国际商务英语Chapter 2-1
商务英语阅读(第二版)参考译文 王关富编
Chapter 1 Why China Works中国是今年唯一呈现出重大发展的主要经济体（economy），由于它通常是唯一敢于打破经济教科书中每一条例的经济体。
事实上，中国不像其他五大经济体那样发展缓慢的主要原因是，它宏观调控的能力（its capacity for macro-economic control）。
为什么中国市场经济体系奏效？（market economic system）目前，欧美等国正通过银行及汽车业国有化及金融业实施新的有力规定（regulations），走向宏观调控。
但问题更加紧迫（the question has a new urgency）。
中国看上去最能驾驭（navigate）七十年内最糟的经济滑坡（downturn）。
在危机中，中国官员既能吸取像西方同行（counterparts）的传统市场工具，也能吸取中国市场经济体系的积累经验（arsenal）。
去年早期，由于房地产市场（housing market）过热，中国官员仅命令银行削减房贷（cut back on housing loans），然后随着房屋销售量下降（fall），他们提供类似更低的房屋购置税（lower taxes on home purchases）。
最近几周，他们展开类似西方的经济救援行动（launch economic rescue efforts），其中包括价值6000亿的大计划以增加政府开支和大幅利率削减（ramp up government spending）（big interests cuts）。
但同时，他们也发布在西方国家眼里是不合理的干涉的命令，例如，上周中国官员召集包括钢铁建筑等行业的国有行业并购（buy up）国内外新资产（at home and abroad）以积极（actively）发挥在经济中的作用。
曾把中国宏观调控视为不成熟经济的弊病（immature economy），现在是稳定的保障（bulwark of stability）。
商务英语阅读Chapter2-A-Changed-Global-Reality-世界经济格局新变化
Chapter2 A Changed Global Reality 世界经济格局新变化Say this for the young century: we live in interesting times. Not quite 2 1⁄2 years ago, the world economy tipped into the most severe downturn since the Great Depression in the 1930s. World trade slowed sharply. Unemployment lines grew longer, especially in the old industrial economies. Financial institutions that had seemed as solid as granite disappeared as if they were no more substantial than a bunch of flowers in the hands of an old-style magician. 对于新世纪，我们得这样说：我们生活在一个有趣的时代。
差不多两年半之前，世界经济陷入了20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期以来最惨重的低迷状态。
世界贸易进程大幅放缓。
失业队伍也越来越快，这在旧工业经济体系表现尤为突出。
原来坚如磐石的金融机构也消失了，似乎还不如老套的魔术师变的花束看起来真实。
Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们不应该感到吃惊。
国际商务英语函电(第二版)翻译
Fuzhou,China
H.GWilkinsonCompanyLimited
245LombartStreet,
Lagos,Nigeria
(Registered)
ChapterII
EstablishingBusinessRelations
LessonOne
Self-Introduction
5.WeareoneoftheleadingexportersofChineseindustrialproductsandaredesirousofenteringintobusinessrelationsyou.
6.Wewillletyouknowuponreceiptofnewsupplies.
这是一个定语从句，介词加关系代词,介词放前。
similar:throughwhomweunderstandthatyouarewellexperiencedintheexportofengineeringequipmentwithservice.
Wegettoknowyourcorp.fromyourCCPITwithwhichwehavebeeningood
二.商业英语书信的格式
1.缩行式（IndentedStyle）
缩行式信函的特点：
1）信头和封内地址每逢换行时，下一行要比上一行往右缩进2－3个字母的位置；
2）日期放在信纸的右上端，签名放在中间偏右下方；
3）每一段的第一行都从左边空白边缘往右缩进3－5个字母的位置；
4）段落之间要空1－2行。
2.齐头式或平头式（BlockStyle）
Welookforwardtoyourcompliance.希望得到你方的同意。
chapter 2 business english(商务英语)
Notes
• Corporate bond • a bond or security issued by corporations • 公司债券
• 公司债券亦为公司债，是私人公司 或公众公司举借债务时使用的工具。 由发行人根据发行契约发行，为债 券持有人的债权凭证，由发行人承 担还本付息的义务。公司债期限可 短至几天或长达百年。发行人在债 券契约中必须说明资金用途、财务 状况。另外公司债还具有不免税、 有固定发行面值、在交易所上市等 特征。债券的发行通常由评信机构 给予信用评定。
Chapter 2
American Economy 美国经济
What do you know about America?
Can you describe the economic base and industrial structure of America?
What is the current situation of the American economy?
23. Edge
缓慢地移动；挪动；优势
He edged closer to the telephone, ready to grab it. 他慢慢挪向电话机，准备抓起听筒。 He is edging ahead in the opinion polls. 他在民意测验中的支持率正一点点攀升。 Through superior production techniques they were able to gain the competitive edge. 凭借先进的生产技术，他们得以占据竞争优势。
Economic Terms
• 1 retail sales零售额(... the sales volumes and revenue for the retailers including retail shops) • 2 corporate fleets旗舰式公司；大公司
商务英语函电与沟通
Chapter 1 Fundamental of Business WritingDear Mr. Barington,Thank you for your application for the post of personal assistant to our managing director. We received a large number of applicants including some from the persons with experiences in the special field of electronics in which we operate. The appointment has now been made, but as our work contin u es to expand there are likely to be other vacancies in which you may be interested. I hope you will feel able to apply to us again when they are advertised.Your sincerely,Dear Mr. Johnson,Thank you for you r lett er of 15 July enclosing the “Senator”alarm clock, receiving this morning.We find your comments on the performance of your clock very interesting and have passed to our engineers for the inspection and a report. Meanwhile, we are arranging to replace your clock with a new one, but before sending the replacement we are submitting it to a s eries of test to ensure that it is free from the fault to which you refer and in full work order. We will send it to you as soon as the tests have been completed.We apologize for the trouble and inconvenience this matter has caused you, but are confident that the replacement clock we are sending will prove satisfactory give you the service we are entitled to expect from our products.Yours sincerely,Example for the structure of a letterChapter 2 Inquiry and Reply1、quotation, to quote a price 报盘2、price-list, quotation sheet 报价单3、competitive quotation 有竞争力的报价Favorable quotation 优惠报价Lowest quotation 最低报价4、to quote at a competitive rate 报可竞争价格5、to inquire about a product (to ask for prices) 询价6、to request credit information 要求信用查询7、to place an order 下订单8、to supply from stock 现货供应9、bulk buying, bulk buyer 大宗采购10、agent代理，sole agent独家代理11、supplier 供应商12、subsidiary 子公司13、small sample 小包货样14、illustrated catalogue 附图目录15、description of article 产品说明16、quantity required 要求数量17、terms of payment, terms of shipment 付款条件，装运条件18、date of delivery 交货期19、long ton 长吨（1）Model for inquiryChapter 3 Offer and Counter-offer (1) Model for counter-offer(2) Model for declining a counter-offer1. offer 报盘2. catalogue 目录3. terms and conditions 条款和条件4. C&F = cost and freight 成本运费在内价/ FOB = free on board 离岸价5. irrevocable L/C 不可撤销的信用证6. as per 按照7. to be in a position to = to be able to 有能力8. subject to 以······为条件9. out of line 不一致；in line with 一致10. we might come to terms… = close a deal 我们也许能成交······11. market is declining / weak / advancing / strong / firm / 行市下跌（上涨）12. subject article 标题商品13. for your information / reference 供你方参考14. in other direction 在其它方面15. to do better = to pay high price 出高价16. keep us posted of development at your end 随时告知贵方进展情况17. under separate cover / by separate mail / under cover 另邮，附邮18. in due course 及时地19. subject to our final confirmation 以我方最后确认为准20. confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight 保兑的、不可撤销的、凭即期汇票支付的信用证1. We are studying the offer and hope that it will keep open till the end of the month.2. We will allow you 10% discount if you purchase 5000 dozens of more.3. We are giving you a firm offer(实盘), subject to your reply getting here by 5 p.m. our time, Tuesday, July.4. You are cordially invited to take advantage of this attractive offer. We are anticipating a large order from United States, and that will cause a sharp rise in price.5. As to terms of payment, we often require a confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit payable by draft at sight.(1) Model for requesting special discount(2) Model for granting special allowance(3) Model for declining price reduction1. allow us to begin by…请允许我们以······开始2. despite the negative factors 虽然有消极因素3. every effort has been made 已经尽力了4. have been running in red for…已连续······时间赔本经营5. to share and not shift 共享而不离弃6. have reluctantly to decide to 不得不7. accept your proposal 接受贵方提议8. hurt our image with 因······而损坏形象9. may choose to switch suppliers 可能选择更换供应商10. nevertheless…rest assured…every effort…minimize the damage…请放心······努力······减少损失11. leave us in the red 负债12. qualitative advantage 质量优势13. additional cost 额外成本/附加成本14. full understanding 完全理解15. quick approval 立即批准16. to absorb increased costs 消化增加的成本17. this is to help 此举是为了有助于······18. effectively market 有效市场19. bring disorder to the market 给市场带来混乱20. foresee further deterioration 预见事件的进一步恶化1. In recognition of your difficult situation we agree to reduce the FOB prices of all models 8% effective September 1.2. Please do not ignore the fact that our new line of products is far superior to existing lines.3. We agree that continuing the current FOB price would insure maximum market penetration.4. Thus, you are asked to postpone any increase in price until sales of the new models get off the ground.5. We insist that you put off any increase for at least this fiscal year.6. It will also force our existing customers to go with other suppliers.7. Given the current reductions seen on the market, this increase cannot help but severally curtail fresh sales.8. As a result, we have no choice but to ask you to accept a 10% increase in our prices starting from April shipment.9. Therefore, we reluctantly have to announce a 10% increase in all CIF rate as of April 1.Chapter 4 Order and ConfirmationComplete and accurate information about each product or service. Such details as these: catalog, part, and style, and model numbers, descriptions of items, quantities, unit prices, and total prices. If an order is for a service, not a product, be sure to spell out in detail all the terms and conditions that pertain to it.Model1. urgent order 紧急订购2. replenish stock 补充存货3. confirming an order 确认订货4. repeat order 续订5. captioned shipment 用指定船运输6. perfect condition 完好无损7. scheduled date 即定日期8. make effective arrangement 采取有效措施9. air shipment 空运1. Thank you for the new catalog that we received recently. I would like to order the following items from it.2. We have much pleasure in placing an order with you as following:…3. We have pleasure in enclosing herewith a repeat order as follows:…4. Please take note of our order, and kindly advise us when you dispatch (发送) the goods.5. We trust that this trial will lead to more important transactions (交易).Express pleasure in being able to be of service and express optimism with respect to the processing of future orders, for example:(b) Model for placing an orderChapter 5 Payment, Shipment; Complaints and ClaimsUrging Establishment of L/C催促函在外贸业务中常用来催促对方尽快开证、发货、付款等。
Business Communication(new)商务英语学习课件
L: 4) Next Sunday afternoon,and will stay for two weeks.
R: Sunday afternoon, 5) will be September5, and leaving on September19.
Bidding farewells
Ａ：Making Reservations
Communication Knowledge
The first stage of an entire reception job is to arrange accommodations for the visitors.
右边一组由马太、达太和西门组成。三个人听了这骇人听 闻的消息后，自发地谈论起什么来，三人的手都伸向画面 的中心。
中右一组是多马、老雅各、腓力。多马伸出一个指头，好 象在问老师：“有一个人要出卖你？”和他并坐的老雅各 张开两手，作惊奇的表示：“这是多么可怕呀！”年轻的 腓力则用双手掩着胸部，似乎说：“难道在怀疑我对老师 有背叛行为吗？”
What to introduce? What is the priority? How to respond?
What to introduce?
names, positions, sth more
What is the priority?
lesser authority higher one
for my guests in my name.
R: OK. May I have your name please?
国际商务英语Chapter 2 Establishment of Business Relations
Establishment of Business Relations
III. Teaching Difficulties: ① Special structures and expressions ② Writing devices and tips IV. Teaching period needed: 2 lessons V. Teaching procedures:
＊ 建立业务关系
企业通过各种渠道找到国外客户后，须先对客户资信情况进行调查，然后考虑 选择客户与之建立业务联系。选择客户时企业必须对客户的资金、信誉、经营商 品的品种及地区范围、从业人员的人数、技术水平及拥有的业务设施、经营管理 水平、提供售后服务和市场情报的能力等进行综合分析排队，选择经营作风好、 有经营能力、对我态度友好的客户作为我们的基本客户并与之建立业务联系。 国际贸易中，买卖双方业务关系的建立，往往是由交易一方通过主动向对方写信、 发传真或E-MAIL形式进行。 一笔具体的交易往往始于出口商主动向潜在客户发 函建立业务关系。
Establishment of Business Relations
I. Introduction to Foreign Trade Negotiation 1. The four steps involved in the business negotiation Enquiry—Offer—Counter-Offer—Acceptance 2. Sequence of business negotiation
Establishment of Business Relations
II. Lead in Establishing business relations is the first step in dealing with and developing mutual trade. The business growth and broadening depends on the establishment of business relations. To establish business relations with prospective dealers is one of the vitally important measures either for a newly established firm or an old one that wishes to enlarge its business scope and turnover. To establish business relations is to know about your clients including: Financial credits, business lines and capacities, and the intention of trade contracts. In international trade, one may establish business relations with other countries or firms and companies through the following channels:
国际商务英语函电全部答案
Chapter II Establishing Business RelationsLesson OneExercisesI. Translate the following expressions:1.cotton piece goods 6.另函2.state-operated corporation ７. 供你方参考3.import and export 8. 商务参赞处4.business lines 9. 盼望5.establish business relations 10. 最新的商品目录II. Translating the following into English:1.We are informed that _______________________________________(你公司是经营化工产品的国营公司).2.We shall let you know our comments_________________________________(一俟收到你方的报价).3.We are ______________________________________(专门从事中国工艺品出口).4.We hope to _______________________________________________(与你们建立贸易关系).5.________________________________(兹航寄) three sample books.6.______________________________________________(我们已经和世界上一百多个国家的商号建立了关系) on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods.III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1.We have the pleasure of introducing ourselves to you as a state corporation specializing in the export business of canned goods, and express our desire to enter into business relations you.2.Our company is one of the import and export corporations in Shanghai commercial circle authorized by the Ministry for Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. We have enjoyed a good reputation in the world market for a long time.3.We are one of the leading exporters of first class cotton and rayon goods and are enjoying an excellent reputation through fifty years’ business experience.4.Through the courtesy of the Chamber of Commerce in Tokyo, we have learned that you have been supplying the best quality foods all over the world.5.We are desirous of enlarging our trade in various agricultural products, but unfortunately have had no good connections in the southern part of Russia. Therefore we shall be obliged if you kindly introduce us to some of the most capable and reliable importers.IV. Translate the following sentences into English :1.承蒙外国商会介绍得知你公司的名称地址。
商务英语知识点
商务英语Chapter1 Setting Up a Business ⑴Sole proprietorship个人独资企业，个体户本章重要词组：Sole proprietorship个体户sales revenue销售收入double taxation双重征税Limited liability company 有限责任公司dividend股息，分红Chapter2 Marketing: an Overview⑴The functions of marketing①Marketing research ②Acquiring ③Selling ④Transportation ⑤Storage ⑥Finance and Credit ⑦Risk Taking ⑧Standardization and Grading⑵4〞p〞:①Product ②price ③promotion ④place本章重要词组：market segmentation市场细分legal tender 法定货币Chapter3 Products and Pricing完形填空⑴Product life cycle:①introduction 特点：profits tend to be small and even losses may occur②growth 特点：sales increase quickly and profits begin to pour in○3maturity 特点：the total sales volume begins to fall,and the profits start to shrink .④decline 特点：the demand for the product continues to fall and so does the sales volume.⑵skimming strategy:When a product is at the introduction stage of its life cycle and there is little competition,it can be priced high to make maximum profit and skim the “cream〞of the market.本章重要词组：Product life cycle产品生命周期〔中英互译〕profit-oriented objectives利润导向型目的sales-oriented objective销售额导向型目的skimming strategy撇脂战略Return on capital 投资回报率break—even analysis 盈亏平衡点分析Chapter4 Channels of distributionWholesaler批发商：wholesaler are middlemen who buy in large quantities from the producers and redistribute the goods to the middlemen at the next level retailers.Water 海上运输最廉价air 空运最贵本章重要词组：Channels of distribution分销渠道Chapter5 Promotion完形填空⑴The combination of the promotional tools is called the promotion mix.Tools that are commonly used for promotion are advertising广告, sales promotion促销,personal selling当面行销, public relations公共关系, publicity媒体推介, etc. At the core of the mix, of course, is a good product. Without such a product, the tools will be uesless or produce undesirable results.(2) Advertising media are newspaper,television,radio,direct mail,the internet,outdoor billboards,yellow pagesTelevision电视广告最贵本章的重要词组：promotion mix促销组合coupon打折券trade stamp行业实惠券trade show 行业展览会personal selling当面行销Chapter6 Money and Banking影响货币供应的三个工具：reserve requirements,changes in the discount rates,and open—market operations.本章重要词组：paper note 纸币legal tender法定货币time deposit定期存款demand deposit活期存款banker’s acceptance银行承兑credit card信誉卡debit card借记卡pension fund养老基金reserve requirements贮存金要求discount rate贴现率open-market operation公开市场运作Chapter7 Financing1、Trade credit分为三类：open account开立账户promissory note本票draft汇票2、promissory note(定义) which is an unconditional written promise by the buyer to make repayment to the seller on a particular date.本章重要词组：trade credit行业信誉account receivable应收账款account payable应付账款open account开立账户promissory note本票draft汇票compensating balance补偿余额retained earnings留用利润depreciation折旧equity financing股权融资debt financing债务融资preferred stock优先股融资方式分两种：long—term financing short—term financingChapter8 Accounting⑴Balance sheet(定义) is one type of financial statement,which reports the financial health of a firm on a specific date.A banlance sheet is made up of three types of account,i.e. assets 资产,liabilities负债and owner s’ equity全部者权益.Assets are what a business owns.assets = liabilities + owner’s equity (资产=负债+全部者权益)⑵Gross profit margin = Gross profit / Net salesNet profit margin = Net income / Net sales本章重要词组：balance sheet 资产负债表current assets流淌资产fixed assets 固定资产current liabilities流淌负债long-term liabilities长期负债current ratio流淌比率quick ratio速动比率income statement损益表gross profit margin毛利润率net profit margin 净利润率return on owners’ investment投资回报率Chapter9 The Securities Market本章重要词组：securities market证券市场stock speculator股票投机者Chapter12 International Business⑴Foreign exchange定义：Doing international business often involves use of currencies different from your own.本章重要词组：absolute advantage肯定优势comparative advantage相对优势licensing arrangement特许协议multinatioal corporation跨国公司foreign exchange外汇import surtax进口附加税tariffs关税quota配额import license进口答应证Chapter13 Managing Business Enterprises1、Planning:Planning involves setting goals and working out strategies to achieve the goals。
商务英语Chapter 2参考译文及答案
商务英语Chapter 2参考译文及答案In this chapter, we will provide a reference translation and answers for the exercises in Chapter 2 of your business English textbook. The translation and answers are presented in a clear and organized manner, ensuring a smooth reading experience. Please note that the following text does not contain any links or headings, as per your request.Translation:Text 1:Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My name is John Smith, and I am the sales manager of XYZ Corporation. I would like to take this opportunity to introduce our new product line to all of you. Our company has been working tirelessly to develop innovative products that meet the needs of our customers, and I am proud to say that this new line is a result of those efforts. We believe that these products will greatly benefit your businesses, and we are excited to showcase them today. Thank you for your attention.Answer to exercise 1:John Smith introduces the new product line of XYZ Corporation and expresses his belief that the products will be beneficial for all attendees.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this talk is to provide information about the new product line of XYZ Corporation and generate interest among the audience.Text 2:Dear Mr. Johnson, I am writing to confirm the details of our upcoming meeting on Friday, September 15 at 2:00 PM. The meeting will be held in Conference Room A on the 9th floor of our office building. The agenda for the meeting includes a discussion on the new marketing strategy for our product launch and an update on the current sales figures. I kindly request that you come prepared with any relevant materials or data for these discussions. Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns. Thank you, and I look forward to meeting with you.Answer to exercise 1:The email confirms the date, time, and location of the upcoming meeting, as well as the agenda topics.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this email is to provide the necessary information about the meeting and request the recipient to come prepared with relevant materials.Text 3:To whom it may concern, I am writing to inquire about the availabilityof your products for wholesale purchase. I represent a retail company that specializes in home appliances, and we are interested in carrying your brand. Could you please provide me with information on the minimum order quantity, pricing, and any applicable discounts? Additionally, I would like to know if there are any exclusive distributorship opportunities in our area. Thank you for your attention to this matter, and I look forward to your prompt response. Best regards, Emily JohnsonAnswer to exercise 1:The email inquires about the availability of the products for wholesale purchase and asks for information on pricing, order quantity, and distributorship opportunities.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this email is to gather information about the availability of products for wholesale purchase and explore potential business opportunities with the company.。
【英语资料】国际商务英语
2. Reference and Date
– In business correspondence, reference will be given by a firm to another. Reference may include a file number, departmental code, or the initials of the signer, followed by that of the typist of the letter. They are marked as “ Our Ref: *** ”and “ Your Ref:*** ” to avoid confusion.
salutation and the body of the letter. If the letter is in the full block form, it is
placed at the left-hand margin. In other styles, it is centered over the body of
– (1)Opening(or Introduction)
• The opening is actually the background of this letter. It indicates the referring letter，contract or letter of credit to which response will be made.
the letter. In order to invite the receiver’s attention, it is usually underlined. In
front of it “Re:” or “Subj:” is written as:
商务英语写作实训 Chapter 2-company__introduction
Composing your message
back
QA: Quality Assurance 质量保证 QC: Quality Control 质量控制 Quality check 质量检查 Quality Certificates 质量检查证书 ISO (International Standardization Organization) 国际标准化组织
eg. We are the world's most comprehensive manufacturer of hear care products, as well as a provider of related services for the consumers.
5. Any Foreign investment that you may have
move on
The Introduction
Company Introduction
What yo
Paragraph 1 --- The introduction
1. The year your company was established
back
eg. Our company was founded in 1918.
Paragraph 2 --- What you do
back
4. Number of staff (and foreign language speakers if you have them
eg. Hp has a dynamic, powerful team of 142,000 employees with capabilities in 170 countries doing business in more than 40 currencies and more than 10 languages.
商务英语综合教程chapter (2)
6. Today few, if any, countries are economically self-sufficient . 当今，几乎没有国家在经济上是自给自足的。(注意省略部分的译 文。)
7. A rough estimate suggests that the 300 largest TNCs own or control at least one-quarter of the entire world’s productive assets, worth about US $5 trillion. 粗略的估计表明300家最大的跨国公司拥有、或者控制着全世界生 产性资产的四分之一，价值伍万亿。
Ⅱ.Language Points (语言要点）
(Teachers should note that here we only give you some of the language points, you may add some by yourself.)
1. under a variety of forms of business organization. 以各种不同的商务组织形式 Under —据，依照， 以……为依据 e.g. Under the terms of agreement, the goods should be delivered in October.
Productive assets 生产性资产 Worth about US $5 trillion 价值五万亿美元
8. Because Tran nationality has many dimensions and can be viewed from several perspectives-economic, political, legal, etc., TNC has the following features:
国际商务英语第2章
5
6
4. Preciseness and correctness
In business correspondence, it is necessary to use expressions with precise meanings. For example, when you acknowledge a letter, refer to it by date, subject and reference number and when you refer to a date, mention the month by full name, avoid using abbreviations and all number form. You must know that standard language, proper statements, accurate figures are needed in a business letter. Before signing a business letter, you must check it for the accuracy of its contents and test its suitability with the general practices. Special attention must be paid to the typing of the figures in order to avoid making errors. Correct spelling of the words and correct using of punctuations are as well necessary qualities for showing your high level of English knowledge.
国际商务英语综合教程答案
Unit 1. Key to ExercisesB, d, b, c, astream ,agitprop, combat, launched, spokesman, campaign, hoops, theme, initiatives, gear, stretches, gesture, tacklec, a, d, b(参考译文)世界正在经历一场规模空前的并购浪潮。
这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响着正在崛起的国家。
这些国家有不少人关注着这个浪潮，同时他们担心：“企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一种无法控制的反竞争力量？”无疑，大企业正在变得更大型、更强大。
跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额。
目前，这个数字上升到25%并且还在迅速上升。
在那些对外开放并欢迎外资的国家的经济中，国际分公司在国民生产中形成一个快速增长的部门。
比如，在阿根廷，经过20世纪90年代初的改革后，跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43% 增加到几乎70%。
这个现象引起人们严重关切小型企业和民族资本的作用，严重关切世界经济的最终稳定。
我相信，推动这次巨大并购浪潮最主要的力量与推动全球化进程的是同一种力量：降低运输与通信成本，减少贸易与投资障碍，扩大生产以满足业已扩大的市场需求。
所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害。
随着生产力的提高，世界的财富也就增长了。
目前，还没有多少例证可以显示这场合并浪潮的利弊。
一个世纪以前，人们担心几个石油公司的合并会对竞争造成威胁，所以把美孚石油托拉斯拆解成几个公司，但是今天却很难想象几个石油公司合并会重新造成同样的威胁。
几个通信公司合并，形成诸如世界通信这样的公司，似乎没有并给消费者带来涨价，或者降低技术进步的速度。
恰恰相反，通信价格反而降得很快。
在汽车行业，合并也同样在增加，但消费者好像并未受到伤害，戴姆勒与克莱斯勒的合并，雷诺与尼桑合并就是例证。
不过，有一点却并未改变，那就是，合并风必须受到严密监视。
InternationalBusinessEnglish国际商务英语（英文版）
InternationalBusinessEnglish国际商务英语（英文版）International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, fewpeople or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments.Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. Thematurity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flatpayment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets *By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possibleadditional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analyses are made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America, European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was morepopular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。
国际商务英语学科考试复习要点(L1-L2)
国际商务英语学科考试复习要点Lesson 1 International Business商务术语：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising考点：国际商务贸易的主要类型（major types of international business）A．Trade（贸易）：a. commodity trade (商品贸易,也叫有形贸易visible trade )b. service trade (服务贸易, 也叫无形贸易invisible trade)B. Investment (投资): a. foreign direct investment (FDI 外国直接投资)b. portfolio investment (证券投资)C. Other types (其他类型): a. licensing and franchising (国际许可与特许经营)b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生产)翻译练习:1.随着经济全球化的发展,无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2.BOT是“交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey projectLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商务术语:GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 购买力平价) Staple goods (大路货)creditor country ( 债权国)考点:国民生产总值和国内生产总值(GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is calculated by dividing its national income by its population Triad and Quad (三方组合和四方组合): A. United StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. Canada翻译练习:1.国民生产总值和国内生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入,在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。
商务英语Chapter 2参考译文及答案
目前，我们对中等价位的益智玩具感兴趣，希望贵公司能给我们发送目录、样本及所有必需的资料。
同时，请向我们报出包括我方3%佣金的奥克兰到岸价的最低价。
盼早日收到回复！
亨利
尊敬的丽莎：
承蒙澳大利亚安德森公司向我方提供了贵公司的名称和地址。现在我们给你方写信并希望同你方建立贸易关系。
Chapter 2
Learning Aims
学完本章，学生应能：
1．了解如何与潜在的交易商建立业务关系；
2．掌握建立业务关系的信件的结构以及相关术语和表达方式；
3．熟悉一些玩具名称；
4．学会分析案例，并撰写建立业务关系的信件。
Background Information
对外贸公司来说，与潜在的交易商建立业务关系非常重要。通常，潜在交易商的资料可从以下渠道获得：
1. It is highlyappreciativethat you are willing to enter into business relations with our company.
2. We would be pleased to receive your catalogue and price list for the plastic toys you advertised inChina Dailyof July 16, 2012.
我们多年来一直在进口塑料玩具。目前我们对澳大利亚各种各样的塑料玩具感兴趣，很想获得你方的目录和报价。
如果你方的价格与现行市场行情一致的话，我们相信能做成大生意。
盼望早日收到你方的来信。
蒂姆·梁
Letter 6
国际商务英语Chapter 2-1
quasi-pubic 半公有公司
quasi a combining form meaning “resembling,” “having some,
but not all of the features of,” used in the formation of compound words: quasi-definition; quasi-monopoly; quasi-official; quasi-scientific. 1. He was a quasi actor. 他有点象演员。 2. In some people's view, TV series is a kind of quasiart. 在某些人看来，电视连续剧是一种准艺术。
tort: n. 侵权行为
a wrongful act, not including a breach of contract or trust, that results in injury to another's person, property, reputation, or the like, and for which the injured party is entitled to compensation.
1. Businesses operate under a variety of forms of business organization. 企业以各种不同的商务机构形式来开展业务
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quasi-pubic 半公有公司
quasi a combining form meaning ―resembling,‖ ―having some, but not all of the features of,‖ used in the formation of compound words: quasi-definition; quasi-monopoly; quasi-official; quasi-scientific. 1. He was a quasi actor. 他有点象演员。 2. In some people's view, TV series is a kind of quasiart. 在某些人看来，电视连续剧是一种准艺术。
1. proprietorship — 所有权 2. stockholder — 股东，持股人 3. partnership — 合伙企业 4. entity — 实体 5. bankruptcy — 破产 6. joint-stock company — 合股公司 7. dividend —红利，股息 8. bylaw — 附则，细则 9. treasurer — 司库，财务长 10. comptroller —主计长，总会计师
tort: n. 侵权行为 a wrongful act, not including a breach of contract or trust, that results in injury to another's person, property, reputation, or the like, and for which the injured party is entitled to compensation.
4. Limited Partnership comply with遵守 drilling钻井 deduction减免、优惠
5. Joint Stock Company unincorporatioed非公司的 shares of stock股份 formality 手续 charter注册 initial capital启动资金 outlay展示、出示 conversely相反地 transferable 可转让的 principal委托人
6. Corporations disticnt有区别的 merge合并 quasi-public半公有公司 nonprofit非赢利 closely held私募集的 municipality市政部门
7. Transnational Corportations GDP国内生产总值
Difficult meanings: 1. Introduction business partnership企业所有制 ease of formation创建的难度 legal capacity法定能力
2. Sole Proprietorship proprietary业主 stockholder股东 incur招致 tort民事侵权 entity实体 creditor债权人
liquidation: noun 1. the process of realizing upon assets and of discharging liabilities in concluding the affairs of a business, estate, etc. 2. the process of converting securities or commodities into cash. 3. the state of being liquidated: an estate in liquidation.
incorporation：noun 1. the act of incorporating or the state of being incorporated. 2. the act of forming a legal corporation.
bylaw：n. 次要法规；细则；地方法则；
stockholders are entitled to receive their dividends before common stockholders. 两者（普通股东和优先股东）最主要的区别是优先股股东可以在普 通股股东之前获取股息。 Be entitled to do … 有权做……
entitle：to give (a person or thing) a title, right, or claim to something; furnish with grounds for laying claim: His executive position entitled him to certain courtesies rarely accorded others.
wind up:上紧发条；使结束 a. to bring to a state of great tension; excite (usually used in the past participle): He was all wound up before the game. b. to bring or come to an end; conclude: to wind up a sales campaign. c. to settle or arrange in order to conclude: to wind up one's affairs. d. to become ultimately: to wind up as a country schoolteacher.
fictional: adj.
fiction: n. 3. something feigned, invented, or imagined; a made-up story: We've all heard the fiction of her being in delicate health. 4. the act of feigning, inventing, or imagining. 5. an imaginary thing or event, postulated for the purposes of argument or explanation.
（社团制定的）内部章程
1. a standing rule governing the regulation of a corporation's or society's internal affairs. 2. a subsidiary law.
5. A primary difference between the two is that ordinarily preferred
Ⅱ.Language Points (语言要点）
(Teachers should note that here we only give you some of the language points, you may add some by yourself.)
1. Businesses operate under a variety of forms of business organization. 企业以各种不同的商务机构形式来开展业务 ATTN: sentences in passive voice are more widely used in English than in Chinese. Under —据，依照， 以……为依据 e.g. Under the terms of agreement, the goods should be delivered in October.
3. General Partnership carry on经营、从事 Uniform Partnership Act合伙企业统一法案 The common law普通法（判例法） aggregation集合 fictional person虚拟人（法人） Contributing capital资本摊派 religious chariable fraternal宗教的、慈善的、 博爱的
unincorporated: 1. 无法人地位的；非特许公司的 2. 非特许自治村(或城市)的 3. 未联合的，未合并的；未被包括在内的 adjective 1. not chartered as a corporation; lacking the powers and immunities of a corporate enterprise: an unincorporated business. 2. not chartered as a self-governing village or city; lacking the tax, police, and other powers conferred by the state on incorporated towns: an unincorporated hamlet. 3. not combined into a single body or unit; not made part of; not included: Many unincorporated research notes are appended to the text of the book.
3. A general partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on, as co-owners, a business for profit. 一般合伙企业是两个或两个以上的个人以共同 所有者的身份，为从事盈利性的商业活动而组 成的组织。 1）association 社团，协会，行业组织 2）to carry on, as co-owners, a business for profit 隔离不定式（不定式与宾语之间加状语）