陶瓷生产流程 英文版 外贸陶瓷必看
青瓷制作流程详解
青瓷制作流程详解(中英文版)Title: Detailed Explanation of the Process of Making Celadon Ware Celadon ware, with its unique green glaze, has always been highly valued in the world of ceramics.The process of making celadon ware is both intricate and precise.Let"s delve into the detailed steps involved in creating this exquisite piece of art.青瓷以其独特的绿色釉彩在陶瓷界一直备受推崇。
制作青瓷的过程既复杂又精确。
让我们深入了解这个精美艺术品制作的具体步骤。
The first step in making celadon ware is the preparation of the clay.Only the highest quality clay is used to ensure the finest results.The clay is then kneaded and shaped into the desired form.制作青瓷的第一步是准备陶土。
只选用最优质的陶土以确保最佳的结果。
然后将陶土揉捏并塑造成所需的形式。
Once the clay is shaped, it is dried thoroughly to remove any excess moisture.After drying, the ware is fired in a kiln at a high temperature to harden it.一旦陶土被塑造成型,就要彻底干燥以去除多余的水分。
陶瓷的制作流程英文
陶瓷的制作流程英文Ceramic Production Process.Ceramics are a type of material that is made from clay and other minerals. They are fired in a kiln at high temperatures to make them hard and durable. Ceramics are used to make a wide variety of products, including pottery, tiles, and even some types of jewelry.The process of making ceramics begins with theselection of the right type of clay. Different types of clay have different properties, so it is important to choose the right one for the desired product. For example, some clays are more plastic than others, which makes them easier to shape. Other clays are more porous, which makes them better for absorbing water.Once the clay has been selected, it is mixed with water to form a slurry. This slurry is then poured into a mold or shaped by hand. The molded clay is then dried until it ishard enough to be fired in a kiln.The firing process is what makes ceramics hard and durable. Kilns are large ovens that can reach temperatures of up to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The clay is fired in the kiln for several hours, until it has reached the desired hardness.Once the clay has been fired, it is cooled and then glazed. Glaze is a thin layer of glass that is applied to the surface of the ceramic. Glaze helps to protect the ceramic from moisture and wear. It also gives the ceramic a shiny finish.The glazed ceramic is then fired in the kiln again, at a lower temperature. This second firing process helps to melt the glaze and fuse it to the surface of the ceramic.Once the ceramic has been glazed and fired, it is complete. Ceramics are a beautiful and versatile material that can be used to make a wide variety of products.Stages of Ceramic Production.The ceramic production process can be divided into five main stages:1. Preparation of the clay.2. Forming of the ceramic.3. Drying of the ceramic.4. Firing of the ceramic.5. Glazing of the ceramic.Preparation of the Clay.The first stage in the ceramic production process is the preparation of the clay. This involves mixing the clay with water to form a slurry. The slurry is then filtered to remove any impurities.The slurry is then poured into a mold or shaped by hand. The molded clay is then dried until it is hard enough to be fired in a kiln.Drying of the Ceramic.The drying process is important because it helps to prevent the ceramic from cracking during firing. Theceramic is dried slowly and evenly to allow the moisture to escape gradually.Firing of the Ceramic.The firing process is what makes ceramics hard and durable. The ceramic is fired in a kiln at high temperatures, typically between 1,000 and 1,200 degrees Celsius. The firing process takes several hours, and the temperature is carefully controlled to ensure that the ceramic reaches the desired hardness.Once the ceramic has been fired, it is cooled and then glazed. Glaze is a thin layer of glass that is applied to the surface of the ceramic. Glaze helps to protect the ceramic from moisture and wear. It also gives the ceramic a shiny finish.The glazed ceramic is then fired in the kiln again, at a lower temperature. This second firing process helps to melt the glaze and fuse it to the surface of the ceramic.Quality Control.The ceramic production process is carefully controlled to ensure that the finished product meets the desired quality standards. The following quality control measures are typically employed:Visual inspection of the ceramic to check for any defects, such as cracks or chips.Dimensional inspection to ensure that the ceramic is the correct size and shape.Mechanical testing to test the strength and durability of the ceramic.Chemical testing to ensure that the ceramic meets the specified chemical composition.Applications of Ceramics.Ceramics are used in a wide variety of applications, including:Pottery and tableware.Tiles and flooring.Construction materials.Industrial applications.Jewelry.Ceramics are a versatile and durable material that can be used to create a wide variety of products. The ceramic production process is carefully controlled to ensure that the finished product meets the desired quality standards.。
陶瓷厂进仓的工作流程
陶瓷厂进仓的工作流程英文回答:Ceramic Factory Inbound Workflow.1. Verification of Purchase Order and Goods Receipt (GR)。
Upon the arrival of goods, the inbound team verifies the purchase order (PO) against the goods received.The GR team checks the quantity, quality, and condition of the goods, ensuring they match the specifications outlined in the PO.2. Unloading and Inspection.The goods are unloaded from the delivery vehicle and moved to a designated inspection area.The inspection team conducts a thorough examination of the products, checking for any defects or damage that may have occurred during transportation.3. Labeling and Barcoding.Each product is labeled with a unique barcode or QR code that contains essential information, such as product type, quantity, and the date of receipt.This labeling facilitates efficient tracking and inventory management throughout the production process.4. Warehousing.The inspected and labeled products are stored in the designated warehouse according to their type, size, and characteristics.Inventory levels are meticulously tracked using a warehouse management system (WMS) to ensure accurate stock records and prevent overstocking or shortages.5. Quality Control and Inspection.A periodic quality control inspection is conducted to ensure the products meet the established quality standards.The QC team randomly samples products from the inventory and evaluates them for compliance with specifications, functionality, and safety requirements.6. FIFO (First-In, First-Out) Principle.The FIFO principle is implemented in the warehouse to manage inventory efficiently.Products that arrive first are used or dispatched first, ensuring optimal stock rotation and preventing the accumulation of obsolete or expired items.7. Inventory Management.The warehouse team maintains accurate inventoryrecords, tracking incoming and outgoing products.Regular stock audits are conducted to reconcile physical inventory with the WMS data, ensuring inventory accuracy and accountability.8. Cross-Docking.In some cases, incoming goods are directly shipped to outbound customers without being stored in the warehouse.This process, known as cross-docking, reduces the storage time and handling costs, improving overall logistics efficiency.中文回答:陶瓷厂进仓工作流程。
Ceramic Fabrication Process Conventional Routes to Ceramics
Comminuted powders are then calcined, sometimes after compaction, and the firing sequence may be repeated several times with intermediate grinding stages.
混合粉末也存在一些问题。组分反应所需要的高温氛围可以导致易挥发氧化物的流失,并且在煅烧过程中,研磨可能不会将粉末充分研磨至完全反应。
It is difficult to obtain reproducible uniform distributions of material in ball-milled powders especially when one fraction is present in small amounts as occurs in electroceramics whose properties are often controlled by grain boundary phases containing minor quantities of additives .
在这个热处理过程中发生烧结或者稠化现象,并且与颗粒靠拢、体积减少、气孔率减少以及晶粒长大密切相关。
The phase distribution or microstructure within the ceramic is developed during sintering and fabrication techniques used for shaping ceramics are described here.
陶瓷制造英语
陶瓷制造英语Ceramic ManufacturingCeramic manufacturing is a process that involves the shaping, firing, and finishing of clay-based products. It is a complex and intricate process that requires a combination of art, science, and technology.The first step in ceramic manufacturing is the preparation of the raw materials. The clay is mined from the earth and then cleaned, crushed, and mixed with other materials like feldspar, kaolin, and quartz. The mixture is then shaped into the desired form, either by hand or through the use of molds.Once the clay has been shaped, it is then dried to remove any excess moisture. After drying, the ceramic products are ready for firing. Firing is the process of heating the ceramic products in a kiln at high temperatures to harden them and make them more durable.There are two different types of firing: bisque firing and glaze firing. Bisque firing is the first firing that takes place after the clay has been shaped and dried. This firing allows the clay to become hard and porous, making it easier to apply glaze. Glaze firing is the second firing that takes place after the glaze has been applied. This firing melts and fuses theglaze to the ceramic product, creating a smooth and glossy finish.The final step in ceramic manufacturing is the finishing process. This involves adding any additional decorative elements, such as paint, decals, or etching. The finished product is then inspected for quality control and packaged for shipment.In recent years, advancements in technology have greatly improved the ceramic manufacturing process. Computer-aided design (CAD) software and 3D printing have made it possible to create more complex and intricate shapes with greater precision. Additionally, new materials and glazes have been developed that allow for a wider range of colors and textures.Overall, ceramic manufacturing is a fascinating and intricate process that combines tradition, art, and technology. With continued innovation and development, the possibilities for ceramic products are endless.。
上釉和贴花英语
陶瓷生产流程英文版外贸陶瓷必看!!以下以贴花和手绘,分别介绍釉上彩和釉下彩的工艺流程:第一种;Decaled Dinnerwareling 练泥Various raw materials including feldspar, silica, clay and pottery stone are mixed and fine-milled in the ball mill.2.Filter press & Vacuum extrusion 摞泥The clay body is made by filter-pressing the slip. The pressed body de-aired and extruded to the required size through the pug mill.3.Green Making 制坯Using appropriated roller head and plaster mould, green body is formed. For the irregular shapes such as teapots and figurines, slip casting is used. In casting, liquid clay (slip) is poured into plaster moulds and the green shape forms on the mould as the water is absorbed through the plaster mould.4.Finishing 修坯The rough edges and foot of the green ware are cleaned with wet sponge by automatic edge-cleaning machine or by skilled hand5.Glazing 上釉To seal the surface of the biscuit body and to give the product its glossy finish, glaze is applied using automatic glaze spraying line.6.Glost firing 烧釉Carefully loading the glazed ware onto a kiln car, the glazed ware is fired at 1280∑ C. At the temperature, the glaze powder melts and turns into a transparent glass layer covering the biscuit body. The glost-fired ware is inspected and ready for the decoration.7.Lithography 贴花The printed decal is transferred onto the glost ware and dried.8.Decoration firing 二次烧结The decal and the ware are fired at appropriated temperatures and the printed patterns permanently fuse onto the glaze layer to give permanent durable decoration.9.Inspeciton & Packaging 修整成箱Experienced eyes in the inspection area checks for possible faults in the ware and the finished ware is packaged as necessary第二种:Handpainted Dinnerwareling 练泥Various raw materials including feldspar, silica, clay and pottery stone are mixed and fine-milled in the ball mill.2.Filter press & Vacuum extrusion 摞泥The clay body is made by filter-pressing the slip. The pressed body de-aired and extruded to the required size through the pug mill.3.Green Making 制坯Using appropriated roller head and plaster mould, green body is formed. For the irregular shapes such as teapots and figurines, slip casting is used. In casting, liquid clay (slip) is poured into plaster moulds and the green shape forms on the mould as the water is absorbed through the plaster mould.4.Finishing 修坯The rough edges and foot of the green ware are cleaned with wet sponge by automatic edge-cleaning machine or by skilled hand5.Handpainting 手绘The picture is drawn or painted by hands,then dried.6.Glazing 上釉To seal the surface of the biscuit body and to give the product its glossy finish, glaze is applied using automatic glaze spraying line.7.Glost firing 烧釉Carefully lo ading the glazed ware onto a kiln car, the glazed ware is fired once again at 1280∑ C. At the temperature, the glaze powder melts and turns into a transparent glass layer covering the biscuit body. The glost-fired ware is inspected and ready for the decoration.8.Inspeciton & Packaging 修整成箱Experienced eyes in the inspection area checks for possible faults in the ware and the finished ware is packaged as necessary。
英语作文陶器的制作过程
Pottery is an ancient art form that has been practiced for thousands of years. The process of creating pottery is intricate and requires a combination of skill, patience, and creativity. Here is a detailed account of the steps involved in making pottery:1. Selecting the Clay: The first step in pottery making is choosing the right type of clay. There are various types of clay, each with different properties such as plasticity, shrinkage rate, and firing temperature. The choice of clay depends on the desired final product.2. Preparing the Clay: Once the clay is selected, it needs to be prepared. This involves wedging the clay to remove air bubbles and achieve a uniform consistency. This step is crucial as it ensures the clay is workable and free of impurities.3. Forming the Pottery: There are several methods to form pottery, including handbuilding, wheelthrowing, and slip casting. Handbuilding involves using hand tools to shape the clay, while wheelthrowing uses a potters wheel to center the clay and shape it by hand. Slip casting involves pouring liquid clay into a mold.4. Shaping and Carving: After the initial form is created, the potter will refine the shape, adding details or carving designs into the clay. This is where the potters artistic vision comes to life, and each piece begins to take on its unique character.5. Drying: Once the pottery is shaped, it needs to be dried slowly to prevent cracking. This can take anywhere from a few days to several weeks, depending on the size and thickness of the piece.6. Trimming and Smoothing: After drying, the pottery is trimmed to remove excess clay and smooth out any rough edges. This is often done using a variety of tools, including trimming wheels and rib tools.7. Bisque Firing: The dried and trimmed piece is then fired in a kiln for the first time, known as bisque firing. This firing hardens the clay but does not yet make it fully vitrified.8. Glazing: After the bisque firing, the pottery is glazed. Glazes are made from a mixture of materials that melt at high temperatures and create a glasslike surface on the pottery. The glaze can be applied by dipping, brushing, or spraying.9. Final Firing: The glazed pottery is then fired again in the kiln, this time at a higher temperature. This process, known as glost firing, melts the glaze and fuses it to the clay,creating a durable, finished piece.10. Cooling and Inspection: After the final firing, the pottery is allowed to cool slowly in the kiln. Once cooled, each piece is inspected for quality and any defects.11. Finishing Touches: If necessary, the pottery may be polished or have additional details added at this stage.The process of pottery making is a testament to the skill and dedication of the potter. Each piece is a unique creation, reflecting the artists vision and the transformative journey from clay to finished work of art.。
陶瓷成型工艺 英语
陶瓷成型工艺在英语中通常被称为Ceramic forming processes 或Ceramic shaping techniques。
下面是一些常见的陶瓷成型工艺及其英文表达:
1. 压制(Pressing):在固体粉末中施加高压力以形成所需形状。
2. 注射成型(Injection Molding):将陶瓷浆料注入模具中,通过压力使其充满模具并形成所需形状。
3. 挤出(Extrusion):将陶瓷浆料通过模具挤出,形成连续的截面。
4. 滚压(Roller Compaction):通过在陶瓷粉末上施加辊子的压力,使其在模具中形成所需形状。
5. 粘土成型(Clay Forming):使用湿陶瓷粘土,在模具或手工塑造的过程中形成所需形状。
6. 烧结(Sintering):将成型好的陶瓷件置于高温下,使其颗粒结合并形成固体。
7. 热等静压(Hot Isostatic Pressing):在高压和高温环境下对陶瓷进行均匀压实和烧结。
8. 凝胶注模(Gel Casting):将悬浮在溶胶中的陶瓷颗粒注入模具中,通过凝胶状态的溶胶固化形成所需形状。
9. 胶结(Bonding):使用陶瓷粉末或陶瓷涂层将两个
或多个陶瓷件粘合在一起。
陶瓷膜生产工艺流程英语
陶瓷膜生产工艺流程英语Ceramic Membrane Production Process Flow.Ceramic membranes have gained increasing attention in various industries due to their exceptional properties, including high thermal and chemical stability, excellent selectivity, and long-term durability. The production of ceramic membranes involves a complex and multi-step process that requires careful control of materials, processing parameters, and quality assurance. Here is a detailed overview of the typical production process flow for ceramic membranes:1. Raw Material Preparation.The first step in the production process is the preparation of the raw materials used to fabricate the ceramic membrane. These materials typically include ceramic powders, such as alumina (Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), or titania (TiO2), as well as binders and additives. The rawmaterials are carefully selected and characterized to ensure their purity, particle size distribution, and other relevant properties that will affect the final membrane characteristics.2. Slurry Formation.The ceramic powders are mixed with a liquid medium, such as water or an organic solvent, to form a slurry. The slurry is carefully formulated to achieve the desired viscosity, solids loading, and homogeneity. Additives, such as binders and dispersants, may be added to enhance the stability and processability of the slurry.3. Membrane Forming.Various techniques can be employed to form the ceramic membrane from the prepared slurry. Common methods include:Slip Casting: The slurry is poured into a mold, and the liquid is gradually removed through evaporation or filtration, leaving behind a solid ceramic layer.Extrusion: The slurry is forced through a die to create hollow fibers or tubular membranes.Tape Casting: A thin film of the slurry is spread onto a moving substrate, and the liquid is removed to form a flexible ceramic membrane.4. Drying.After the membrane has been formed, it is subjected to a drying process to remove the remaining liquid. Drying is typically carried out in a controlled environment with gradual temperature and humidity adjustments to prevent cracking or warping of the membrane.5. Sintering.Sintering is a crucial step in the production process where the dried ceramic membrane is heated to a high temperature below its melting point. During sintering, the ceramic particles fuse together, forming a dense and porousstructure. The temperature and duration of sintering significantly influence the membrane's properties, such as porosity, permeability, and mechanical strength.6. Functionalization.In some cases, the ceramic membrane may undergo additional functionalization steps to enhance its performance or impart specific properties. This may involve surface modifications, such as coating or grafting, to improve selectivity, fouling resistance, or compatibility with specific applications.7. Quality Control.Throughout the production process, rigorous quality control measures are implemented to ensure the consistency and performance of the ceramic membranes. The membranes are subjected to various tests to evaluate their physical, chemical, and functional characteristics, including porosity, permeability, selectivity, and mechanical strength. Membranes that meet the desired specificationsare selected for further processing or application.8. Packaging and Storage.The finished ceramic membranes are carefully packagedto prevent damage during storage and transportation. The packaging materials are selected to maintain the integrity and cleanliness of the membranes. Proper storage conditions, such as controlled temperature and humidity, are maintained to preserve the membrane's performance and extend its shelf life.Conclusion.The production of ceramic membranes involves a complex and multi-step process that requires careful control of materials, processing parameters, and quality assurance. By optimizing each step of the process, manufacturers can produce high-quality ceramic membranes with tailored properties for a wide range of applications in industries such as water treatment, gas separation, and chemical processing. Continuous advancements in materials science,fabrication techniques, and characterization methods are paving the way for the development of novel ceramic membranes with improved performance and functionality.。
陶瓷的制作流程英文
陶瓷的制作流程英文English:The process of making ceramics typically starts with the selection of raw materials, including clay, minerals, and other additives. These materials are then mixed together and formed into the desired shape through various techniques such as hand-building, wheel-throwing, or slip casting. Once the ceramic body is formed, it is dried to remove excess moisture before being fired in a kiln at high temperatures. This firing process strengthens the clay body and turns it into a durable and non-porous material. After the initial firing, the ceramic piece may undergo glazing, a process in which a liquid glass-like substance is applied to the surface before being fired again. This second firing not only fuses the glaze to the ceramic body but also creates the final finish and color of the piece. The finished ceramic piece may then undergo additional processes such as decorating, polishing, or assembly before it is ready for use or display.中文翻译:陶瓷制作的过程通常从选择原材料开始,包括黏土、矿物质和其他添加剂。
瓷器工艺流程的英文介绍
瓷器工艺流程的英文介绍The ceramic art process is an intricate journey that begins with the careful selection of high-quality raw materials, primarily kaolin and quartz. These materials, mixed with water and other additives, are meticulously combined to form a workable consistency known as the "clay body." This preparation stage is crucial as it lays the foundation for the entire ceramic piece.Once the clay body is ready, the artisan moves on to the shaping process. This involves various techniques such as throwing, pressing, and casting, all aimed at transforming the raw material into desired forms. The shaped porcelain is then left to dry naturally, a crucial phase that ensures the stability of the final product.After drying, the next step is bisque firing, where the porcelain is heated to a high temperature, removing most of the water content and hardening the structure. This step is followed by glazing, where a layer of glass-like materialis applied to the surface of the porcelain, enhancing its appearance and durability.The decoration phase is where the artisan's creativity truly shines. Techniques such as painting, engraving, and glazing are used to create intricate designs and vibrant colors on the porcelain surface. These decorations not only enhance the aesthetic value of the piece but also reflect the artisan's skill and craftsmanship.The final step is the glaze firing, where the decorated porcelain is heated to a very high temperature, fusing the glaze with the surface and creating a permanent, glassy layer. This firing process brings out the colors and designs, giving the ceramic its final look and feel.Throughout the entire process, precision and attention to detail are paramount. Each step requires meticulous care and expertise, ensuring that the final ceramic piece is not just a utilitarian object but a work of art that can be cherished for generations.The ceramic art process is not just a series of steps; it's a journey that combines tradition, skill, and creativity. It's a testament to the endless possibilities of human ingenuity and a reminder of the beauty and durability of natural materials. As each piece of ceramic is unique in its own way, so is the artisan who created it, leaving their mark in every stroke, every shape, and every color.。
陶瓷厂配料员工作流程英语
陶瓷厂配料员工作流程英语Workflow of a Ceramic Plant Batching Operator.Introduction.In a ceramic plant, the batching operator plays a vital role in ensuring the production of high-quality ceramic products. The batching process involves the precise weighing and mixing of various raw materials to create the desired ceramic body composition. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the workflow of a ceramic plant batching operator, highlighting their responsibilities, procedures, and quality control measures.Responsibilities of a Ceramic Plant Batching Operator.The responsibilities of a ceramic plant batching operator typically include:Receiving raw materials and verifying theirspecifications.Weighing and measuring raw materials according to established recipes.Mixing and blending raw materials to achieve the desired homogeneity.Maintaining accurate records of batching operations.Monitoring equipment performance and troubleshooting any issues.Ensuring compliance with safety regulations and quality standards.Collaborating with other departments, such as production and quality control.Batching Process.The batching process typically follows a standardizedprocedure that includes the following steps:1. Receiving and Verifying Raw Materials.Raw materials are received from suppliers and inspected to ensure they meet the required specifications. The operator verifies the material type, quantity, and any accompanying documentation.2. Weighing and Measuring Raw Materials.Using calibrated scales and measuring devices, the operator weighs and measures the raw materials according to the specified recipe. Accuracy is crucial to ensure the correct composition of the ceramic body.3. Mixing and Blending.The weighed raw materials are mixed and blended thoroughly to achieve homogeneity. This can be done using various mixing equipment, such as pug mills, ribbon blenders, or tumbling mixers.4. Batch Documentation.Detailed records of each batch are maintained,including the raw materials used, quantities, mixing parameters, and any observations made during the process. This documentation is essential for quality control and traceability.5. Equipment Maintenance.The operator is responsible for maintaining the batching equipment in good working order. Regular cleaning, calibration, and preventive maintenance ensure the accuracy and efficiency of the batching process.Quality Control.Maintaining product quality is a critical aspect of a batching operator's role. Quality control measures include:1. Raw Material Verification.Raw materials are tested to ensure they meet the specified chemical and physical properties. This includes conducting chemical analysis, particle size distribution measurements, and moisture content determination.2. Batch Consistency.Batch consistency is monitored by comparing the properties of each batch to established standards. This includes testing for moisture content, particle size distribution, and fired properties.3. Product Traceability.The batch documentation system allows for the traceability of each batch throughout the manufacturing process. This is essential for identifying any potential quality issues and implementing corrective actions.4. Collaboration.The batching operator collaborates with other departments, such as production and quality control, to ensure that the ceramic body meets the desired properties and specifications. This involves sharing information, troubleshooting issues, and implementing process improvements.Conclusion.The ceramic plant batching operator plays a critical role in ensuring the production of high-quality ceramic products. By carefully following established procedures, maintaining equipment, and adhering to quality control measures, the batching operator contributes to the overall efficiency and reliability of the ceramic manufacturing process.。
制作陶瓷碗的步骤作文英语
制作陶瓷碗的步骤作文英语Title: Crafting a Ceramic Bowl: Step-by-Step Process。
Introduction:Crafting ceramic bowls is a meticulous process that combines artistry, skill, and precision. From shaping the clay to firing the finished piece, each step contributes to the creation of a unique and functional work of art. Inthis essay, we will explore the detailed process of making a ceramic bowl, from start to finish.Step 1: Preparation of Materials。
The first step in crafting a ceramic bowl is gathering all the necessary materials. These typically include clay, water, a potter's wheel, various shaping tools, a kiln, glazes, and brushes. It's essential to ensure that the clay is well-prepared, free from impurities, and at the right consistency for molding.Step 2: Wedging the Clay。
Before beginning the shaping process, the clay needs to be wedged thoroughly. Wedging removes air bubbles and ensures the clay is homogeneous in texture, making it easier to work with and less prone to cracking during firing. This step requires kneading and folding the clay repeatedly to achieve the desired smoothness and consistency.Step 3: Centering the Clay on the Wheel。
陶瓷工艺流程的英文描述
陶瓷工艺流程的英文描述The ceramic production process typically involves the following steps:1. Raw material preparation: The raw materials, including clay, silica, feldspar, and other additives, are selected and mixed in precise proportions. They are then crushed, ground, and sometimes screened to achieve the desired particle size.2. Shaping: The blended raw materials are formed into the desired shape using various techniques, such as molding, throwing, or extrusion. This step can be done manually or using machinery.3. Drying: The shaped ceramic objects are allowed to dry slowly in controlled conditions to remove the moisture. This is typically done in a drying chamber or by air drying.4. Bisque firing: The dried ceramic pieces are then placed in a kiln and fired at a relatively low temperature, known as bisque firing. This step helps to harden the objects and remove any remaining moisture.5. Glazing: After the bisque firing, a glaze or ceramic coating is applied to the surface of the objects. This glaze can be composed of variousmaterials, including frits, oxides, and pigments. The glazing process may involve dipping, spraying, or brushing the objects.6. Glaze firing: The glazed ceramic pieces are fired in a kiln at a higher temperature than the bisque firing. This firing process causes the glaze to melt and fuse with the underlying ceramic body, creating a smooth, glass-like finish.7. Decoration: Once the glaze firing is complete, the ceramic objects may be decorated using various techniques, such as hand painting, screen printing, or decal transfer.8. Final firing: The decorated ceramic pieces undergo a final firing in the kiln at a temperature appropriate for the type of clay and glaze used. This firing ensures that the decoration is permanently fused to the surface and that the ceramic objects have reached their maximum strength and durability.9. Quality control: Throughout the production process, quality control measures are implemented to ensure that the ceramic objects meet the desired specifications and standards. This may involve inspecting for defects, conducting tests for strength and durability, and making anynecessary adjustments or repairs.10. Finishing: Finally, any finishing touches, such as trimming, polishing, or adding handles or other accessories, are made to complete the ceramic objects and prepare them for packaging and distribution.。
陶器制作工艺流程英语表达
陶器制作工艺流程英语表达The Process of Pottery Making.Pottery is an ancient craft that involves shaping and firing clay into durable containers and objects. The art of pottery making has been passed down through generations, with each artisan adding their own unique touch to the process. The following is a detailed description of the pottery making process, from start to finish.1. Clay Preparation.The first step in pottery making is preparing the clay. Clay is a naturally occurring material that is composed of fine particles of weathered rock. It is dug out of the ground and then processed to remove impurities and make it suitable for shaping. This process involves grinding, sieving, and mixing the clay with water to form a plastic mass.2. Shaping the Clay.Once the clay is prepared, it is ready to be shapedinto the desired form. This can be done by hand or with the help of tools such as wheels or molds. Hand-building involves shaping the clay directly with the hands, while wheel-throwing involves using a potter's wheel to spin the clay into a round shape. Molding involves pressing the clay into a pre-made mold to create a specific shape.3. Drying the Greenware.After shaping the clay, it is left to dry slowly. This process is called "drying greenware" because the unfired clay is still porous and fragile. It is important to dry the clay slowly to prevent cracking or warping. This process can take several days or even weeks, depending on the thickness and size of the piece.4. Bisque Firing.Once the greenware is dry, it is ready to be fired in akiln. The first firing, called bisque firing, removes most of the water and organic matter from the clay, making it hard and durable. This firing process typically takes place at temperatures between 700-1000°C (1300-1800°F).5. Glazing and Decorating.After bisque firing, the pottery can be glazed and decorated. Glaze is a glassy material that is applied to the surface of the pottery and then fired again, fusing it to the surface and creating a smooth, shiny finish. Glazes can be applied in a variety of ways, including dipping, brushing, or spraying. Decoration can also be added at this stage, such as painting or stamping designs onto the surface.6. Glaze Firing.Once the glaze has been applied and the decoration is complete, the pottery is ready for the final firing, called glaze firing. This firing process is typically done at higher temperatures than bisque firing, usually between1000-1300°C (1800-2400°F). This firing fuses the glaze to the surface of the pottery, creating the final shiny, durable finish.7. Cooling and Finishing.After glaze firing, the pottery is removed from thekiln and allowed to cool slowly. Once cool, it is inspected for any flaws or imperfections and then cleaned andpolished if necessary. The final step is to add any handles, knobs, or other attachments that were not added during the shaping process.In conclusion, pottery making is a complex andrewarding craft that requires skill, patience, andattention to detail. From preparing the clay to shaping, drying, firing, glazing, decorating, and finishing, each step is crucial in creating a beautiful and functionalpiece of pottery. With practice and experimentation,artisans can create unique and inspiring works of art that will last for generations.。
中英文卫生瓷洁具生产流程
SANITARY WARE PRODUCTION卫生瓷生产1. PRECRUSHING OF RAW MATERIALS原料初碎Hard materials (硬质料) like feldspar长石,quartz (石英),may be precrushed (初碎),in order to reduce (减少) the grinding (研磨) time during preparation (制备). The hard materials are charged (装) to an impact crusher (锤击破碎机), for reducing (缩小) the grain size (粒度). A vibrating sieve (振动筛) separates oversized (过大的) grain, which is returned (返回) to the crusher (破碎机).The crushed (破碎过的) materials are stored in silos (料仓). Zircon sand (锆英砂) has to be ground (研磨) in a ball mill (球磨机) to a maximum (最大) size of 100 micron (微米) and is then ground in a vibro-energy-mill (振动磨) to the final sizes.1、原料初碎为了缩短原料制备过程的研磨时间,诸如长石,石英之类的硬质原料可先进行初碎。
将这些硬质料放进锤击破碎机内缩小其粒度。
较大的颗粒由振动筛分离出去,返回破碎机。
破碎过的原料储存在料仓内。
锆英砂应在球磨机内研磨,使最大粒度不超过100微米,然后再放入振动磨内研磨到所需要的粒度。
2. BODY PREPARATION坯料制备According to (按照)the composition (配方), the raw materials are taken out of the boxes by a shovel loader(装载机), weighed(称重)on a platform scale (台秤)and dumped(倾倒)into a box feeder (加料箱). The amount loaded into the box feeder is recorded by the shovel loader driver.As soon as a batch(批料)is collected in the box feeder, a ball mill (球磨机)can be charged (加料). The materials leaving the box feeder pass a clay(粘土)slicer (切碎机)in order to cut chunks(大块)of clay to smaller size for easy dissolving(细碎)of the clay in the ball mill. By means of(通过)conveyor belts(输送带)the raw materials are transported into the ball mills.After adding the right amount of water via a water meter, they are formed to a fine slip (细浆). Grinding time will be approx 10 to 16 hours, depending on the materials. This slip is emptied via a course screen (粗目筛)into a propeller blunger tank(螺旋桨搅拌池). From there the slip is pumped to the mixing blunger(混合搅拌机). The scrap (废料)and broken pieces are putdissolved (溶解). This slip will be pumped over a screen to a storage tank. From there the scrap slip (回浆)is added to the mixing blunger.The ready prepared slip is pumped over a screen into slip storage containers(泥浆罐).2、坯料制备按照配方,用装载机将原料从料仓内取出,经台秤称重,倒入加料箱。
英文版陶瓷生产工艺ceramic tiles manufacturing process
2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUESCERAMIC TILE MANUFACTURING PROCESSThe ceramic tile manufacturing process consists of a series of successive stages, which can be summarised as follows:§Raw materials preparation§Pressing and drying of the green body§Firing, with or without glazing§Additional treatments§Sorting and packingDepending on whether the product to be made is glazed or not, and whether single fire, twice fire or third fire is involved, the tile will or will not be glazed in a given process, or the order of the glazing and firing stages will be suitably rearranged. (Figure 1).Figure 1. Diagram of the manufacturing processes considered.Raw materials preparation – Wet milling – Spray drying - Pressing - Drying - (Firing) - Glazing - Firing (Variable without glazing and with or without polishing) (Variable with cogeneration). Raw materials preparation – Dry milling - Pressing - (Firing) - Glazing - Firing.Raw materials preparation - Mixing - Extrusion - (Glazing) - Firing.Raw materials prep arationThe ceramic process starts by selecting the raw materials required for the body composition, which are mainly clays, feldspars, sands, carbonates and kaolins.In the traditional ceramic industry, the raw materials are generally used as-mined or after some minor treatment. As natural raw materials are involved, preliminary homogenisation is required in most cases to ensure consistent characteristics.Dry or wet millingAfter a first mixing of the body components, the mixture is usually dry milled (hammer or pendulum mills) or wet milled (continuous or batch ball mills).The resulting milled material exhibits different characteristics depending on whether dry or wet milling is used. In dry milling, fragmentation occurs and particle aggregates and agglomerates remain, with a larger particle size (there are particles larger than 300 microns) than by the wet method (all particles are smaller than 200 microns). A decisive factor in selecting the type of milling to be used is the capital outlay required in each case.Wet milling and spray dryingWet milling and subsequent spray drying are currently the most widely implemented methods in ceramic floor and wall tile manufacture by the single-fire process, owing to the important technical improvements they provi de. (Figure 2).Figure 2.In wet milling, the raw materials can be wholly or partially fed into the ball mills, which is normally the case, or they can be directly dispersed.Part of the water contained in the resulting suspension (slip) is removed by spray drying to obtain a product with the required moisture for each process stage. Spray drying is the most widely implemented drying method in tile manufacture.In this drying process, the fine drops of sprayed suspension come into contact with hot air to yield a solid with a low water content.The moisture content of the body slip usually ranges from 0.0-0.45 kg water/kg dry solid. The spray-drying process reduces the water content to 0.05-0.07 kg water/kg dry solid.Spray drying takes place according to the scheme shown in Figure 3:§Pumping and spraying the slip.§Hot gas generation and feed.§Drying by contact of hot gas-slip drops.§Separation of spray dried powder from the gases.Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the spray-drying process.The spray-drying operation is as follows. The slip from the milling facility storage tanks, with a60-70 % solids content and appropriate viscosity (around 1000cp.), is fed into the spray dryer byreciprocating pumps.The slip is sprayed as a fine mist, which dries on coming into contact with the hot gas stream.The gases come from a conventional air-natural gas burner or are exhaust gases from acogeneration turbine.The granulate, with a moisture content of between 5,5 and 7%, is discharged onto a conveyorbelt and conveyed to the silos for subsequent pressing.The stream of gases used to dry the slip and produce the powder are exhausted through the topof the spray dryer. The gases have a high water content and very fine suspended dust particles. The use of the spray-drying process to obtain the raw material for the body (spray-driedpowder) provides important advantages that favour the development of subsequentmanufacturing process stages. One of the most important advantages is producing highlyuniform, more or less spherical hollow granules that provide the spray-dried powder with highflowability and facilitate press die filling and the pressing of large-size tiles.Another advantage worth mentioning is that it allows performing two operations, namely dryingand granulation, simultaneously with same facilities. On the other hand, control of processvariables is very simple, although the considerable rigidity of the operating boundary conditions imposed by the facility’s geometry and constructive characteristic, need to be taken intoaccount. Further to be noted is the continuous character of the process, which allows processautomation.The energy costs of the drying process are quite high, but energy efficiency can be raised byheat recovery from the gases and electricity generation by installing cogeneration turbines.MixingIn this body preparation stage, the water and raw materials making up the body composition areclosely mixed to a consistent paste that is readily mouldable by extrusion.Tile formingDry pressingDry pressing (at 5-7% moisture content) with hydraulic presses is the most common tile forming method. Forming takes place by mechanically compressing the paste in the die and is one of the most cost-efficient forming methods for making ceramic ware with a regular geometry.In pressing, the oil-hydraulic press system drives the rams into the powder bed in the die. The main hydraulic press characteristics are as follows: high compaction force, high productivity, easy adjustment and consistency in holding the set pressing cycle schedule.The pressing facilities have developed significantly in the last few years with very sophisticated, easily adjustable and highly versatile programmers.ExtrusionTile forming by extrusion processes basically consists of putting the plastic body through a die that produces a constant tile cross section.The equipment involved is made up of three main parts: a driving system, the die and the cutter. The most common driving system is an auger.Drying of the green ceramic bodiesAfter forming, the tile body is dried to reduce the moisture content (0.2-0.5 %) to appropriately low levels for the firing and eventual glazing stages.In the dryers that are commonly used in the ceramic industry, heat is transferred mainly by convection from hot gases to the tile surface, and also slightly by radiation from these gases and from the dryer walls to the tile surface.Therefore, during the drying of ceramic bodies, a simultaneous and consecutive displacement of the water takes place through the wet solid and the gas. The air used must be sufficiently dry and hot, because it not only serves to remove the water from the solid but also to provide energy in the form of heat to evaporate the water.At present, the bodies are dried in vertical or horizontal dryers. After shaping, the bodies are placed in the dryer where they face a hot gas countercurrent. The hot gases come from an air–natural gas burner or from the kiln cooling stack. The main heat transfer mechanism between the air and the bodies is convection.In the vertical dryers, the pieces are fed into baskets consisting of several decks of rollers. The groups of baskets move upward through the dryer, where they come into contact with the hot gases. The temperature in this type of dryer is normally less than 200ºC and the drying cycles range from 35-50 minutes.The horizontal dryers are designed like the rollers kilns. The items are fed onto different decks inside the dryer, and conveyed horizonta lly on the rollers. Burners located on the sides of the kiln produce the hot drying air countercurrent. The maximum temperature in these types of facilities is usually higher than in the vertical dryers (around 350ºC) and the drying cycles are shorter, between 15 and 25 minutes.Overall, horizontal dryers have a lower energy consumption compared to the vertical dryers due to a better arrangement of the items inside the dryer and a lower thermal mass.The resulting emission from the drying stage is a gaseous stream with a temperature of about 110ºC, with a very low concentration of suspended particulates from the tile surfaces being drawn along in the exhaust stream.Firing, with or without glazingUnglazed products are fired after the drying stage. Similarly, in the case of glazed twice-fire products, the green bodies are fired after drying.GlazingGlazing involves applying one or more coats of glaze with a total thickness of 75-500 microns onto the tile proper surface by different methods. Glazing is done to provide the fired product with a series of technical and esthetical properties such as impermeability, cleanability, gloss, colour, surface texture, and chemical and mechanical resistance.The nature of the resulting glaze coating is essentially v itreous, although in many cases the glaze structure contains crystalline elements.Glazes and fritsThe glaze, just like the ceramic body, is made up of a series of inorganic raw materials. The major glaze component is silica (glass former), as well as other elements that act as fluxes (alkalis, alkaline earths, boron, zinc, etc.), opacifiers (zirconium, titanium, etc.), and as colouring agents (iron, chromium, cobalt, manganese, etc.).A wide variety of glazes are formulated depending on the type of product, firing temperature, and the desired effects and properties of the finished product.In other ceramic processes (porcelain artware, sanitary ware), glazes are formulated that only contain crystalline, natural or synthetic raw materials, which contribute the necessary oxides. However, in ceramic floor and wall tile manufacture, raw materials of a glassy nature (frits) are used. These are prepared from the same crystalline materials that have previously undergone heat treatment at high temperature.Frits: Nature, advantages, composition and manufacture.Frits are vitreous compounds, insoluble in water, made by melting at high temperature (1500ºC) followed by fast cooling of the raw materials mixture. Most of the glaze compositions used in tile manufacture have a larger or smaller fritted part, which can consist of a single frit or blend of different types of frits.For a given chemical composition using frits has certain advantages compared to using unfritted raw materials, such as:Insolubility of certai n chemical elements.Lower toxicity; owing to its size and structure, the frit tends to form less ambient dust than the original raw materials, thus reducing the hazard associated with raw materials toxicity.Wider glaze working temperature range, as they have no defined melting points.The purpose of the frit production process, usually known as fritting, is to obtain a vitreous material that is insoluble in water by melting and subsequent cooling of the mixture of different materials.Figure 4. Fritting processThe process starts by proportioning the raw materials that have been previously selected and controlled. The different raw materials are then conveyed pneumatically to a mixer (Figure 4).A wide variety of frits is a vailable, differing in chemical composition and related physical characteristics. As indicated above, the components that in themselves are soluble or toxic are always provided in fritted form to significantly reduce their solubility. This is the case with lead, boron, alkalis, and some other minor elements. The rest of the components can be used in fritted form or as a crystalline raw material, depending on the desired effect.Frits can be classified according to very different criteria: in terms of their chemical composition (lead, boric, et.), physical characteristics (opaque, transparent, etc.), melting range (fluxing, hard), etc. A range of frits has been developed for specific manufacturing processes, featuring various concrete characteristics, thus making it even harder to classify ceramic frits. The raw materials mixture is conveyed to a hopper that feeds it into the fritting kiln by means of an auger, whose speed controls raw materials mass flow into the kiln. The material’s residence time inside the kiln is defined by the raw materials melting rate and melt flowability.The kiln is fitted with natural gas burners, using air or oxygen as an oxidising agent. These systems allow reaching the required temperatures of 1400-1600ºC for this process.Before exhausting the combustion gases through the stack, they are led through a heat exchanger to recover energy for combustion air pre-heating.The fritting process can be run non-stop with continuous kilns followed by quenching in water or air-cooling, or in rotary batch kilns followed by quenching in water.Continuous kilns have a tilted base to facilitate the descent of the molten mass. An overflow is fitted at the outlet, together with a burner that heats the viscous frit melt to prevent sudden cooling on contact with the air, facilitating continuous emptying of the kiln.The melt can be cooled by:Water. The molten material is quenched on falling into the water. The resulting thermal shock makes the glass shatter into small irregular fragments. These are removed from the water by an auger and subsequently conveyed to a dryer to eliminate any remaining moisture from quenching.Raw materialsDosageWaterDryingFrit AirAir. In this case, the molten mass is drawn between two cylinders, fitted with internal air cooling, producing a very fragile sheet that breaks up readily into small flakes.The batch process is used to produce frits for which there is less demand. In this case, the materials are melted in a rotary kiln, usually followed by quenching in water, these being the only differences from the continuous process.The rotary kiln consists of a steel cylinder lined with refractory material, which rotates to homogenise the molten mass. A burner is located at one end of the kiln, with the flame facing into the kiln.The arising gas emissions during continuous and batch melting processes contain gaseous compounds from combustion, gases from the volatilisation of the raw materials feed, and particulates drawn along by the combustion gases exiting the kiln. It is important to note that the composition of these particulates is similar to that of the frit being produced.Glazes: Preparation and application. DecorationIn the glaze preparation process, the frit and additives are usually ground in alumina ball mills until a preset reject is obtained. The c onditions of the aqueous suspension are then adjusted. Suspension characteristics will depend on the application method to be used.Ceramic tile glazing is done continuously. The most common application methods used in tile manufacture are by waterfall glazing, spraying, dry glazing or decorating.Screen-printing is the most widespread tile decorating technique, due to the ease of this application in the glazing lines. The technique is used in single, twice and third firing, and it consists of printing a given design by means of one or more printing screens (tensioned fabric with a set mesh aperture). The screen surface is masked, and the printing ink is only put through the openings of the design to be reproduced. When the squeegee crosses the screen it presses the printing ink through the openings left in the screen, thus printing the design on the tile.FiringFiring is one of the most important tile manufacturing process stages as most tile characteristics depend on it. These include mechanical strength, dimensional stability, chemical resistance, cleanability, fire resistance, etc.The main variables to be considered in the firing stage are the thermal cycle (temperature-time, Figure 5) and kiln atmosphere, which must be adapted to each composition and manufacturing technology, according to the ceramic product to be made.In the firing operation, the tiles are subjected to a thermal cycle during which a series of reactions take place in the piece, generating changes in the microstructure and providing the desired final properties.Single and twice fireCeramic materials can undergo one, two or more firings. The unglazed ceramic tiles are fired once; glazed tiles can be fired once after applying the glaze to the green tile (single-firing process), or the body may be fired first, followed by glaze application and subsequent second firing (twice-fire process).There may sometimes be an additional drying stage after glazing. This occurs just before the material is placed in the kiln to reduce tile water moisture content to low enough levels for the firing stage to be carried out properly.Fast firingThis is currently the prevailing ceramic tile firing method and is done in single-deck roller kilns. It has contributed to reducing firing schedules to less than 40 minutes, due to the heightened coefficients of heat transmission to the tiles, as well as their uniformity and flexibility.In the single-deck roller kilns, the tiles travel over rollers and the heat required for firing is provided by natural gas–air burners fitted at the sides of the kiln. The main heat transmission mechanisms are convection and radiation. (Figure 6).As non-muffled kilns are involved, gas comes into direct contact with the tiles. This heightens the heat transmission coefficients, reduces the firing cycle and energy consumption and increases kiln flexibility compared to the kilns that were formerly used.The hot gases that arise in firing are released into the air by two emission sources. On the one hand there are the gases from the preheating and firing zone, which are exhausted via a stack at the kiln entrance and the gases from the cooling zone, which are exhausted via a stack at the kiln exit.The gases from the preheating and firing processes are mainly composed of substances from combustion and pollutant gaseous components from raw materials decomposition and suspended dust particles. The gases from the cooling stage consist of hot air and can contain dust particulates.Additional treatmentIn some cases, particularly in porcelain tiles, the fired tile surface is polished to produce a shiny unglazed homogeneous tile.Sorting and packingThe ceramic tile manufacturing process ends with sorting and packing. Sorting is done by automatic systems with mechanical equipment and tile surface inspection. The result is a controlled product with regard to dimensional regularity, surface appearance and mechanical and chemical characteristics.。
瓷器工艺流程的英文介绍
瓷器工艺流程的英文介绍English:The process of making ceramic artwork involves several stages that require precision and attention to detail. It typically begins with the preparation of the clay, which is mixed with water and other materials to create a workable consistency. The next step involves shaping the clay into the desired form using various techniques such as hand-building or wheel-throwing. Once the piece is formed, it is left to dry thoroughly before being fired in a kiln at high temperatures to harden it. Following the initial firing, the ceramics can be glazed using a variety of techniques to achieve different finishes and colors. The final firing process then takes place to set the glaze and complete the piece. The entire process requires skill, patience, and a deep understanding of the materials and techniques involved in creating ceramic artwork.Translated content:制作陶瓷艺术品的过程涉及多个阶段,需要精确和细致的注意。
Porcelain(白瓷制作流程英文版)
Porcelain(白瓷制作流程英文版)PorcelainAds by GoogleCeramic Injection Molding - Economic solutions for manufacture of complex component shapes. (/doc/dd14494227.html)Alumina Ceramic Tubes - 2-3" Dia. Alumina Tubes for Furnace Quick delivery at ever low price (/doc/dd14494227.html)Refractories & Monolithic - World Class Products Castable, Monolithic, Refractories (www.prism.co.in)BackgroundThe term porcelain refers to a wide range of ceramic products that have been baked at high temperatures to achieve vitreous, or glassy, qualities such as translucence and low porosity. Among the most familiar porcelain goods are table and decorative china, chemical ware, dental crowns, and electrical insulators. Usually white or off-white, porcelain comes in both glazed and unglazed varieties, with bisque, fired at a high temperature, representing the most popular unglazed variety.Although porcelain is frequently used as a synonym for china, the two are not identical. They resemble one another in that both are vitreous wares of extremely low porosity, and both can beglazed or unglazed. However, china, also known as soft-paste or tender porcelain, is softer: it can be cut with a file, while porcelain cannot. This difference is due to the higher temperatures at which true porcelain is fired,2,650 degrees Fahrenheit (1,454 degrees Celsius) compared to 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit (1,204 degrees Celsius) for china. Due to its greater hardness, porcelain has some medical and industrial applications which china, limited to domestic and artistic use, does not. Moreover, whereas porcelain is always translucent, china is opaque.Hard-paste or "true" porcelain originated in China during the T'ang dynasty (618-907 A.D.); however, high quality porcelain comparable to modern wares did not develop until the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368 A.D.). Early Chinese porcelain consisted of kaolin (china clay) and pegmatite, a coarse type of granite. Porcelain was unknown to European potters prior to the importation of Chinese wares during the Middle Ages. Europeans tried to duplicate Chinese porcelain, but, unable to analyze its chemical composition, they could imitate only its appearance. After mixing glass with tin oxide to render it opaque, European craftspeople tried combining clay and ground glass. These alternatives became known as soft-paste, glassy, or artificial porcelains. However, because they were softer than genuine porcelain, as well as expensive to produce, efforts to develop true porcelain continued. In 1707 two Germans named Ehrenfried Walter von Tschimhaus and Johann Friedrich Bottger succeeded by combining clay with ground feldspar instead of the ground glass previously used.Later in the eighteenth century the English further improved upon the recipe for porcelain when they invented bone china byadding ash from cattle bones to clay, feldspar, and quartz. Although bone china is fired at lower temperatures than true porcelain, the bone ash enables it to become translucent nonetheless. Because it is also easier to make, harder to chip, and stronger than hard porcelain, bone china has become the most popular type of porcelain in the United States and Britain (European consumers continue to favor hard porcelain).Raw MaterialsThe primary components of porcelain are clays, feldspar or flint, and silica, all characterized by small particle size. To create different types of porcelain, craftspeople combine these raw materials in varying proportions until they obtain the desired green (unfired) and fired properties.Although the composition of clay varies depending upon where it is extracted and how itTo make porcelain, the raw materials—such as clay, felspar, and silica—are first crushed using jaw crushers, hammer mills, and ball mills. After cleaning to remove improperly sized materials, the mixture is subjected to one of four forming processes—soft plastic forming, stiff plastic forming, pressing, or casting—depending on the type of ware being produced. The ware then undergoes a preliminary firing step, bisque-firing.is treated, all clays vitrify (develop glassy qualities), only at extremely high temperatures unless they are mixed with materials whose vitrification threshold is lower. Unlike glass, however, clay is refractory, meaning that it holds its shape when it is heated. In effect, porcelain combines glass's low porosity with clay's ability to retain its shape when heated, making it both easy to form and ideal for domestic use. The principal clays used tomake porcelain are china clay and ball clay, which consist mostly of kaolinate, a hydrous aluminum silicate.Feldspar, a mineral comprising mostly aluminum silicate, and flint, a type of hard quartz, function as fluxes in the porcelain body or mixture. Fluxes reduce the temperature at which liquid glass forms during firing to between 1,835 and 2,375 degrees Fahrenheit (1,000 and 1,300 degrees Celsius). This liquid phase binds the grains of the body together.Silica is a compound of oxygen and silicon, the two most abundant elements in the earth's crust. Its resemblance to glass is visible in quartz (its crystalline form), opal (its amorphous form), and sand (its impure form). Silica is the most common filler used tofacilitate forming and firing of the body, as well as to improve the properties of the finished product. Porcelain may also contain alumina, a compound of aluminum and oxygen, or low-alkali containing bodies, such as steatite, better known as soapstone.The ManufacturingProcessAfter the raw materials are selected and the desired amounts weighed, they go through a series of preparation steps. First, they are crushed and purified. Next, they are mixed together before being subjected to one of four forming processes—soft plastic forming, stiff plastic forming, pressing, or casting; the choice depends upon the typeof ware being produced. After the porcelain has been formed, it is subjected to a final purification process, bisque-firing, before being glazed. Glaze is a layer of decorative glass applied to and fired onto a ceramic body. The final manufacturing phase is firing, a heating step that takes place in a type of oven called a kiln.Crushing the raw materials1 First, the raw material particles are reduced to the desired size, which involves using a variety of equipment during several crushing and grindingsteps. Primary crushing is done in jaw crushers which use swinging metal jaws.Secondary crushing reduces particles to 0.1 inch (.25 centimeter) or less indiameter by using mullers (steel-tired wheels) or hammer mills, rapidlymoving steel hammers. For fine grinding, craftspeople use ball mills thatconsist of large rotating cylinders partially filled with steel or ceramic grinding media of spherical shape.Cleaning and mixing2 The ingredients are passed through a series of screens to remove any under- or over-sized materials. Screens, usually operated in a sloped position, arevibrated mechanically or electromechanically to improve flow. If the body isto be formed wet, the ingredients are then combined with water to produce thedesired consistency. Magnetic filtration is then used to remove iron from theslurries, as these watery mixtures of insoluble material are called. Becauseiron occurs so pervasively in most clays and will impartAfter bisque firing, the porcelain wares are put through a glazing operation,which applies the proper coating. The glaze can be applied by painting,dipping, pouring, or spraying. Finally, the ware undergoes a firing step in anoven or kiln. After cooling, the porcelain ware is complete.an undesirable reddish hue to the body if it oxidizes, removing it prior to firing is essential. If the body is to be formed dry, shell mixers, ribbon mixers, orintensive mixers are typically used.Forming the body3 Next, the body of the porcelain is formed. This can be done using one offour methods, depending on the type of ware being produced:o soft plastic forming, where the clay is shaped by manual molding, wheel throwing, jiggering, or ram pressing. In wheel throwing, a potterplaces the desired amount of body on a wheel and shapes it while thewheel turns. In jiggering, the clay is put on a horizontal plaster mold ofthe desired shape; that mold shapes one side of the clay, while a heateddie is brought down from above to shape the other side. In rampressing, the clay is put between two plaster molds, which shape itwhile forcing the water out. The mold is then separated by applyingvacuum to the upper half of the mold and pressure to thelower half ofthe mold. Pressure is then applied to the upper half to free the formedbody.o stiff plastic forming, which is used to shape less plastic bodies. The body is forced through a steel die to produce a column of uniform girth.This is either cut into the desired length or used as a blank for otherforming operations.o pressing, which is used to compact and shape dry bodies in a rigid die or flexible mold. There are several types of pressing, based on thedirection of pressure. Uniaxial pressing describes the process ofapplying pressure from only one direction, whereas isostatic pressingentails applying pressure equally from all sides.o slip casting, in which a slurry is poured into a porous mold. The liquid is filtered out through the mold, leaving a layer of solid porcelain body.Water continues to drain out of the cast layer, until the layer becomesrigid and can be removed from the mold. If the excess fluid is notdrained from the mold and the entire material is allowed to solidify, theprocess is known as solid casting.Bisque-firing4 After being formed, the porcelain parts are generallybisque-fired, which entails heating them at a relatively low temperature to vaporize volatilecontaminants and minimize shrinkage during firing.Glazing5 After the raw materials for the glaze have been ground they are mixed with water. Like the body slurry, the glaze slurry is screened and passed throughmagnetic filters to remove contaminants. It is then applied to the ware bymeans of painting, pouring, dipping, or spraying. Different types of glazes can be produced by varying the proportions of the constituent ingredients, such asalumina, silica, and calcia. For example, increasing the alumina anddecreasing the silica produces a matte glaze.Firing6 Firing is a further heating step that can be done in one of two types of oven, or kiln. A periodic kiln consists of a single, refractory-lined, sealed chamberwith burner ports and flues (or electric heating elements). It can fire only onebatch of ware at a time, but it is more flexible since the firing cycle can beadjusted for each product. A tunnel kiln is a refractory chamber severalhundred feet or more in length. It maintains certain temperature zonescontinuously, with the ware being pushed from one zone to another. Typically, the ware will enter a preheating zone and move through a central firing zonebefore leaving the kiln via a cooling zone. This type of kiln is usually moreeconomical and energy efficient than a periodic kiln.7 During the firing process, a variety of reactions take place. First, carbon-based impurities burn out, chemical water evolves (at 215 to 395 degreesFahrenheit or 100 to 200 degrees Celsius), and carbonates and sulfates beginto decompose (at 755 to 1,295 degrees Fahrenheit or 400 to 700 degreesCelsius). Gases are produced that must escape from the ware. On furtherheating, some of the minerals break down into other phases, and the fluxespresent (feldspar and flint) react with the decomposing minerals to form liquid glasses (at 1,295 to 2,015 degrees Fahrenheit or 700 to 1,100 degrees Celsius).These glass phases are necessary for shrinking and bonding the grains. Afterthe desired density is achieved (greater than 2,195 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,200 degrees Celsius), the ware is cooled, which causes the liquid glass to solidify,thereby forming a strong bond between the remaining crystalline grains. After cooling, the porcelain is complete.Quality ControlThe character of the raw materials is important in maintaining quality during the manufacturing process. The chemical composition, mineral phase, particle size distribution, and colloidal surface area affect the fired and unfired properties of the porcelain. With unfired body, the properties evaluatedinclude viscosity, plasticity, shrinkage, and strength. With fired porcelain, strength, porosity, color, and thermal expansion are measured. Many of these properties are monitored and controlled during manufacturing using statistical methods. Both the raw materials and the process parameters (milling time and forming pressure, for example) can be adjusted to achieve desired quality.The FutureHigh-quality porcelain art and dinnerware will continue to enhance the culture. Improvements in manufacturing will continue to increase both productivity and energy efficiency. For instance, a German kiln manufacturer has developed a prefabricated tunnel kiln for fast firing high-quality porcelain in less than 5 hours. Firing is achieved by partly reducing atmosphere at a maximum firing temperature of 2,555 degrees Fahrenheit (1,400 degrees Celsius). The kiln uses high-velocity burners and an automatic control system, producing 23,000 pounds (11,500 kilograms) of porcelain in 24 hours.Manufacturers of porcelain products may also have to increase their recycling efforts, due to the increase in environmental regulations. Though unfired scrap is easily recycled, fired scrap poses a problem: mechanically strong and therefore hard to break down, it is usually dumped into landfills. However, preliminary research has shown that fired scrap can be reused after thermal quenching (where the scrap is reheated and then quickly cooled), which makes it weaker and easier to break down. The scrap can then be used as a raw material.Porcelain appears to be playing a more important role in technical applications. Recent patents have been issued to Japanese and American companies in the area of electricalinsulators and dental prostheses. NGK Insulators, Ltd., a Japanese manufacturer, has developed high-strength porcelain for electrical insulators, whereas Murata Manufacturing Co. has developed low-temperature-sintering porcelain components for electronic applications.。
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陶瓷生产流程英文版外贸陶瓷必看!!
以下以贴花和手绘,分别介绍釉上彩和釉下彩的工艺流程:
第一种;Decaled Dinnerware
ling 练泥
Various raw materials including feldspar, silica, clay and pottery stone are mixed and fine-milled in the ball mill.
2.Filter press & Vacuum extrusion 摞泥
The clay body is made by filter-pressing the slip. The pressed body de-aired and extruded to the required size through the pug mill.
3.Green Making 制坯
Using appropriated roller head and plaster mould, green body is formed. For the irregular shapes such as teapots and figurines, slip casting is used. In casting, liquid clay (slip) is poured into plaster moulds and the green shape forms on the mould as the water is absorbed through the plaster mould.
4.Finishing 修坯
The rough edges and foot of the green ware are cleaned with wet sponge by automatic edge-cleaning machine or by skilled hand
5.Glazing 上釉
To seal the surface of the biscuit body and to give the product its glossy finish, glaze is applied using automatic glaze spraying line.
6.Glost firing 烧釉
Carefully loading the glazed ware onto a kiln car, the glazed ware is fired at 1280∑C. At the temperature, the glaze powder melts and turns into a transparent glass layer covering the biscuit body. The glost-fired ware is inspected and ready for the decoration.
7.Lithography 贴花
The printed decal is transferred onto the glost ware and dried.
8.Decoration firing 二次烧结
The decal and the ware are fired at appropriated temperatures and the printed patterns permanently fuse onto the glaze layer to give permanent durable decoration.
9.Inspeciton & Packaging 修整成箱
Experienced eyes in the inspection area checks for possible faults in the ware and the finished ware is packaged as necessary。