想length of infancy 幼年期的长度joys and sorrows 酸甜苦辣high er education 高等教育liver one’s own life 独立生活as regards至于，关于to cling to sth 依附，抓紧in the hope of 寄希望于be not unwelcome 未尝不好Lesson 15 旧梦重温旧梦重温going through old dreams所剩不多running short圣彼得（教堂）St Peter’s威斯敏斯特教堂the Westminster Abbey 梵蒂冈Vatican卢浮宫the Louvre花坛flower bed井底之蛙a frog at the bottom of a well中国少儿出版社the China Children Press 作序write a preface 大英博物馆the Britain Museum 游记travel notes散文集a collection of essays郁金香tulip丝绸之路the Silk Road教皇Pope斗兽场arena在…附近be close to使…能干… enable sb. to do sth 绚丽生动colorful and vividLesson 16 Tess of D’Urbervilleslineal representative 嫡系子孙be well-dressed 衣着讲究，衣冠楚楚on account of 由于，因为from head to toe 从头到脚to pick and choose 仔细挑选hum a tune 哼曲子，哼小调some little time ago 不久以前ride a step or two nearer 走近一两步country history 郡志the club dance 俱乐部舞会renowned knight 有名的武士in confirmation of 证实Lesson 17 An American Tragedyby nature 本性，本质drugstore 药店be engrossed in 专注于to hover about 犹豫，徘徊cast at him a glance 向他一瞥the capital of the boys 领班to get on 上进，进步pick up 学习，习得by nature a little irritable 生性有点暴躁Lesson 18 祝福祝福（中国习俗）the New Year’s Sacrifice 祥林嫂Xiang Lin’s Wife中间人，媒人the go-between小叔子brother-in-law不惜力气not to spare oneself没有神采的眼睛lackluster eyes 初冬early winter试工期内during one’s trial period 草窠the wolf’s den劈柴to chop wood福礼sacrificial meat果真sure enoughLesson 19 East of Edenwind and twist 蜿蜒曲折a part-time river 季节性河流to boast about 吹嘘，吹牛皮the late spring 暮春brush line灌木林带full of sun 阳光璀璨the Salinas Valley萨利纳斯河谷slip out of 流出the range of mountain 山脉a kind of invitation 殷勤邀请arid gully 干涸的峡谷a long narrow swale 狭长的洼地Lesson 20 The Sound of Musictake in 打量break the ice 打破沉默a far cry from 与…迥然不同a girl in her early teens 十来岁的女孩call sb. by name 点名，喊名the New Testament 《新约圣经》in utter amazement 非常惊奇the light of the setting sun 夕阳的余辉a delighted giggle 咯咯的笑声step by step 逐渐a resonant voice 响亮的声音night table 床头柜brass whistle 铜哨in well-mannered silence 规规矩矩，一声不响Lesson 21 找点活拉家带口be saddled with big families不响锣就不给钱No show, no pay绞尽脑汁to rack one’s brains灶王爷the kitten God烟头cigarette stubs排队queue up剧社opera troupe发烧run a fever瓢泼大雨（倾盆大雨）it rains cats and dogs 露天，户外in the open air零工odd jobs中国评剧院the China Pingju Theatre 都说我好speak well of me下班to knock off纺线to spin织毛衣to knit腊月the twelfth lunar month青一块紫一块get black and blueLesson 22 oilenormous creature 庞然大物the Arctic seas 北冰洋crude oil 原油oil drillers 钻探石油的人mineral oil 矿物油，石油lubrication 润滑sedimentary rocks 沉积岩pitch Lack 沥青湖a low boiling point 低沸点antiquity 古代superior to 优于，好于minute sea creature 海洋微生物geologist 地质学家paraffin 煤油perfume 香水oil-burning lamps 油灯gallon 加仑blubber 鲸脂in this respect 在这方面cod 鳕鱼halibut 比目鱼warship 军舰diesel locomotive 柴油机车internal combustion engine 内燃机refined into petrol 提炼成汽油a thin film of oil 一层薄薄的油whale 鲸鱼asphalt: 沥青prospecting 勘探gallon 加仑vapour 蒸汽shale 页岩refinery 炼油厂natural gas 天然气sedimentary rocks 沉积岩Lesson 23 The Other Roadright to know 知情权natural enemies of insects 昆虫的天敌subtropical plant 亚热带植物applied entomology 应用昆虫学an insect-free world 无昆虫的世界turn one’s back on 拒绝marine biologist 海洋生物学家living organisms 生物体be likened to 被比作a full-scale test 大规模实验infertile eggs 未受精卵superhigh way 高速公路pioneering work 尖端工作under the impetus of 在…推动下fork of the road 岔路口no more than 仅仅，只不过set foot on 走上，踏上the screw-worm fly 螺旋锥蝇the host 寄主mutations 变异infestation 传染colleagues 同事cigarette beetles 烟草甲虫open up new area 拓展新领域a warm-blooded animal 恒温动物new areas of thought 新的思维空间be taken in traps 落入圈套（或陷阱）而被捕获poisonous chemicals 有毒化学物质（化学毒物）the science of biotic control 生物控制（科）学Lesson 24 海洋可持续发展战略可持续发展sustainable development 大陆架continental shelf 沉积盆地sedimentation basins 纬度latitude淡水资源freshwater resources联合国公约UN Convention宝库treasure house生命支持系统bio-support system居世界第六位ranking sixth in the world 渔场the fishing grounds前言forward调节器regulators 观光景点scenic spots专属经济区exclusive economic zones滩涂tide lands海洋旅游业marine tourism国民经济national economy富于，有大量abound in行驶主权exercise sovereignty可再生能源the regenerable energy resource淡水资源总量amount of freshwater resources自然资源人均占有量natural resources per capitaLesson 25 Environmental Lawwaste disposal 废料处理/排污ecological environment 生态环境vaguely worded 含糊其词enacting legislation 立法strip mining 露天采矿to grant a license 颁发许可证a host of 大量的，众多的court action 诉讼aim at 针对，瞄准public concerns 公众关注federal law 联邦法enforcement power 执法权Federal Power Commission 联邦电力委员会court of appeals 上诉法院hearings 听证会cultural setting 文化背景lobby 院外活动集团amendment 修正案receptor language 接受语，译语national life 国民生计，人民生活Lesson 26 UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTIONInstrument of ratification 批准书Universal Convention 世界公约to be lost 迷失方向Contracting States 缔约国/成员国come into force 生效Geneva 日内瓦copyright proprietors 版权所有者works of the human mind 人类精神产品international system 国际制度as follows 如下be party to 参与hereinafter called 以下简称for the purpose of 就…而言Copyright protection/protection of the copyright 版权保护Lesson 27 中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法合营企业the equity joint venture 合法权益lawful rights and interests 毛利润gross profit 不可抵抗力force majeure停止营业the termination of business 个人所得税individual income tax董事会a board of directors储备基金reserve fund奖金与福利bonus and welfare注册资本the registered capital依法according to the law有限责任公司limited liability company 外汇帐户foreign exchange account公司章程articles of association生效come into force 仲裁机构arbitration agency违反合同 a breach of contract遵守comply with调解conciliation仲裁arbitration申请apply for向…提出申请file an application with合营各方the parties to the venture有关外汇事宜foreign exchange transactions享受免税的优惠待遇enjoy preferential treatment for exemptions根据平等互利的原则on the principle of equality and mutual benefit第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议the second session of the Fifth National People’s Congress Lesson 28 Speech by President Nixon of the United States at Welcoming Banquetwelcoming banquet 欢迎宴会on behalf of 代表，以…名义pay tribute to 赞美/赞扬at the outset 首先，开始the magnificent dinner 盛宴the form of government 政体形式at this very moment 此时此刻differences 分歧compromise 妥协be destined to do sth 注定要telecommunications 电讯/电信common ground 共同点toast 祝酒词in lockstep 一起迈步plague 灾难in a personal sense 就个人来讲two peoples 两国人民in the spirit of frankness 本着坦率的精神all of your distinguished guests 诸位贵宾Lesson 29 Speech by Former U.S. President Carter at Welcoming BanquetFormer U.S. President 美国前总统the Long March 长征scientific exchange 科学交流full diplomatic relations 正式外交关系Sino-American relationship 中美关系international affairs 国际事物draw upon 利用the entire party 全体随行人员the hope and vision 希望与憧憬foundation 基金会Chinese citizen 中国公民non-governmental 非政府的，民间的in that regard就此而言national security policies 国家安全政策social security system 社会保障制度a historically significant experiment 具有历史意义的尝试policies of reform and opening to the outside world 改革开放政策Lesson 30 增进相互了解加强友好合作金秋时节golden fall生活方式way of life民族精神national spirit周边环境neighboring environment 民族意识national identity政治基础political foundation 先秦the pre-Qin days独立自主independence面向be oriented to归根到底in the final analysis自我完善self-improvement精神力量moral force不屈不挠的斗争dauntless struggle 文明的culturally advanced 民主政治democracy民族团结ethnic harmony 设法解决grapple with it彻底粉碎completely smash现代化建设modernization/ modernization drive半殖民地半封建semi-colonial and semi-feudal社会主义法治国家a socialist country under the rule of law历史文化传统historical and cultural traditions和平共处五项原则the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence（历年试题）互不干涉内政non-interference in each other’s internal affairs科教兴国rejuvenate China through science and education社会主义市场经济socialist market economy完成祖国统一大业achieve national reunification、学术交流academic exchange诺贝尔奖获得者Nobel Prize winner振兴中华rejuvenation of China人类文明的发祥地the cradle of human civilization区域自治regional autonomy平等互利的原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit（06年）Saint Valentine’s Day 情人节Right to know 知情权The stock of foreign investment 外资存量Summer resort 避暑胜地A breach of contract 违约Presidential campaign 总统竞选Advanced agrotechnology 先进的农业技术Economic sanctions 经济制裁Pharaoh法老G8 summit 八国集团首脑会议互不干涉内政non-interference in each other’s internal affairs平等互利的原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit科教兴国rejuvenate China through science and education享受免税的优惠待遇enjoy the preferential treatment of tax exemption社会主义市场经济the socialist market economy完成祖国统一大业achieve national reunification七届人大第三次会议the third session of the Seventh National People’s Congress 合同的中止或终止the suspension or termination of the contract安理会常任理事国permanent member of the Security Council和谐社会harmonious society07Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚Encyclopaedia Britannica 大英百科全书The budget for revenues and expenditures 收支平衡Investment in cash and in kind 以现金和实物进行投资Multilateral principles 多边规则Geneticist遗传学家Self-sufficiency through self-reliance 通过自力实现自给自足Diesel locomotive 柴油机车Aviation and marine insurance 航空和海事保险Appreciation of RMB 人民币升值润滑油lubrication oil《世界版权公约》Universal Copyright Convention欢迎宴会the welcoming banquet欧盟联盟European Union非政府组织non-governmental organization文学流派school of literature京杭大运河the Grand Canal专属经济区the exclusive economic zones青藏铁路the Qinghai-Tibet Railway社会保障social security08Man of letters 作家Roman Catholic cathedral 罗马天主教堂Maternal grandfather外祖父Mineral deposits 矿藏Offshore oil exploration 近海石油勘探Arteries of communication 交通动脉Director-general 总干事The Clean Air Act Amendment 空气洁净法修正案Olympic mascot 奥运吉祥物Global warming 全球变暖外汇交易foreign exchange dealing手语sign language荒漠desert海洋旅游业marine tourism水产品aquatic products调解或仲裁conciliation or arbitration上海合作组织Shanghai Cooperation Organization食品安全food safety中共十七大the 17th National Congress of the CPC志愿者volunteer09Exclusive right 专有权Al-Qaeda 基地组织Livestock raiser 家畜饲养者Epicenter 震中Bear market 熊市Arable land 可耕种土地CPI 消费者价格指数historic sites 历史古迹Bull’s-eye 耙心Urban dweller 城市居民文学界literary circle节能减排energy-saving and emission reduction 火炬接力一项长期的战略任务法律咨询反腐败畅销书自然资源海峡两岸关系双赢。
自考英语翻译教材课文Lesson 2和lesson3
Lesson 2 The Story of My LifeThe most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1997, there months before I was seven years old.On the afternoons of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. I guessed vaguely from my mother’s signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and they great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart of something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. “light! Give me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.Lesson 3 My Life and Literaturea few days ago, a Japanese author asked me how I was able to appreciate authors and books of so many different schools. I replied, ‘I am not ‘man of letters’’ , nor do I belong to any particular school. Thus I am not restricted in any way.”Then he asked me, “you’ve written many, many books. How can you say you’ re not a man of letters?” I replied, “as long as I’m not a man of letter, I ‘m not subject to any of the rules of literature. Nor do I have to be afraid of being thrown out of any literary circles.”What are my enemies? “all outmoded traditional thinking; any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development; any force which tramples on love—all these things are my enemies.” All my books were written with the express purpose of denouncing, exposing and striking out at these enemies of mine.In the twenty years between 1929 and 1948, I wrote very quickly and wrote a great deal. I felt as if my mind was being whipped, as if my mind was being whipped, as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to readdress the injustices it had suffered. I both cried and laughed along with my principal characters, and often despondently scratched my head.When I say that I write like I live, and that the highest ideal a work of literature can attain is to be at one with life, and that an author should be able to identify with his readers, I basically mean that books and their authors should never tell lies.I’ve also said recently on another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness. When I was arguing this point with a friend several decades ago, I said, “physically attractive people don’t need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles my ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.” His reply was, “literary works have stood the test of time because of the skill with which they were written. Who today really cares about the details of what life was like a hundred years ago?”I disagree. Readers are moved by the life reflected in a story and the fate of the chief characters. This means I oppose fabrication, deception and flowery language. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.。
《英汉翻译教程》高等教育自学考试(本科)考纲解读Unit 1 Stories
Unit 1 Stories考纲内容1.故事选篇。
其特点是: 以第一人称或第三人称讲述自己或别人的经历。
情节具体，文笔细腻生动。
2.语言对比：(1) 代词英语代词用得很多，汉语实词用得多。
英语可先出代词，后出实词，汉语则相反。
（2）形容词与副词注意搭配，一种语言可用的搭配，不一定能用于另一种语言。
有时形容词或副词汉词时可单独处理。
3. 考核要求翻译中有处理以下问题的能力（1）所选故事的特点及理解方面的难点（2）代词（3）形容词与副词单元知识解读一、故事文章故事文章一般分为两种：以第一人称谈自己或以第三人称记述别人的事迹。
这类文章一般会是真人真事，能够引起读者阅读的兴趣。
文字生动活泼，文笔细腻生动。
翻译这类文章时就忠实原文，译文应通顺，翻译可具有一定的灵活性，不必过于拘泥于原文的句子结构。
Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way towardthe shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. “light! Give me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour. (p10)你是否曾有过这样的经历---在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方，大船上的人又紧张又着急，一面用铅锤和测深绳探测深浅，一面向岸边慢慢驶去，你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事？我在开始接受教育之前，就像那条船，只是我没有罗盘、没有测深绳，也无法知道离海港有多远。
大学英语自学教程-上册课后练习例句汉译英(汉英对照)
电视里的广告太多，无法记住到底有多少。
There are so many advertising on TV that we can’t exactly remember how many.
35
许多错误的想法导致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。
Much wrong idea made sailors ofColumbus’s time unwilling to sail to the west.
62
第二次世界大战期间的士兵吃了大量的土豆。
The soldiers had eaten lots of potatoes during the Second World War
63
有一种错误观念，吃某种动物就可以吸取这种动物的优良品质。
There is a wrong idea that by eating an animal people can get the good qualities of the animal for themselves.
17
除了收入所得税外，有些州还要收购物税。
In addition to income tax, some states charge sales tax.
18
销售税随着你所购物品的价格而变
Sales tax varies with the prices of what you buy.
19
人们总是抱怨着不断上涨的物价。
30
她经常教这些孩子唱英文歌曲。
She often teaches these children to sing English song.♫
31
平均每天有1000名来访者。
On the average, there are 1000 visitors every day.
自学考试__英语一课文翻译
自考公共英语（一）课文翻译UNIT 1Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。
”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。
”然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。
他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。
他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。
他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。
如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。
他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。
因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。
他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。
他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。
当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。
对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。
他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。
他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。
他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。
英汉翻译教程 自考英语Unit_1_Lesson_3
Important sentences and phrases
唯其不是文学家，我就不受文学规律的限 制。 我不是文学家，不属于任何派别，所以我 就不受限制。 As long as I’m not a man of letters, I’m not subject to any rules of literature. Tip：唯其：正因为 受。。限制：be subjected to
4. man of letters 文学家 5.我最恨那些欺名盗世、欺骗读者的谎言。 A. That I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies. B. Whatever I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies. C. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers they deceive the public with their lies. D. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.
我说我写作如同在生活，又说作品的最高境 界是写作同生活的一致，是作家同人的一致， 主要的意思是不说谎。 When I say that I write like I live, and that the highest ideal a work of literature can attain is to be at one with life, and that an author should be able to identify with his readers, I basically mean that books and their authors should never tell lies.
自考翻译lesson_03_ex
2007-12-5
Lesson 03--- exercise
3
翻译技法： 分译 “你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客， 也引得车厢里的人都往这里看。 • “Are you deaf, or dumb?” he burst out. Very much irritated, he gave her a slight push, which attracted the attention of other passengers. 翻译技法： 具体转抽象 翻译技法： 增添
2007-12-5
Lesson 03--- exercise
6
翻译技法： 省略
翻译技法： 省略
我赶忙向男乘客作了解释，又用纸条写了一句话，举到 女乘客的眼前：“对不起！他要下车，他问了您好几声， 您是不是没听见？”女乘客点了点头，把道让开了。
• I told the man what I was thinking and then I wrote on a slip of paper: “Excuse me, but he wants to get off. He’s asked you several times, but you didn’t seem to hear him. Right?” When I showed it to the woman she nodded and made way for him.
5
翻译技法： 省略
2006/07 汉英术语
见此情景，我猛然想起在 60路沿线上有家福利工厂，女 乘客可能就是个聋哑人听不见声音。 • Looking at this scene, I suddenly remembered that there was a welfare factory on the route of Bus No. 60 and that the woman might be a deaf mute from there. 翻译技法： 增添 翻译技法： 增添
自考综合英语一 第三课
She is headlining in the new play. 她在这出新戏里演主角。
In charge of:
1. 主管 An experienced mechanic is in charge of the job. 一位有经验的机械师负责这工作。
6. The fire sent people rushing out of the building
7. it’s 4 o’clock. No one showed up.
8. I really don't like to see the young man wandering on the road.
Sentence translation
1.This policy wasn't meant to hurt the interests of the common people.
2. Everyone knows what rose stands for. 3. Leave a message for him in case he
9. The president wants to know who is in charge of this department.
10. He stood up, walked to the door.
11. After hearing his son’s accident, Bill's mother rushed to the hospital.
You must have a haircut.
You have to have my camera repaired.
英汉笔译基础教程 第1章 翻译概述
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.1.2 翻译的分类
❖按翻译工具形式来分：
▪ 口译（interpreting） ▪ 笔译（translation） ▪ 手语翻译（sign language interpreting）
❖按翻译的方向来分：
▪ 外语译入母语，即译入（in-translation，如英译汉） ▪ 母语译入外语，即译出（out-translation，如汉译英）
1.2.1翻译标准的演变
❖奈达：
▪ “衡量翻译质量的标准，不仅仅在于所译的词语能否被 理解，句子是否合乎语法规范，而在于整个译文使读者 产生什么样的反应。”
❖莱斯：
▪ 应根据翻译文本的类型来确定翻译内容与形式，依据译 文是否在一定的翻译情境下实现了它的功能来判断译文 的优劣。
❖辜正坤：
▪ “翻译标准多元互补论”，具体的翻译标准应该而且必 然是多元的而非一元的。
❖ 雅各布森从符号学的角度来分：
▪ 语内翻译（intralingual translation） ▪ 语际翻译（interlingual translation） ▪ 符际翻译（intersemiotic translation）
❖ 诺德从译文功能来分：
▪ 工具型翻译（instrumental translation） ▪ 文献型翻译（documentary translation）
▪ 国际标准组织（ISO）所制定的《翻译项目-通用指南》 （ISO/TS 11669:2012）中，翻译被定义为“用书面语形 式把源语中的信息转变为目标语中的信息。”
1.1.1 翻译的定义
❖ 不同的时代，不同的视角，不同的翻译家和翻译 理论家对什么是翻译，很难有共同的看法，这也 说明翻译是个开放式定义。
自考英汉翻译教程考试
英语本科段自学考试英汉翻译教程Unit 1Unit 1 StoriesLesson1 (English-Chinese) Bilingual Reading（对照阅读）The Quest Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou En-lai. Would this man receive them as fellow countrymen, o would he treat them with cold suspicion and question them catiously about their past careers as militarists? Chu The remembered his age. He was thirty-six; his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned. When Chou En-lai’s door opened the y saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful. Yet it was a manly face, serious and intelligent, and Chu judged him to be in his middle twenties. Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man, even a little shy as he welcomed his visitors, urged them to be seated and to tell how he could help them.Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet. As he talked Chou En-lai stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. When the reply came a few months later they were enrolled as full members, but Chu’s membership was kept a secret from outsiders. （from Agnes Smedley, The Great Road）译文：探索他们两个人坐火车于一九二二年十月到达柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。
大学英语自学教程（上册）课文及翻译六篇
大学英语自学教程（上册）课文及翻译六篇大学英语自学教程(上册) 课文及翻译六篇01-A. How to be a successful language learner?“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, theyguess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。
大学英语教程自考翻译
Unit 1第一部分 Text A【课文译文】什么是决策？决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。
之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。
因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。
管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。
虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。
管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。
但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。
有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。
选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。
决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。
例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。
选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。
没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。
如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。
例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。
这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。
在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。
决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。
组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。
由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。
常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。
这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。
例如，市场营销经理为增加广告预算可能会讲得头头是道，但从更大的布局来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对组织更有利。
英汉翻译基础教程unit 1
主体 “介入”
近二、三十年流 行
侧重以解构主义 等受“后殖民主 义”思潮影响的 翻译理论
强调译者操纵
1.5 翻译的主体
• 翻译研究界已逐渐开始重视对译者主体性的研究，但 这不能仅仅停留在一般的呼吁“正名”阶段，而应进
一步探讨“译者背后的总的原因”、机理和特征，特
别是应从理论上真正对译者的“中心地位”和“主导
严复 “信、达、雅”
《天演论》、《原富》
1.3 翻译史简介
东方翻译史始于翻译佛经
高潮 时期
特点及代表人物
4th 五四运动至 马列主义经典《共产党宣言》、《莎士比
建国前
亚剧本》（梁实秋译）和苏联文学作品
《死魂灵》、《毁灭》等
白话文代替文言文
5th 建国初期到 东西方文学翻译
文革之前
译介学
6rd
20世纪70年 社科、科技、军事、外交、贸易、法律、
• 杳杳寒山道，rough and dark-the cold mountain trail，
• 落落冷涧滨。sharp cobbles-the icy creek bank. • 寂寂更无人。bleak，alone，not even a lone
hiker.
• 朝朝不见日，morning after morning I don't see the sun
代至今
文教、卫生等领域
翻译爆炸
1.4 翻译的标准
• 翻译的标准之争由来已久，“文质之争”、 “直译意译之争”、“归化异化之争”
• 严复：信、达、雅
• 鲁迅：宁信而不顺（直译） • 赵景深：宁错而务顺 • 许渊冲：诗歌翻译的三原则“三美”（意美、
音美、形美），“三化”（等化、浅化、深 化）
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10. 我最近还在另一个地方说过：艺术的最好境界是无 技巧。 A. I’ve also said recently on another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness. B. I’ve also said recently in another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness. C. I’ve also said recently in another place that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness. D. I’ve also said recently in another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is skilllessness.
原文为间接引语，不用引号，句末用问号，这是汉语行文 习惯。翻译为英语时虽然是间接引语，但句末用句号。
Important sentences and phrases
唯其不是文学家，我就不受文学规律的限 制。 我不是文学家，不属于任何派别，所以我 就不受限制。 As long as I’m not a man of letters, I’m not subject to any rules of literature. Tip：唯其：正因为 受。。限制：be subjected to
我说我写作如同在生活，又说作品的最高境 界是写作同生活的一致，是作家同人的一致， 主要的意思是不说谎。 When I say that I write like I live, and that the highest ideal a work of literature can attain is to be at one with life, and that an author should be able to identify with his readers, I basically mean that books and their authors should never tell lies.
Tips：翻译时把三个并列的动词做抽象名词purpose的定语， with the purpose 作动词write的状语。反之，在英译汉时把抽象名词处理成动 词的形式。 词类转换 Express：明确的 迅速的
我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心， 又觉得 仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样。 I felt as if my mind was being whipped， as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered.
地方：occasion不是具体的地点而是一种场合 艺术的最高境界：名词加定语从句的形式the highest state to which art can attain 无技巧：artlessness
长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹， 而我的文 章就像一个丑八怪， 不打扮， 看起来倒还 顺眼些。 Physically attractive people don‘t need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster， it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.
exercises
1. 文学流派 School of literature 2.平民文学 Popular literature 3. 原文: 前两天有一位日本作家问我怎么同时喜欢各种流 派的作家和作品呢？ 译文：Two days ago, a Japanese author asked me how I was able to like authors and books of so many different schools. 改译： Two days ago, a Japanese author asked me how I was able to appreciate authors and books of so many different schools.
Important sentences and phrases
一切旧的传统观念， 一切阻止社会进步和 人性成长的不合理的制度。 all outmoded traditional thinking； any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development
Tip：本句强调心被鞭子抽打，而不是被什么人抽打，为突出承受者， 翻译用whip的被动结构。 增译it had suffered 把暗含的冤屈之意体现出来了。
Important sentences and phrases
常常绝望地乱搔头发 Often despondently scratched my head.
我的文章就像一个丑八怪，不打扮，看起来倒还顺 眼些。【 】
A. My writing resembles an ugly monster, and it actually looks a little better without any embellishment. B. My writing resembles an ugly monster, and so it actually looks a little better without any embellishment. C. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment. D. My writing not only resembles an ugly monster, but also looks a little better without any
我最恨那些盗名欺世， 欺骗读者的谎言。 What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.
Tip：主干？ 仔细分析可以看出谎言本身不会欺骗读者，也不会盗名欺世。此处为 用谎言来欺骗读者 盗名欺世的写作的人。 使用主语从句强调最恨的内容
Unit 1
Lesson 3 我和文学
巴金简介
巴金原名李尧棠，现代文学家、 出版家、翻译家。 也被誉为是“五四”新文化运 动以来最有影响的作家之一， 是20世纪中国杰出的文学大师、 中国当代文坛的巨匠。 主要作品包括：激流三部曲 《家》、《春》、《秋》 和 爱情三部曲《雾》《雨》 《电》 。
1982年获“国际但丁文学奖”。 其中《家》是他的代表作，也是我国现代 文学史上最卓越的作品之一。 2005年10月17日19时零6分在上海逝世， 享年101岁。
Important sentences and phrases
有一位日本作家问我你怎么同时喜欢各种 流派的作家和作品呢？ A Japanese author asked me how I was able to appreciate authors and books of so many different schools.
6.儿童文学 Child literature 7.文学界 Literary circle 8. 副教授 associate professor
9. 一切文学家、艺术家只有联系群众，表现群众，把自 己当作群众忠实的代言人，他们的工作才有意义。 Which of the following translation versions is NOT correct? A. No writers or artists can do any significant work unless they are closely linked with the masses, give expressions to their thoughts and feelings, and serve them as loyal spokesmen. B. All writers and artists only link with masses, express masses and speak loyally for masses, their work can be significant. C. Only by being closely linked with masses, expressing their thoughts and feelings and serving them as loyal spokesmen can writers and artists do any significant work. D. Writers or artists can’t do any significant work if they are not closely linked with masses, portrait them or serve them as loyal spokesmen.
Important sentences and phrases
我最近还在另一个地方说过：艺术的最高 境界是无技巧。 I’ve also said recently on another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness.