英国文学中的考点
英国文学期末考试重点
一、english renaissance 文艺复兴1、william shakespeare 威廉。
莎士比亚Sonnets 骚体十四行诗五步抑扬格四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）、《李尔王》（King Lear）。
四大喜剧：《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of venice）、《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《皆大欢喜》（As You Like It）、《第十二夜》（Twelfth Night）。
To be or not to be.That is a question. 生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。
（哈姆雷特）Hamlet is the greatest tragedy of his hamlet,the melancholic scholar-prince,faces the dilemma between action and mind.二、17世纪早期2、John Dunn约翰·多恩“玄学派诗人” Metaphysical poets“Song”、“devotions upon emergent occasions”紧急时刻祈祷文、“poems”诗歌“The flea”跳蚤（男主人公试图劝诱情人放弃无用的贞操观，与他及时行乐）3、jone milton 约翰。
弥尔顿英国文学巨匠“On the morning of christ’s nativity”圣诞清晨歌、“areopagitica”论出版自由“When I consider how my light is spent”(十四行诗)“Paradise lost”失乐园无韵体五步抑扬格（the story of Satan’s rebellion against God, and of the disobedience and fall of Adam and Eve. It is the only generally acknowledged epic in english literature since Beowulf.）三、复辟和十八世纪4、daniel defoe 丹尼尔。
英国文学选读笔记重点
英国文学选读笔记重点一、引言英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，其丰富的历史背景、独特的文化传统和卓越的文学成就使其在世界文学史上占有重要地位。
在英国文学选读中，我们不仅可以欣赏到众多杰出的文学作品，还可以深入了解英国的历史、文化和社会背景。
二、重点作家及其作品莎士比亚莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的作家之一，他的作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的思想内涵和卓越的艺术表现力，是英国文学的经典之作。
简·奥斯汀简·奥斯汀是英国19世纪著名的女性作家，她的作品如《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等，以细腻的人物描写和精湛的心理分析而著称。
她的作品反映了当时英国社会的风俗习惯和道德观念，具有很高的社会价值。
狄更斯狄更斯是19世纪英国最著名的现实主义作家之一，他的作品如《双城记》、《雾都孤儿》等，以对社会问题的深刻揭示和对人性的深刻剖析而著称。
他的作品反映了当时英国社会的贫困、不公和阶级斗争，具有很高的社会意义。
三、重点主题爱情与婚姻爱情与婚姻是英国文学中的重要主题之一。
在许多作品中，作者通过描写爱情与婚姻的关系，探讨了人性的复杂性和生活的真谛。
例如，在简·奥斯汀的作品中，她通过对婚姻的思考，揭示了当时英国社会对婚姻的看法和期望。
社会问题社会问题是英国文学中的另一个重要主题。
许多作家通过描写社会问题，揭示了当时社会的矛盾和冲突。
例如，在狄更斯的作品中，他通过对贫困、不公和阶级斗争的描写，揭示了当时英国社会的种种问题。
人性与命运人性与命运是英国文学中的永恒主题。
许多作家通过描写人性的复杂性和命运的无常，探讨了人生的意义和价值。
例如，在莎士比亚的作品中，他通过对人性的深刻剖析和对命运的无奈揭示了人生的无常和无奈。
四、结语英国文学选读是了解英国文化和历史的重要途径之一。
通过对英国文学的学习和研究，我们可以更好地理解英国的历史、文化和社会背景，同时也可以提高我们的审美能力和文化素养。
英国文学重点知识
Colonial Period (1607-1775)---PuritanismMajor Writers & Literary WorksCaptain John SmithWilliam BradfordJohn WinthropAnne BradstreetIII. Main types of writing:diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermonsIV.Captain John Smith (1580—1631)True Relation of Virginia (1608)Description of New England (1616)General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)Puritanism in AmericaPuritanism 清教主义Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans. Doctrines:- Predestination- Original sin and total depravity (human beings are basically evil.)- Limited atonement (or the Salvation of a selected few)Puritan values (creeds):Hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety, simple tastes.Puritans are more practical, tougher, and to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure.They are optimistic.Influence-- one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.-- American literature is based on a myth, i.e. the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.-- tendency to moralize.- Puritanism can be compared with Chinese Confucianism.American Puritanism&Chinese Confucianism1) powerful shaping factor in the cultural maturity of the nation;2) burned its way into the very fabric of social life and way down into people’s consciousness;puritan style of writingfresh, simple, directrhetoric is plain, honestinfluence of biblemoralizeAnne Bradstreet (1612-1672)The first publication of a book of poems in America,the first publication by a woman in America.She also wrote The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America in 1650.Anne Bradstreet (1612—1672)安妮.布雷特兹里特The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America <美洲最近出现的第十缪斯> ----published in Britain in 1650 by her brother-in-lawSeveral Poems Compiled with a Great Variety of Wit and Learning, Full of Delight <一些风格各异，充满机智和学识的诗歌>----the first edition of her poetry in North America in 1678 after her death Contemplation <沉思>----a long poem imitated Edmund Spenser both in rhythm and themeUpon the Burning of Our HouseTo My Dear and Loving HusbandAge of EnlightenmentGeneral Backgrounds –dominant thought(1) EnlightenmentAn 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense, benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights of man.. It advocated reason or rationality, the scientific method, equality and human beings ’ability to perfect themselves and their society.Originated in Europe: 17th CResources: Newton’s theory; deismBasic principles: stressing education; Reason (Order); employing reason to reconsider the traditions and social realities; concern for civil rights –equality, justiceSignificance: accelerating social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanism; making spiritual preparation for Am, Revolution.Representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas JeffersonInfluence on LiteratureIn form: imitating English classical writersIn content: utilitarian tendency ( for political or educational purpose) （2）The Great Awakening (1730s—1740s)A series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of 18th century. The main aim is to revive people’s enthusiasm towards Calvinism. In New England it was started by Jonathan Edwards.Major writers3.1two representatives of Puritanism in two aspectsJonathan Edwards (1703—1785) 乔纳森.爱德华兹---Outstanding representative of Puritanism--the last great voice to re-assert Calvinism in America.His WorksPersonal Narrative 《自述》Freedom of the Will 《意志的自由》The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend《原罪说辩》The Nature of True Virtue 《真正美德的本质》Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God《发怒的上帝手中的罪人》Images or Shadows of Divine Things《神灵的形影》Jonathan Edwards’ Points of view(1) Regeneration of man(人的来世): He urges his people to enjoy the sweetness of “conversion”(转变).(2) God’s presence: God is the source of all being, the substance of all life. God made the world by an extension of Himself, he manifests Himself in nature and man, and that man, being a part of God, is divine(神圣的).–his sense of God’s overwhelming presence in nature and in soul anticipated the Transcendentalism.His Position1 He was the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.2 He was in part instrumental in bringing about the Great Awakening3 He was the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790)本杰明.富兰克林The Autobiography 《自传》—first of its kind in liter.Its Significance/1) It is the first of its kind in American literature.2) It is a puritan document of its self-examination & self-improvement. (Franklin’s 13 virtues)3) a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream4)It is regarded as one of the most important works of American literature producedduring the 18th century.5)he represents American idea--- man is basically good and free by nature, endowedby God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.7) The Autobiography is in the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. 思考题小结：Edwards vs FranklinSimilarity---Both were inheritors of the puritan tradition. Both came from the same parent stock, the Puritanism of New England.Differences----They moved in different directions: Puritan idealism vs materialism. Edwards used Calvinist beliefs and tenets to stage a series of religious revivals, --the great awakening in north America from 1735 to 1750. Franklin used deism as an effective practical support to the new ideas of progress. With him as spokesman, 18th C Am. Experienced enlightenment, reason and order like England and Europe.Thomas Paine (1737—1809) 托马斯.潘恩Fight for the rights of manHelp to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions of his agePropagandist, pamphleteer, a master of persuasion who understands the power of language to move a man to action.Main works:Common Sense 《常识》The American Crisis 《美国危机》The Rights of Man 《人的权利》The Age of Reason 《理智时代》3.2Philip Freneau (1752—1832) 菲利普.弗瑞诺1. significanceUse his poetic talents to serve his nationHe is the most important poet in the 18th CHe was entitled Father of American PoetryHe was born in New York and graduated from Princeton University.He wrote lots of poems supporting Am. Revolution and human liberty.He was the most notable Representative of dawning nationalism in literature.His poems presented Romantic spirits but his form and taste were mainly influenced by Classicism.Most famous poems “the Wild Honey Suckle” The Indian Burying Ground 《印地安人墓地》2. Works: The British Prison ship 《英国囚船》The Rising Glory of America (graduation poem in college of New Jersey) 《美洲光辉的兴起》／《蒸蒸日上的美国》The Indian Burying Ground 《印地安人墓地》—on the imagined afterlifeThe Wild Honey suckle 《野金银花》---on mortalityThe Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi 《将死之印第安人图默.凯奎》3. The Wild Honeysuckle1.It is a deistic celebration of nature, romantic use of simple nature imagery,inspired by themes of death and transience. Much of the beauty of the poem lies in the sounds of the words and the effects created through changes in rhythm.2. Flower vs Human Being, Duration vs Life3. Show us how to live an useful life.4. In a revolution, one should not do nothing for his country for fear of being hurt, harmed and destroyed.This a piece of lyric about nature, four-stanza poem, each stanza with 6 lines. Theme— it’s a hymn of wild honey suckle, of its whiteness, beauty, and purity, meanwhile sorry for silence and the frail duration. It suggests a relationship between the life of the flower and the life of human beingsIt implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature. The whole poem shows slight sadness, but life and death are inevitable law of nature, so the poem hinted us that we should face life optimistically and calmly.Rhyme scheme: a regular pattern of thyme, ababccDictions—using soft consonants, such as /t/, /m/, /s/. it is sounded calmly and easily.Washington IrvingAmerican Romanticism(1820-1860) 1. Time: From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.The romantic period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, also called “ the American Renaissance”.1.General features RomanticismRomanticism•Definition: romanticism rose in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In contrastto classicism, it is associated with imagination and creation of individuality. Romantic writers attach importance to the portrayal of features of distinctive characters. They reproduce life in their writings according to their ideal and prefer imaginative, even fantastic vision to restriction of objective depiction, passion to elegance, and irregular beauty to perfect proportion.•Ideals: Democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation. Features of the romantic literatureA.stressing emotion rather than reasonB.stressing freedom and individualityC.idealism rather than materialismD.writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements. Irrationalism: opposing rationalism/neo-classicism; focusing on feelings, intuitionsand emotions; worshipping ideals, imaginationIndividualism: placing the individual and the common man against the group, against authorityBeing close to nature: the world as a living, breathing being; the close relationship between man and natureSimplicity：turned to the humble people and the everyday life，adopted the everyday language3.American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.Independent--A real new experiencea.peculiar American experience ( landscape, pioneering to the west, Indiancivilization, new nation’s democracy and dreams)—wild honey suckle, cooper, new Adam, new garden of Eden, Whitman)b.Puritan heritage (more moralizing, edifying more than mere entertainment)(careful about love and sex. Example: Scarlet Letter)5. Three periods and representativesA. Early romanticism—Washington Irving, James Fennimore CooperB. summit of Romanticism –American TranscendentalismEmerson, ThoreauC. Late RomanticismHawthorne, Melville, Poe.Whitman, DickinsonWashington Irving (1783--1859)First American to make a living as a writerFirst American storytellerFirst to get international fameFather of American literature•Appreciation of “Rip Van Winkle”Time : the pre-independent war & post-independent war timePlace: the Appalachian Mountain Area, in and old Dutch villageSetting: the pastoral, peaceful, calm but backward atmosphere•Narrative elements (1): 3-part structure & plotBeginning – Rip as a hen-pecked husband;•Middle – his venture into Catskills;•End – his returnAnalysis of the characterRip: --- idle, lazy, Hen-pecked, weak-minded, good-tempered, warm-hearted, timid, care-free, simple-minded, obedient, irresponsible, a little foolish, etc.His wife:--- virago, sharp-tempered, vulgar, rude, ill-mannered, rural-bred,responsible, strong-minded, self-important, nagging, sharp-tongued, hard-working, uneducated country woman•Analysis of the theme•1. A story of man who has difficulty in facing his age•2. Criticism of some teachings of Puritanism:•Unceasing labor, no play, all kinds of pleasures are condemned, greedy for wealth •Express a strong desire for leisure•3. The theme of escape from one’s responsibility and even one’s history•4. Bewildering about the rapid changes after the independent war.•5. Nostalgic longing for the past pastoral way of life.•6. The loss of identityTone: conservative (never accepted a modern democratic America and believed changes upset the natural order of things.)Symbolism: on his return to the village, he senses a loss of identity. His wife(ruler) is gone. (from Gorge III to George Washington)•【小说风格】是指某一时代、某一民族、某一地域或某一小说家的小说作品在思想内容和艺术表达形式上所呈现出的特点的总和。
英国文学史考试要点
1、it is “Beowulf”,the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），又译贝奥武甫，完成于西元八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000行。
故事的舞台位于北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。
是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，在语言学方面也是相当珍贵的文献。
贝奥武夫（Beowulf）乃现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。
该诗中并未提及英国，但学者相信该诗约於西元七二五年左右在英国完成。
全诗凡三千一百八十二行，以斯堪地那维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹构成主要内容。
虽然历史上并未证实确有贝奥武夫其人，但诗中所提及的许多其他人物与事迹却得到印证。
Features of “Beowulf”:The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration.Other features of “Beowulf” are the use of metaphors and of understatements.本诗原以西撒克逊方言写成，押头韵而不押尾韵，用双字隐喻而不用明喻。
全诗内容分为两部分：第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（King Hrothgurs）宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。
此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。
国王当晚设宴款待，熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。
第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。
第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。
最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。
诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。
英国文学考点总
名词解释：文艺复兴人文主义十四行诗无韵诗玄学派新古典主义启蒙运动浪漫主义时期拜伦式英雄湖畔诗人重点：1,马洛2,莎士比亚（to be or not to be)3,Donne(玄体诗和玄体诗派)4，Milton（失乐园和复乐园）5，班扬（天路历程）6蒲伯（论批评）7，菲尔丁8.谢立丹（造谣学校）9，拜伦（唐璜）10.Blake（两首扫烟囱）11.华兹华斯wordsworth（I wonder…as cloud）12，雪莱（西风颂）13，简奥斯丁（傲慢与偏见）14，狄更斯15勃朗特姐妹（简爱呼啸山庄）附加重点：第一章到第四章的练习题。
选择题（15*2分）作家作者搭配（20*1）名词解释（2*5）作品赏析（3题共25分）小论文（15）01.Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word“Renaissance”means“rebirth”,it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the14th and15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.文艺复兴（意大利语：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成）是一场发生在14世纪至17世纪的文化运动，在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，后扩展至欧洲各国。
“文艺复兴”一词亦可粗略地指代这一历史时期，但由于欧洲各地因其引发的变化并非完全一致，故“文艺复兴”只是对这一时期的通称。
英国文学名师考点整理
英国文学中古时期 (8 世纪至 15 世纪)： 大多数是口述的， 异教的 《贝奥武甫》 (Beowulf) 被认为是古代英语文学的开端，也是英语语言最古老的诗歌。
诺曼(Norman)入 侵后，传奇成为文学的主要形式。
备注： Old English (古英语)：Alliteration (头韵) 、Epic (史诗) 、Romance (传奇) 、 Ballad (歌谣，民谣)文艺复兴时期( 16 世纪至 17 世纪)：这个时期被称为莎士比亚时期或是伊丽莎 白时代，同一时期弗朗西斯 培根(Francis Bacon)也是著名人物。
备注:斯宾塞体(Spenserian Stanza) 、 无韵诗 (Blank Verse) 、 十四行诗 (Sonnet)作者Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里 乔叟 (英国诗歌之父， 14 世纪被称为乔叟的时代)King Alfred 阿尔弗雷德大帝 (英国散文之父，翻译了大量拉丁文(Latin)文献)作品The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》作者Edmund Spencer 艾德蒙斯宾塞(诗人中的诗人)Thomas More 托马斯摩尔(英国文艺复兴的领导者)Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯培根(唯物主义 (Materialism) 哲学奠基人，作品The Faire Queen 《仙后》(典型的斯宾塞体，类似于十三行诗)Utopia 《乌托邦》(理想主义(Idealism)的发展)Of Studies 《论学习》OfTravel 《论旅游》OfWisdom新古典时期(17 世纪中期至 18 世纪)： 本时期受到启蒙运动的影响， 作品表现出 现实主义(Realism)的特点， 作品形式以散文体(Prose)为主和寓言(Allegory)， 报纸和杂志开始出现。
作品The Pilgrim Progress 《天路历程》Allfor Love 《一切为了爱》作者John Bunyan 约翰 班扬John Dryden 约翰 德莱顿(诗人， 剧作家， 文学评论家， 英语评 Alexander Pope 亚历山大 蒲柏Christopher Marlow 克里斯托弗 马洛 (剧作家，属于“大学才子” ，首先创作无韵诗(Blank Verse))四大悲剧 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 King Lear 《李尔王》Macbeth 《麦克白》 Othello 《奥赛罗》The Tragic History ofDoctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》 Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》著名的历史剧Henry 4 《亨利四世》 Henry 5 《亨利五世》 The Songs and Sonnets 《歌谣与十四行诗》A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《别离辞：节哀》John Donne 约翰 多恩(玄学派 (Metaphysical) 诗人代表人物)John Milton 约翰 弥尔顿(革命时期最伟大的诗人)William Shakespeare 威廉 莎士比亚 (英国最伟大的剧作家， 英语文学现实主义(Realism)奠基人之一)浪漫主义时期(18 世纪至 19 世纪中期)：开始于抒情歌遥集(Lyrical Ballads)，以沃尔特 司各特(Walter Scott)去世为终止。
英国文学史知识点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类: pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作: The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)例子: of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise、二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) 就是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里、乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups、朝圣者都就是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层与社会团体小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character、这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。
英国文学知识点整理
英国文学知识点整理不同的分类，会有交叉。
有交叉，才能理解，才能清晰，才能快速记忆，这才是真正的笔记。
(一)各个时期的文学创作术语中世纪文学时期Medieval Literature英雄双韵体the heroic couplet【特点】两行两行押韵，也被称作五步抑扬格iambic pentameter【创始人】杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer文艺复兴时期Renaissance十四行诗sonnet【特点】1韵律：一行隔一行押韵一节中的最后一行又与下一节的第一行押韵第四节只有两行独自押韵，一共十四行。
例一：abab bcbc cdcd ee例二：abab bcbc efef gg 2行数：十四行【创始人】威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare斯宾塞诗体Spenserian【特点】1韵律：韵律复杂，具有音乐性2行数：每节九行【创始人】埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser 素体诗blank verse没有押韵道德剧Morality Play神秘剧Mystery Play奇迹剧Miracle Play抑扬格四音步iambic tetrameter书信体意识流stream of consciousness(二)各种荣誉称谓"之父"称号Title作家主要作品时代流派英国诗歌之父Father of English Poetry杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbury TalesMedieval Literature 十四世纪英国小说之父Father of English Novels丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe鲁宾逊漂流记The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeEnlightenment 18世纪Realistic西欧历史小说之父The Father of Western European Historical Novel沃尔特·司各特Walter Scott密得洛西恩监狱The Heart of MidlothianRealistic Literature十九世纪Romanticism桂冠诗人Poet Laureate约翰·德莱顿John Dryden阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson【作品】记忆方式伊诺克·阿登。
英国文学要点总结
英国Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
英国文学史知识点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period 449-10661、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan异教徒 Christian基督徒2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫 national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵写作手法例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved;To his kin the kindest; keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period 1066-1350Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed 押韵 lines in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England; representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人;代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner; thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事;无形中表明了各自的观点;展示了各自的性格..小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions迷信 and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运.他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来..4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission书上.歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲;一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance 16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman 戏剧 drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical Greek and Roman arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴..The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展..1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家essayist3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet十四行诗： form of poetry intricately rhymed间隔押韵 in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人 The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem 史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式..6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷五、the period of Revolution and Restoration 17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离..2、代表人物：1、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets 玄学派诗人的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗 Death be not proud笔记作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.坦诚的态度和现实描绘② novelty of subject matter and point新颖的题材和视角③ novelty of its form.新颖的形式2、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 poem 诗歌 blank verseDefense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory寓言”Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned旧体形式; medieval form of allegory比喻and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment 18世纪启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style; to write prose like Addison; or verse like Pope. 特;Othello奥赛罗;King Lear李尔王;The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白强调正确的格式和写作规范;像艾迪生一样创作散文;和蒲柏一样创作诗歌..The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式..The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature; and prove that man is born kind and honest; and if he becomes depraved; it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善;而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致..Contrary to all reasoning; social injustice still held strong; found the power of reason to be insufficient; and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. 无论怎样讲究理性;社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在;理性的力量明显不足..因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段..2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Classicism古典主义、revival of romantic poetry新兴的浪漫主义诗歌、beginnings of the modern novel刚启萌的现代派小说3、代表人物：1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel：Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Wild乔纳森.威尔德Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯2、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction现代小说之父Joseph Andrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson ——no humor; minces words; moralizes. 不幽默;咬文嚼字;说教Fielding —— direct; vigorous; hilarious; and coarse to the point of vulgarity;full of animal spirits; tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙;甚至有点俗;精神焕发;讲述流浪者的故事..The History of Tom Jones; a foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him3、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 novel 反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger; nor raising the voice; the tone is cold; restrained; ironic; varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜;骂不扬声;语调冷酷;锋芒暗藏;讽刺辛辣;仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态..A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校;喜剧 comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayist The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师;小说 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全;欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村;诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾;感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏..代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Elegy; Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Period 1798-1832浪漫主义散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人 poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命..2、教育意义Educational：liberty; equality and fraternity 自由;平等;博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始4、lake poets湖畔诗人：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate 桂冠诗人The Prelude序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language; fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言;反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德哈罗德游记cantos 诗章成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 Ode to the West Wind西风颂 poem 诗4、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 poem To a Nightingale致夜莺poem “Beauty is truth; truth beauty”美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Emma爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people; though serious and sympathetic; is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人..7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay; so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始;艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活;并使其熟悉和并令人愉快..Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期;散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ;Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中;宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动..2、代表人物：1、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艰难时刻Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 A Tale of Two Cities双城记描述了法国大革命French Revolution特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众..2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre简.爱Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄主人公：Mr. Heathcliff特点：brought to the novel an introspection and anintense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton; North and South玛丽.巴顿;北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利场— this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel; ruthlessly criticizing money worship; cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活;无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中;完美的获取财富和地位的手段.. 特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society..小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照..5、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe; but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场;但是她的心洞察了个性的发展.. 特点：the significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in theportrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞..3、桂冠诗人poet-laureate：1、Alfred Tennyson 2、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy嫉妒 Stingy小气贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗dramatic romances 戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义“art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术2、代表人物..1、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists Tess of the D’Urbervilles 苔丝 Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧..2、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术3、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家playwright Mrs. Warren’s profession华莱夫人的职业4、D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and lovers儿子与情人3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1、Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway A Room of One’s Own Woolf was much c oncerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2、James Joyce Ulysses。
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点1 .英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts2 .英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征月艮NormanConquest之后。
3 .古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian EOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗nationalepicof England）,人物角色（Beowulf,Grendel,Grendel'smother,Fire Dragon,Wiglef），修辞手法（头韵法alliteration,暗喻metaphor,低调陈述understatement）4 .诺曼征服人物WilliamtheConqueror,骑土Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）,《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》SirGawain andtheGreenKnight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）mattersof Fitain。
骑士的优良传统美德P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事（忠诚loyalty）5 .威廉朗莱德WilliamLangland作品《耕者皮尔斯》PiersthePlowman（十四世纪以梦境dreamvision呈现的作品）6 .乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Fatherof EnglishPoetry）,主要作品TheCanteberryTales,文学贡献（英雄双行体HeroicCouplet,净化purifiedLONDON音dialect）,葬于西敏寺大教堂WestminsterAbbey,为此建立诗人角Poet'sCorner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32朝圣者pilgrims）,选作P45（时间April,地点TabardInn,人物，巴斯妇人的故事WifeofBath）,抑扬五步格iambicpentameter （轻音unstressedsyllable+t音stressedsyllable7 .实行政教分离者（亨利八世HenryVIII）ReligiousReformation:TheKingbroke.托马斯摩尔ThomasMore的《乌托邦》offwiththePope.Utopia,宣扬财产property与困境poverty分离和建立理想国度idealstate。
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas[ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of C haucer’s time<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.T he Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen 《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5>The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- V olpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
英国文学重点知识复习
名词解释1.Philosophy:The word “” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answerto life’s great questions.(哲学定义)2.Rationalism:Ancient Greeks believe that some universal truth has always existed and that reason is theprimary source of knowledge.（理性主义定义）3.Idealism:Human senses provide inexact concepts of things; only human reason can give us true knowledgeabout the world.（柏拉图Plato）(理念论/唯心主义定义）4.The Renaissance:The French word “renaissance” means “rebirth” in English. It refers to the rebirth ofknowledge in Europe, particularly the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman texts.（持续300年）(文艺复兴定义) 5.Magna Carta: The barons wrote the famous document called the Magna Carta, which they forced John toaccept on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede. This Magna Carta, also called the Great Charter, was designed to obtain public liberties and to control the king’s power.(大宪章定义)6.Puritan：The term “Puritan” comes from the desires of these English Christians to “purify” the AnglicanChurch by removing all traces of Roman Catholicism.(清教徒定义)7.Industrial Revolution(简称I.R): During the latter half of 18th century, a rapid series of changes began,especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions the whole process is often described as ~~(工业革命定义)8.The factory of the world:British was once called~~~~~, because the Industrial Revolution promoted itsdevelopment of production.(世界工厂定义)9.The Enclosure Movement: In the end of 15th century, the cloth industry increased the value of wool. Raisingsheep became more profitable. Large areas of lands were often fenced by landlords without any warning to the peasants. This process is called~~~(圈地运动定义)10.Boston Massacre: On Mach 5, 1770, angry Boston citizens died and eight were wounded. Dubbed the“Boston Massacre”, the incident was regarded as proof of British tyranny.(波士顿惨案内容)（美国革命序曲) 11.1the Declaration of Independence: On July 4, 1776 the Second Continental Congress officially declaredindependence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The document declared that “all men are created equal” and are “ endowed by their creator” with certain “ inalienable rights” including “life ,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”.(独立宣言定义)12.checks-and-balances: The US Constitution also provided for checks-and-balances between the three branchesof government. Executive Branch—the president行政权—总统Legislative Branch—the Congress立法权—国会Judicial Branch—the U.S. Supreme Court司法权—最高法院Each branch was given powers and duties that ensured that the other branches would not have too much power.(三权分立，分权制衡定义)13.the New Deal: Roosevelt’s program of “Relief, Recovery and Reform” was popularly known as “the NewDeal”, a program that significantly and dramatically increased the national government’s intervention in the economy.(罗斯福新政定义)14.Prohibition: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution(1919) is known as “Prohibition”, because it prohibitedthe sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.(禁酒法令定义)15.Cold War:The “Cold War”, a term popularized by Winston Churchill in 1946, means alternative forms ofwarfare that rely on limited violence and ideological, economic and political methods.(美苏冷战定义)16.Mayflower: In 1620, a group of 132 Separatists (Puritans who had “separated” or left the Church of England)boarded the Mayflower and sailed for Virginia. The Mayflower was blown off course and landed in what is now Massachusetts, far to the north of Virginia.(五月花)简答、填空、选择1.What role did Winston Churchill play in World War II? (丘吉尔在二战中起到什么作用？)⑴He played the important role in World War II.⑵In 1941, he led the country through the miracle of Dunkirk, that was 338000 allied solders’ evacuation to Britain.⑶In 1943, he met Stalin and Roosevelt at Teheran Conference and decided to open the Second Battlefield West Europe.⑷In 1945, he proposed to fight against the Japanese Army till the end of the war.2.Why did I.R firstly take place in Britain?（工业革命首先在英国爆发的原因？）There are four prerequisites.4个先决条件Firstly, the accumulation of original capital.资本的原始积累Second, the development of capitalistic farming.资本主义农业取得发展Third, the appearance of free labor reserve.自由劳动力的出现Fourth, the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.国内外市场的扩张3.New York为什么叫Big Apple?New York’s nickname is “the Big Apple”, a phrase used by jazz musicians to explain the ultimate in achievement, size and excitement.4.The first major Greek philosopher was Thales. Thales claimed that Nature is rational. He asked, “From whatdo all things come and to what do all things return?”（泰勒斯）5.Furthermore,this was the origin of metaphysics, the philosophical study which probes the nature of realityitself.形而上学6.数学家Pythagoras explained the entire natural world with numbers.(提出数字3)3=1(unity）+2（diversity）Three elements of Universe------earth, ocean, heavenThree elements of World ------animals, plants, mineralsThree elements of Gods ------Jupiter, Neptune, PlutoThree elements of Goddess ------Fate, Revenge, Beauty早期基督教教义Trinity (三位一体)人类3个indispensables------body, soul, spirit7.赫拉克利特Heraclitus is remembered because he introduced the concept of change as the onlyunchanging reality in the universe.He compared life to a flowing river:A person cannot step into the same river twice.8.德谟克利特Democritus. He argued that everything in the universe obeys the laws of necessity(必然性法则).9.观点：机械论His mechanistic view of the world was accepted by western thinkers as early as the 16thcentury.10.“Atom” means “uncuttable”(原子→不可分割)11.At the time when Chinese scholars, Confucians and Taoists, were concerned with social relationships andhuman harmony with the natural world, Greek philosophers were arguing about what Nature itself was.12.Athens was famous for its writers, architects, sculptors, thinkers and sports contests, including the originsof the modern-day Olympic Games.(雅典，奥林匹克发源地)13.Socrates→Lived in Athens.(苏格拉底，雅典人)One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing.He distinguished between two types of knowledge: inner knowledge and empirical knowledge.Inner指each person has Virtue which is not learned through the physical sense.Another major contribution was his question-and-answer technique.14.Aristotle亚里士多德If Plato’s motto was “Mind over Matter”, then Aristotle’s motto was “Matter over Mind”.Aristotle founded the science of logic. His method is called a syllogism which argues from a general principle to a specific examples:General Principle: All men are mortal.Connection: I am a man.Deductive Conclusion: I am mortal.15.牛顿运动定律Newton’s laws of motion explained all visible motions,from those of stars to those of tinypebbles.16.培根Bacon, a British statesman and writer, wrote the first description of the modern scientific method.“Of studies”, “Essays”17.笛卡尔Descartes has also been called the father of modern Rationalism and the father of modern westernphilosophy.(近代理性主义之父，近代西方哲学之父)I think; therefore, I am.我思故我在。
英国文学考试重点
1、The Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁撒克逊时期(strength & somberness)The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions---pagan 异教and Christian基督教Cynewulf 基涅武甫the author of poem on religious subject 宗教诗Caedmon 凯德蒙the father of English song 用诗歌的形式译圣经The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England's national epic and its hero Beowulf--- one of the national heroes of the English people.作者不明Grendel格伦德尔-a monster half-humanThe only existing manuscript of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1705.The whole epic consists of 3182 lines and is to be decided into 2 parts with an interpolation between the two. The forefathers of the Jutes2、The Anglo-Norman Period盎格鲁-诺曼底时期（bright，romantic tales of love and adventure English language became) The three chief effects of the conquest were: 1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England 2. the growth of nationality 3. the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in Chaucer Three classes: the Matter of France, the Matter of Greece and Rome, the Matter of BritainKing Arthur「亚瑟王」Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文骑士和绿衣骑士3、Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟(首创heroic couplet)，the ＂father of English poetry" and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. It is characteristic that his allegories and symbols are already tinged with realistic images.English tonico-syllabic verseLondon dialectThe Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（本应有32个香客，128个故事，最终只完成了24个）Prologue总引is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. In this poem Chaucer's realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century.His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus became.4、The Renaissance 文艺复兴The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Thus Wyatt 怀亚特was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Christopher Marlowe made blank verse无韵体诗William Shakespeare was one of the first founder of realism. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. “to be or not to be”.Francis Bacon培根his work of three classes: philosophical, literary, professional works. The largest and important works Maxims of the law and Reading on the Statute of Uses. Of Truth & Of studies5、Revolution & RestorationMetaphysical poets玄学诗Restoration（witty and clever, but on whole immoral and cynical）John Milton约翰弥尔顿（文艺复兴之子）his greatest work Paradies lost presents the his views in an allegoric religious form. Paradies lost(12 books marked for its intricate and contradictory composition, based on the bible legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race, Adam, Eve, Satan)John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程written in the old-fashion, medieval form of allegory and dream.6、Enlightenment (man)Three main divisions: the reign of so-called classism, the revival of romantic poetry, the beginningof the modest novel. Prose rather than poetry.代表人物Joesph Addison& Richard SteelePope( elaborate heroic couplets) Henry Field and Tobias George Smollet are the real founders of bourgeois realistic novel. The most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England was Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels. -(Lilliput)Sentimentalism---Laurence Sterne Pre-romanticism“Gothic Novel”Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe7、The Romantic PeriodWilliam Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism. William Wordsworth’s Lyrical BalladsThe most important and decisive factor in the development of literature is economics. It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.Thus, a new class, proletariat, had sprung into existence.The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of man and the abolition of class distinctions. “liberty, equality and fraternity”The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political power to the middle class.Romanticism beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, ending with Walter Scott’s death.The 18th century was distinctively an age of prose.Poetry is the highest form of literary expressionColeridge and Southey, Wordsworth, so-called Lake PoetsThe great literary impulse the age is the impulse of Individualism in a wonderful variety of forms. Byron拜扬（Don Juan）Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱（To the skylark-waking or asleep; teach me half the gladness）John Keats (Ode on a Grecian Urn-beauty is truth, truth beauty) Walter Scott (the father of Europe historical novel) Jane Austen (pried and prejudice)8、The Victorian AgeCritical realismThe greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens(Oliver Twist雾都孤儿）.Another critical realist - William Makepeace Thackeray was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray’s novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.Chartist literature宪章文学, the struggle of the proletariat for its rightsR. Browning, humanismCharlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre简爱) Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄）9、The 20th Century LiteratureThe first disturbing factor was imperialism帝国主义Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy (Tess of the D’Urebervilles)wrence (Oedipus complex 恋母情结）“art for art’s sake”with Oscar Wilde奥斯卡维尔德Anti-realistic art and literature反现实文学Oscar Wilde is the most conspicuous 颓废派writer and poet of the English decadence.Virginia Woolf & James Joyce are novelist of Stream-of-consciousness。
英国文学史考点
一．名词解释1. Epic: Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language and in a grand style, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats and achievements of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple but full of magnificence.2. Heroic Couplet:A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, particularly for epic and narrative poetry. It corresponds to a two line stanza in iambic pentameter.The heroic couplet became the principal metre used in drama about the mid-17th century, and the form was perfected by John Dryden and Alexander Pope in 18th century.3. Conceit (奇想):A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit is a figure of speech which makes an unusual and sometimes elaborately sustained comparison between two dissimilar things. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way.4.Norman Conquest: the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles.In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent. During this time, Christianity was introduced to Britain.5. The Renaissance:the period between the 14-17th centuriesit first started in Italyrebirth or revivala movement stimulated by historical eventsa historical period: the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 6.Humanism:the essence of the Renaissanceemphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present lifeThomas More; Christopher Marlowe; William Shakespeare7.Elegy:Elegy (挽/哀歌): An elaborately formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject. In Greek and Latin verse, the term referred to the metre of a poem.8.Sonnet:the popular English forma fourteen-line poem usually in iambic pentameter with a specific rhyme scheme.grace in form; depth in thought; vivacity in tone9.Enlightenment: The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through thewhole Western Europe in the 18th century. The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope and so on. 10. Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter，and as such，the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.二.作家作品连线：1.Geoffrey Chaucer-The Canterbury Tales，The Book of The Duchess(公爵夫人之书), The Parliament of Fowls(百鸟会议),The House of Fame(声誉之堂), Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克里西德）2.Francis Bacon-Of Truth,Of Marriage and Single Life(论婚姻和单身), Of Studies,Advancement of Learning New Atlantis, Essays3.Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposal，Guliver’s Travels(格列佛游记)，A Tale of a Tub(一只桶的故事), The Battle of the Books, The Drapier’s Letter, Journal to Stella4.William Blake-The Tiger, Song of Innocence(天真之歌), Song of experience(经验之歌), Poetical Sketches（诗的素描），The Book of Thel(塞尔书), The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Visions of the Daughters of Albion, The Song of Los5.Robert Burns-A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne; Chiefly in the Scottish Dialeet, The Tree of Liberty;Poems; Wha Hae; Holy Willies’s Prayer; My Heart’s in the Highlands; John Anderson; My Jo6.William Shakespeare-Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet,Sonnet, The Merchant of Venice, Henry IV, Twentieth Night,King Lear,Macbeth Othello,Winter’s Tale, The Tempest7.John Donne- Songs and Sonnets(歌与十四行诗), The Good-Morrow,Break of Day, Holy Sonnets(圣十四行诗), At the Round Earth’s Imagined Corners, Below,Death,Be not Proud, Elegies, On His Mistress, To His Mistress Going to Bed8.John Milton- Paradise Lose(失乐园), Paradise Regained(复乐园), Samson Agonistes(力士参孙), Lycidas(利西达斯), Areopagitica9.Daniel Defoe笛福- The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe(鲁宾逊漂流记), Captain Singleton(辛格顿船长), Moll Flanders (摩尔弗兰德斯), A Journal of the Plague Year(大疫年日记), Roxana（罗克萨那）10.John Bunyan-The Pilgrim’s Progress,Grace Abounding ,The Holy War11.Thomas Gray-Ode on the Pleasure Arising from Vicissitude ,The Progress of Poesy ,Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College , On the Death of a Favourite Cat ,Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, The Bard三、两首诗填空To Be or not To BeHamlet:To be, or not to be- that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneOr to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die- to sleep-No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die- to sleep.To sleep,perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub! For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. There's the respectThat makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of disprized love, the law's delay,The insolence of office, and the spurnsThat patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus makeWith a bare bodkin? Who would these fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after death-The undiscovered country, from whose bournNo traveller returns- puzzles the will,And makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of?Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pith and momentWith this regard their currents turn awayAnd lose the name of action. Soft you now,The fair Ophelia-Nymph, in thy orisonsBe all my sins remembered.Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd; But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.(The themes that suurfaced in the sonnet are love.This is a love poem where the poet exalts the one he loves.He doesn't want her beauty to be compared to a transitory period like summer.Love is a great motivator.He decides his beloved is more beautiful.Transcience of time is also the themes of Sonnet 18.The poet does not want his beloved 's beauty to fade with time.To him,her beauty must be like the eternal summer.The best way to preserve her beauty is to capture it in verse so that her beauty grow'st' as eternal lines with time. Beauty is the themes of Sonnet18.Beauty should be appreciated.Should his beloved be compared to a summer's day?Summer is only temporary lease.Sometimes,the sun shines too brightly, making the heat in summer hard to bear.Beauty can be easily destroyed by accident or fades with the passing of time.Beautiful things are temporary.Nothing is permanent on earth. and has too short a Other youthfulness.The poet is adamant that his beloved's beauty will not disappear.She will be able to live forever once she is the subject of his poem.In this way,the beauty of the poet's beloved will be transfixed forever in the minds and hearts of all its readers.Her beauty will continueto exist as long as men continue to read this poem about her. An important theme of the sonnet, as it is an important theme throughout much of the poetry in general, is the power of the speaker's poem to defy time and last forever.)。
英国文学知识
not troublesome: very welcome
need not praise: a right to condemn
5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）
matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers
matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of Troy
Le Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）
4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面） to achieve dramatic effect.
④Subjects of English Ballads
1. struggle of young lovers
11. meter (格律) （属于Prosody ['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)））: A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables（音节） in poetry.
3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.
③Stylistic （风格上） Features of the Ballads
英国文学要点
V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a changefrom the outer world of social civilization to the inner world ofthe human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules,imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。
The Lake Poets）① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)②<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diversecircumstance. It is nature that give him “strength andknowledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mindwhile he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautifulsights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, thereader is presented a vivid picture of lively andlovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophicalideas and mystical thoughts.③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女② <The Prelude>序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834The Lake Poets① <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂② <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔③ <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features:mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, astrange territory④ <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜⑤ <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂⑥ <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。
(完整word版)英国文学史复习资料大纲英语专业必考
一．作家作品连线1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟——The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事），The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls（百鸟会议)The House of Fame（声誉之堂）、Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德）2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, SonnetThe Merchant of Venice，Henry IV，Twelfth Night，King Lear，Macbeth 3.Francis Bacon培根——（Essays）Of Marriage and Single Life(轮婚姻和单身), Of Studies4.John Donne邓恩（Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人）-— Song and Sonnets （歌与十四行诗）, Holy Sonnets（圣十四行诗）5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost(失乐园）、Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）6.Daniel Defoe笛福——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记)、Captain Singleton（辛格顿船长)、Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）A Journal of the Plague Year（大疫年日记）、Roxana （罗克萨娜）7.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特——Gulliver’s Travel s（格列佛游记）A Tale of a Tub (一只桶的故事)，A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）8.William Blake布莱克——Song of Innocence（天真之歌)，Song of experience（经验之歌）, Poetical Sketches(诗的素描), The Book of Thel（塞尔书)9.Robert Burns彭斯——Auld Lang Syne, A Red Red Rose，10.William Wordsworth华兹华斯——I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud11.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治——Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗），BiographiaLiteria （文学传记）、Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)12.Jane Austen简·奥斯丁—- Pride and Prejudice二、术语解释1、Epic（史诗）： A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. It started in the 5th century, Beowulf was an important epic。
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英国文学考试复习资料。
哈哈
Multiple choices
1, which of the following is not a feature of Beowulf? B
A. one of the earliest of Old English literary works.
B. new language
C. story about battles with monsters and dragons
D. the epic of anglo-saxon people
2. English Renaissance Period was an age of ……B
A. prose and novel
B. poetry and drama
C. essays and journals D the Romantic poets
3.The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry. John Milton was acknowledged as the greatest, besides him, there were two groups of poets. They were the Cavalier poets and…….C
A.the lake poets B the university wits C the Metaphysical poets D the romantic poets
4. Robinson Crusoe, widely considered to be the first modern novel, was written by…….D
A. Geoffrey Chaucer B, Charles Dickens C, Henry Fielding D, Daniel Defoe
5. The publication of …..C, which was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel T.Coleridge, marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in England.
A. Joseph Conrad
B.The Rime of the Ancient Marinet
C. Lyrical Ballads
D.Queen Mab
6.Among the most famous realistic novelists of the Victorian age are ….C, W.M.Thackeray, Bronte sisters, etc.
A. Joseph Conrad
B.Henry Fielding
C. Charles Dickens
D. Charlotte Bronte
7. …..C in his novels such as Hard Times and Oliver Twist describes the misery and sufferings of common people.
A. Francis Bacon
B. Jane Austen
C. Charles Dickens
D. Pride and Prejudice
8. Which of the following is not Shakespeare’s play?
A. Hamlet
B.King Lear
C. Othello plays
D. Pride and Prejudice
9. Here is a sentence from an essay, “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”. The essay must be…D..
A.”Of Studies” by Francis Bacon
B. Ghe Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon
C. Novum Organum by Francis Bacon
D. “On Reading”by Francis Bacon
10. Paradise Lost is the masterpiece of ….C.
A. William Shakespeare
B. Robert Burns
C. John Milton
D. William Blake
11. The novel Gulliver’s Travels was written by…B..
A. Tobias Smollett
B. Jonathan
C. Laurence Sterne
D. John Milton D. William Blake
12. The author of “Ode to the West Wind”is ….A…
A. Shelley
B. Byron
C. Keats
D. Coleridge
13. Wuthering Heights is the masterpiece by ….B..
A. Jane Austen
B. Emily Bronte
C. Charles Dickens
D. William Makespeace Thackeray
14. Which of the following is not a typical feature of Romanticism in England? B
A. Spontaneity in expressing feelings
B. Emphasis on reason
C. Worship of nature
D. Simplicity in language
15. Which of following can be said of the essence of the Renaissance? A
A. Humanism
B. Capitalism
C. Feudalism
D. Enilightenment
16. William Wordsworth never used “gaudy and inane phraseology”because he felt that poetry
should …..C…
A. he read only by the well-educated
e difficult vocabulary to express complicated emotions
C. use simple speech to communicate the truths of human experience
D. rely on strange and uncommon words to bring people new experences.
17. Virginia Woolf is renowned for adopting the ….C…technique, which displays the sequence of thoughts and impressions in a person’s mind.
A.mind-reading
B. shird-person narration
C. stream-of-consciousness
D.feminist
18.The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by….B..
A.William Langland
B. Geoffrey Chaucer
C. William Shakespeare
D. Alfred Teeyson
19. William Blake wrote all the following except….D. ..
A. Poetical Sketches
B. Songs of Innocence
C. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
D.The Tree of Libery
20.Which of the following writing is not the work by Charles Dickens? D
A. A Tale of Two Cities
B. Hard Times
C.Oliver Twist
D. Vanity Fair。