设计采用梯形法和辛普生法求定积分的程序
分别利用矩形法梯形法辛普森法对定积分进行近似计算并比较计算效果
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分别利用矩形法梯形法辛普森法对定积分进行近似计算并比较计算效果定积分是微积分中重要的概念之一,表示在一个区间上函数的面积。
在计算定积分时,有时候我们无法通过解析方法求得精确的结果,这时候可以利用数值方法来进行近似计算。
常见的数值方法包括矩形法、梯形法和辛普森法。
本文将分别对这三种方法进行介绍并进行比较。
1.矩形法(矩形近似法):矩形法是最简单的数值方法之一,它的基本思想是将函数曲线上每个小区间的面积近似为一个矩形的面积,然后将这些矩形的面积相加,即可得到函数曲线下的面积。
根据矩形法的计算公式可以得到:∫f(x)dx ≈ Δx·(f(x₁)+f(x₂)+...+f(xₙ))其中,Δx为区间的长度,f(x)为函数在区间上的值。
2.梯形法(梯形近似法):梯形法同样是利用近似的思想,将函数曲线上每个小区间的面积近似为一个梯形的面积,然后将这些梯形的面积相加,即可得到函数曲线下的面积。
梯形法的计算公式为:∫f(x)dx ≈ (Δx/2)·[f(x₀)+2f(x₁)+2f(x₂)+...+2f(xₙ-1)+f(xₙ)]其中,Δx为区间的长度,f(x)为函数在区间上的值。
3.辛普森法(抛物线近似法):辛普森法是一种基于三次多项式插值的数值积分方法,它通过将函数曲线上每个小区间的面积近似为一个抛物线的面积,然后将这些抛物线的面积相加,即可得到函数曲线下的面积。
辛普森法的计算公式为:∫f(x)dx ≈ (Δx/3)·[f(x₀)+4f(x₁)+f(x₂)+4f(x₃)+...+4f(xₙ-1)+f(xₙ)]其中,Δx为区间的长度,f(x)为函数在区间上的值。
例:计算函数f(x)=√(1+x²)在区间[0,1]上的定积分。
接下来,我们分别利用矩形法、梯形法和辛普森法对这个定积分进行近似计算,并比较计算结果。
1)矩形法:将区间[0,1]平均分为n个小区间,取xᵢ=i/n,其中i=0,1,2,...,n。
【精选】MATLAB编辑辛普生法计算定积分的程序 doc资料
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MATLAB编辑辛普生法计算定积分的程序辛普生法计算积分程序:function s=Simpson()%辛普生法求积分clear;clc;options={'积分下限a','积分上限b' ,'插入点相关的值M'};topic='seting';lines=1;def={'-5','5','1000'};h=inputdlg(options,topic,lines,def);a=eval(h{1});%积分下限b=eval(h{2});%积分上限M=eval(h{3});%子区间个数的一半%********************************************f='func';%用f来调用被积函数funch=(b-a)/(2*M);s1=0;s2=0;for k=1:Mx=a+h*(2*k-1);s1=s1+feval(f,x);endfor k=1:(M-1)x=a+h*2*k;s2=s2+feval(f,x);ends=h*(feval(f,a)+feval(f,b)+4*s1+2*s2)/3;%s是辛普生规则的总计end%定义被积函数funcfunction y=func(x)y=cos(x)./sqrt(1+x.^2);end运行情况:按“run”运行时,弹出窗口将图框中的相关数据更改为:点击图框中的“OK”,在“command window”中输出结果为:ans =第10章MATLAB外部程序接口应用10.1 MATLAB数据接口MA TLAB语言和其他程序设计语言一样,程序运行中的所有变量都保存在称为工作区的内存中,这些变量可以在程序中直接引用。
但是工作区的大小是有限的,如果处理的数据较大,就需要和磁盘文件中的数据进行交换。
有时要从外部设备中输入数据,有时要把程序处理过的数据输出到外部设备中。
梯形公式和辛普森求解定积分
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梯形公式和辛普森求解定积分
数学中,定积分是较为常见的运算,既可以通过梯形公式、辛普森公式等方式求解。
梯形公式是用来计算定积分的一种常用方法,主要就是把封闭的积分区间[a,b]分
成若干等分,每一等分长度相等,每一等分的两端点函数值分别用各积分一次积分而得小梯形面积来等价近似。
然后,将所得的小梯形面积加起来,即可求到积分的近似值。
辛普森求解定积分是将积分区间[a,b]表示为一组有限个点,然后利用辛普森公式
来近似计算函数在该组点上的值,最后加起来就可以得到整个积分区间的值。
一般而言,当积分区间越小而越窄,辛普森公式所得的积分结果的接近的越精确,且求解的速度最快。
定积分的求解方法有多种,梯形公式和辛普森求解定积分就是其中的两种求解方式,一般情况下,梯形公式用于在积分区间中间定点数多,但是积分段数相对较少的情况下,而辛普森求解定积分则用于积分区间窄,但是积分段数稍微多的情况下。
由于梯形公式和辛普森求解定积分有其各自的优点,在实际应用中可以根据不同的情况,灵活选用二者的优点,以达到最优的结果。
设计采用梯形法和辛普生法求定积分的程序
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河北工业大学计算机软件技术基础(VC)课程设计报告学院机械工程学院班级工程力学101 姓名万乐乐 _ 学号100540____ 成绩 __ ____一、题目:设计采用梯形法和辛普生法求定积分的程序(17)二、设计思路1、总体设计1)分析程序的功能对梯形法和辛普生法计算在不同区间下的积分值,比较二者的精确度;并与真实积分值比较求其误差。
2)系统总体结构:该程序有定义梯形法和辛普生法函数,f(x)函数,计算真实值的牛顿莱布尼茨函数和主函数。
①梯形法和辛普生法函数:将积分转化为VC++语言,输入被积函数和积分区间等数据,能计算出对应的积分值。
②f(x)函数:将所求的被积分的函数转化为VC++语言,被主函数调用。
③计算真实值的牛顿莱布尼茨函数:计算所积函数在其被积区间下的真实积分值。
④主函数:程序的主体,调用各个模块的运行。
2、各功能模块的设计:①梯形法和辛普生法函数:定义函数指针求积分,将数学表达式转化为VC++语言。
②f(x)函数:通过写f1,f2函数的表达式,计算结果作为函数返回值。
③计算真实值的牛顿莱布尼茨函数:通过写出f1,f2函数的原函数;用牛顿莱布尼茨公式计算其真实积分值作为函数的返回值。
④主函数:调用梯形法和辛普生法函数,f(x)函数,计算真实值的牛顿莱布尼茨函数完成积分及误差的计算。
3、设计中的主要困难及解决方案在这部分论述设计中遇到的主要困难及解决方案。
1)对函数指针不是很了解,查阅相关的资料学习其使用方法。
2)对于程序的循环使用及判断不易掌握,用到了while,for,if,break语句来解决。
4、你所设计的程序最终完成的功能1)说明你编制的程序能完成的功能用梯形法和辛普生法分别计算函数的积分,比较二者的精确度和与真实值之间的误差。
2)准备的测试数据及运行结果当下限a=0上限b=1,n分别取2,10,100,1000,5000,20000,50000时用梯形法求f1,f2的积分及误差当下限a=0上限b=1,n分别取2,10,100,1000,5000,20000,50000时用辛普生法求f1,f2的积分及误差当下限a=0上限b=2,n分别取2,10,100,1000,5000,20000,50000时用梯形法求f1,f2的积分及误差当下限a=0上限b=2,n分别取2,10,100,1000,5000,20000,50000时用辛普生法求f1,f2的积分及误差三、程序清单本程序包含main.cpp、f(x).cpp、txf.cpp、sinpson.cpp、zhengshi.cpp、head.h、6个文件。
设计采用梯形法和辛普生法求定积分的程序
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河北工业大学计算机软件技术基础(VC)课程设计报告学院信息工程学院院班级通信101 姓名崔羽飞学号 102117成绩 __ ____一、题目:设计采用梯形法和辛普生法求定积分的程序二、设计思路1、总体设计1)分析程序的功能本题目的功能是对梯形法和辛普森法,在不同区间数下计算所得的定积分的值,进行精度比较。
2)系统总体结构:设计程序的组成模块,简述各模块功能。
该程序共分为以下几个模块模块一:各函数原型的声明。
模块二:主函数。
模块三:各函数的定义。
包括两个数学函数y1=1+x*x、y2=1+x+x*x+x*x*x的定义和两个函数指针double integralt(double ,double ,int ,double(*f)(double))double integrals(double ,double ,int ,double(*f)(double))的定义。
2、各功能模块的设计:说明各功能模块的实现方法模块一:对各种函数进行声明。
模块二:求梯形法和辛普森法,在不同区间数下计算所得的定积分的值。
模块三:将各函数写出来。
3、设计中的主要困难及解决方案在这部分论述设计中遇到的主要困难及解决方案。
1)困难1:函数指针的应用。
解决方案:仔细阅读课本,以及与同学之间的讨论,和向老师求助。
2)困难2:将程序分成不同的.cpp文件。
解决方案:与同学讨论。
4、你所设计的程序最终完成的功能1)说明你编制的程序能完成的功能在数学上求一个函数与x轴在一定范围内所围的面积即求定积分,对梯形法和辛普森法求定积分的比较。
2)准备的测试数据及运行结果三、程序清单本程序共六个文件,其中包含main.cpp,f1.cpp,f2.cpp,integrals.cpp, integralt.cpp,shengming.h1.main.cpp#include <iostream.h>#include "shengming.h"void main(){double a,b,intesum1,intesum2,intesum3,intesum4;//对求定积分的定义.cout<<"please shangxian xiaxian a,b:";//输入上限和下限.cin>>a>>b;int n[7]={2,10,100,1000,5000,10000,50000};//n的不同取值.//下面是对第一行不同n的值的输出.cout<<" n值 ";for(int i=0;i<7;i++)cout<<" "<<n[i];cout<<endl;//下面是对n取不同值时,用梯形法对f1求定积分.cout<<"intesum1";for(i=0;i<7;i++){intesum1=integralt(a,b,n[i],f1);cout<<" "<<intesum1;}cout<<endl;//下面是对n取不同值时,用梯形法对f2求定积分.cout<<"intesum2";for(i=0;i<7;i++){intesum2=integralt(a,b,n[i],f2);cout<<" "<<intesum2;}cout<<endl;//下面是对n取不同值时,用用辛普森法对f1求定积分.cout<<"intesum3";for(i=0;i<7;i++){intesum3=integrals(a,b,n[i],f1);cout<<" "<<intesum3;}cout<<endl;//下面是对n取不同值时,用用辛普森法对f2求定积分.cout<<"intesum4";for(i=0;i<7;i++){intesum4=integrals(a,b,n[i],f2);cout<<" "<<intesum4;}cout<<endl;}2.f1.cppdouble f1(double x) //定义函数y1=1+x*x.{double y1;y1=1+x*x;return y1;}3.f2cppdouble f2(double x) //定义函数y2=1+x+x*x+x*x*x.{double y2;y2=1+x+x*x+x*x*x;return y2;}4.integrals.cppdouble integrals(double a,double b,int n,double(*f)(double))//定义用辛普森法求定积分.{int i;double sum1=0,sum2=0,intesum,h;h=(b-a)/2/n;for(i=1;i<=2*n-1;i+=2)sum1+=(*f)(a+i*h);for(i=2;i<=2*n-2;i+=2)sum2+=(*f)(a+i*h);intesum=h*((*f)(a)+(*f)(b)+4*sum1+2*sum2)/3;return intesum;}5.integralt.cppdouble integralt(double a,double b,int n,double(*f)(double))//定义用梯形法求定积分.{int i;double sum=0,intesum,h;h=(b-a)/n;for(i=1;i<=n-1;i++)sum+=(*f)(a+i*h);intesum=h*((*f)(a)+2*sum+(*f)(b))/2;return intesum;}6.shengming.hdouble integralt(double ,double ,int ,double(*f)(double));//用梯形法求定积分的声明.double integrals(double ,double ,int ,double(*f)(double));//用辛普森法求定积分的声.明.double f1(double x);//函数y1=1+x*x的声明.double f2(double x);//函数y2=1+x+x*x+x*x*x的声明.四、对该设计题目有何更完善的方案1、对自己完成程序进行自我评价。
C语言实现定积分求解方法
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C语言实现定积分求解方法C语言可以通过数值积分的方法来实现定积分的求解,主要有矩形法、梯形法和辛普森法等几种常见的求解方法。
矩形法是最简单的一种数值积分方法,它将定积分区间等分成若干个小区间,然后在每个小区间上取一个点,将积分区间分成若干个小矩形,对每个小矩形的面积进行求和,即可得到近似的定积分值。
以下是使用矩形法实现定积分求解的C语言代码:```c#include<stdio.h>#include<math.h>double f(double x)//定义需要求解的函数return sqrt(1-x*x);double integrate(double a, double b, int n)//a:积分下限,b:积分上限,n:划分的矩形个数double dx = (b-a)/n; // 求解每个小矩形的宽度double sum = 0.0; // 求和变量int i;for(i=0; i<n; i++)double x = a + i*dx + dx/2; // 计算每个小矩形的横坐标中点sum += f(x)*dx; // 计算每个小矩形的面积并求和}return sum;int maindouble a = 0.0; // 积分下限double b = 1.0; // 积分上限int n = 1000; // 划分的矩形个数double result = integrate(a, b, n); // 求解定积分printf("The definite integral is: %.6f\n", result);return 0;```梯形法是一种比矩形法更精确的数值积分方法,它将积分区间等分成若干个小区间,然后将每个小区间上的函数图像近似为一个梯形,对每个梯形的面积进行求和,即可得到近似的定积分值。
以下是使用梯形法实现定积分求解的C语言代码:```c#include<stdio.h>#include<math.h>double f(double x)//定义需要求解的函数return sqrt(1-x*x);double integrate(double a, double b, int n)//a:积分下限,b:积分上限,n:划分的梯形个数double dx = (b-a)/n; // 求解每个小梯形的底边宽度double sum = 0.0; // 求和变量int i;for(i=0; i<n; i++)double x1 = a + i*dx; // 计算每个小梯形的左边横坐标double x2 = a + (i+1)*dx; // 计算每个小梯形的右边横坐标sum += (f(x1)+f(x2))*dx/2; // 计算每个小梯形的面积并求和}return sum;int maindouble a = 0.0; // 积分下限double b = 1.0; // 积分上限int n = 1000; // 划分的梯形个数double result = integrate(a, b, n); // 求解定积分printf("The definite integral is: %.6f\n", result);return 0;```辛普森法是一种更为精确的数值积分方法,它将积分区间等分成若干个小区间,然后在每个小区间上使用二次多项式来逼近积分函数的曲线,对每个小区间的积分值进行加权求和,即可得到近似的定积分值。
编程实现数值积分的几种--方法 c语言
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编程实现数值积分的几种--方法c语言数值计算2010-11-05 09:52:43 阅读385 评论1 字号:大中小订阅复化梯形公式在区间不大时, 用梯形公式、辛卜生公式计算定积分是简单实用的, 但当区间较大时, 用梯形公式、辛卜生公式计算定积分达不到精确度要求 . 为了提高计算的精确度,我们将[a,b] 区间n等分,在每个小区间上应用梯形公式、辛卜生公式计算定积分,然后将其结果相加,这样就得到了复化梯形公式和复化辛卜生公式。
1. 复化梯形公式将积分区间等分, 设, 则节点为对每个小区间上应用梯形公式, 然后将其结果相加,则得(3.14)称(3.14) 式为复化梯形公式 .当在[a,b] 上有连续的二阶导数时,则复化梯形公式(3.14) 的余项推导如下:因为所以在区间[a,b] 上公式(3.14) 的误差为又因为在区间[a,b] 上连续,由连续函数的性质知,在区间[a,b] 上存在一点,于是( 3.15 )复化梯形公式,复化抛物线公式和Romberg求积法的算法程序:以下程序均定义误差限为1*10^-5;1)复化梯形公式:#include <stdio.h>#include <math.h>#define e 1e-5#define a 0 //积分下限a#define b 1 //积分上限b#define f(x) (4/(1+(x*x))) //被积函数f(x)int main(){int i,n;double h,t0,t,g;n=1; //赋初值h=(double)(b-a)/2;t=h*(f(a)+f(b));do{t0=t;g=0;for (i=1;i<=n;i++)g+=f((a+(2*i-1)*h));t=(t0/2)+(h*g); //复化梯形公式n*=2;h/=2;}while (fabs(t-t0)>e); //自定义误差限e printf("%.8lf",t); //输出积分的近似值return 0;}2)复化抛物线公式:#include <stdio.h>#include <math.h>#define e 1e-5#define a 0 //积分下限a#define b 1 //积分上限b#define f(x) (4/(1+(x*x))) //被积函数f(x)int main(){int i,n;double f1,f2,f3,h,s0,s;f1=f(a)+f(b); //赋初值f2=f(((double)(b+a)/2));f3=0;s=((double)(b-a)/6)*(f1+4*f2);n=2;h=(double)(b-a)/4;do //复化抛物线算法{f2+=f3;s0=s;f3=0;for (i=1;i<=n;i++)f3+=f((a+(2*i-1)*h));s=(h/3)*(f1+2*f2+4*f3);n*=2;h/=2;}while (fabs(s-s0)>e); //自定义误差限printf("%.8lf",s);return 0;}3)Romberg求积法:#include <stdio.h>#include <math.h>#define e 1e-5#define a 0 //积分下限a#define b 1 //积分上限b#define f(x) (4/(1+(x*x))) //被积函数f(x)double t[100][100];int main(){int n,k,i,m;double h,g,p;h=(double)(b-a)/2;t[0][0]=h*(f(a)+f(b));k=1;n=1;do //Romberg算法{g=0;for (i=1;i<=n;i++)g+=f((a+((2*i-1)*h)));t[k][0]=(t[k-1][0]/2)+(h*g);for (m=1;m<=k;m++){p=pow(4,(double)(m));t[k-m][m]=(p*t[k-m+1][m-1]-t[k-m][m-1])/(p-1);}m-=1;h/=2;n*=2;k+=1;}while (fabs(t[0][m]-t[0][m-1])>e); //自定义误差限eprintf("%.8lf",t[0][m]);return 0;}给定精度,定义误差限为1*10^-5,分别求出步长的先验估计值:用复化梯形公式计算,要求h<0. 007746。
三用MATLAB实现定积分计算
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s=s+feval(f,z1(j))+feval(f,z2(j));
0,2*pi,1000)
end
s=
s=s*h/2;
-267.2458
Gauss-lobatto是改进的高斯积分方法,采取自适应求积方法
三 用MATLAB实现定积分计算: 2 sin xdx 0
⑴ 矩形公式与梯形公式 z1 =
形的公求式积代公数式精。度为对于1,f 辛(x)甫=1森, x公, 式x 2的, x代3,数应精该度有为 3。
节成点立我x,ba下i和们依f面系先(次介x数考11)将绍dfA虑f(x的i(,xx节))是d=使点x1取t代数, (x消数xAb,为1对xaa精f22)(2区/bx,度而21x间)尽使3代等可用Ab入2分2能(fa1,(的1高1x1)即2限计的)f可制(算所得a,的谓2b到n积高确给分斯b定定近2公aA后似t式1,)同A值d。2时t有,x确1代,x定数2
这两种用随机模拟的方式求积分近似值的方法 z=sum(y)*pi/2/n
/2
z=
蒙特卡罗方法
sin xdx
1.0010
0
3、蒙特卡罗方法的通用函数与调用格式
均值估计法
随机投点法 (设0≤ f(x) ≤1)
b
a
f
( x)dx
ba n
n i1
f
(a (b a)ui )
直接调用。这里被积函数为内部函数,无需另外定义。
s=gaussinteg(‘sin', 0, pi/2,1000) s=
1.0000
6000
§2 数值积分应用问题举例4000
2000
0
一 求卫星轨道长度
分别利用矩形法、梯形法、辛普森法对定积分进行近似计算并比较计算效果。
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称为矩形法。不过,只有当积分区间被分割得很细时,矩形法才有一定的精确度。
b 梯形法
b
f ( x)dx
a
ba 6n
[
y0
y2n
4(
y1
y3
y2n1 )
各个小梯形面积之和就是曲边梯形面积的近似值。
2( y2 y4 y2n2 )]
c 辛普森法
b a
f ( x)dx
0.4000 0.4100 0.4200 0.4300 0.4600 0.4700 0.4800 0.4900
0.4400
0.4500
Columns 51 through 60
0.5000 0.5100 0.5200 0.5300 0.5600 0.5700 0.5800 0.5900
0.5400
0.5500
实验过程纪录(含基本步骤、主要程序清单及异常情况纪录)
1、 计 算 的
近似值
方法一:矩形法
1 si >>n=100
x=0:1/n:1 left_sum=0; right_sum=0; for i=1:n
if i==1 left_sum=left_sum + 1/n;
else left_sum=left_sum + sin(x(i))/x(i)*(1/n);
a=0;
b=1;
syms x fx
fx=1/(1+x^2);
i=1:n;
xx=a+(2*i-2)*(b-a)/(2*n); yy=a+(2*i-1)*(b-a)/(2*n); zz=a+(2*i-0)*(b-a)/(2*n); fyy=subs(fx,'x',yy); f=(fxx+4*fyy+fzz)*(b-a)/(6*n); s=sum(f) s =0.7854 方法三 梯形法 >> syms x >> y=1/(1+x^2); >> yi=eval(int(y,0,1))
复化梯形公式和复化辛普生公式
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(英文版)Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese CommunistParty members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is toocomplicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honestadministration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs DepartmentThe first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations andParty members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling partycharacteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the< code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulationsgoverning the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18,more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of thecontent from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline andother six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions weremade provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the partyconstitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in thedisciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violatesthe public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level partyorganizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basictheory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concertedaction to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if thecircumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence。
梯形公式和辛普森公式例题
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梯形公式和辛普森公式例题1.概述本文将介绍梯形公式和辛普森公式两个数值积分方法,并通过例题演示其具体应用。
2.梯形公式梯形公式是一种数值积分方法,用来估计定积分的近似值。
它的思想是将曲线下的面积近似为一系列梯形的面积之和。
2.1公式推导考虑函数f(x)在区间[a,b]上的定积分,可以将[a,b]等分成n个小区间,每个小区间的宽度为h=(b-a)/n。
梯形公式的计算公式如下:∫[a,b]f(x)dx≈h/2*[f(a)+2f(a+h)+2f(a+2h)+...+f(b)]2.2例题假设要计算函数f(x)=x^2在区间[0,2]上的定积分,可以使用梯形公式进行近似计算。
首先将区间[0,2]等分成n个小区间,选择n=4。
则每个小区间的宽度为h=(2-0)/4=0.5。
根据梯形公式的计算公式,可以得到近似值为:∫[0,2]x^2d x≈0.5/2*[0^2+2(0.5)^2+2(1)^2+2(1.5)^2+2(2)^ 2]≈2.5因此,函数f(x)=x^2在区间[0,2]上的定积分的近似值为2.5。
3.辛普森公式辛普森公式是一种数值积分方法,用来估计定积分的近似值。
它的思想是将曲线下的面积近似为一系列抛物线的面积之和。
3.1公式推导考虑函数f(x)在区间[a,b]上的定积分,同样将[a,b]等分成n个小区间,每个小区间的宽度为h=(b-a)/n。
辛普森公式的计算公式如下:∫[a,b]f(x)dx≈h/3*[f(a)+4f(a+h)+2f(a+2h)+4f(a+3h)+...+ f(b)]3.2例题继续以函数f(x)=x^2在区间[0,2]上的定积分为例,使用辛普森公式进行近似计算。
同样选择n=4,计算每个小区间的宽度为h=(2-0)/4=0.5。
根据辛普森公式的计算公式,可以得到近似值为:∫[a,b]x^2d x≈0.5/3*[0^2+4(0.5)^2+2(1)^2+4(1.5)^2+2(2)^ 2]≈2.6667因此,函数f(x)=x^2在区间[0,2]上的定积分的近似值为2.6667。
基于梯形法和辛普生法求定积分
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eeeeee计算机软件技术基础(VC)2012年课程设计报告学院 eeeeee 班级 eeeeee 姓名 eeee学号 eeeee 成绩____一、题目:基于梯形法和辛普生法求定积分(36)二、设计思路1、总体设计1)分析程序的功能通过梯形法和辛普生法求定积分,而且可以与理论值进行对比。
2)系统总体结构:该求定积分的程序由两种功能组成,在使用该程序时,必须对功能进行选择(包括功能1和功能2)。
功能1:该功能在每次求定积分时都需要输入下限a和上限b,程序系统默认在该区间[a,b]分成10000份,在进行完计算以后以后,系统会自动提问用户再进行哪何种功能。
该功能共四个步骤。
功能2:该功能在输入一个确定的区间[a,b]时,通过控制分割数n,使分割区间逐渐变小,则两个函数分别通过两种方法的定积分的值逐渐逼近理论值,并且可以与理论值在一定精度内进行比较。
同样,在进行完一次该功能时,系统会自动提问再进行何种功能。
该功能分为三个步骤。
2、各功能模块的设计:说明各功能模块的实现方法1)integralt模块该函数是用梯形法求定积分的通用函数,其参数包括上下限,分割份数,和函数名,其中f为函数指针。
通过主函数传递来的参数,该函数又将这些参数传给f1ti 和f2ti函数,并将f1ti和f2ti函数传来的值再传给主函数。
代码参见integralt函数。
2)integrals模块该函数是用辛普生法求定积分的通用函数,其参数包括上下限,分割份数,和函数名,其中f为函数指针。
通过主函数传递来的参数,该函数又将这些参数传给f1xi和f2xi函数,并将f1xi和f2xi函数传来的值再传给主函数。
代码参见integrals函数。
3)f1ti(其中f2ti,f1xi,f2xi与其类似)模块该函数根据主函数传给integralt函数(或integrals函数)的参数,integralt 函数(或integrals函数)又将参数传给该函数,使该函数获得下限a和上限b和分割数n,再通过梯形法(或辛普生法)计算出定积分的值(该值会随n的逐渐变大而趋近与理论值)。
用梯形法或者辛普森法数值积分-分别用Matlab和c语言实现。
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Matlab作业(一)作业要求:用梯形法或者辛普森法数值积分,分别用Matlab和c 语言实现。
C语言1.程序代码:#include <stdio.h>#include <math.h>double fun(double x){return x*x;}double definfresult1(double (*pfun)(double),double a,double b,double eps) {int n=1;double h,k,tn,tn1,fh,fh1=0;double fa=pfun(a);double fb=pfun(b);tn=(b-a)*(fa+fb)/2;do {for(k=0,fh1=0;k<n;k++){h=(b-a)/(n);fh=pfun(a + (2*k + 1)*(b-a)/(2*n));fh=fh+fh1;fh1=fh;}tn1=tn;tn=(tn1+fh*h)/2;n=2*n;} while(fabs(tn- tn1) >= eps);return tn;}int main(){double a,b,eps,definfresult;printf("积分下限a=");scanf("%lf",&a);printf("积分上限b=");scanf("%lf",&b);printf("精度eps=");scanf("%lf",&eps);definfresult=definfresult1(fun,a,b,eps);printf("\n计算结果=%.7lf\n", definfresult); }2.运行结果:MatLab1.程序代码:function y=fun1(x)y=x*x;function result=definf1(fhandle, a, b, eps)fa=feval(fhandle, a);fb=feval(fhandle, b);tn=(b-a)*(fa+fb)/2;tn1=0;n=1;fh1=0;while abs(tn- tn1) > epsfh1=0;for i=0:n-1h=(b-a)/n;fh=feval(fhandle,a + (2*i +1)*(b-a)/(2*n) );fh=fh+fh1;fh1=fh;end;tn1=tn;tn=(tn1+fh*h)/2;n=2*n;endresult=tn;>> result=definf1(@fun1, 0, 10,0.001 ) result =333.33352.运行结果THANKS !!!致力为企业和个人提供合同协议,策划案计划书,学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载,资料仅供参考。
MATLAB复化梯形法及龙贝格法计算定积分
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MATLAB复化梯形法及龙贝格法计算定积分复化梯形法是一种数值积分方法,用于计算定积分的近似值。
该方法的基本思想是将积分区间等分成多个子区间,并在每个子区间上使用梯形公式来进行近似计算。
具体步骤如下:1.将积分区间[a,b]等分成n个子区间,每个子区间的长度为h=(b-a)/n。
2.在每个子区间上,使用梯形公式计算近似积分值。
梯形公式可以表示为:T=(f(x0)+f(x1))*h/2,其中x0和x1分别是子区间的左右边界,f(x)是被积函数。
3.对所有子区间的近似积分值进行求和,得到整个积分区间的近似积分值。
复化梯形法的精度可以通过增加子区间的数量来提高,即使n越来越大,积分值的近似精度也会越来越高。
以下是一个用MATLAB实现复化梯形法计算定积分的示例代码:```matlabh=(b-a)/nresult = 0;for i = 0:n-1x0=a+i*h;x1=a+(i+1)*h;result = result + (f(x0) + f(x1)) * h / 2;endend```接下来,我们来介绍龙贝格法,龙贝格法是一种迭代数值积分方法,用于计算定积分的近似值。
该方法的基本思想是在梯形公式的基础上应用Richardson外推技术,通过逐步加密和外推,提高积分值的精度。
具体步骤如下:1.初始化一个矩阵,矩阵的第一列为复化梯形法的近似积分值。
2.逐列递推计算,每一列的元素为由前一列的元素计算得到。
计算公式为:R(j,k+1)=R(j,k)+(R(j,k)-R(j-1,k))/((4^k)-1)其中,R(j,k)是第j次迭代中计算的近似积分值,k表示第k次迭代。
3.判断是否达到预设的精度要求,如果满足要求,则返回最终近似积分值;否则,继续迭代计算。
以下是一个用MATLAB实现龙贝格法计算定积分的示例代码:```matlabfunction result = romberg(f, a, b, epsilon, max_iter)R = zeros(max_iter, max_iter);h=b-a;R(1,1)=h*(f(a)+f(b))/2;for k = 2:max_iterh=h/2;sum = 0;for i = 1:2^(k-2)x=a+(2*i-1)*h;sum = sum + f(x);endR(k, 1) = R(k-1, 1) / 2 + h * sum;for j = 2:kR(k,j)=R(k,j-1)+(R(k,j-1)-R(k-1,j-1))/((4^(j-1))-1); endif abs(R(k, k) - R(k-1, k-1)) < epsilonresult = R(k, k);return;endendresult = R(max_iter, max_iter);end```这个代码定义了一个名为`romberg`的函数,它接受五个参数:被积函数`f`、积分区间的左边界`a`、积分区间的右边界`b`、精度要求`epsilon`和最大迭代次数`max_iter`。
数值计算考题五——复合梯形求积公式与复合辛普森求积公式求积分
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数值计算考题五1. 分别用复合梯形求积公式与复合辛普森求积公式求积分I=⎰102x e sinx dx 的近似值,要求误差不超过ε=0.5⨯10-5.解:方法一: 复合梯形求积公式复合梯形求积公式是将积分区间划分为n 个很小的区间,然后将各个小区间的面积相加而得到在整个积分区间上的积分,当分成的小区间数n →∞时,求得的面积就等于积分的精确值。
由复合梯形求积公式的余项R n T 可得满足精度要求≤ε0.5⨯10-5时区间()b a ,被分成的区间数n 的最小值为700,所以在编程时循环次数应大于等于这个值,方可满足精度要求。
以下是编写的C 语言程序:#include<stdio.h>#include<math.h>void main(){int n=700,i;double x,f=0.0,t,h,T=0.0,c=2.0,a=0.0,b=1.0;h=(b-a)/n;for(i=0;i<n;i++){x=a+i*h;f=f+exp(pow(x,c))*sin(x);}t=(h/2)*(2*f+sin(1)*exp(1));printf("T=%f\n",t);}输出结果为T=0.778746.方法二:复合辛普森求积公式:复合辛普森求积法是将积分区间分割之后,在每个小区间[x i ,x i+1]上运用辛普森求积公式。
以下是编写的c 语言程序:#include<stdio.h>#include<math.h>void main(){int n=700,i;double x1,x2,f1=0.0,f2=0.0,t,h,T=0.0,c=2.0,a=0.0,b=1.0;h=(b-a)/n;for(i=0;i<n;i++){x1=a+i*h;x2=a+(i+0.5)*h;f1=f1+exp(pow(x1,c))*sin(x1);f2=f2+exp(pow(x2,c))*sin(x2); }t=(h/6)*(2*f1+sin(1)*exp(1)+4*f2); printf("T=%f\n",t);}程序输出结果为0.778745.2. 用高斯求积法求上述积分的近似值。
梯形公式和辛普森公式计算积分
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梯形公式和辛普森公式计算积分梯形公式和辛普森公式都是数值积分的常用方法。
数值积分是一种近似计算函数积分值的方法,适用于无法求得解析解的复杂函数。
梯形公式是数值积分中最简单的一种方法。
它的原理是将要积分的函数曲线划分为一系列梯形,然后计算每个梯形的面积并相加得到积分值。
具体步骤如下:1. 将积分区间[a, b]等分为n个小区间,每个小区间的宽度为h = (b - a) / n。
2. 计算函数在每个小区间的端点处的函数值,得到f(a), f(a+h), f(a+2h), ..., f(b)。
3. 使用梯形公式计算每个小区间的面积:Area = (f(i) + f(i+1)) * h / 2,其中i为当前小区间的序号。
4. 将每个小区间的面积相加得到最终的积分值:Integral = Area1 + Area2 + ... + Arean。
梯形公式的优点是简单易懂、易于实现,但是在求解复杂函数时可能会出现较大误差。
为了提高积分精度,可以增加划分的小区间数n。
辛普森公式是一种更精确的数值积分方法,它的原理是利用二次多项式对函数曲线进行近似。
具体步骤如下:1. 将积分区间[a, b]等分为2n个小区间,每个小区间的宽度为h = (b - a) / (2n)。
2. 计算函数在每个小区间的端点处的函数值,得到f(a), f(a+h), f(a+2h), ..., f(b)。
3. 使用辛普森公式计算每个小区间的面积:Area = (h/3) * (f(i) + 4f(i+1) + f(i+2)),其中i为当前小区间的序号。
4. 将每个小区间的面积相加得到最终的积分值:Integral = Area1 + Area2 + ... + Area2n。
辛普森公式相比梯形公式在积分计算中具有更高的精度。
它通过利用二次多项式对函数曲线进行逼近,可以更准确地估计出积分值。
但是,辛普森公式的缺点是需要计算更多的函数值,导致计算量增加。
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河北工业大学计算机软件技术基础(VC)课程设计报告
学院信息工程学院院班级通信101 姓名崔羽飞学号 102117
成绩 __ ____
一、题目:
设计采用梯形法和辛普生法求定积分的程序
二、设计思路
1、总体设计
1)分析程序的功能
本题目的功能是对梯形法和辛普森法,在不同区间数下计算所得的定积分的值,进行精度比较。
2)系统总体结构:
设计程序的组成模块,简述各模块功能。
该程序共分为以下几个模块
模块一:各函数原型的声明。
模块二:主函数。
模块三:各函数的定义。
包括两个数学函数y1=1+x*x、y2=1+x+x*x+x*x*x的定义和两个函数指针double integralt(double ,double ,int ,double(*f)(double))
double integrals(double ,double ,int ,double(*f)(double))
的定义。
2、各功能模块的设计:说明各功能模块的实现方法
模块一:对各种函数进行声明。
模块二:求梯形法和辛普森法,在不同区间数下计算所得的定积分的值。
模块三:将各函数写出来。
3、设计中的主要困难及解决方案
在这部分论述设计中遇到的主要困难及解决方案。
1)困难1:函数指针的应用。
解决方案:仔细阅读课本,以及与同学之间的讨论,和向老师求助。
2)困难2:将程序分成不同的.cpp文件。
解决方案:与同学讨论。
4、你所设计的程序最终完成的功能
1)说明你编制的程序能完成的功能
在数学上求一个函数与x轴在一定范围内所围的面积即求定积分,对梯形法和辛普森法求定积分的比较。
2)准备的测试数据及运行结果
三、程序清单
本程序共六个文件,其中包含main.cpp,f1.cpp,f2.cpp,integrals.cpp, integralt.cpp,shengming.h
1.main.cpp
#include <iostream.h>
#include "shengming.h"
void main()
{
double a,b,intesum1,intesum2,intesum3,intesum4;//对求定积分的定义.
cout<<"please shangxian xiaxian a,b:";//输入上限和下限.
cin>>a>>b;
int n[7]={2,10,100,1000,5000,10000,50000};//n的不同取值.
//下面是对第一行不同n的值的输出.
cout<<" n值 ";
for(int i=0;i<7;i++)
cout<<" "<<n[i];
cout<<endl;
//下面是对n取不同值时,用梯形法对f1求定积分.
cout<<"intesum1";
for(i=0;i<7;i++)
{
intesum1=integralt(a,b,n[i],f1);
cout<<" "<<intesum1;
}
cout<<endl;
//下面是对n取不同值时,用梯形法对f2求定积分.
cout<<"intesum2";
for(i=0;i<7;i++)
{
intesum2=integralt(a,b,n[i],f2);
cout<<" "<<intesum2;
}
cout<<endl;
//下面是对n取不同值时,用用辛普森法对f1求定积分.
cout<<"intesum3";
for(i=0;i<7;i++)
{
intesum3=integrals(a,b,n[i],f1);
cout<<" "<<intesum3;
}
cout<<endl;
//下面是对n取不同值时,用用辛普森法对f2求定积分.
cout<<"intesum4";
for(i=0;i<7;i++)
{
intesum4=integrals(a,b,n[i],f2);
cout<<" "<<intesum4;
}
cout<<endl;
}
2.f1.cpp
double f1(double x) //定义函数y1=1+x*x.
{
double y1;
y1=1+x*x;
return y1;
}
3.f2cpp
double f2(double x) //定义函数y2=1+x+x*x+x*x*x.
{
double y2;
y2=1+x+x*x+x*x*x;
return y2;
}
4.integrals.cpp
double integrals(double a,double b,int n,double(*f)(double))//定义用辛普森法求定积分.
{
int i;
double sum1=0,sum2=0,intesum,h;
h=(b-a)/2/n;
for(i=1;i<=2*n-1;i+=2)
sum1+=(*f)(a+i*h);
for(i=2;i<=2*n-2;i+=2)
sum2+=(*f)(a+i*h);
intesum=h*((*f)(a)+(*f)(b)+4*sum1+2*sum2)/3;
return intesum;
}
5.integralt.cpp
double integralt(double a,double b,int n,double(*f)(double))//定义用梯形法求定积分.
{
int i;
double sum=0,intesum,h;
h=(b-a)/n;
for(i=1;i<=n-1;i++)
sum+=(*f)(a+i*h);
intesum=h*((*f)(a)+2*sum+(*f)(b))/2;
return intesum;
}
6.shengming.h
double integralt(double ,double ,int ,double(*f)(double));//用梯形法求定积分的声明.
double integrals(double ,double ,int ,double(*f)(double));//用辛普森法求定
积分的声.明.
double f1(double x);//函数y1=1+x*x的声明.
double f2(double x);//函数y2=1+x+x*x+x*x*x的声明.
四、对该设计题目有何更完善的方案
1、对自己完成程序进行自我评价。
设计过程中问题重重,但经过和同学之间的讨论,以及老师的解答和我的努力最终写出了程序。
五、收获及心得体会
1、通过本次课程设计,自己在哪些方面的能力有所提高。
独立思考的能力,团结协作的能力,动手操作的能力。
2、收获和心得体会。
主要在三方面:一、通过这次课程学会独立思考问题;二、通过这次课程对课本知识有了更深的认识;三、通过这次课程认识到团队协作的重要性。
日期:2011年6 月21 日。