生物制药专业英语 天津农学院 期末考试翻译范围及答案
2020-2021大学《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷B(含答案)
2020-2021《生物专业英语》课程考试试卷B(答案一律填在答题纸上)一、单词翻译（中英文互译，共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1．核苷、核苷酸2. 基因型、表现型3. 染色质、染色体4. 菌丝、菌丝体5．受精、杂种不育性6．heterozygous \ homozygous7．exponential growth curve\logistic growth curve8．gene amplification \ semiconservative replication9. meiosis \mitosis10.centromere \centriole二．判断题（每题1分，共12分）1. Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.2. Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.3. Plant cells have the most prominent centrioles.4. Homozygous organisms produce only one type of gamete for a gene.5. Not all organisms exhibit semiconservative replication.6. The sequence of bases on the DNA molecule carries the geneticinformation.7. The first living cells were probably aerobic heterotrophs.8. The first cells could not have appeared without the protection of theozone layer.9. Most basidiomycetes undergo asexual reproduction.10. Prior to fertilization, the egg’s electrical charge is positive.11. A phylogeny traces lines of descent.12. Competition and predation are examples of dendity-dependent factors. 三、阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）(1) Wide-ranging research on tooth decay has recently produced some surprising findings. One indicates that cheddar may actually inhibit the tooth-decay process. It seems to have decay-slowing effect on human teeth if it is eaten immediately after sugar. Why cheese should have such an effect is unknown. It is speculated that the food might interfere with the acid that decays teeth or with bacteria that produce the acid. If so, it would be the first common food found to have this useful property. The other surprising research finding was that heavily sweetened cereals proved about equally potent in causing decay whether they contained eight percent sugar or almost eight times that much.1. According to the passage, how many of the test results wereunexpected?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Eight2. According to the passage, what effect does cheddar cheese seemto have?A.It interferes with the function of teeth.B.It makes sugar taste sweeter.C.It decreases the rate at which teeth decay.D.It helps in the digestion of food.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the research on therelationship between cheese and tooth_______.A. has been discreditedB. will be slowed considerablyC. has been found to be conclusiveD. will be continued4. Researchers discovered that sweetened cereals were______.A. important nutritionallyB. all surprisingly heavy in sugarC. more expensive than cheeseD. all equally harmful to teeth(2) Insect,s lives are very short and they have many enemies, but they must survive long enough to breed and perpetuate their kind. The less insect like they look, the better their chance of survival. To look “inedible”by resembling or imitating plants, is a deception widely practiced by insects .Mammals rarely use this type of camouflage, butThe stick caterpillar is well named. It is hardly distinguishable from a brown or green twig. This caterpillar is quite common and can be found almost anywhere in North America. It is also called “measuring worm” of “inchworm”. It walks by arching its body, then stretching out and grasping the branch with its front feet, then looping its body again to bring the hind feet forward. When danger threatens, the stick caterpillar stretches its body away from the branch at an angle and remains rigid and still, like a twig, until the danger has passed.Walkingsticks, or stick insects, do not have to assume a rigid, twiglike pose to find protection, they look like inedible twigs in any position. There are many kinds of walkingsticks, ranging in size from the few inches of the North American variety to some tropical species that may be over a foot long. When at rest their front legs are stretched out. Some of the tropical species are adorned with spines or ridges, imitating the thorny bushes or trees in which they live.Leaves also seem to be a favorite object for insects to imitate. Many butter flies can suddenly disappear from view by folding their wings and sitting quietly among the foliage that they resemble.1.What is the main subject of the passage?A.Catepillars that live in treesB.The feeding habits of insectsC.How some insects camouflage themselvesD.Insects that are threatened with extinction2.In lines 1, the word “enemies”refers to______.A.other creatures competing for spaceB.extreme weather conditionsC.creatures that eat insectsD.inedible insects3.According to the passage, how does the stick caterpillar make itself look like a twig?A.By holding its body stiff and motionlessB.By looping itself around a stickC.By changing the color of its skinD.By laying its body flat against a branch4.Which of the following is true of stick insects?A.They resemble their surroundings all the time.B.They make themselves look like other insects.C.They are camouflaged only when walking.D.They change color to make themselves invisible.5.Which of the following are not mentioned in the passage as objectsthat are imitated as a means of protection?A. ThornsB.FlowersC.LeavesD.Sticks6.In which paragraph does the author describe the way in which stickcaterpillars move?A.Paragraph oneB.Paragraph twoC.Paragraph threeD.Paragraph four(3) Most animals use more than one species as food. Therefore, theterm “food web”is a better description of food relationships than“food chain”. A food web is a complex feeding system that containsseveral food chains. For example, mice, rabbits, and deer eat plants.owls eat mice and rabbits. Mountain lions eat rabbits and deer. Thesefive species are parts of food chains that together form a food web.The first link in a food chain is always a green plant. Only organismswith chlorophyll, such as green plants can make food. for example,the first link aquatic food chains is algae. Most algae are microscopicgreen plants that produce food by photosynthesis. In photosynthesis,energy from sunlight converts carbon dioxide and water to sugar. Tinyfish in lakes, streams and oceans eat algae. In turn, these tiny fishare eaten by larger fish. The larger fish are eaten by still largerfish. The food supply for fish is made by algae. This food is thenpassed through the food chains as one animal eats another.Organisms may be divided into three groups based on how they obtainfood. These groups are producers, decomposer and consumer. Organismscontaining chlorophyll are producers. thus, green plants are producers. Animals that eat other animals and plants as consumers. Microbes, one-celled organisms that cause the decay of dead plantsand animals are decomposers. Since decomposers cannot make their ownfood, they are also consumers.1.The main purpose of the passage is to_______.A.determine which food chain is the most efficientB.describe the food network among plants and animalsC.explain the process of photosynthesis in green plantsD.appeal to conservationists to protect endangered plant species2.According to the author, what is a “food web”?______A. A complicated system of several food chainsB. A society that distributes foodC. The relationship of one green plants to anotherD. The device that spiders use to catch food3. Which of the following would most likely be the first link in a food chain?_____A. TermitesB. FishC. LionsD. Grass4. The author divides organisms according to______.A. how they use up energyB. how they obtain foodC. how much energy they require in order to moveD. whether they live on the land or in the sea5. Which of the following organism could not be a consumer as described in the passage?A. a microbeB. a rabbitC. a treeD. a fish(4) Lichens can be spectacular for anyone who cares to look ,but few people take the trouble. Often modestly colored and seemingly two-dimensional as they cling to whatever surface they find, they grow in the background; as though designed to be ignored. Yet they hold a special fascination for botanists, partly because they present mysteries still to be solved and partly because they do so many things so well.No casual observer of a lichen would ever suspect that it was a composite of interacting life forms. The seemingly uncomplicated lichen is actually composed of a fungus and a colony of algae (or blue green algae, which some scientists now consider to be bacteria). A few species even include all three of these diverse forms of life. A complete lichen is strikingly different from its separated partners in both appearance and biochemistry; many produce unique compounds which cannot be made by the component organisms alone.Lichens grow in almost every natural habitat imaginable, from deserts to tropical rain forests—even on the back of certain beetles in New Guinea and inside rocks(along with algae) in the otherwise barren dry valleys of Antarctica.Many species can not tolerate extreme heat, cold or dryness. Very few, however, can survive heavy air pollution, and many live only where the air is very clean. The disappearance of lichens from an area gives warning of a threatened environment.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?_____A. The versatility and complexity of the lowly lichenB. The hidden characteristics of algae coloniesC. The disappearance of the lichen speciesD. The habitats of spectacular fungi2. The author states that lichens grow “as though designed to be ignored” because theyare______.A. not totally understood by botanistsB. troublesome to collect for the purposes of studyC. uncomplicated in their internal structureD. not easily noticed by observers3. According to the author, most people are unaware that lichen is a____.A. leafy plantB. class of simple bacteriaC. two-dimensional life formD. Combination of organisms4. The “unique”compounds mentioned in the second paragraph are produced_____.A. through the cooperative efforts of the lichen’s partsB. only under laboratory conditionsC. through one of the three possible processesD. once in the lichen’s life cycle5. The author implies that lichens might be used to____.A. find water sourcesB. destroy unwanted plant lifeC. test for air purityD. provide food in remote areas四、短文翻译（第1题18分，第2题20分,共38分）1．Difference Between Prokaryotes and EukaryotesTwo major classes of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, exist in nature and both types are used in industrial fermentation processes. The cellular properties of the two types are different.Bacterial cells belong to prokaryotes, and fungal yeast, animal and plant cells belong to eukaryotes. Both are used in fermentation processes.Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a membrane, nuclear DNA is associated with proteins and exists as a definite structures celled chromosomes. The cells also contain other structures or organelles having specific physiological or biochemical functions, such as mitochondria（线粒体） and enzymes associated with these organelles which, but, are found in the protoplasm（原生质）and plasma membrane of prokaryotes.In contrast, prokaryotes lack a well-defined nucleus so that thegenetic material in the form of double stranded DNA is not separated from Array other cell constituents by its own membrane. These cells also lack other specialized organelles present in eukaryotes. Bacteria may contain small DNA fragments (called plasmids) in addition to the single major genome.2．载体是一个复制子，其基因可保留在寄主细胞内，载体包括质粒和寄主于细菌的噬菌体。
生物制药设备--天津农学院-期末考试题(含选择题)
定义5个—10分简答5个—25分论述2个—20分计算1个–5分单选20 ---20分填空20个--- 20分生物反应器按反应器内有机体种类，可以分为微生物反应器，植物细胞反应器，动物细胞反应器，酶反应器高压蒸汽灭菌锅由内锅、外锅、门盖、压力表、温度计、排气阀、安全阀、电热管、蒸汽发生器等部件构成搅拌器的叶轮有多种形式，有涡轮式和螺旋桨式两种离心加速度与重力加速度之比叫离心分离因数，它是离心分离设备的重要性能指标，值愈高，离心沉降效果愈好。
鼓泡塔式发酵罐由塔体、筛板、空气分布器、降液管组成水分与物料间借助化学或物理化学力结合的水分，称为结合水分生物反应器按按结构特征，可以分为罐式反应器，管式反应器，塔式反应器，膜式反应器维持罐结构主要由筒体、夹套、进料管、出料管、排尽管和测温口组成.高压均质机由高压泵和均质头两部分组成当悬浮液流动通过多孔介质时，固体颗粒沉积在过滤介质表面形成滤渣层，这种过滤称为滤饼过滤。
萃取反应中，萃取剂为__________________萃取液为__________________萃余液__________________三级错流萃取过程中，第一级的萃余液作为料液进入第二级，并加入新鲜萃取剂进行萃取。
第二级的萃余液再作为第三级的原料液，也同样用新鲜萃取剂进行萃取，将三级萃取液合并送入贮存罐贮存备用好氧发酵罐一般可以分为机械搅拌通风发酵罐，气升式发酵罐，自吸式发酵罐，鼓泡塔式发酵罐6. 鼓泡塔式发酵罐由、、、组成离心沉降中当颗粒处于离心场时，将受到四个力的作用，即重力、惯性离心力、向心力和阻力。
在机械设备挤压等操作下进行的干燥，称为机械干燥。
将物料置放在常压下进行的干燥，称为常压干燥。
将物料置放在真空环境中进行的干燥，称为真空干燥固体颗粒进入并沉积在多孔介质孔道内，溶液经孔道内的缝隙进入滤液的分离过程称为深层过滤。
在多级逆流萃取中，只在最后一级中加入萃取剂，故和三级错流萃取相比，萃取剂的消耗量较少。
药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
天津农学院食品专业英语期末试题答案a卷
天津农学院食品专业英语期末试题答案a卷1. 转基因生物: genetically modified organism2. 世界卫生组织: world health organization3.(联合国）粮农组织:food and agricultuer organization4. 甘氨酸:glycine5.乳酸杆菌：lactobacillus6.脂肪酸：fatty acid7.底物：substrate8.固定化酶：immobilized enzymes9.厌氧发酵：anaerobic fermentation10.氨水：ammonia 1. glycerol: 甘油2. molasses：糖蜜3. fructose：果糖4. hydrolyze: 水解5. carboxyl：羧基6. maltose：麦芽糖7. invertase：转化酶8. tenderizer：嫩化剂9. maltotriose：麦芽三糖10. lipases：脂肪酶1. 我们需要大约50种化学营养成分维持身体健康：水、碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质、13种维生素、17矿物质、几种纤维素和一些微量其它成分。
大量营养成分包括碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质和水是我们每日大量消费的提供给我们身体足够的能量。
这些营养物质中的每种成分都含有碳、氢、氧成分，蛋白质中还含有氮成分。
碳、氢、氧的比率决定着所含的热量。
我们需要微量包括矿质元素合微生素成分较少。
除了矿质元素和水以外所有的营养成分归类为有机化合物因为都含有碳元素。
2.蛋白酶和脂肪酶用于水解皮革内皮中的蛋白质和脂肪成分。
这是皮革加工中必需的一步。
蛋白酶也经常用于肉类的嫩化，因为能够将肉类中的硬质蛋白质的成分水解软化。
微生物酶制剂已经用于衣物纤维的出渍处理。
许多衣物上的污渍是由蛋白质、脂肪以及碳水化合物成分，渗透在不纤维的中间。
在合适的条件下通过合适的生物酶制剂可以去除隐藏在布里的污渍。
（如果是大的污渍可能酶制剂处理效果也不一定好。
2020-2021大学《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷A(含答案)
2020-2021《生物专业英语》课程考试试卷A一、单词翻译（中英文互译，共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1． zygote\ homology2. mortality\natality3. chlorophyll\ ribulose biphosphate4. meiosis \mitosis5． allele \homologous pair6．光合作用、核糖体7．二倍体、单倍体8．显性、隐性9. 腺嘌呤、胞嘧啶10. 物种、再生二．判断题（每题1分，共10分，正确打√，错误打×）1. Ribosomes are derived from the nucleoli.2. Light-independent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane.3. All daughter cells are haploid.4. Sexual organisms cannot be cloned.5. Mendel’s second law states that characters are inherited dependently.6. The sequence of bases on the DNA molecule carries the geneticinformation.7. Fungal mitosis, unlike mitosis in all other organism, occurs within thenucleus.8．Parthenogenesis produces only females.9. Subspecies are genetically inferior to full species.10. Competition and predation are examples of density-independent factors.三、阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）(1) Most animals use more than one species as food. Therefore, the term“food web” is a better description of food relationships than “food chain”. A food web is a complex feeding system that contains several food chains. For example, mice, rabbits, and deer eat plants. owls eat mice and rabbits. Mountain lions eat rabbits and deer. These five species are parts of food chains that together form a food web.The first link in a food chain is always a green plant. Only organisms with chlorophyll, such as green plants can make food. for example, the first link aquatic food chains is algae. Most algae are microscopic green plants that produce food by photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, energy from sunlight converts carbon dioxide and water to sugar. Tiny fish in lakes, streams and oceans eat algae. In turn, these tiny fish are eaten by larger fish. The larger fish are eaten by still larger fish. The food supply for fish is made by algae. This food is then passed through the food chains as one animal eats another.Organisms may be divided into three groups based on how they obtain food. These groups are producers, decomposer and consumer. Organisms containing chlorophyll are producers. thus, green plants are producers. Animals that eat other animals and plants as consumers. Microbes, one-celled organisms that cause the decay of dead plants and animals are decomposers. Since decomposers cannot make their own food, they are also consumers.1. The main purpose of the passage is to_______.A. determine which food chain is the most efficientB. describe the food network among plants and animalsC. explain the process of photosynthesis in green plantsD. appeal to conservationists to protect endangered plant species2. According to the author, what is a “food web”?______A. A complicated system of several food chainsB. A society that distributes foodC. The relationship of one green plants to anotherD. The device that spiders use to catch food3. Which of the following would most likely be the first link in a food chain?_____A. TermitesB. FishC. LionsD. Grass4. The author divides organisms according to______.A. how they use up energyB. how they obtain foodC. how much energy they require in order to moveD. whether they live on the land or in the sea5.Which of the following organism could not be a consumer as described in the passage?A. a microbeB. a rabbitC. a treeD. a fish(2) Lichens can be spectacular for anyone who cares to look ,but few people take the trouble. Often modestly colored and seemingly two-dimensional as they cling to whatever surface they find, they grow in the background; as though designed to be ignored. Yet they hold a special fascination for botanists, partly because they presentmysteries still to be solved and partly because they do so many things so well.No casual observer of a lichen would ever suspect that it was a composite of interacting life forms. The seemingly uncomplicated lichen is actually composed of a fungus and a colony of algae (or blue-green algae, which some scientists now consider to be bacteria). A few species even include all three of these diverse forms of life. A complete lichen is strikingly different from its separated partners in both appearance and biochemistry; many produce unique compounds which cannot be made by the component organisms alone.Lichens grow in almost every natural habitat imaginable, from deserts to tropical rain forests—even on the back of certain beetles in New Guinea and inside rocks(along with algae) in the otherwise barren dry valleys of Antarctica.Many species can not tolerate extreme heat, cold or dryness. Very few, however, can survive heavy air pollution, and many live only where the air is very clean. The disappearance of lichens from an area gives warning of a threatened environment.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?_____A. The versatility and complexity of the lowly lichenB. The hidden characteristics of algae coloniesC. The disappearance of the lichen speciesD. The habitats of spectacular fungi2. The author states that lichens grow “as though designed to be ignored” because they are______.A. not totally understood by botanistsB. troublesome to collect for the purposes of studyC. uncomplicated in their internal structureD. not easily noticed by observers3. According to the author, most people are unaware that lichen is a____.A. leafy plantB. class of simple bacteriaC. two-dimensional life formD. Combination of organisms4. The “unique” compounds mentioned in the second paragraph are produced_____.A. through the cooperative efforts of the lichen’s partsB. only under laboratory conditionsC. through one of the three possible processesD. once in the lichen’s life cycle5. The author implies that lichens might be used to____.A. find water sourcesB. destroy unwanted plant lifeC. test for air purityD. provide food in remote areas (3) Insects´ lives are very short and they have many enemies, but they must survive long enough to breed and perpetuate their kind. The less insect like they look, the better their chance of survival. To look “inedible” by resembling or imitating plants, is a deception widely practiced by insects. Mammals rarely use this type of camouflage, but many fishes and invertebrates do.The stick caterpillar is well named. It is hardly distinguishable from a brown or green twig. This caterpillar is quite common and can be found almost anywhere in North America. It is also called “measuring worm” of “inchworm”. It walks by arching its body, then stretching out and grasping the branch with its front feet, then looping its body again to bring the hind feet forward. When danger threatens, the stick caterpillar stretches its body away from the branch at an angle and remains rigid and still, like a twig, until the danger has passed.Walkingsticks, or stick insects, do not have to assume a rigid, twiglike pose to find protection, they look like inedible twigs in any position. There are many kinds of walkingsticks, ranging in size from the few inches of the North American variety to some tropical species that may be over a foot long. When at rest their front legs are stretched out. Some of the tropical species are adorned with spines or ridges, imitating the thorny bushes or trees in which they live.Leaves also seem to be a favorite object for insects to imitate. Many butter flies can suddenly disappear from view by folding their wings and sitting quietly among the foliage that they resemble.1.What is the main subject of the passage?A.Catepillars that live in treesB.The feeding habits of insectsC.How some insects camouflage themselvesD.Insects that are threatened with extinction2.In lines 1, the word “enemies” refers to______.A.other creatures competing for spaceB.extreme weather conditionsC.creatures that eat insectsD.inedible insects3.According to the passage, how does the stick caterpillar make itself look like a twig?A.By holding its body stiff and motionlessB.By looping itself around a stickC.By changing the color of its skinD.By laying its body flat against a branch4. Which of the following is true of stick insects? A. They resemble their surroundings all the time. B. They make themselves look like other insects. C. They are camouflaged only when walking. D. They change color to make themselves invisible.5. Which of the following are not mentioned in the passage as objectsthat are imitated as a means of protection?A. ThornsB. FlowersC. LeavesD. Sticks6.In which paragraph does the author describe the way in which stickcaterpillars move?A. Paragraph oneB. Paragraph twoC. Paragraph threeD. Paragraph four(4) Wide-ranging research on tooth decay has recently produced somesurprising findings. one indicates that cheddar may actually inhibit the tooth-decay process. It seems to have decay-slowing effect on human teethif it is eaten immediately after sugar. Why cheese should have such aneffect is unknown. It is speculated that the food might interfere withthe acid that decays teeth or with bacteria that produce the acid. If so,it would be the first common food found to have this useful property. Theother suprprising research finding was that heavily sweetened cerealsproved about equally potent in causing decay whether they contained eightpercent sugar or almost eight times that much.1. According to the passage, how many of the test results were unexpected?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Eight2. According to the passage, what effect does cheddar cheese seem tohave?A. It interferes with the function of teeth.B. It makes sugar taste sweeter.C. It decreases the rate at which teeth decay.D. It helps in the digestion of food.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the research on the relationship between cheese and tooth_______.A. has been discreditedB. will be slowed considerablyC. has been found to be conclusiveD. will be continued4. Researchers discovered that sweetened cereals were______.A. important nutritionallyB. all surprisingly heavy in sugarC. more expensive than cheeseD. all equally harmful to teeth 四、短文翻译（第1题英文短句翻译成中文，每小题2分，共20分，第2题中文翻译成英文，20分,共40分） 1.英文短句翻译成中文 (1) All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. (2) Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyll-containing cells of green plants, algae, and certain protists and bacteria. (3) A pictorial display of an organism ,s chromosomes in the coiled, condensed state is known as a karyotype. Karyotype reveal that in most cells all but sex chromosomes are present as two copies, referred to as homologous pairs. (4) An organism that inherits identical alleles for a trait from each parent is said to be homozygous for that traits; if different alleles for a trait are inherited, the organism is heterozygous for that trait. (5) The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short stretches known as Okazaki fragments.(6) Taxonomy reveals a great deal about the evolutionary relationships among organisms. A clade is a taxonomic unit whose members are derived from a common ancestor. (7) All fungi carry out extracellular digestion: they secrete enzymes that digest organic matter, and then they absorb the resulting nutrients. (8)The organs and tissues of the embryo arise during organogenesis, as cells inside the embryo and on its surface become specialized. (9) Populations of a species that are spread out over a broad geographical range are often arrayed in a cline-a gradual change in one or more characteristics as each population evolves adaptations to its own local environment. (10) Just as competition, predation, and other elements interact todetermine the size of a population within a community, population distribution is the result of many interrelated factors.2．短文翻译（中译英）蛋白质很难说明蛋白质在生命系统中有多么重要。
专业英语试卷-生物制药.doc
(1) agrochemical 农业化学的(2) cytotoxic 细胞毒素的pharmacognosy(6) fluidisation 流态化 (7) periplasmic 原生质外的cardiovascular牛药学 心血管的(4) toxicological(9) hepatic 毒理学的肝脏的 (5) bead (10) adaptability珠子，水珠 适应性二、Translate the following terms intoEnglish (1)浓度(6)杂质生物与制药工程专业英语期末考试学院: ____________________ 姓名: _______________________ 班级: _____________________ 学号: _______________________ 题序—- 二 三 四 五 六 七 总分一、Translate the following terms into Chineseimpurity(7) 成分与性状discrip tioii(8) 药理作用 phamacological actions(9) 气相色谱 gas chromatography(10) 离子色谱ion chromatographconcentrotion(2) 中性neutrali ty (3) 极易溶解very soluble (4) 定量分析quantitative analysis (5) 等当点equivalent point 三、Word Building (答够十个得满分)antiantibioticantibiotic 抗生素；抗菌的 ant 讦oam 消泡齐U antitussive 止咳药antihistaminic 抗组胺 剂 antineoplastic 抗月中瘤的 antidepressant 抗扌卬郁剂 antianginal 抗心绞痛 antibodv 抗体 an ticoagula nt 抗凝血齐 U an tifoaming^j 沫的 antifun gal 抗真菌 G 勺 anti ・in fectives 抗感染药物antioxidant 抗氧剂 antithrombin 抗凝血酶an tit ode 解毒剂 等(1) Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes,inorganic and organic.生物学家和化学家将化合物分为两类，无机和有机。
完整word版,制药工程专业英语考试题目及答案
专业英语考试内容：单词10分句子翻译24分根据课文回答问题24分英译汉药品说明书21分翻译汉译英摘要21分Unit 11 Tablet (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form)药片（医药片剂剂型）Role in TherapyA: The oral route of drug admininistration is the most important method of administering drugs ofr systemic effects.Except in cases of Insulin therapy.the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medication.The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects,with two classes of marketed products:Nitroglycerin for the treatmint of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness.Other drugs are certain to follow,but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.A:口服给药是全身效应用药方法中最为重要的。
除了胰岛素治疗，非肠道药途径不常用在自我服药方面。
生物专业英语试题附答案
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------生物专业英语试题附答案生物专业英语试题及答案一、将下列英文术语或缩写译为合乎学术规范的中文术语： 1、Odorant receptor 气味受体（气味感受器、嗅觉受体、嗅觉感受器也得 1 分；仅答受体或感受器，则得 0.5 分）。
2、Differentially expressed gene 差异化表达基因（答为“不同表达基因”，仅得 0.5 分）。
3、MOE 主要嗅（觉）上皮[答为“嗅（觉）上皮”也得 1 分；若写出其英文术语全称“Main olfactory epithelium”，也得分]。
4、VNO4 犁鼻器（答为“信息素外周感受器”也得 1 分；若写出其英文术语全称“Vomeronasal organ”，也得分）。
5、Social behavior 社会行为（答为“社群行为、社交行为”也得 1 分）。
6、Monogamy 一夫一妻制（答为“一雄一雌制、单配制”也得 1 分）7、Vasopressin 加压素（答为“抗利尿素”仅得 0.5 分）。
8、Oxytocin 催产素。
9、Kin recognition 亲属识别。
10、Autism 自闭症/孤独症。
11/ 1611、NIH (美国)国家(立)卫生研究院(所)(若写出其英文术语全称NIH = National Institutes of Health 也得分)。
12、HHMI 霍华德·休斯医学研究所(若写出其英文术语全称 HHMI = Howard Hughes Medical Institute 也得分；或者译为 Howard Hughes 医学研究所，也得全分)。
13、Nanotechnology 纳米技术（纳米科技、奈米技术、奈米科技）。
专业英语部分习题答案参考
b--吡啶 pyridine 巴比妥酸:barbituric acid 比电导conductance不规则的:irregular 崩解剂disintegrantc--萃取 extraction 成团:agglomeration 测量仪measurement 肠液:intestinal fluidd--胆固醇cholestero 对映体:enantiomer 电极electrode 代:metabolismf--反相渗透reverse osmosis 分布:dispositiong--构象:conformation 固化:solidizej--甲苯 toluene 静脉注:intravenous injection 挤压:compress聚集:aggregate 胶囊capsulel--粒子:particle 立体选择性:stereoselectivity 利用率:availabilitym--灭菌产品sterile products n--粘合剂adhesivep--偏振光:polarized light 片剂tablet 配剂elixir 排泄:excretionq--起始原料starting materials(raw materials) q醛 aldehyder--溶解度:solubility 乳剂emulsion 润滑剂lubricants--释放:release 渗液solution 生物膜:biologic membrane 生物碱alkaloid, t---糖浆syrup 甜味剂sweetenerw--丸剂pill 微生物microorganism 胃液:gastric fluid 稳定态:steady-statex--旋光异构现象:optical isomerism 悬浮液suspension 香味剂flavor 稀释剂diluent形状:shape 吸收:absorption 消除:eliminationy--胰岛素 insulin 压片:tablet compressionz--中间体intermediate 重结晶 recrystallization 左旋:levorotation蒸馏distillation 组织tissuea--asymmetric carbon不对称碳 absorption吸收 action动作 adhesive粘合剂c--contamination污染 chirality:手性 compress压缩 composite合成的compressibility:可压缩性 compaction:压紧 contamination specialize特殊污染conductivity电导率 control:控制 clinical:临床的d-- design:设计 dry:干燥 delivery:传送e-- extend:延长 epoxide:环氧化物f-- formulation:制剂 fluidity:流动性 function:功能g-- geometric isomerism:几何异构h-- hormone激素 hydrolysis diastereoisomer:水解非对映异构体heterogeneous catalyst多相催化剂，i-- irrigating冲洗m-- metabolite代物 medication药物治疗 medicine服药 mill:研磨measure尺寸 mix:混合 microorganisms微生物o-- ophthalmic眼药p-- polysaccharide多糖 peptide肽 plasma血浆 penicillin青霉素，precursor:前体 partition coefficient:狭义分配系数 pharmaceutical制药的parenteral注射药物 pycogens热源 procedure:程序q-- quality性质 quantity数量s-- steroid甾类 steric effect:空间效应 stereoselectivity:立体选择性screening:过筛 sustain :维持t-- treat治疗 therapy:治疗u--uniformity目标 v--vaccine疫苗Unit1 P71、Answer the following questions:(1)How many groups can pharmaceutical agents be split into dependingon their production or origin?①totally synthetic materials(synthetics)②natural products③products frompartial syntheses(semi-synthetic products)(2)Can you illustrate any significant examples of pharmaceuticalagents obtained by total synthesis?L-amine,chleramphomical,caffeine,Dopamine,Epinephrine,Lerodapa,peptide,hormones.Prestaglanding,P_Pouricollamine,Vincamine,(3)What is the difference between the synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese herbal medicine?synthetic drugs include the most important of synthetics and semi-sythetic products, however, natural products are frequently needed as starting materials or intermediates for important synthetic products.2、生物碱4、Introduction of Nucleic acidsNucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymersare composed of a sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usuallytermed a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA). DNA is found primarily in the chromatin to thecell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is presented in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis ofthe five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are foundin all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in allnucleic acid is derived from the parent compound pyrimidine.介绍核酸核酸是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。
天津农学院生化考试参考资料
考试题题型：1中英文互译（中文解释并将其的含义解释出来）………30分2名词解释3简答题4论述题5判断题（未给范围） 6、计算题一、中英文互译1、SAM: 为腺苷甲硫氨酸的英文缩写。
是生物体硫代谢的重要中间代谢物质 ,在体内起着转甲基、转硫基、转氨丙基的作用。
2、ATP：三磷酸腺苷。
ATP为生物界的“能量货币”，它是生命活动中最重要的能量供体3、FH4: 四氢叶酸，是一碳单位转移酶的辅酶，作为一碳单位的载体。
4、VLDL：极低密度脂蛋白。
主要由肝细胞合成，主要成分是脂肪，占50%—60%，是脂蛋白的一种形式。
是转运内源性脂肪的主要运输形式。
5、HDL：高密度脂蛋白。
主要在肝脏中生成和分泌，小肠也能少量合成。
新生成的HDL成盘状，是脂蛋白的一种形式。
6、Phe：苯丙氨酸，是构成机体生物大分子蛋白质的结构单元7、NAD：尼克酰胺二核苷酸（NAD+）不需氧脱氢酶的辅酶，是氢的传递体8、NADP：尼克酰胺二核苷酸磷酸（NADP+）是不需氧脱氢酶的辅酶，是氢的传递体9、Gln：谷氨酰胺，是构成机体生物大分子蛋白质的结构单元。
10、Tm: 融解温度（melting temperature,Tm）：DNA热变性过程中，紫外吸收达到最大值的一半时溶液的温度称为融解温度（Tm）或解链温度、变性温度。
11、IP3: 三磷酸肌醇，是生物信息传递分子中的第二信使分子之一。
12、PI：氨基酸分子在水溶液中呈两性离子状态，在某一pH环境中，氨基酸解离成阳性离子及阴性离子的趋势相等，所带净电荷为零，在电场中不泳动。
此时，氨基酸所处环境的pH值称为该种氨基酸的等电点(pI)。
12、ACP：为酰基载体蛋白。
是一种含4-磷酸泛酰巯基辅基的热稳定性小分子结合蛋白13、Km: Km值等于酶促反应速度为最大反应速度一半时的底物浓度，单位是mol/L。
14、FAD：维黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸，是许多氧化还原酶的辅酶，是氢的传递体15、LDL: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，是脂蛋白的一种形式16、氨基酸英文简写：丙氨酸 Ala 精氨酸 Arg R 天冬氨酸 Asp D 半胱氨酸 Cys谷氨酰胺 Gln 谷氨酸 Glu/Gln 组氨酸 His 异亮氨酸 Ile 甘氨酸 Gly 天冬酰胺 Asn 亮氨酸 Leu 赖氨酸 Lys 甲硫氨酸 Met 苯丙氨酸 Phe脯氨酸 Pro 丝氨酸 Ser 苏氨酸 Thr 色氨酸 Trp 酪氨酸 Tyr 缬氨酸 Val二、名词解释：1、必需氨基酸：动物体体自身不能合成或合成量不能满足机体需要，必须从食物中摄取的氨基酸。
生物制药类专业英语模拟卷及答案
2011 至 2012 学年第 2 学期药学专业英语 试卷 A 卷出卷教师： 适应班级：国生物F0904班~F0906班考试方式：闭卷 本试卷考试分数占学生总评成绩的 80 %题号 一 二 三 四 五 总分 核分人 得分复查总分 总复查人一、单词、短语英译汉（本题20分，每小题0.5分）1.angiotensin2.morphology3.benign4.malignant5.oxide6.catalyst7.ingestion8.contamination9.mammalian 10.ligand11.standard deviation12.diabetes 13.additive 14.tumor 15.solvent 16.solute 17.symptom anoelement 19.hydride《药学专业英语》试卷 第 1 页 （ 共 6 页 ）20.decay 21.high-throughput 22.mainstay23.receptor 24.donor25.Bioorganic chemistry 26.synthesis 27.transformation 28.modification 29.toxicity 30.arbitrarily 31.new lead compound 32.screening 33.secrete pound 35.ulcer 36.nucleus 37.liver 38.mechanism 39.tissue 40.virus二、单词、短语汉译英（本题20分，每空0.5分）1.药理学2.亲和性、亲和力3.毒素4.类毒素5.生理学《药学专业英语》试卷 第 2 页 （ 共 6 页 ）得分 评卷人得分 评卷人学院名称 专业班级： 姓名： 学号：我密 封 线 内 不 要 答 题┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 密┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 封┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 线 ┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃6.高血压7.抗生素8.抗菌药9.组织学 10.免疫学 11.寄生虫 12.拮抗作用 13.三维结构 14.化学感受器 15.共价的16.镇静、缓和、减轻 17.药剂 18.剂量 19.量校20.激动剂、兴奋剂 21.拮抗剂 22.依赖性 23.耐受、耐受性 24.首过效应 25.首过消除26.效价，药效 27.强心苷 28.排泄29.缓冲液 30.流动相 31.固定相32.药物分析 33.水溶剂 34.荧光 35.光谱法《药学专业英语》试卷 第 3 页 （ 共 6 页 ）36.平衡常数 37.干扰物质 38.基准物质 39.灵敏度 40.标准溶液三、文章英译汉（本题20分）The injury is abnormal but the body ’s reaction, inflammation, is a normal, if complex,physiological reaction ----the only one possible in the circumstances of that particular injury. This reactive nature of inflammation was first recognized by John Hunter (1794), who, after his studies of war wounds, concluded: “Inflammation is itself not to be considered as a disease, but as a salutary operation consequent either to some violence or some disease ”. The purpose of inflammation is to localize and eliminate the causative agent, limit tissue injury, and restore tissue to normality.The inflammatory response is usually beneficial, indeed it is essential in combating most infections and in limiting the harmful effects of many toxic agents. However it is not always of benefit. There are many situations when destruction of tissue or other untoward effects are due not to the damaging agent but to one or other aspect of the body ’s response to injury. For example in acute inflammation of the larynx, there may be sufficient inflammatory swelling to obstruct the airway and cause death from asphyxia. Inflammation is best considered not as a single process but as a collection of distinct processes, each of which may have evolved for defence against injury, but each of which has also potentially deleterious effects.《药学专业英语》试卷 第 4 页 （ 共 6 页 ）得分 评卷人学院名称 专业班级： 姓名： 学号：我密 封 线 内 不 要 答 题┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 密┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 封┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 线┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃四、汉译英（本题20分）药物分析中遇到的样品几乎都是混合物，有时候是非常复杂的混合物。
生物工程专业英语考试翻译
1）Four experiments were carried out to investigate the amino acid（氨基酸）and vitamin requirements of broilers（肉鸡）．四个实验研究了氨基酸和维生素对于肉鸡的必要性。
2）The performance of birds fed on control diets formated according to the recommendations of the National Research Council（1977）was compared to that of birds fed on experimental diets containing additional amounts of essential amino acid and vitamin．研究表明根据国家研究委员会（1977年）推荐的喂食的对照组的鸟相比于实验组的鸟需要补充额外的必需氨基酸和维生素。
3）The control（对照，参照）diets varied in protein and metabolizable energy（代谢能）content; the experimental diets were obtained by adding varying amounts（10 to 50％）of one or both amino acids and vitamin to the control diets．对照组的饮食满足各种各样的蛋白质和代谢能量；实验组饮食在对照组的基础上加了10%到50%的一种或者多种氨基酸和维生素。
4）The experimental diets resulted in consistently better body weight gains than the control diets．实验组的结果一直在体重增加方面优于对照组。
天津农学院应化专业英语期末复习题
专业英语期末复习题第一单元：The Roots of Chemistry一、单词短语1、be defined as（被定义为）2、molecule（分子） molecular（分子的）3、chemical process （化学过程）4、carry out （执行、进行）5、under one’s control（在、、、的控制下）6、element（元素） elementary（基础的）7、combine（化合）8、break down （分解）9、decompose（分解）10、dissociate（离解）11、reduce（还原）12、neutralize（中和）13、replace（取代）14、Oxidize（氧化）15、表示“生成、反应”的英文：react、obtain、form、convert、produce、give、yield16、carbon（碳）17、hydrogen（氢）18、oxygen（氧）19、atom(原子)20、proton（质子）21、neutron（中子）22、electron（电子）23、atomic nucleus（原子核）24、positive charge（正电子）25、negative charge（负电子）26、energy level（能级）27、isotope（同位素）28、radioactive（放射性的）29、ionic bond (离子键)30、covalent bond（共价键）31、attraction（吸引力）32、repulsion（排斥力）33、distillation（蒸馏、n） distill（蒸馏、v） rectification(精馏)34、atomic reaction（原子反应）35、composition（构成）36、structure（结构）37、property（性质）二、课文句子翻译1、what has been found indicates clearly that practicalneeds influenced the early development of chemistry， as was the case for the early development of mathematics.答：已有事实清楚地表明：正如早期熟悉的发展一样，实际需要影响着化学的发展。
药学试题英语翻译及答案
药学试题英语翻译及答案1. 翻译下列药学专业术语：- 阿司匹林- 抗生素- 处方药- 非处方药答案：- 阿司匹林: Aspirin- 抗生素: Antibiotics- 处方药: Prescription drugs- 非处方药: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs2. 将以下句子从英语翻译成中文：- "The drug was approved by the FDA for use in treating cancer."- "Pharmacists are responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications."答案：- "这种药物被FDA批准用于治疗癌症。
"- "药剂师负责确保药物的安全性和有效性。
"3. 根据题目所给的药学知识，回答以下问题：- 什么是药物的半衰期？- 药物的剂量如何影响其疗效？答案：- 药物的半衰期是指药物浓度下降到其初始浓度一半所需的时间。
- 药物的剂量会影响其疗效，剂量过低可能无法达到治疗效果，剂量过高则可能导致毒副作用。
4. 翻译以下药学文献摘要中的关键词：- Pharmacokinetics- Drug metabolism- Bioavailability答案：- 药动学- 药物代谢- 生物利用度5. 根据题目所给的药学知识，解释以下术语的含义：- 药物相互作用- 药物耐受性答案：- 药物相互作用是指两种或两种以上的药物同时使用时，它们之间的相互作用可能影响药物的疗效或安全性。
- 药物耐受性是指机体对药物的反应随着时间的延长而减弱，需要增加剂量以获得相同的效果。
6. 翻译以下药学相关的句子：- "The new drug has shown promising results in clinical trials."- "The side effects of the medication should be carefully monitored."答案：- "这种新药在临床试验中显示出了有希望的结果。
生物制药专业英语 天津农学院 期末考试翻译范围及答案
Among many early races在很多早期历史中，疾病被认为是恶魔或邪灵进入体内而引起的。
治疗方法相当自然，包括使身体摆脱超自然侵入者。
从历史的最早记录中得出证据，治疗这些疾病的主要方法是通过使用宗教咒语，使用有害物质和特殊中药或植物的使用。
在早期的种族之间，疾病被认为是由恶魔的入侵或者罪恶的灵魂进入体内所引起的。
治疗自然的包括驱除体内的超自然入侵者。
从最早的历史记录开始被证实治疗疾病的主要途径是通过宗教咒语的使用，有害物质的使用和特殊中药或植物的给药。
Before the days of the priestraft在剂师出现之前，那些通过经验或通过口传的关于植物的治愈知识已经被部落的聪明的男人或女人收集起来，他们被召唤来照料那些生病的或受伤的人，并且准备治疗。
这就是在药物的制备中药剂师的技能起源了。
在药剂师出现之前，部落里聪明的人，他们懂得关于植物的治疗特性的知识，这些知识是通过经验或是口口相传下来而收集的。
他们被召集去处理生病或受伤的人并准备治疗法。
在药用材料的准备过程中药剂师这一行业就诞生了。
As time passed随着时间推移，药剂师的角色开始与祭司的功能相结合，并且在早期的文明中术士或医生开始成为身体的治疗者也是灵魂的治疗者。
在他们早期的历史中制药和药物是不能辨别的，因为他们的实践大体是部落宗教领导者的职责。
随着时间推移，药剂师的角色开始与祭司的功能相结合，并且在早期的文明中术士或医生开始成为身体的治疗者也是灵魂的治疗者。
在他们早期的历史中制药和药物是不能辨别的，因为他们的实践大体是部落宗教领导者的职责。
Due to thepatience and由于考古学家的耐心和理解，药物的类别和特殊药物的使用在药物治疗的早期历史中被运用不像猜想中那样难确定。
许多追溯到公元前3000年的古代石碑，卷轴和其他遗物已经被发现和被考古学者解读，这点亮了医药学的历史。
在这些古代文件中与我们传统有特殊的联系。
生物专业英语课文中英互译
Lesson OneInside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell PartsCytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory (细胞质：动力工厂)Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
2020-2021某大学《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷(含答案)
2020-2021《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷一、短语翻译（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、醇类物质的命名；2. 诱导和反馈抑制3. 分支代谢途径调节4. 酶的固定化5、核苷酸和核酸6、微生物和病毒7、常规分批发酵法酒精生产工艺8、黑曲霉柠檬酸生产的生物化学9、L-谷氨酸的发酵10细菌的基因克隆;二、根据专业词汇的构词法翻译下列专业词汇（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、Dihydroxyacetone;2、Deoxyribonucleic acid；3、Monocarboxylic acid;4、Multilayered;5、Coenzyme；6、Immunoradioautography; 7、polysaccharide; 8、Tricarboxylic acid cycle；9、Macromolecule；10、Biodegradable surfactant;三、阅读理解（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）(一) Regulation of Branched Metabolic PathwayBiosynthetic metabolic pathways often have a common enzyme sequence and then branch leading to more than one end-product. Microorganisms have evolved feedback mechanisms, whereby a build-up of one end-product cause a feedback effect on the first enzyme of the branch leading to that product. In addition, mechanisms exist whereby the end-product of a branched pathway causes partial feedback inhibition of the first enzymes of the common sequence so that the flux of substrate passing through this sequence is proportionately reduced. This effect is achieved by use of isoenzymes, concerted feedback regulation and cumulative feedback regulation. These regulatory effect can be of two types: inhibition of enzyme activity and repression of enzyme synthesis. Where isoenzymes (multiple enzyme forms capable of catalysing the same reaction) are involved, the synthesis or inhibition of each enzyme form may be regulated by a different end-product. With concerted feedback regulation, only one enzyme is involved, but more than one product must be present to inhibit activity or repress enzyme synthesis. With cumulative feedback regulation, each end-product causes partial inhibition or repression and all end-products are required to completely block activity or synthesis.1.In the first sentence, ‘a common enzyme sequence’ means:(1)the reaction sequence catalysed by the enzymes(2)that the enzyme has the same amino acids sequence2.In concerted feedback regulation the enzyme is inhibited and repressed by(1)several kinds of end-products(2)only one kind of end-product3.The isoenzymes means:(1)the enzymes have different functions(2)the enzymes are capable of catalysing the same reaction4.With cumulative feedback regulation, each end-product causes:(1)complete inhibition and repression(2)partial inhibition or repression(二）Immobilization of enzymesEnzymes are often used as nonrecoverable chemical reagents, in which case they are added to the substrate incubated at the required temperature and pH for a period and subsequently destroyed. Amylase, proteases and other inexpensive bulk enzymes are used in this way. Alternatively, enzymes may be attached to an inert support (immobilized). This offers the advantages of (1) recovery and re-use of the enzymes, in batch reactors; or (2) the development of continuously operated enzyme reactions similar to continuous fermentation systems used for microorganisms; (3) the possibility of multi-enzyme systems; and (4) the enzyme does not remain in the processed solution. However, there are some disadvantages, the enzyme may be stabilized by immobilization but it may also lose activity, and the process becomes technically more complex.There are many ways to immobilize enzymes, the common procedures involve (1)absorption to an insoluble support of either organic or inorganic origin. Cellulose, dextran, nylon and bentonite are some of the many carriers that have been used. Attachment may be by physical adsorption, ionic binding or covalent bonding. (2) Entrapment methods in which the enzyme is localized within apolymer matrix are popular and include gel or fiber entrapment and microencapsulation in which the enzyme is enclosed within sperical semipermeable polymer membranes. (3) A simple but effective procedure is to immobilize the enzyme within the host cell by heat treatment or covalent cross-linking following by pelleting the cells.Are the following statements true or false?（1）Amylase, proteases and other inexpensive bulk enzymes are destroyed after the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is completed ( )（2）The advantages of immobilization of the enzymes include the stability of the enzymes and the increase of the enzyme activity ( )（3）By immobilization of the enzymes, it is possible to operate the enzyme reactions continuously ( )（4）In the last paragraph, the word “insoluble support” has the same meaning as the word “carrier”四、英译汉（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）(1) Previously, enzymes were prepared mainly from animal organs and plant seeds. However, these sources of enzyme have their limits both in quantity and quality. Microbes, on the contrary, can be cultured at large scale by simple methods. Also, in this case, selective production of certain enzyme in large quantities is possible by adjusting the conditions of culture. Further, microbes have marked adaptability, and mutant species can be induced artificially. Thanks to these advantageous properties, enzymes which cannot be produced from animals and plants can be obtained from microbes.(2)The establishment of L-glutamic acid fermentation provided a significant impetus to the development of microbial production of primary metabolites. Encouraged by the establishment of the L-glutamic acid fermentation, various research projects have been carried out in the attempt to isolate wild strains or derive genetic mutants producing various kinds of amino acids. As a result, almost all of the amino acids are now commercially produced by fermentation.五、汉译英（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1. 化合物是一种可以分解成两种或两种以上元素的物质2. 这些微生物的相关特性是它们是非病原性的(nonpathogenic)，而且易于保存，培养时花费不多。
生物与制药工程专业英语第二三五单元翻译
Biologists?and?chemists?divide?compounds?into?two?principal?classes,?inorgan ic?and?organic.?Inorganic?compounds?are?defined?as?molecules,?usually?small, ?that?typically?lack?carbon?and?in?which?ionic?bonds?may?play?an?important?r ole.?Inorganic?compounds?include?water,?oxygen,?carbon?dioxide,?and?many?sal ts,?acids,?and?bases.??生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。
无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。
无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。
???All?living?organisms?require?a?wide?variety?of?inorganic?compounds?for?grow th,?repair,?maintenance,?and?reproduction.?Water?is?one?of?the?most?importan t,?as?well?as?one?of?the?rmost?abundant,?of?these?compounds,?and?it?is?parti cularly?vital?to?microorganisms.?Outside?the?cell,?nutrients?are?dissolved?i n?water,?which?facilitates?their?passage?through?cell?membranes.?And?inside? the?cell?,?water?is?the?medium?for?most?chemical?reactions.?In?fact,?water?i s?by?far?the?most?abundant?component?of?almost?all?living?cells.?Water?makes ?up?5%?to?95%?or?more?of?each?cell,?the?average?being?between?65%?and?75%.?S imply?stated,?no?organism?can?survive?without?water?所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。
生物专业英语试题附答案
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------生物专业英语试题附答案生物专业英语试题及答案一、将下列英文术语或缩写译为合乎学术规范的中文术语： 1、Odorant receptor 气味受体（气味感受器、嗅觉受体、嗅觉感受器也得 1 分；仅答受体或感受器，则得 0.5 分）。
2、Differentially expressed gene 差异化表达基因（答为“不同表达基因”，仅得 0.5 分）。
3、MOE 主要嗅（觉）上皮[答为“嗅（觉）上皮”也得 1 分；若写出其英文术语全称“Main olfactory epithelium”，也得分]。
4、VNO4 犁鼻器（答为“信息素外周感受器”也得 1 分；若写出其英文术语全称“Vomeronasal organ”，也得分）。
5、Social behavior 社会行为（答为“社群行为、社交行为”也得 1 分）。
6、Monogamy 一夫一妻制（答为“一雄一雌制、单配制”也得 1 分）7、Vasopressin 加压素（答为“抗利尿素”仅得 0.5 分）。
8、Oxytocin 催产素。
9、Kin recognition 亲属识别。
10、Autism 自闭症/孤独症。
11/ 1611、NIH (美国)国家(立)卫生研究院(所)(若写出其英文术语全称NIH = National Institutes of Health 也得分)。
12、HHMI 霍华德·休斯医学研究所(若写出其英文术语全称 HHMI = Howard Hughes Medical Institute 也得分；或者译为 Howard Hughes 医学研究所，也得全分)。
13、Nanotechnology 纳米技术（纳米科技、奈米技术、奈米科技）。
中国民航大学《生物医药专业英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
《生物医药专业英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷1、— Mum, would you please buy me an MP5 player?— If you can help do some housework the whole vacation，you ____ have one as a reward. A．must B．need C．would D．shall2、At school, it is essential that every child ______ equally regardless of family background. A．treating B．treated C．be treated D．is treated3、Bob’s lectures covered a fairly wide range and I can’t sum up what he says in a fewsentences.A．covered B．conveyed C．considered D．commanded4、—Fiona never fails to grasp any chance of promotion.—She’s a woman of ________.A．ambition B．attentionC．expectation D．reputation5、—Tom, do you enjoy your present job?—________. I just do it for a living.A．Of course B．Not reallyC．Not likely D．That’s all right6、Some analysts suspected that the rebellion was _______ and financed by a westerncountry.A．launched B．backed C．evaluated D．crushed7、She seems to prefer American TV Shows to talking to me．A．to watch B．to be watching C．watching D．having watched8、_____ every year, many people do not hold a high opinion of the CCTV Spring FestivalA．As B．Therefore C．While D．Since9、The kitchen is often the busiest room in a household, so it’s important to make sure it well.A．smoothes B．functions C．pays D．measures10、_______ those past years, we couldn’t help feeling sorry for our par ents who never had a rest all the year round.A．Looking back upon B．Looking around C．Looking out D．Looking up第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Among many early races在很多早期历史中，疾病被认为是恶魔或邪灵进入体内而引起的。
治疗方法相当自然，包括使身体摆脱超自然侵入者。
从历史的最早记录中得出证据，治疗这些疾病的主要方法是通过使用宗教咒语，使用有害物质和特殊中药或植物的使用。
在早期的种族之间，疾病被认为是由恶魔的入侵或者罪恶的灵魂进入体内所引起的。
治疗自然的包括驱除体内的超自然入侵者。
从最早的历史记录开始被证实治疗疾病的主要途径是通过宗教咒语的使用，有害物质的使用和特殊中药或植物的给药。
Before the days of the priestraft在剂师出现之前，那些通过经验或通过口传的关于植物的治愈知识已经被部落的聪明的男人或女人收集起来，他们被召唤来照料那些生病的或受伤的人，并且准备治疗。
这就是在药物的制备中药剂师的技能起源了。
在药剂师出现之前，部落里聪明的人，他们懂得关于植物的治疗特性的知识，这些知识是通过经验或是口口相传下来而收集的。
他们被召集去处理生病或受伤的人并准备治疗法。
在药用材料的准备过程中药剂师这一行业就诞生了。
As time passed随着时间推移，药剂师的角色开始与祭司的功能相结合，并且在早期的文明中术士或医生开始成为身体的治疗者也是灵魂的治疗者。
在他们早期的历史中制药和药物是不能辨别的，因为他们的实践大体是部落宗教领导者的职责。
随着时间推移，药剂师的角色开始与祭司的功能相结合，并且在早期的文明中术士或医生开始成为身体的治疗者也是灵魂的治疗者。
在他们早期的历史中制药和药物是不能辨别的，因为他们的实践大体是部落宗教领导者的职责。
Due to thepatience and由于考古学家的耐心和理解，药物的类别和特殊药物的使用在药物治疗的早期历史中被运用不像猜想中那样难确定。
许多追溯到公元前3000年的古代石碑，卷轴和其他遗物已经被发现和被考古学者解读，这点亮了医药学的历史。
在这些古代文件中与我们传统有特殊的联系。
由于考古学家的耐心和智慧，在早期历史中用于药物治疗的药物的类型和特殊的药物不再是无法定义的。
许多古代的石碑，卷轴，和其他追溯到公元3000年的遗产已经被考古学者发现并解密，这照亮了医药学和药剂学的历史，它被包含在古代的文献中，与我们的历史进展有特殊的联系。
The formulative vehicles of the day were beer那些现代的配方制剂有啤酒、酒、牛奶和蜂蜜。
许多制药配方运用两打或更多不同的药剂，一种类型的准备在后面被提及，像“复方药剂”。
研钵，手磨机，滤网和天平这些经常被埃及人使用在他们制取栓剂，咳嗽药，药丸，吸入剂，片剂，洗剂，油膏剂，膏剂和灌肠剂中。
现在的赋形剂是啤酒，白酒，牛奶和蜂蜜。
许多药物配方中使用24种或更多不同的药物制剂，后面准备的一种类型涉及到例如复配药。
研钵，磨粉机，筛子和天平通常被埃及人用于他们的混合栓剂，含漱剂，药片，吸入剂，片剂，洗剂，乳膏剂，橡皮膏剂和灌肠剂。
药物发现和发展的过程是复杂的。
它包括许多科学家的集体贡献，包括有机，物理和分析化学家，生物化学家，细菌学家，生理学家，药理学家，毒理学家，血液学家，免疫学家，内分泌学家，病理学家，生物统计学家，药物科学家，临床内科医生和许多其他的科学家。
A new drug`s most effiective routes of administration.一种新药的最有效的给药途径必须被确定和关于每个不同年龄、体重和疾病程度给药建议的准则被建立。
为了帮助药物的给药，通过选择途径恰当的剂型，像片剂，胶囊剂，注射剂，栓剂，软膏剂，气雾剂和其他方式被规划和准备。
每个剂量单位被划分为包含用来解除痛苦的药物的一个规定的量和精确的计量用法。
这些剂型是高级地药物传递体系。
这些计划，发展，生产和使用是药物科学应用的最好的例子，药物科学是药物技术的基础，应用和临床科学的混合。
一种新药最有效的给药途径必须被决定并且建立指导关于对不同年龄，体重和生病症状的人所建议的剂量。
为了促进所选定途径的药物给药，适当的剂型例如片剂，胶囊剂，注射剂，栓剂，药膏剂，气雾剂和其他的剂型应该被确定和准备。
每个剂量单位被设计应包含一个用于缓解病症药物的详细数量和给药剂量的准确度。
这些剂型是高度的药物传送体系。
它们的设计，发展，生产和使用是制药科学应用的一个主要例子，制药科学是基础，实用和药剂学技术的临床科学的混合体。
Each particular pharmaceutical每种特别的制药产品，对他自己来说是唯一的配方。
除了有效的治疗成本外，一个药物配方也包含大量的无治疗效果成分。
这些成分一般涉及，像药物辅助剂，赋行剂或者必需品，正是通过他们的使用使配方获得他们唯一的组成和独特的物理外形。
包含物是这些物质，像填充剂，增稠剂，媒介，悬浮剂，片剂崩解剂，稳定剂，抗菌防腐剂，香料，着色剂和甜味剂。
每一种特定的药品都有其独特的配方。
除了有活性的治疗性材料外，一个药剂的配方中也包含一定数量的非治疗性药剂。
这些药剂一般涉及到例如治疗辅助剂，赋形剂和必需品，并且通过它们的使用一个配方获得它独特的成分和特殊的物理外观。
包括这些材料例如填充剂，增稠剂，赋形剂，悬浮剂，片剂崩解剂，稳定剂，填充剂，矫味剂着色剂和甜味剂。
Tablet diameters and shapes片剂的直径和形状是由压片时所用冲模和冲头所决定的。
冲头的凹面越小，得到的片剂越平；相反的，冲头的凹面越大，得到的片剂面越凸。
有凸起痕迹的冲头会生产出有凹痕的片剂；有凹陷标记的冲头会生产出凸起的痕迹或字母组合。
字母组合可能被印在片剂的一面或两面，这取决于In addition to these apparent features of tablets.除了片剂的这些明显特征外，药剂师意识到片剂必须满足其他的物理规格，这些对门外汉来说通常是不知道的。
这些包括片剂重量，片剂厚度，片剂瓦解度，含量均匀性和对于一些片剂药物的溶解性。
不仅在片剂的一品产品中而且从这批到那批这些因素必须被约束。
不仅保证产品的外在特征而且保证他的治疗效果。
The USP contains美国药典包括一个正式的、片剂必须符合的重量变化标准。
在生产中质量控制是必须的，周期的检查由片剂重量组成，因此如果片剂在生产后被发现不满足规格，将招致巨大的损失。
在生产过程中，有时间来决定低质量和做出必要调整。
美国药典包含一个官方片剂必须遵守的重量变化标准。
在生产过程中，质量控制是必须的并且要定期检查片剂的重量，因为如果片剂在生产完成后被发现不符合规格，将会招致一大笔罚款。
在生产过程中要有时间来确定劣质产品产生的原因并作出必要的调整。
Tablet Disintegration为了片剂的化学成分完全有效地从胃肠道中吸收，片剂必须首先瓦解和释放药物进入体液。
片剂瓦解对那些包含不能被吸收但是仍然在胃肠道中局部起效的化学试剂（例如抗酸剂和止泻剂）在这些情况下，片剂瓦解为药物颗粒在体内的局部酸化提供了更大的表面积。
片剂崩解度，为了片剂中的药物成分能在胃肠中被充分的吸收，片剂必须首先崩解，并释放药物到体液中溶解。
片剂的崩解度对于那些含有不希望在别的地方而是在肠胃中局部吸收的药物成分的片剂也是很重要的。
在这些实例中，片剂的崩解度提供了对体内局部活性有作用的有更大的接触面积的药物颗粒。
Tablet Dissolution美国药典包括一个关于片剂和胶囊溶解的检验规定，在个人的药物专论中使用。
检验给予一个决定一种药物在固定机型中的溶解特征的客观方法。
由于药物吸收和生理的利用率很大程度上取决于药物的溶解状态，单一的溶解特征是符合要求的药品的一种重要性质。
片剂溶解度.美国药典包含了使用片剂和胶囊溶解度的实验，当片剂和胶囊在药物各论里发表时。
这个实验提供了一个客观的方法来确定目前固体药物的溶解特性。
因为药物的吸收和生物利用度大部分决定于药物的溶解状态，所以简单的溶解度特征是符合要求的药物产品的重要特点。
A well-prepared一篇准备充分的摘要允许读者快速准确地确认你的文章的基本内容，决定他与他们兴趣的关联，最终决定是否读整篇文章。
许多读者浏览一片摘要来看关联的报告是否符合他们的兴趣。
摘要允许一个对在报告中呈现的内容不感兴趣的读者跳过阅读整篇文献，因为节约了时间。
一篇写得好的摘要是说服正确的读者来阅读你的文章的最好途径。
一个准备好的摘要让读者能够快速准确的辨认出你的文章的基本内容，决定你的文章是否符合她的兴趣，最后决定是否阅读全文。
大多数读者浏览摘要来看一下是否是与他们兴趣相关的研究。
摘要也可以让对你的研究有一点或是没兴趣的读者跳过阅读整个文档，节省时间。
一个写的好的摘要也是让正确的人心悦诚服的读你文章的最好的方法A model abstract should contain the following elements一片模版摘要应该包含下面的要素：你的报告的目标陈述，用来得到你的结果或者结论的研究方法，被观察到的结果，和从你的报告中得出的结论。
这些要素将在下面的部分被更详细的给出。
一篇模范的摘要需要包括以下要素：一个关于你研究目的的陈述，得出你的结果和结论所用的研究方法，得出的结果，从你的实验中可得出的结论。
这些因素会被认为是下面部分更详细的描述。
Be aware that the elements listed do not necessarily意识到列出的要素不必要按上述给出的那样的程序呈现出来。
在你的摘要里，这些要素的顺序如何取决于这篇摘要打算面向的读者。
例如，如果你写的摘要对读者来说是独有的或者主要对于快速应用新知识感兴趣，然后也许你想要把你最重要的结论和结果放置在第一，接下来是论文的目的，方法论，和其他发现和细节。
要知道那些列出来的要素不是必须在上面展示的序列里被写出来的。
这些要素在你的摘要里的顺序取决于那些对摘要有意的读者。
比如，你写的摘要的读者是专门的或是主要的对新知识的快速应用感兴趣，可能你会想要把你的最重要的结论和结果写在第一位，紧接着写研究的目的、方法和其他发现和细节。
Abstracts in the humanities and social sciences should also contain the above elements.摘要在人文和社会科学中也应当包含上述的要素。
在所有的科学或者人文研究中应该有一个叙述目标。
在历史或者社会学中的研究方法可能大体上不同于化学的实验方法，但是摘要无论什么学科，必须写出研究的方法论。
在人文和社会科学研究中找出结果得到结论；这些结果和结论包括在相应的摘要中。
人文科学和社会科学中的摘要也需要包含以上要素。
所有的研究，无论是科学还是人文，应该有一定的目的。