仪表等级飞行员理论培训
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仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1109RNAVGPS1A课件
• A minimum of four satellite signals are required to solve for an unaided, unique, position and time solution.
How Does GPS Work? Basic Function of GPS
• Store flight plans
• ARTCC, FSS & COMM data
• Airspace info • Routing Info • IAP approaches • Airport info
• Runway layout
Aviation Benefits From GPS Navigation
each satellite at all times
GPS Velocity
• GPS gives us more than just our position – it can tell us how fast we’re moving as well
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)
Requirements for IFR GPS Navigation: AIM 1-1-19
• If loss of RAIM is predicted at ETA, then use alternate or delay/cancel. (Check GPS NOTAMS!)
• NOTEAny required alternate airport must have an approved instrument approach procedure other than GPS that is anticipated to be operational and available at the estimated time of arrival, and which the aircraft is equipped to fly.
How Does GPS Work? Basic Function of GPS
• Store flight plans
• ARTCC, FSS & COMM data
• Airspace info • Routing Info • IAP approaches • Airport info
• Runway layout
Aviation Benefits From GPS Navigation
each satellite at all times
GPS Velocity
• GPS gives us more than just our position – it can tell us how fast we’re moving as well
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)
Requirements for IFR GPS Navigation: AIM 1-1-19
• If loss of RAIM is predicted at ETA, then use alternate or delay/cancel. (Check GPS NOTAMS!)
• NOTEAny required alternate airport must have an approved instrument approach procedure other than GPS that is anticipated to be operational and available at the estimated time of arrival, and which the aircraft is equipped to fly.
仪表等级飞行员理论培训
理论培训的考核标准
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仪表等级飞行员理论培训的考核 内容
仪表等级飞行员理论培训的考核 标准
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仪表等级飞行员理论培训的考核 方式
仪表等级飞行员理论培训的考核 结果
P仪A表R等T级5飞行员理论培训的实
践应用
仪表等级飞行员在飞行中的实践应用
仪表等级飞行员的基本要求：具备相应的理论知识和技能，能够熟练操作飞行仪表和设备。
法与要求
理论培训的方法
制定培训计划：根据学员的实际 情况和需求，制定合理的培训计 划
教学方法：采用多种教学方法， 如讲解、演示、模拟训练等
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教学内容：包括仪表等级飞行员 的理论知识、操作技能、安全知 识等
教学评估：对学员的学习情况进 行评估，及时调整教学计划和教 学方法
YOUR LOGO
仪表等级飞行员理 论培训
,a click to unlimited possibilities
汇报人：
时间：20XX-XX-XX
目录
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05
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仪表等级飞行 员培训的重要 性
仪表等级飞行 员理论培训的 内容
仪表等级飞行 员理论培训的 方法与要求
仪表等级飞行 员理论培训的 实践应用
先进技术的应用：随着科技的不断进步，无人机、人工智能等先进技术的应用将为仪表等级飞行 员培训提供更多的实践机会和培训手段。
国际化趋势：随着全球化的加速，跨国航空公司的不断扩张将为仪表等级飞行员提供更多的就业 机会和国际化发展机遇。
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5210APPROACHPROCEDURE
• Difference between straight-in approach and straight-in landing …
仪表等级飞行员理论培训 stage5210APPROACHPROCEDUR
E
Straight-in LANDING
• Final Approach Course within 30° of the runway.
E
The Glide Slope
仪表等级飞行员理论培训 stage5210APPROACHPROCEDUR
E
Note final segment of this NDB Approach (non-precision with FAF)
仪表等级飞行员理论培训 stage5210APPROACHPROCEDUR
仪表等级飞行员理论培训 stage5210APPROACHPROCEDUR
E
“Cleared for straight-in approach”
• This means you are cleared to execute the approach WITHOUT THE COURSE REVERSAL PROCEDURE TURN
• Depicted on every approach
– For radar approaches, given verbally. – ATC may give you instructions other than the
published missed procedure (be prepared to copy!).
• Sometimes not possible because:
– VOR not closely aligned with any usable runways.
仪表等级飞行员理论培训 stage5210APPROACHPROCEDUR
E
Straight-in LANDING
• Final Approach Course within 30° of the runway.
E
The Glide Slope
仪表等级飞行员理论培训 stage5210APPROACHPROCEDUR
E
Note final segment of this NDB Approach (non-precision with FAF)
仪表等级飞行员理论培训 stage5210APPROACHPROCEDUR
仪表等级飞行员理论培训 stage5210APPROACHPROCEDUR
E
“Cleared for straight-in approach”
• This means you are cleared to execute the approach WITHOUT THE COURSE REVERSAL PROCEDURE TURN
• Depicted on every approach
– For radar approaches, given verbally. – ATC may give you instructions other than the
published missed procedure (be prepared to copy!).
• Sometimes not possible because:
– VOR not closely aligned with any usable runways.
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-219IFRFLIGHTPLAN
• (2) Appropriate weather reports or weather forecasts, or a combination of them, indicate the following:
– (i) For aircraft other than helicopters. For at least 1 hour before and for 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival, the ceiling will be at least 2,000 feet above the airport elevation and the visibility will be at least 3 statute miles.
– (c) IFR alternate airport weather minima.
– Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, no person may include an alternate airport in an IFR flight plan unless appropriate weather reports or weather forecasts, or a combination of them, indicate that, at the estimated time of arrival at the alternate airport, the ceiling and visibility at that airport will be at or above the following weather minima:
– at ETA at alternate
– (i) For aircraft other than helicopters. For at least 1 hour before and for 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival, the ceiling will be at least 2,000 feet above the airport elevation and the visibility will be at least 3 statute miles.
– (c) IFR alternate airport weather minima.
– Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, no person may include an alternate airport in an IFR flight plan unless appropriate weather reports or weather forecasts, or a combination of them, indicate that, at the estimated time of arrival at the alternate airport, the ceiling and visibility at that airport will be at or above the following weather minima:
– at ETA at alternate
仪表等级飞行员理论培训
仪表等级飞行员理论培训概述仪表等级飞行员（Instrument Rating，简称IR）是指具备在飞行中依赖于仪表设备进行导航与飞行操作的能力。
仪表飞行是在无法直接依赖于目视条件进行飞行的情况下，通过仪器设备和导航工具来进行飞行。
仪表等级飞行员理论培训是获得仪表等级飞行资质的重要步骤，本文将详细介绍该理论培训的内容和要求。
仪表等级飞行员理论培训的目标仪表等级飞行员理论培训的主要目标是让飞行员具备通过仪器设备进行飞行操作和导航的能力。
具体目标包括：1.理解和应用仪表飞行规则（Instrument Flight Rules，简称IFR）；2.掌握基本仪器的操作技巧和原理；3.熟悉仪表导航系统和导航工具的使用；4.理解仪表飞行中的气象条件和飞行特性；5.掌握仪表飞行中的通讯规范和流程；6.具备正规仪表进近和着陆的能力。
培训内容仪表等级飞行员理论培训包括多个科目和模块。
以下是主要的培训内容：1. 仪表飞行规则仪表飞行规则（IFR）是飞行员在飞行中依赖仪器设备进行导航和飞行操作的规则。
培训内容包括：•IFR的基本原则和要求；•IFR飞行计划和航路的规划；•IFR飞行中的大气条件和气象对飞行的影响；•IFR航空器的仪表配备和系统。
2. 仪表飞行的基本概念和技巧培训内容包括：•仪表飞行中的姿态和自动驾驶系统；•仪表飞行中的操纵技巧和飞行规程；•仪表飞行中的急进和急减技术。
3. 仪表飞行导航系统培训内容包括：•仪表飞行导航系统的原理和功能；•仪表飞行导航系统的操作和维修；•仪表飞行导航系统的故障排除。
4. 仪表飞行通讯培训内容包括：•仪表飞行通讯的标准和流程；•仪表飞行通讯的基本术语和短语；•仪表飞行通讯中的常见问题和解决方法。
5. 仪表飞行中的气象条件培训内容包括：•仪表飞行中的气象条件和飞行特性；•仪表飞行中的天气观察和飞行计划；•仪表飞行中的天气报告和预报。
6. 仪表进近和着陆培训内容包括：•仪表进近和着陆的基本概念和程序；•仪表进近和着陆的仪表要素和要求；•仪表进近和着陆的常见问题和处理方法。
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-103 GYROS-COMPASS
A ltimeter (adjustable) B all (slip & skid indicator) C lock A ttitude Indicator R ate of turn indicator D irectional gyro DME at & above FL 240
• Airworthiness Directives (recurring/one-time) • VOR (preceding 30 days) • Inspections (Annual/100 hour if for hire) • Altimeter (preceding 24 calendar months • Transponder (preceding 24 calendar months) • ELT (preceding 12 calendar months) • Static system (preceding 24 calendar mo.)
Heading Indicator
How An HI Works
• Vacuum powered • Gyro spins on vertical plane • Senses rotation about the vertical axis • Free vs. Slaved gyros
– free, must align with magnetic compass – slaved, automatic north-seeking
Turns and G forces
• The pendulous vanes operate asymmetrically under:
– Load – Centrifugal force
仪表等级飞行员 理论培训
• Mandatory Instruction Signs • Location Signs • Direction Signs • Destination Signs • Information Signs • Runway Distance Remaining Signs
Airport Signs • Most airfield signs are standardized.
LAHSO
• Land and Hold Short Operations
– In effect at some controlled airports
• Could be at:
– Intersecting runway – Intersecting taxiway – Designated point on the runway
– Xs or simply blocked off
• Displaced Threshold
– Begin/end normal operations for takeoff and landing rollout, not fordisplaced threshold
• Determination of available landing distance (ALD)
Lighting Systems
• Approach Light System • Visual Glide Slope Indicators • Tri Color VSI • Runway Lighting • Airport Beacon and Obstruction Lights
intending to land.
Causes of Runway Incursion
Airport Signs • Most airfield signs are standardized.
LAHSO
• Land and Hold Short Operations
– In effect at some controlled airports
• Could be at:
– Intersecting runway – Intersecting taxiway – Designated point on the runway
– Xs or simply blocked off
• Displaced Threshold
– Begin/end normal operations for takeoff and landing rollout, not fordisplaced threshold
• Determination of available landing distance (ALD)
Lighting Systems
• Approach Light System • Visual Glide Slope Indicators • Tri Color VSI • Runway Lighting • Airport Beacon and Obstruction Lights
intending to land.
Causes of Runway Incursion
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage4-202 DEPARTURE PROCEDURES
If radar contact is lost, expect to give position reports
“Radar contact”
Washington ARTCC
VFR Departures
Could depart an airport VFR, and then receive IFR clearance from ARTCC.
DPS ARE Optional
Instrument Departures
If at an airport where DP’s are published, expect them.
Turning down a DP
“NO DP” in remarks section of flight plan Verbally when assigned
based on what a pilot in a moving aircraft should see when looking down a runway from the approach end.
Based on transmissometer
Reported in hundreds of feet
To fly a DP
Must have charted procedure Or at least a textual description
IFR Departure Procedures
Established when necessary for airports with IAP’s
And on FAA knowledge test supplement Legend 11
Other Visibility Considerations
“Radar contact”
Washington ARTCC
VFR Departures
Could depart an airport VFR, and then receive IFR clearance from ARTCC.
DPS ARE Optional
Instrument Departures
If at an airport where DP’s are published, expect them.
Turning down a DP
“NO DP” in remarks section of flight plan Verbally when assigned
based on what a pilot in a moving aircraft should see when looking down a runway from the approach end.
Based on transmissometer
Reported in hundreds of feet
To fly a DP
Must have charted procedure Or at least a textual description
IFR Departure Procedures
Established when necessary for airports with IAP’s
And on FAA knowledge test supplement Legend 11
Other Visibility Considerations
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage2-116REGSPART91,NTSB
• N- Notams (all available info concerning flight) • W- weather reports and forecasts • K - known traffic delays • R –runway lengths • A- alternatives available • F -fuel requirements • T –Take Off/Landing Distance info, Section (b)
14 CFR 91.109
• Flight Instruction; Simulated Instrument Flight and Certain Flight Tests
• Section (b) No person may operate an aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless
– 29.92 “Flight Levels”
• Lowest usable flight levels
– determined by atmospheric pressure to avoid overlap of MSL & pressure altitude if current altimeter setting is lower than 29.92 (see table in 91.121)
– Safety pilot = private pilot rated in aircraft (Category/Class)
– Safety pilot has adequate vision forward and side
– Fully functioning dual controls
14 CFR 91.109
• Flight Instruction; Simulated Instrument Flight and Certain Flight Tests
• Section (b) No person may operate an aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless
– 29.92 “Flight Levels”
• Lowest usable flight levels
– determined by atmospheric pressure to avoid overlap of MSL & pressure altitude if current altimeter setting is lower than 29.92 (see table in 91.121)
– Safety pilot = private pilot rated in aircraft (Category/Class)
– Safety pilot has adequate vision forward and side
– Fully functioning dual controls
仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage2-116REGSPART91,NTSB
14 CFR 91.169
• IFR Flight Plan: Information Required
• Section (c) IFR alternate airport standard
minimums
WITH
– 600’ ceiling / 2sm for precision
IAP
– 800’ ceiling / 2sm for nonprecision
• Altimeter Settings
• Below 18,000’MSL
– Set to a station along route within 100 nm – ATC periodically advises pilots of current
altimeter setting
• At or above 18,000’MSL
• Alternate is NOT needed when: – first airport has IAP AND
– 1 - 2 - 3 rule forecast wx – +/-1 hour ETA – At least 2,000’ceiling – At least 3 SM visibility
– 29.92 “Flight Levels”
• Lowest usable flight levels
– determined by atmospheric pressure to avoid overlap of MSL & pressure altitude if current altimeter setting is lower than 29.92 (see table in 91.121)
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–DME Arc –Procedure Turn or Holding Pattern –Guided course
Initial Approach Fix
–Always labeled “IAF” on chart
Intermediate Approach Segment
Positions your aircraft for final descent to the airport
APPROACH
Approach Procedures
Safely Finding The Airport
Precision Approaches
Precision Approaches provide vertical guidance in addition to lateral guidance, most often through the use of an electronic glideslope. Precision Approaches include:
Precision
Glideslope provides vertical guidance between point of GS intercept to minimums (DH/DA).
Nonprecision
– Final approach fix (FAF) – Final approach point (FAP)
– For radar approaches, given verbally. – ATC may gian the
published missed procedure (be prepared to copy!).
Missed Approach Point
–Intermediate fix (IF) –Begins at point where you are
proceeding inbound to the final approach fix, properly aligned. –Not all approaches have an intermediate fix
• NDB
• RNAV (GPS)
• ASR – Airport Surveillance Radar
• Localizer (front & back courses)
• LDA / SDF / RNAV
The United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) is the approved criteria for formulating instrument approach procedures.
–Initial –Intermediate –Final –Missed Approach
Five segments if you count the up front feeder route.
Segments of an Approach
Initial Approach Segment
Aligns your aircraft with the approach course
PT intersects final approach course inbound.
Final segment of ILS approach (precision)
The Glide Slope
Note final segment of this NDB Approach (non-precision with FAF)
• ILS (Instrument Landing System)
• GPS (LAAS)
• MLS (Microwave Landing System) (5 in US)
• PAR – Precision Approach Radar
Non-Precision Approaches
Non-Precision Approaches provide lateral guidance only, descent is staged at specific distances along the approach. Non-Precision Approaches include: • VOR
Final Segment of a VOR Approach (non-precision with FAP)
Missed Approach Segment
Navigate from MAP to missed approach holding point. Depicted on every approach
– For PA: at decision height/ altitude (DH/DA). – For NPA: either at a fix or timing.
Example of a missed approach
Preparing For The Approach
In planning, be familiar with the available IAPs… at Primary AND Alternate Airports. Nearing destination, a controller or ATIS tells you the expected IAP.
The FAA Handbook is FAA Order 8260.3B. Air Force, Navy, Army and Coast Guard have their own Handbook manual number.
Approach Segments
Four approach segments
–Not all approaches have an intermediate fix
Final Approach Segment
Navigates you from FAF/FAP to a point (MDA or DH/DA) where you may descend to runway, if required visual references are in sight.
Initial Approach Fix
–Always labeled “IAF” on chart
Intermediate Approach Segment
Positions your aircraft for final descent to the airport
APPROACH
Approach Procedures
Safely Finding The Airport
Precision Approaches
Precision Approaches provide vertical guidance in addition to lateral guidance, most often through the use of an electronic glideslope. Precision Approaches include:
Precision
Glideslope provides vertical guidance between point of GS intercept to minimums (DH/DA).
Nonprecision
– Final approach fix (FAF) – Final approach point (FAP)
– For radar approaches, given verbally. – ATC may gian the
published missed procedure (be prepared to copy!).
Missed Approach Point
–Intermediate fix (IF) –Begins at point where you are
proceeding inbound to the final approach fix, properly aligned. –Not all approaches have an intermediate fix
• NDB
• RNAV (GPS)
• ASR – Airport Surveillance Radar
• Localizer (front & back courses)
• LDA / SDF / RNAV
The United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) is the approved criteria for formulating instrument approach procedures.
–Initial –Intermediate –Final –Missed Approach
Five segments if you count the up front feeder route.
Segments of an Approach
Initial Approach Segment
Aligns your aircraft with the approach course
PT intersects final approach course inbound.
Final segment of ILS approach (precision)
The Glide Slope
Note final segment of this NDB Approach (non-precision with FAF)
• ILS (Instrument Landing System)
• GPS (LAAS)
• MLS (Microwave Landing System) (5 in US)
• PAR – Precision Approach Radar
Non-Precision Approaches
Non-Precision Approaches provide lateral guidance only, descent is staged at specific distances along the approach. Non-Precision Approaches include: • VOR
Final Segment of a VOR Approach (non-precision with FAP)
Missed Approach Segment
Navigate from MAP to missed approach holding point. Depicted on every approach
– For PA: at decision height/ altitude (DH/DA). – For NPA: either at a fix or timing.
Example of a missed approach
Preparing For The Approach
In planning, be familiar with the available IAPs… at Primary AND Alternate Airports. Nearing destination, a controller or ATIS tells you the expected IAP.
The FAA Handbook is FAA Order 8260.3B. Air Force, Navy, Army and Coast Guard have their own Handbook manual number.
Approach Segments
Four approach segments
–Not all approaches have an intermediate fix
Final Approach Segment
Navigates you from FAF/FAP to a point (MDA or DH/DA) where you may descend to runway, if required visual references are in sight.