英语语法基础知识PDF版
(完整word版)初中英语语法大框架.pdf
简单介词、从属连词
表示说话时的感 情或口气
句类 句子种类 （Sentence Types ）
名称
定义
陈述 句
说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看 法
疑问 提出问题 句
祈使 表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等 句
感叹 句
表示喜怒哀乐等强烈的情感
简单 句
只有一套主、谓语的句子
并列 句
由两个及以上并列而又互相独立 的简单句构成
复合 由一个主句和至少一个从句构成 句
分类 肯定句、否定句 一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句、 特殊疑问句等
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从 句、状语从句等
(conjunction) 独 立 担 任 任 感叹词 interj. 何 (interjection) 成 分)
词类 （ Parts of Speech ）
定义 表示人或事物的 名称 代替名词、形容词 或数词
表示数量或顺序
专有名词、普通名词
分类
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示 代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词、连接代词 基数词、序数词
词类和句类
词类
汉(英)语名称
名词 n. (noun) 实 词 代词 pron. (在 (pronoun) 句 数词 num. 子 (numeral) 中 独 动词 v. (verb) 立 形容词 adj. 担 (adjective) 任 成 分) 副词 adv. (adverb)
虚 冠词 art. (article) 词 (不 能 介词 prep. 在 (preposition) 句 子 连词 conj. 中
表示动作或状态
表示名词 (人或物 ) 的特征 修饰动词、形容 词、其他副词或全 句，表示状态特征 或行为
英语语法框架图解英语语法合集打印、排版优.pdf
英语语法框架图解英语语法合集打印、排版优.pdf 英语语法知识结构简表图解英语语法基本语法点扫描英语学习思路：语义理解（阅读）；语法研习（语境中的语法）；运⽤（翻译，写作，听⼒，⼝语）Ⅰ.语义理解：通过机械的翻译使学⽣能看懂基本句⼦，为后期语境中的语法学习作准备。
Ⅱ.语法研习：在语境中培养学⽣的语法意义认识；语法运⽤。
词层⾯：独⽴成分+定语类+主语+谓语+（宾语）+状语类句层⾯：连词；句类别；从句逻辑层⾯：⽂化差异。
Ⅲ.运⽤：通过⽐较修改加强学⽣的知识运⽤能⼒。
主语类1.名词1.1分类（可数不可数问题及判定标准;冠词问题）；单数The;a/an名词专有名词复数–s;the普通名词可数不可数量词+of1.2单复变化规则（6种。
可数不可数）；-s,-es;-sh,-ch,-x,-s;-c-辅⾳；-f/-fe;-o;特殊词（不规则变化；单复同形）*注意单形集体名词的单复数判定（意义）*⼀般单数*复数情况：sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales,accounts…Man/woman+n.:a man teacher>ten men teachers1.3格问题：-'s,of结构；双重所有格；多⼈问题；1.4名词定语作⽤(city photograph)。
2.冠词a/an：⼀个;某个;one more....the涉及具体的物：this,that;these,those。
zero article零冠词：泛指；时间，游戏运动，三餐；系动词（turn writer）；倒装。
3.动名词：名词，但更⾼于名词因为能带动很多词整体作为⼀个名词使⽤。
The news of his giving up the chance to fight back(n.)4.名词性从句4.1定义：整个从句作为名词使⽤。
4.2分类：主语从句；宾语从句；表语从句；同位语从句。
4.3注意点：1.it作形式主语，形式宾语及虚拟；2.引导词（that,if,whether;what,that,who,which;where,when,how;as,as if,because，there be…使⽤后意思通即可）；3.语序⼀律使⽤陈述语序。
英语语法基础知识大全(2020年7月整理).pdf
到主语前构成 语 问 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般
疑问句 气 句 选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内
容) 分 反义疑问句：前肯后否;前否后肯 祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头 What +名词+主语+谓语! 感 What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! 叹 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语! 句 How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! How +主语+谓语!
(1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句： He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。
(2)在否定句或疑问句中可用 not so…as…. 例句：He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
（完整版）（整理）强烈推荐英语语法基础知识.doc
（完整版）（整理）强烈推荐英语语法基础知识.doc英语语法基础知识 - 动词分类我们应该从三个方面了解一下动词的分类。
第一方面：按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类。
见下表。
类别特点意义举例实义动词 (vt. 及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才I have a book.. vi.) 能表达完整的意思不及物动词不能能独立作谓语She always comes直接接宾语late.系动词 (link-v) 跟表语不能独立做谓I am a student.语，跟表语构成完整意思助动词 (aux. v.) 跟动词原形或分不能独立做谓Hedoesn’t speak 词（无词汇意义）语，跟主要动词Chinese.构成谓语，表示I amwatching TV.疑问，否定及各种时态情态动词 (mod. 跟动词原形（有不能独立做谓We can do it by v.) 自己的词汇意语。
表示说话人ourselves.思）语气、情态，无That would be人称和数的变化better.第二方面：短语动词，短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。
其构成方式如下。
构成方式动词 +介词动词 +副词动词 +副词 +介词动词 +名词 +介词Be+形容词 +介词复杂结构举例Look at, look afterGive up, put intoCatch up with, look down upon Take care of, pay attention to Be proud of, be afraid ofMake up one ’s mind, wind one ’s way第三方面：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。
1、谓语动词形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to melast month. 过去时态主语是动作的发生者或语态者承受者We study English. 主动The road was filledwith rubbish. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、He has flown to愿望等America. 事实I wish I could fly tothe moon some day. 愿望2、非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词可作主语、表语、 It takes me 20作用宾语、定语、状语 minutes to go toschool.动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likesreading.分词现在分起形容词、副词作作表语、定语、状The cup is broken 词用，表主动语、宾语补足语过去分起形容词、副词作The steam is seen词用，表被动rising from thewet clothes.中学生英语学习常见错误-- 动词［误］She laid down and soon fell asleep.［正］She lay down and soon fell asleep.［析］考试中常出现的是易混动词lay 放， lie去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下：lay ( 放 ) laid ， laid ， laying (及物动词)躺， lie 说谎。
英语语法大全.PDF
【学英语必看】《英语语法手册》（全）在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。
但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。
以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里.[英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。
一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。
学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。
如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。
词类(parts of speech)英语的词通常分为十大类：1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。
2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。
3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。
4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。
6)副词(adverb，缩写为。
adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。
高考英语总复习-----体系语法--限定词(PDF版)
DeterminerI. DefinitionDeterminers are used to determine Nouns in numbers and areas.Determiners are used as pre-attributives.Determiners include Articles 、 Numerals 、 Possessive Pronouns 、 Demonstrative Pronouns and Indefinite Pronouns.II. Classification1. Pre-determiners ( 9): all/both/half/double/twice/two-thirds/such/what/many特别注意：两个前位限定词不能同时使用。
2. Center-determiners(19):a/an/the/my/this/some/any/no/either/neither/every/each/whose/which/what/whosever/ whichever/whatever特别注意 1：my 指的是形容词性物主代词，this 指的是指示代词。
特别注意 2：两个中位限定词之间具有排斥性，不能同时使用，what 遇到前位限定词放后面，遇到中位限定词放前面。
E.g. What a lovely girl !(限定词+adj.+n.)3. Post-determiners(14):one/first/next/last/other/another/many/much/more/most/few/little/several/such特别注意 1：俩那个后位限定词可以同时使用，但位置是固定的。
特别注意 2：such 和 many 遇到冠词时放在冠词前面做前位限定词，遇到其他词时放后面，同时出现要 many such。
III.Determiners with Nouns1. Singular Countable Nouns only : a/an/one/every/each/either/neither/either/another/many a/sucha.E.g. Many a doctor is... = many doctors are...2. Plural Countable Nouns only : both/several/these/those/many/few/another/two/a(great)number of/cardinal>1E.g. These/Those flowers3. Non-Countable/Uncountable Nouns only : much/little/less/least/a(little)bit of/a great deal of/a large( small/great)amount of...E.g. A great deal of money4. Singular & Plural Countable Nouns only : the last/the next/ordinals E.g. The first/second lesson5. Singular & Non-Countable Nouns only : this/that6. Plural & Non-Countable Nouns : more/most/such/other/enough/a lot of/lots of/plenty of7. Three Classes of Nouns : Possessive Nouns/Genitive Nouns/Definite Article/all/half/some/any/no/what/which/ whose/whatever/whichever/whosever/the other E.g. The bus/The boxes/The waterIV. The uses of Indefinite Articles ——a/an 1. a class of people or things ( 种类 ) 2. one of a lot of people or things ( 数量 ) 3. some person or something ( 某一个 ) 4. each or “per”( 每一个 ) 5. the same thing6. 抽象名词前，抽象名词具体化 late.1. 说话双方都知道2. 独一无二的事物3. 第二次提到（上文提到，下文又一次出现）E.g. Harbin is the capital of Heilongjiang province.The city is very cold in winter.4. 特指某种事物（着重强调的作用） This is the book which heboughtyesterday.5. Sentence PatternsV+sb.+Preposition+the+身体部位特别注意 1：动词通常为：pat/hit/strike/beat/touch/take/catchA horse is a useful animal. This is a pen.A girl is waiting for you.He drove the car at eighty miles an hour. John and I are nearly an age.I am quite at a loss./It ’s a pity that you areall of a sudden/as a rule/as a matter of factOpen the door,please.The earth moves round the sun.特别注意2：介词通常为：in(软的空的)He hit me in the mouth.on(硬的)The man beat the boy on the back.by(与动词 take,seize,catch 连用) The policeman caught the thiefby the arm.特别注意 3：此公式必须用 the ，公式外可以用物主代词+身体部位。
英语语法基础知识大全
3、“have”在第三人称单数时变成“has”。
4、“there be”的否定形式在be后加not，对于have通常直接在它的宾语前加“no”，表示“没有”的意思。
完成He has workedHe had workedHe will have worked
完成进行He has been workingHe had working
第13课情态动词
1、情态动词的概念：Can、May、Could这些词，用法与助动词相似，但是有它们自己的意思。
2、Can的基本用法：
第8课
1、动词的过去式：一般的动词后面可直接加“ed”。但是以“e”结尾的动词，直接加“d”；以辅音字母加“y”结尾的词，变“y”为“i”加“ed”；一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的词，且此音节重读，双写结尾的这个辅音字母，再加“ed”。
2、常用过去式时的一些时间状语。
3、过去时的否定和疑问结构。
第9课将来时的表达
3、现在完成时的构成：
（1）have（has）+过去分词：Tom has gone out。
（2）现在完成时的否定和疑问形式：否定形式在have、has后加not；疑问形式将Have、has提前，如Has Tom gone out。
（3）过去分词的概念及其变化形式：
概念：它和现在进行时中的“动词的ing形式”一样，只是英语中表达时态的一种固定形式。
No,I won’t.
I’m sorry I can’t.Won’twould
shallShall I…（我要…吗？）Shall I help you?（要我帮你做点事吗？）Yes,thank you.
小学英语语法大全(完整版)
小学英语语法大全第一章名词一、定义名词是表示人或事物名称的词。
它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。
二、分类1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词如：john is a studentstudent是普通名词，john是专有名词普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。
2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。
3. 专有名词专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。
三、名词的数1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词——可以数的名词不可数名词——数不清（没有复数）drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridgefood?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式many+可数名词复数much/a little+不可数名词some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。
3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词对可数名词的数量提问用how many对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法：1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。
注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。
如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。
初中英语语法大全.pdf
初中英语语法大全.pdf1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump2 （比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越如何样3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 赞成某人5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树8 As soon as 一如何样就如何样9 as you can see 你是懂的10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直截了当接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book11 ask sb for sth 向某人啥12 ask sb to do sth 询咨询某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人别要做某事13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始15 at the end of +地方/+时刻最终；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day16 at this time of year 在每年的那个时候17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感受/对啥有信心，自信eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test18 be + doing 表：1 如今举行时 2 未来时19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）可以…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing20 be able to do sth 可以干啥 eg :she is able to sing21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐怖，胆怯…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraidof dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做啥eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为啥而生某人的气25 be as…原级…as 和啥一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高26 be ashamed to27 be away from 远离28 be away from 从……离开29 be bad for 对啥有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的双眼不行30 be born 出生于31 be busy doing sth 忙于做啥事 be busy with sth 忙于……32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from……和啥别一样34 be famous for 以……闻名35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from BejingDoes he come from Bejing37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass isfilled with water38 be glad+to+do/从句39 be going to + v(原）未来时40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……41 be good for 对啥有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English42 be happy to do 非常激动做某事43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的躯体有好处44 be in good health 躯体健康45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother49 be mad at 生某人的气50 be made from 由……制成(制成往后看别见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成往后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表别确定53 be on a visit to 参观54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎55 be quiet 肃静56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰57 be sick in bed 生病在床58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自个儿别严格63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格64 be supposed to do 被要求干啥65 be sure 表确定66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am s ure of learning English well67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能经过考试69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会经过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 胆怯……71 be terrified to do sth 胆怯做某事72 be the same as …和啥一样73 be used to doing sth 适应做某事eg: My father is used to getting up early 我父亲适应早He is used to sleeping in class 他适应上课睡觉74 be worth doing 值得做啥75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 胆怯做某事be afraid of sth 胆怯某物 be afraid that 丛句76 because+句子 because of +短语eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事start…with…=begin…with…以啥开始啥eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home78 between…and…两者之间79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……啥东西eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同81 bother 打搅 bother sb to do stheg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打搅你，然而你能告诉我如何去车站the problem has been bothering me for weeks 那个咨询题困扰了我几个周了He's bothering me to lend him money82 by the end of 到……为止83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang84 care 关怀 eg : Don't you care about this country's future 你为啥别关怀国家的将来85 catch up with sb 赶上某人86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地方带某人去某地87 come in 进88 come over to 过来89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一具好方法吗90 communicate with sb 和某人交流91 consider + doing 思考做啥 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为啥别思考去泸州92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜爱随着音乐跳舞93 decide to do sth 决定做某事94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查95 do better in 在……方面做得更好96 do wrong 做错97 Don't forget to do sth 别要忘了做某事98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词别要介意……99 each +名（单）每一具…eg : Each student has many books 每一具学生都有一些书100 end up +doing101 enjoy +doing喜爱102 escape from 从……逃窜eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃窜出来103 expect to do sth 期待做某事104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上啥106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home107 find +it +adj +to do 发觉做某事如何样108 find sb/sth +adj 发觉啥如何样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词）110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door112 from…to…从某某到某某 eg: From me for her113 get /have sth down 做完，被（不人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处117 get ready for = be ready for为啥而预备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth120 get…from…从某处得到某物121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 接着做这件事125 go out away from go out of126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（别一定是上学）127 good way to 好办法128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会130 have a talk 听报告谈一谈131 have been doing 如今完成举行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have be en to …( 地点）……去过某过地点have gone to …（地点）去了某地还没回来133 have fun +doing 玩得激动134 have sth to do 有啥事要做eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有非常多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没啥情况做135 have to do sth 必须做某事136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做啥情况有烦恼137 have…time +doing138 have…(时刻)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一具月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听到某人做某事/正在做某事140 help a lot 非常大用处141 help sb with sth \one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事142 hope to do sth 希翼做某事143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对啥的看法145 if : 是否＝wethereg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我别懂我是否应该去参加晚会He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他别懂我们改日早上是否能准时到达146 if :假如，如果（全部接普通时态）＋条件语态从句eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 如果改日别下雨，我就去泸州 If they change the plan they will let me know 如果他们要改变打算，他们会让我懂的I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 假如我明年由脚够的钞票，我就要去英国147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人以为148 in some ways 在某些方面149 in the end = finally(adv) 最终150 in the north of…啥在啥的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东） 151 in the sun 在太阳下152 increase 增加eg : They've increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3%the population has increased from 12 million ten years ago to 18 million now153 instead of +（名）代替eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而别要梨子I like English instead of math 我喜爱英语而别喜爱数学154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时刻eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来讲做某事如何样158 It's +adj +to do 做某事如何样159 It's +adj for sb 关于某人来讲如何样 It's +adj of sb 对某人来讲太如何样160 It's +adj(for sb) to do（对某人来讲）做某事如何样 It's +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来讲做某事太如何样eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth 对……来讲是个好主意162 It's important to sb 对某人来讲非常重要 eg: It's important to me 163 It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时刻eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了164 join = take part in 参加165 just now 刚刚166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语让啥保持啥样167 keep out 别让……进入168 keep sb adj 让……保持…… eg: I want to keep my mother h appy keep healthy 保持健康169 key to +名词表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案170 key to… anser to … key 能够是答题或钥匙171 laugh at…取笑…… eg : Don't langh at others We langhed at the joke172 learn by oneslfe 自学173 learn from sb 向某人学习 eg: We should learn from Lei Feng174 learn to do sth 学做某事175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg ： We shouldn't let our farents down 我们别应该让我们的父母失望177 live from :离某地远178 live in +大地点 /at +小地点居住在某地 eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan179 look after = take care of 照应照看180 lose one's way 谁迷路 eg : Lose your way 你迷路181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友 eg : I want to make friends with you183 make it early 把时刻定的早一点184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相185 make sb /n +n 使啥成为啥 eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）如何样 eg : You must made your bed clean187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物如何样188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事 eg : I made him write 我往常让他写 189 make up be made up of (被动语态）由……组成190 make…difference to…191 mind sb to do mind one's doing 介意……做啥192 most +名 most of +代193 much too +形容词194 must be 一定195 need +名词196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事197 need to do (实义动词） need do (情态动词）198 no /neithr of hate to do no /neithr of hate doing199 no +名词200 not anymore = no more 再也别…… eg: He didn't cry any more He cried no more 他再也别哭201 not… (形、副）at all eg: He's not tall at all she doesn't junp far at all202 not…at all 一点都别203 not…either 表否定，也别 eg : I don't japanse either I don't have sister, either 我也没有姐姐204 not…until 直到……才……eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back The child didn't stop crying until I give hersugar205 offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供206 offer sb sth ( offer sth to sb 提供啥东西给某人 eg : I offer you water (I offer water to you 我给你提供水207 on one's way to…在谁去那的路上208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈210 on time 准时 in time 及时211 one day ＝some day ＝someday 一天，有一天212 one of +可数名词的复数形式213 one to another 一具到另一具214 over and over agin 一遍又一遍的 eg : He cleaned the floor over and over agin215 part-time job 兼职工作 fall-time job 全职工作216 pay for…付……钞票 pay the bill 开钞票，付钞票217 please +do218 please help yourself219 pleased with sb220 pool into = pore into221 practice +doing 练习做某事222 prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜爱…… eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中，我更喜爱物理prefer doing to sth 更喜爱去做…别情愿去做… eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜爱骑自行车，别开小车prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁肯做…也别愿eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜爱买新的车，也别去修旧车prefer sb not to do sth 更情愿… eg: I prefer her not to come 我别喜爱她别来223 pretend to do sth 装着去做啥 pretend that 从句eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard 这两个骗子装着努力工作He pretended that he did not know the answer 他装着别懂答案224 rather…than 宁可……也别……eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当大夫，也别当老师He likes dogs rather than cats 他喜爱狗，别喜爱猫225 regard…as 把……当作……eg: Please give my best regards to your family 请带我向你的家人我最好的咨询候I regard you as my friend 我把你当作我的朋友He shows little regard for others 他别爱关怀不人226 remid sb about sth 提醒某人啥事 remid sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事eg : he remids me about cooking (he remids me to cook 他提醒我做饭 227 remid sb of sth 使某人想起啥eg : the pictures remind me of my school days 这照片使我想起了我的学校the words that (which) the teacher talke to remind me of my mother 228 return sth to sb 还啥东西给某人229 say to oneself 对自个儿讲230 say to sb 对某人讲231 sb spend somemoney on sth 花了多少钞票在某事上232 sb spend sometime with sb 花了多少时刻陪谁233 sb spend sometime(in) doing sth 花了多少时刻做某事234 sb with sb +is sb and sb +are235 see sb do 看见某人做过某事 see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事236 seem to do/be +adj 显得如何样 eg : You seem to be tired You seem to be happy237 send +sb sth 送给某人某物238 send…to…把啥寄到哪里去239 shock 使……震惊 eg : Oh , It's only you ! You give me a shock 啊，是你呀！吓我一跳240 show sb sth 向某人展示某物 eg : I show her the book.241 show sb sth = show sth to sb 拿啥东西给某人看 eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物 eg : I show the book to her.243 some…others…一些……另一些……244 start…with…从……开始begin…with…从……开始245 stay away from 远离……eg : We're told to stay away from the animals whe visiting the zoo 当我们参观zoo 时，我们要远离动物 If you want to lose weight you'd better stay auay from the sweet food 徒工你想减胖，你最好远离甜食246 stop doing 停下正在做的事247 stop sb from doing sth 阻挠某人做某事248 stop sb(from) doing 阻挠某人做某事249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事250 such +名如此，这种251 suit sb 适合某人252 surprise sb 使某人惊讶 to one's surprise 令某人惊讶253 take classes 上课254 take sb to 把某人带去 eg : I take you to the hospital255 take walks = take a walk ＝ go for a walk 散步256 ①talk to 对谁讲eg : I talk to you ② talk with 和谁讲 eg : I talk with him③ talk of 谈到eg : we talked of you ④ talk about 谈论对于……257 talk with sb 和某人讲话258 teach sb sth 教某人做某事259 tell sb do sth 告诉某人做某事260 tell sb sth tell sb that 丛句 tell sb not to do sth tell a story 261 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事262 tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做啥 tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人别要做啥263 tell…from…264 thank you for +doing265 the same +名词(doing)+as……266 th e same…(名)…as as…(adj adv)…as 相同267 the way to do sth ＝ the way of doing st做某方面的办法the way to +地点去哪的路e g :Do you know the way to learn English Do you know the way of learning English268 the way to…（地方）到哪的269 too…to…太怎么样而别能……ａdj +enough to 脚够…能… so…that +丛句eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can't go to schoolHe is old enough to go to school ＝ He is so old that he can go to school270 transalte ……into……把啥翻译成啥 eg : Trasalte English into chinese271 travel with sb和某人去旅游272 try one's best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事eg: I will try my b est to learn English well273 try to do sth 想干啥，但没成功 try doing sth 想干啥，差不多做过了eg ：He tried to climb 他想爬上去，但没成功 He tried climbing 他想爬上去，差不多做过了274 try…试衣服 have a try 试一下275 turn down 开小←→ turn up 开大276 turn off 关上←→ turn on 打开 open 拆开277 upside down 倒着278 visit to…参观某个地点279 wait for sb 等某人280 wait for sb to do sth 等某人做啥 wait for sb 等某人 wait for sometime 等多少时刻eg : Would you please wait for me to get ready 等我预备好，好吗Let's wait for the rain to stop 让我们等雨停吧281 wake sb up 把某人叫醒282 want to do sth 想做某事283 watch sb do sth 观察某人做某事284 welcome to +…（地点）欢迎到……285 what about +n /doing eg : what about an apple286 what if 假如……如何办 What if +句子eg : What if it is true 假如是确实如何办What if aliens should come to the earth 如果外星人来到地球如何办 287 what they will do = what to do288 What's the matter = What's the trouble = What's wrong 有啥困难 289 while +连续性动词290 why don't you do = why not do291 will you please do will you please not do292 with one's best = with the help of sb 在某人的帮助下293 with the help of sb 在某人的帮助下 with one's help294 work at…在某处工作295 work with sb 和某人一起工作296 would like sth /to do sth eg : I would like to go to LuZhou 297 would you please +do298 yet :至今，用在否定句中299 you'd better do 最好做某事 = you'd better not do 最好别要做某事300 别定式 +v(原）301 联系动词（taste吃起来/sound听起来/look看起来/semll闻起来）+adj 302 名词、副词、形容词修饰 enongh 时, 形容词放在之前，名词副词放在之后303 太多 too much +别可数 too many +可数 much too 相当于 very ，修饰形容词304 向宾语提咨询：Whom305 向地方提咨询：Where306 向方式提咨询：How307 向价格和别可数名词提咨询：How much308 向可数名词提咨询：How many309 向频率提咨询： How often310 向时刻段提咨询：How long311 向时刻提咨询：what time/when312 向物主代词提咨询：Whose313 向职业提咨询：what do/does……doXXX 向主语提咨询： Who315 在未来时中，……往后（用 in，普通时态中，……往后（用 after 316.感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to,smell, taste, feel +do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的延续性，举行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
大学英语四级语法精要(PDF,已排版)
CET大学英语四级语法精要大学英语四级语法精要Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等）1.时态1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束．I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作．By next summer,he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事．I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2.语态1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如：He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等．It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：Why are you driving so fast in this area?You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制）2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a)双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语．He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短语动词1)Vi+advThe plane took off two hours late.2)Vi+prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi+prep(有被动语态）She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi+adv+prepI began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt+O+advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt+adv+O(无被动语态）I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt+O+prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4.省略1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉．a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old,she was able to walk without support.If not well managed,irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint,however understandable,is wrong.Enemies,once discovered,were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known,such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise,you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible,I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled,they met on January20at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略．a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager,but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free,as is all education.We will,as always,stand on your side.3）错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown,two bullets struck the wall beside her.5.一致1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,as muchas,no less than,more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式．Terry,along with her friend,goes skating every Saturday.An expert,together with some assistants,was sent to help in this work.The captain,as well as the coaches,was disappointed in the team.2)代词作主语时的一致a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待．Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b)some,few,both,many等作复数c)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一．none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念，但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None(=not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(=nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…，most of the…),动词用单数.3)由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由not only…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuademy daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致. There was carved in the board adragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.very large.His family isn’ｔHis family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee aredivided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These speciesare now extinct.5)表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessarypreparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他问题a)书名,国家名用单数:Talesfrom Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.c)many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of后接复数,the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those后用单数.在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one之前友the only等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ非谓语动词1.不定式1)形式主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have beendoinga)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seenyour mother).(比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seenme.b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.quite recovered yet.You are not supposedto be working.You haven’ｔexpect you to be waiting for us here.We didn’ｔHe pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带to的不定式:a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just)as well,cannot but等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.I’ｄr ather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?e)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.n o choice but to wait till it stops raining.There’ｓf)连词rather than,sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do,he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法a)too…to结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too,but too,all too,only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’ｓonly too pleased to help her.so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid, careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:kind of you to think so much of us.It’ｓ(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.very nice of you to be so considerate.It’ｓIt’ｓunwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式a)完成式:如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成形式.mention having met me.He didn’ｔI regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.remember ever seeing him anywhere.I don’ｔ现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause,they were able to propose a remedy.另外,独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left,they resumed their discussion.The children,having eating their fill,were allowed to leave the table.b)被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.bear being made fun of like that.He couldn’ｔ但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needsfilling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’llfind the topic being discussedeverywhere.very well refuse.Being asked to give aperformance,she couldn’ｔThese are sold at reduced prices,the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被动式:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’ｔremember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance,how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected,the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用a)作主语:Walking is good exercise.nice talking to you.It’ｓThere is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作宾语:Your shoes needpolishing.d elay sending the tractors over.You mustn’ｔHe avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语:动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见的有:insist on,persist in,think of,dream of,object to,suspect…of,a ccuse…of,charge…with,hear of, approve of,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrain from,be engagedin,look forward to, opposed to,depend on,thank…for,feel like,excuse…for,aim at,devote…to,set about,spend…in, get(be)used to,be fond of,be capable of,be afraid of,be tired of,be sick of,succeed in,be interested in,feel(be)ashamedof,be proud of,be keen on,be responsible for.d)作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needsof the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来,在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.e)作宾语补足语:分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,及可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes,I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作状语:现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home,feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night,I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.get in touch with her.Not knowing her address,we couldn’ｔSeeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.want to go to the cinema.Having already seen the film twice,she didn’ｔ现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when引起的从句:help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.Seeing those pictures,he couldn’ｔ如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’ｔm ind him going.She hates people losing their temper.help,mind,admit,enjoy,leave off, 4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’ｔrequire,postpone,put off,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure, escape,miss5)既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,a ffordattempt,can’ｔb ear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’ｔ等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’ｔgiven you enough help.want(need)to come.She doesn’ｔThe house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.t ry doing the work some other way.Let’ｓ6)悬垂修饰:分词作状语时,表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park,we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)Walking through the park,the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误)Standing on the tower,we could see the whole city.(正确)Standing on the tower,the whole village could be seen.(错误)3.分词1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.the risen sun,fallen leaves,faded/withered flowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escapedprisoners,the vanished jewels,newly-arrived visitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用a)作定语:distinguished guest贵宾,unknown heroes无名英雄,armed forces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiled water开水,steamedbread馒头,stricken area灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间,clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业,heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢,hand-made goods手工制品,man-made satellite人造卫星b)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.I don’ｔHe won’ｔlike such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles,they went on with the work,Delighted with her work,they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example,they performed countless good deeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method,tried in areas near Shanghai,resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20years a year,it grows tired only after40or50years.d)独立结构:在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立结构,一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.有时可以表示时间:Late that autumn,his work finished,he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因:Her eyesdimmed with tears,she did not see him enter.条件:All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ虚拟语气1.that从居中:1)wish,would rather(sooner),had better:I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句:The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired,it is suggested,it is requested,it was ordered,it was proposed,it is necessary,it isimportant,it hasbeen decided等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following weekIt will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中1)it is time thatIt is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的从句:They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest,for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形):He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in caseyou should needit.4)以whatever,whoever,no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时,谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have,he is an honest man.Come what may,we will go ahead.不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may,he’ｓs till a good politician.我承认他年老体衰,然而尽管如此,它仍是优秀的政治家.3.条件句1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:a)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):从句主句过去式would+动词原形If I were you,I wouldn’ｔl ose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况),谓语主要形式如下:从句主句had+过去分词would have+过去分词She would have come if we had invited her.taken your advice,I would havemade a bad mistake,If I hadn’ｔYou wouldn’ｔh ave caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的).这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes,he would be our chairman now.got everything ready by now,we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.If we hadn’ｔ3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示,而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music,the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.4)如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequatepreparation,we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood,what should we do?Were it not for their assistance,we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ介词1.合成介词和复杂介词1)合成介词:inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon within,without2)复杂介词:according to,along with,apart from,as for,as to,becauseof,by means of,in frontof,in spite of,instead of,in accordance with,on account of,on behalf of,owing to,due to,together with,up to,with regard to,prior to等2.介词在句末:This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seatto sit on?3.名词加介词(n+prep)1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solution to,faith in,glance at,needfor2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词:on one’ｓguard,at one’ｓrequest,in all probability,to mydelight4.动词加介词1)Vi+prep:prevail on,appeal to,fall into,apply for,touch upon2)Vt+O+prep:lay emphasison,take advantage of等3)Vi+adv+prep:I don’ｔw ish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt+O+adv+prep:take your resentment out on me.You shouldn’ｔput the shortage down to bad planning.We shouldn’ｔ5.形容词加介词about---anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular, sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat---awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled, useless,weak,etcfor---convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom---evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof---apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient, dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon---dependent,keen,intent,etcto---acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf, destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related, responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith---awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick, wrong,etcⅤ连词1.并列连词1)表示意义的引申：and,both…and,not only…but(also),as well as,and…as well,neither…nor2)表示选择：or,either…or3)表示转折：but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词）4)表示因果：for,so,therefore,hence2.从属连词1)表示时间：when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),as soon as,once2)表示原因：because,as,since,now that,seeing that3)表示条件：if,unless,in case,provided(that),suppose,as long as,on condition(that),4)表示其他关系：(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,in order that,so…thatⅥ定语从句1.限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确；非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质，去掉了不会影响主要意义，通常用逗号与它的先行词分开．The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys,who wanted to play football,were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词，或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词，其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的：Mary Smith,who is in the corner,wants to meet you.Her mother,who had long suffered form arthritis,died last night.All these books,which have been donated by visiting professors,are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人，用which指物,通常不用that替代．My father,who had been on a visit to America,returned yesterday.All the books,which had pictures in them,were sent to the little girl.2.定语从句的引导词1)that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉，在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man(whom)you’ve been looking for.He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.The people(who/that)you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去，这时可用that,但省略时更多一些．Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person(that)he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl(who/that)I spoke to is my cousin.2)限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被。
英语语法大全.pdf
英语语法词性一、实词1.名词（nouns）n.：名词是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。
名词可以独立成句。
在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。
名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等，专有名词的首字母要大写。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。
2.代词（pronoun）pron.：代词是代替名词的一种词类。
大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。
3.数词（numeral）Num.：表示“多少”和“第几”的词，叫数词。
其用法相当于名词或者形容词。
数词分为基数词和序数词两种。
4.形容词（adjective）adj.或a.：很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。
主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。
形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。
5.副词（adverb)adv.：是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。
副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为：时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、频率副词和说明性副词等。
6.动词（Verb）v.：动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。
基本上每个完整的句子都有一个动词，要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。
二、虚词7.冠词（article) art.：冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。
冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。
新版小学英语语法大全【完整版】.pdf
小学英语语法大全第一章名词一、定义名词是表示人或事物名称的词。
它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。
二、分类1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词如：john is a studentstudent是普通名词，john是专有名词普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。
2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。
3. 专有名词专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。
三、名词的数1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词——可以数的名词不可数名词——数不清（没有复数）drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridgefood?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式many+可数名词复数much/a little+不可数名词some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。
3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词对可数名词的数量提问用how many对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法：1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。
注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lotsof ,most of 等。
如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。
英语语法基础入门
英语基础语法知识（一）第一节词类和句子成分一、词类能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。
根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。
英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。
现分别叙述如下：（一）名词名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
例如：foreigner外国人soap 肥皂Newton牛顿law 法律freedom自由peace和平英语名词可分为两大类：1。
普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
例如：teacher教师market市场rice大米magazine杂志sound声音production生产2。
专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。
专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。
例如：Hemingway海明威Russia 俄罗斯New York 纽约United Nations联合国名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。
可数名词有单、复数之分。
绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。
例如：shop→shops商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。
例如：man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。
（二）冠词冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。
冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。
不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。
a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。
初中中考英语语法专题： 非谓语之动词不定式(PDF版)
专题十七：非谓语不定式非谓语动词，是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。
非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。
非谓语动词也是动词的一种，他们有着动词的其他特点，可以充当主语、宾语、状语等。
动词不定式:(to)+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征不定式与动词原形同形，但它前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”，无词性，有时不定式也不带to注：1.一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后例如:It's nice to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.2.进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如:The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3.完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如:I regretted having told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.不定式的句法功能(1)作主语在英语中，不定式用作句子的主语的情况是非常常见的。
通常有两种结构：一种是把不定式to do 直接放在句首的主语位置，另一种是把不定式to do 放在句末，而在句首的主语位置用形式主语it 来指代句末的不定式。
最常见的是用it 作形式主语，放在句首，而将真正的主语不定式（短语）放在句子后面，于是构成“It+...+to do sth.”这样的句型。
1.“It is+形容词+(for/to sb )+to do”结构It’s necessary for you to study hard .（necessary 修饰to study hard ，表示学习努力是有必要的）It’s foolish of him to do it .（foolish 修饰逻辑主语him ）区别：当使用for 时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式,通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词；而用of 时，句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。
英语零基础语法大全
英语零基础语法大全一、词类和句子成分词类通常有十大词类：1.名词:表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
又分：●普通名词●专有名词：第一个字母大写●可数名词●不可数名词不规则复数形式：man->mentooth->teethdatum->data2.冠词：放在名词之前，分：●不定冠词：a/an(仅此两个)●定冠词：the(仅此一个)3.代词：用来指代人或事物的词●人称代词：I、you、they、it●物主代词：my、his、their、mine、hers ●反身代词：myself、ourselves、oneself ●相互代词：each other、one another ●指示代词：this、that、these、such、same●疑问代词：who、whom、whose、which、what●关系代词：who、whom、whose、which、that●不定代词：some、any、no、all、one、every、many、a little、someone、anything4.数词：表示数量和顺序的词●基数词（表数量）：one、thirty-five●序数词（表顺序）：first、twentieth5.形容词：用来修饰名词，表名词的属性●形容词的比较级分三种：原级、比较级、最高级6.副词：分为四种●普通副词：together、well●疑问副词：when、where、how、why ●连接副词：therefor、then、however、otherwise●关系副词：where、when、why副词的比较级的构成和形容词一样7.动词：表动作或状态的词●实义动词：可独立做谓语，有完全的词义,根据是否需要宾语划分为：●及物动词：后接宾语，意义才完整●不及物动词：本身意义完整，不需接宾语●系动词：后需接表语如：be、seem、look、become、appear、get、feel、turn、remain●情态动词：表能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气和情感，只能和原形动词一起构成谓语动词。
新版小学英语语法知识点总结.pdf
小学英语语法知识点总结：可数名词和不可数名词一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的，这类名词叫可数名词。
可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people, family 等)。
如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的，这类名词就叫不可数名词。
不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。
二、关于可数名词名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两部分。
其中，可数名词是表示能够计算的人或物的名称，他们通常有单数和复数的形式。
单数通常用a,an或者是one来表示。
an用在元音字母的前面。
如： a desk, an apple, one boy.1、直接在单词的后面加-s.photo---photos book---books egg---eggs student---students pen---pensvillage---villages building---buildings cloud---clouds flower---flowershand---hands map---maps girl---girls2、如果单词以s,x,ch,sh结尾，通常要在单词后面加-es.bus---buses class---classes box---box dress---dresses peach---peacheswatch---watches fish---fishes3、以辅音字母+y结尾的单数名词要把y变为i，再加-es.如果y的前面是元音字母，则直接加上-s.family---families story---stories baby---babies day---days toy---toys boy---boys 4、以f,fe结尾的单词，要把f,fe变为v，再加-es.knife---knives wolf---wolves shelf---shelves5、以o结尾的单词一般加-s构成复数，但是potato, tomato,hero等词要加-es构成复数。
初中中考复习英语语法 专题四 形容词(PDF版)
专题三第四讲形容词定义：用来描写或修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的特征或性质的词。
用法：形容词在名词短语中可以放在被修饰名词的前面或后面，于是便构成前置修饰和后置修饰。
单个形容词在名词短语中的位置在一个名词短语中，若是单个形容词作定语修饰一个名词，其结构通常是“限定词＋形容词＋名词”，即形容词要放在名词的前面、限定词的后面。
例如：an interesting book a beautiful smile my best friend the popular songs 多个形容词修饰名词时的词序排列（了解）一个中心名词若有多个形容词修饰，此时这些形容词先后的位置关系要遵循一定的规则。
这个规则一般是：观点形容词＋描绘形容词所谓“观点形容词”，即完全是表述个人主观上对事物的看法的形容词。
如：good，lovely，beautiful，handsome，comfortable等。
所谓“描绘形容词”，又称为描述事实形容词，即用来描述事物本身固有特征的形容词，是对事物进行客观上的表述，如事物的颜色（blue，yellow，dark，white）、事物的形状（round，square）等。
在名词短语中，名词前面的形容词修饰语的排序可能是：限定词（my,the,three,this）—观点形容词（beautiful,famous）—尺寸大小（large,small,long）—形状（round,square）—新旧（new,old,ancient）—颜色（white,yellow）—国籍、出处或产地—质地材料—中心名词。
例如：Li Bai was a famous ancient Chinese poet.李白是中国古代一位著名的诗人。
This beautiful,big,old,red,Chinese wooden table was my grandmother's.这张红色的、中国式的旧木桌是我奶奶的，它又大又漂亮。
新版小学英语语法大全-附练习题.pdf
小学英语语法大全-附练习题Contents第一章名词1.名词的数2.名词的格第二章代词1.人称代词2.物主代词第三章冠词与数词1.冠词2.数词第四章一般现在时态第五章现在进行时态第六章句型1．陈述句2．疑问句3．祈使句4．There be 句型与have\ has第七章总结考试第一章名词（Noun）名词的概念在生活中，我们会接触到各种各样的人和事物，用来表示这些人或事物名称的词就是名词。
一、名词的数名词的数指名词的单数和复数形式。
可数名词表示“一个”时用单数，“两个以上”时用复数；不可数名词表示量时，通常用“数词+单位+of+物质名词”的形式，如 a piece of bread (一片面包)，变为复数时，只须将单位名词变为复数，如：two pieces of bread(两片面包)。
*名词复数的构成法则1. 一般情况下在词尾加 s. 词尾读音shop --- shops (商店) 在清辅音后读[ s ]bag --- bags (书包) 在浊辅音后读[ z ]window --- windows (窗户) 在元音后读[ z ]2. 以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的单词在词尾加es。
class --- classes (班级) 词尾读音[ iz ]box --- boxes (盒子)match --- matches (比赛)brush --- brushes (刷子)3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i 加es.story --- stories (故事) 词尾读音[ iz ]4. 以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，在词尾直接加skey --- keys 词尾读音[ z ]monkey --- monkeys5.以“o”结尾的名词，复数一般在词尾加“s”, 但个别加“es”tomato --- tomatoes (西红柿) 词尾读音[ z ]potato --- potatoes (土豆)zoo --- zoos (动物园)photo --- photos (照片)*（以“o”结尾，复数加“es”）口诀：黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)，左手拿着西红柿(tomato)，右手拿着破土豆(potato)，头顶一个大芒果（mango）。