跨文化交际考试重点归纳
跨文化交际 知识点总结
跨文化交际知识点总结一、文化差异文化差异是跨文化交际中最显而易见的挑战之一。
不同文化有着不同的价值观、信仰、习俗和礼仪，这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。
因此，了解不同文化之间的差异是非常重要的。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要尊重并理解对方的文化，避免出现冲突和误解。
二、语言障碍语言是人们进行跨文化交际的工具，而不同的语言可能会带来沟通障碍。
在跨文化交际中，人们可能面对语言不通、口音差异、语法错误等问题。
因此，提前学习和了解对方的语言是非常重要的。
此外，人们还可以通过学习一些国际通用的语言，比如英语，来帮助解决语言障碍。
三、非语言交流除了语言交流之外，非语言交流也是跨文化交际中非常重要的一部分。
比如肢体语言、眼神交流、面部表情等都能传递出人们内心的真实想法和感情。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要学会观察和理解对方的非语言信号，这样才能更好地进行交流和沟通。
四、文化敏感度文化敏感度指的是对不同文化的敏感和理解能力。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要拥有足够的文化敏感度，才能更好地进行交流和合作。
文化敏感度包括对不同文化的尊重、理解和包容，同时也要避免出现歧视和偏见。
五、文化适应能力文化适应能力是指在不同文化环境中，人们能够适应和融入当地文化的能力。
在跨文化交际中，人们有时需要到不同的文化环境中工作和生活，这就需要他们具备一定的文化适应能力。
文化适应能力包括对当地文化的理解和尊重，同时也要保持自己的文化特色和认同感。
六、跨文化沟通技巧跨文化沟通技巧包括对话技巧、谈判技巧、冲突管理等。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要具备一定的跨文化沟通技巧，才能更好地进行跨文化交际。
比如，人们需要学会用简单明了的语言沟通，避免使用隐晦难懂的词语；在谈判时，要尊重对方的文化和利益；在冲突出现时，要学会妥善处理，避免情绪化和愤怒。
总之，跨文化交际是当今社会中非常普遍的现象，人们需要学会适应和处理好跨文化交际中的各种挑战和障碍。
除了以上所述的知识点之外，还有许多其他的跨文化交际知识点，比如文化适应、文化冲突解决等等。
跨文化交际重点梳理
重点1 Definition of cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and munication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.重点2 Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is sharedCulture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.It is not property of any individual.2、culture is cumulativeHuman beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.Every generations can discover the new things.The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.3、culture is learnedCulture is not inherent with any people.Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from previous generations.And it should be taught and learned by people.4、culture is adaptiveCulture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive5、culture is dynamicAt the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.6、culture is symbolicSymbols generally serve as municative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.7 、culture is relationalCulture is an organic whole. All the ponents of culture are interlinked.8 、culture is implicit and e*plicitSome layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating ,dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.9、 culture is universal10 、culture is diversified重点3 Hall，s dimensionsHigh conte*tHigh-conte*t munication relies heavily on nonverbal, conte*tual and shared cultural meanings.The meanings are not fully e*pressed.Meanings are determined by 〞 things are said , rather than 〞 is said.日本欧洲东部和南部阿拉伯CollectivismLow conte*tVerbal codes rather than the information impliesClear straight and to-the-point munication美国德国斯堪的纳维亚IndividualismMonochromic cultureDo one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, low-conte*t and need information, mit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptnessPolychromic cultureDo many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time mitments an objective to be achieved, high-conte*t and already have information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.重点4 Triandis，s individualism & collectivismIndividualismFosters independence and individual achievement,Promotes self-e*pression ,personal choice, individual thinkingAssociated with egalitarian relationships and fle*ibility in rolesUnderstand the physical world as knowable apart of human lifeCollectivismInterdependence and group successPromotes adherence to normsAssociated with stable, hierarchical rolesShared property, group ownership重点5 Elements of municationSource (sender)EncodingMessageMedium(channel)ReceiverDecodingResponseFeedback重点6 Grice，s cooperative principle Quantity ma*imMake your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of e*change.Do not make your contribution more information than isrequired.〔量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息〕Quality ma*imMake your contribution is ture〔质的准则——话语的容是真正的〕Relation ma*imBe relevant〔关系准则——话语与话题有关，即与所要实现的意图有关〕Manner ma*imBe perspicuousAvoid obscurity of e*pressionAvoid ambiguityDe brief and orderly(方式准则——说话要清晰明白、简洁而有条理)重点7 Brown & levinson’s face theoryFace is something that is emotionally invested, can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be often attended to in municationPeople cooperate while maintaining face in interaction. Face theory : face threatening acts (FTAs)Politeness strategiesPoliteness 子威胁行为威胁行为strategies: bald on-record不使用补救措施赤裸裸的公开实行面off-record indirect strategy 非公开的实行面子negative politeness 消极礼貌策略Positive politeness 积极礼貌策略Face: negative facePositive face重点8 Thought patternsField dependence场依存性Holistic thinking eastern peoplePerspective of the whole, all the relevant parts take into account.Easily influence by othersField independence场独立性Analytic thinking western peopleDivinding the whole into parts to analyze the features or relations between the partsHardly influence by othersEastern: field-dependence, holistic thinking, high-conte*t Western: field-independence, analytic thinking, low-conte*t 重点9 Phases of negotiationPreparation 准备Non-task sounding 非任务测探Task-oriented e*changePersuasion 劝说ConcessionConclusion重点10 ponents of a brandBrand name 品牌名称〔产品〕Brand mark 品牌标志〔产品〕Trade name 商号〔公司名字〕Trade mark 品牌商标重点11 SWOT analysisStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats重点12 Intercultural advertising strategiesStandardization strategyConvey and e*tend the same advertising message to different markets and culturesKey point:Deal with the different markets using the same massageE*ample:MarlboroPhilips优点： reinforce the corporate imageSaving energyBe convenient to manage pared with several ads缺点: unlikely to be adaptive without change to all foreigncultureResult in misunderstanding or conflict even ruin a businessLocalization strategyStresses the specialties of the local market and adaptation to the local market environment重点13 Three meaning layers of adsthe surface meaningthe intended meaningthe cultural meaning。
国际汉语教师证书跨文化交际部分考点跨文化人际交往
国际汉语教师证书跨文化交际部分考点——跨文化的人际交往1、跨文化交际中处理朋友关系。
中国人常常抱怨西方人的朋友关系不够持久，分开后很少保持联系。
而有些西方人会觉得中国朋友太热情，对他们的私生活介入太多。
对于中国人来说，朋友之间有一种牢固的感谢纽带，彼此承担一种义务和责任。
中国人究竟哥们儿义气，为朋友两肋插刀，为了友谊有的人可以做出很大的牺牲甚至做出违背原则的事情。
但是在美国人看来，朋友关系的内涵是情感而不是义务，为了友谊牺牲原则的事情很少发生。
2、对中国人来说，“关系”在很多方面有重要的影响，中国人看重关系。
在中国是先建立人情关系，然后再请求帮助。
如果想要得到一个人帮助，需要与这个人建立较好的人情关系，比如请客、送礼，然后再请求帮忙。
而且中国的“关系”可以转移，比如把这种关系可以介绍给他的朋友，使第三方得到帮助和照顾。
3、中国人情的核心是互惠或者回报，礼尚往来。
按照中国人的观念，你帮助了我，对我有恩惠，我就欠了你的人情，一定要找机会回报。
日本人也有强烈的报恩观念，甚至还可能延续几代人。
而美国人强调个人的独立性，他们会把这种互惠的人情关系看做一种负担。
他当面接受邀请或者礼物以后通常会表示感谢，但不会觉得有回报的义务。
4、跨文化的工作关系。
个体主义文化如美国文化，倾向于把工作与私人生活严格区别开来，同事之间保持一种职业举例。
工作时间里，同事之间很少谈论私人事情，打私人电话或者处理个人私事一般是不允许的。
下班后，同事之间很少像朋友一样参加社交活动。
而中国，“单位”尤其是政府单位或者国有企业更像一个社会组织或者大家庭，单位经常组织集体旅游和聚餐，解决员工生活困难，关系员工的恋爱婚姻家庭。
5、亚洲、非洲等集体主义文化中人们特别重视面子，同事之间对事情有不同看法时，中国人不太喜欢当时就表达反对意见，怕伤了同事尤其是领导面子，而是过后再找机会提出。
而西方人喜欢有问题当面辩论或者协商。
6、与陌生人打交道。
中国、日本等东亚国家属于集体主义文化，而且性格比较内敛、含蓄，不太习惯与陌生人打交道。
大学英语跨文化交际要点汇总
How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (p22-23)
Addressing by names
Name order ◦ Surname + given name / He Xiangu ◦ Given name + surname (AE)/ Linda Smith
Components of Communication
Context ◦ The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
Components of Communication
Source ◦ The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding ◦ Encodingis the process of puttingan idea into a symbol.
What are the three ingredients of culture?
跨文化交际知识点汇总
一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际. 一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际. 另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中, 不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际.2.跨文化交际的特点是什么跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际；跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性；跨文化交际容易引起冲突；跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突〞；跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反响；跨文化交际是一种挑战,更是一种收获.3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性表达在：更好地理解中国文化；建立敏锐的跨文化意识；提升文化适应能力；建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度；提升在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的水平；掌握培养学习者跨文化交际水平的方法和策略.4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些文化与交际；价值观与文化模式；语言交际; 非语言交际；文化身份&认同；文化适应；跨文化交际的心理因素；不同领域的跨文化交际；跨文化交际水平；跨文化交际练习.二、交际与文化1.什么是文化关于文化的定义,学界至今未有统一的定论.而作为跨文化交际的学习者,我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确,而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关,最能表达文化与跨文化交际的关系.教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义：文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念,这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导.2.什么是文化要素文化要素包罗万象.其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言.理解这些文化要素,有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用.3.G. Hofstede与G.J.Hofstede(2004) 提出的文化要素包括几个层次包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次.4.在跨文化交际领域,常用的文化分类方法有几种分别是什么有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用.一种是客观文化与主观文化.另二种是主导文化与亚文化.5.文化有什么特点呢〔1〕文化是后天习得的.〔2〕文化是共享的,并世代相传.〔3〕大局部文化是无意识的.〔4〕文化是象征的.〔5〕文化是动态的.6.什么是交际与文化的定义相似,关于交际的定义也非常丰富和复杂.教材仅推荐与跨文化交际语用领域相关的定义.即Gudykunst& Kim〔2003〕提出的关于交际的定义：交际是编码和解码的过程,但是这种编码和解码的过程并非单纯的传递和接受过程,而是包含着意义的协商和共建.7.交际的要素是什么交际是互相交往的过程,交际的全部过程包含以下要素：传送者、信息、编码、解码、媒介、反响、噪音.8.交际有什么特点〔1〕交际是象征的〔2〕交际是动态的过程〔3〕交际涉及意义的协商和共建〔4〕交际发生在意识的各个层面.〔5〕交际是特定语境中发生的.9.文化对交际有什么影响文化从两个层面影响交际：一是从文化标准的层面,二是从个人层面.文化影响着人们的感知.首先, 文化影响人们对外部刺激的选择.其次,文化影响人们对外部刺激的分类.第三,文化影响人们对外部刺激的意义联想.最后,文化影响人们对外部刺激的解释.文化的特征值是它为行为提供指南.文化影响人们的饮食行为.文化还影响人们的衣着打扮.文化影响居住方式.文化影响人们的出行方式.文化也影响了人与人交往的方式.1.什么是价值观价值观不是实际的行为, 而是关于行为的规那么；价值观是一套关于什么是真善美的标准系统；这些规那么和标准是用来判断和指导人们的行为的；价值观不是个人的爱好或倾向,而是一种集体的文化意识.2.价值观如何分类一类是终极性价值观, 它是关于生命、生存等终极目标的价值观,另一类是工具性价值观,它是关于道德和水平的价值观.3.价值观有什么特点〔1〕价值观属于深层文化.〔2〕价值观是人们的行为指南. 〔3〕价值观既是稳定的,也是变化的.〔4〕不同文化的价值观既有相同的也有不同的成分.〔5〕价值观被违背时会引起情感上的强烈反响.4.关于价值观模式的研究具有影响力的理论是哪些1.价值取向理论〔由kluckhohn与Strodtbeck提出〕2.文化尺度〔由Hofstede提出〕3.高语境文化与低语境文化〔由Hall提出〕.5.中国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕集体主义〔2〕以家庭为中央〔3〕尊重传统〔4〕等级观念〔5〕面子观念〔6〕重视人情6.美国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕个体主义〔2〕平等观念〔3〕强调变化和进步〔4〕物质享受〔5〕科学与技术〔6〕工作与娱乐〔7〕竞争意识四、跨文化的语言交际1概念提要：1.萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的含义萨丕尔-沃尔有三层含义.〔1〕不同的语言以不同的方式感知和划分世界.〔2〕一个人所使用的语言结构影响他感知和理解世界的方式.〔3〕讲不同语言的人感知世界是不同的.2.语言与价值观之间是什么关系语言与文化的关系最直接的表达是语言表达了人们对世界的看法、态度和价值取向.每种语言都拥有丰富的格言、警句和俗语.这些句子往往就是价值观的表达.3.词义与文化是什么关系在语言的各要素中,词汇与文化的关系最为密切,其对跨文化交际的影响也最为突出.语言的含义不具有普遍性,它受到文化和语境的制约.不同语言和文化的人们进行跨文化交际时,可能会由于对词语含义的误解而产生交流的障碍.4.什么叫委婉语学习它有什么意义禁忌是人类社会普遍存在的文化现象, 人们对诸如生老病死、隐私等许多方面多有避讳,因此产生了大量的委婉语. 了解不同文化中的禁忌和相应的委婉语不仅可以深入理解不同文化的价值取向,也可以防止在跨文化交际中出现不必要的误会.四、跨文化的语言交际2概念提要：1.礼貌原那么包括哪些准那么〔1〕得体准那么〔2〕慷慨准那么〔3〕赞扬准那么〔4〕谦虚准那么〔5〕一致准那么〔6〕同情准那么.2.中国人的礼貌特征包括哪些〔1〕贬己尊人〔2〕称呼准那么〔3〕文雅准那么〔4〕求同准那么〔5〕德、言、行准那么.3.礼貌策略的使用受到什么因素的制约〔1〕说话人与听话人之间的权力距离〔2〕说话人与听话人之间的社会距离〔3〕言语行为的强加程度4.什么是交际风格交际风格是指说话的特点.5.在跨文化交际领域中,常见的交际风格包括哪些〔1〕直接与间接的交际风格〔2〕谦虚与自信的交际风格〔3〕归纳与演绎的交际风格五、跨文化的非语言交际概念提要：1.什么是非言语交际非言语交际不包括语言,而是包括了各种非语言的交际行为；非语言交际具有互动性,涉及信息的发出者和接受者的编码和解码过程；非言语交际是在特定情境中产生的,与语境有密切关系；非语言交际可能是有意的,也可能是无意的.2.非语言交际的功能有哪些〔 1〕传达真实的内在感情〔2〕营造交际印象〔3〕进行会话治理3.非语言交际与语言交际是什么关系非语言交际对语言信息起着重复、补充、代替、标准和否认等作用.4.体态语包括哪些人们的外貌服饰、面部表情、眼神交流、手势、姿势以及身体接触都是体态语,都参与了交际,是非语言交际的一局部.5.时间观念与文化之间有什么联系时间观念是非语言交际的重要维度, 也是价值观的表达.6.什么是单时制文化其特点是什么单时制文化中的时间是线性的,可以向前延伸到未来,向后延伸到过去.单时制文化的人们通过方案和预约来限制时间,在一段时间内只做一件事,强调准时、预约和最后期限.7.什么是多时制文化其特点是什么多时制文化并不把时间看做是线性的.多时制文化中的人认为时间围绕着生活,在同一时间内可以做多件事情.工作常常被打断,方案也常改变.身处多时制文化中的人,维系人际关系和谐远比遵守时间重要.8.人们对于空间的利用与文化之间有什么联系空间利用也是非语言交际的重要内容.空间利用方式表达了特定文化中人际关系的特点.六、文化适应概念提要：1.文化适应策略有哪些同化、别离、融合以及边缘化.2.文化适应是一个复杂、动态的开展过程.短期旅居者的跨文化适应过程分为哪几个阶段蜜月期、挫折期、恢复期和适应期.3.焦虑处理理论认为什么因素影响跨文化适应个体性格因素、社会支持、性别、民族、处理文化适问题的策略等.4.什么是文化休克文化休克是一种因失去了熟悉的社会交往符号而产生的心理焦虑.5.应对文化休克可采取什么策略应对呢广交朋友,建立良好人际关系；学习目的国的语言；了解目的文化的知识；做自己感兴趣的事情；参加社会文化活动；改变自己的思维.6.什么是文化适应假说第二语言教学领域的学者很早注意到了文化适应与第二语言学习的关系.Schuman(1986跟出了文化适应假说〞.他认为, 学习者只有适应了第二文化以后才能习得第二语言,文化适应的程度决定第二语言学习的程度.7.Schuman(198觎出的社会距离的概念是什么社会距离指的是学习者的原有文化与目的语文化之间的差异程度.七、跨文化的人际交往概念提要：1.人际关系与文化的联系表达在哪几方面不同文化间的朋友关系、人情关系、工作关系、与陌生人之间的关系都受到文化的影响.2.交往习俗与文化之间有什么联系在社会交往中,人们需要遵循社交礼仪和规那么,而这些规那么会因文化而异.一种文化中得体、礼貌的规那么到了另一种文化中可能是不得体的,甚至还造成了冒犯.了解不同文化的社交习俗和礼仪,对提升跨文化交际的有效性和得体性是非常有必要的.3.公共礼仪与文化之间有什么联系遵守公共秩序和礼仪是现代人的基本素养,也是一个国家文明程度的表达. 在跨文化交往中,了解和遵守不同文化的公共礼仪非常重要.不遵守公共礼仪会给人留下负面的印象,甚至引起跨文化交往中的冲突.八、跨文化人际交际的心理与态度概念提要：1.什么是刻板印象刻板印象又作成见〞与谊型观念〞,是指一个群体成员特征的概括性看法.2.刻板印象有什么特点〔1〕刻板印象是人们正常思维的一局部.〔2〕刻板印象是文化的一局部.〔3〕刻板印象的最大局限是以偏概全,无视个体差异.3.如何克服刻板印象〔1〕意识到刻板印象的存在.〔2〕改变懒惰和简化的思维习惯.〔3〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔4〕试图寻找充分的证据和例外的情况.〔5〕对于来自其他文化的个人的行为的描述,应采用表达性语言,而不是对这一文化群体进行评价和简单概括.4.什么是偏见偏见是对一个群体的成员建立在错误而僵化的概括根底上的负面感情5.如何克服偏见〔1〕坦诚面对自己的偏见.〔2〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔3〕参加课程学习和培训.〔4〕在交际中防止使用带有偏见或歧视色彩的表达方式,特别是对弱势群体要注意使用委婉而礼貌的称呼.6.什么是种族中央种族中央指的是在思考和评价别的文化时,把自己的文化放在一切事物的中央位置,并且以自己文化的框架作为衡量的标准.7.什么是文化相对主义文化相对主义是与种族中央主义相对的概念.它最早由美国著名人类学家弗朗兹博厄斯所倡导.其包括两个方面的内容.第一, 每种文化都有自己长期形成的独特历史, 其形态并无上下之分；第二,任何一个民族都有自己的社会思想、世界观和道德观,人们不应该用自己的一套标准来衡量其它民族的文化.。
跨文化交际学概论（重点知识点）
跨文化交际学概论第一章：两个重要概念：文化（culture）,交际（communicate）:1.不同的文化定义（涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义）广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。
狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。
英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。
综上：是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。
可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。
特性：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。
2.交际与传播交际就是人与人之间的往来交际活动。
交际就是传播，主要指人际间进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通和沟通活动3.传播与跨文化交际传播：普通的存在的现象；动态行为；信息的流动过程。
含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。
人类传播的发展：信息符号传播：有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物口语传播：口语产生后进行的传播活动；新闻、历史、文学、传说、神话等混在一起文学传播：象形文字【古埃及纸草文字、古印度印章文字、苏美尔人楔形文字、中国甲骨文】媒介传播：印刷媒介【报纸、杂志、书籍】，电子媒介【广播、电视】，网络媒介【网络、数字化】传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播【人内传播、人际传播、组织传播、大众传播】传播模式：是对客观事物的内外部机制的直观而简洁的描述。
理论的简化形式，可以向人们提供客观事物的整体信息传播中的障碍：主要来自社会系统，即不同文化传统和背景导致的传播沟通障碍。
有语言障碍、非语言障碍、心理障碍、理念障碍跨文化交际伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动范围：除国别文化研究外，还应对地区、阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异进行研究和探讨研究层面：不同民族、国家主流文化间的跨文化交际；亚文化间的跨文化交际；地区文化间的跨文化交际；小群体文化的跨文化交际文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段第二章：文化感知与价值观一、文化感知感知1、感觉：感官对刺激对象个别属性的直接反映，最简单的心理过程2、知觉：根据感觉所获信息作出的心理反应。
跨文化交际__考试重点归纳
跨文化交际_考试重点归纳题型:part I, True or False, 30% （提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A,错的画B)15x2（除第八章）part IL Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1. (2,4,5 细节)Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% (与课后习题中的cultrual puzzles 类似，不过是四个选项，范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例)5X2.• Term Matching 15%（名词解释，从备选的terms中选择与其对应的Part IVdefinitions,要考到的terms都已经发给大家）15x1.Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% （简答题，范围在我们划过的重点内）5X3.Part VL Case Study 10% （课外案例分析，阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题，题U不会超出课内讲解的内容）10 X1.要补充的重点为pll4, (E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English), pl29, (B. What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)另外让学生深入研究unit 5 和Unit 2, Unit 4 (culturally-loaded words）,以及每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习扎B（划过的问答题），C （EuphemismUnderstanding),以及 E (cultural puzzles)TermsUnit 11.Economic globalization：经济全球化the integration of national economies intothe international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2.Global village：地球村All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.3. Melting pot: 大熔炉 a socio-cultural assimilation of people of differentbackgrounds and nationalities.4. Cultural Diversity:文化多样性the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and subcultures to which membersbelong.5. Intercultural communication：跨文化交际communication between people whosecultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.6. Culture：文化 a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relativelylarge group of people. 7. Enculturation：文化适应all the activities of learning one' s culture are called enculturation.8. Acculturation：文化传入the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.9. Ethnocentrism：民族优越感the belief that your own cultural background is superior.munication：交际to share with or to make conunon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.(以下为components ofcommunication)PS： what is the difference between encoding & decodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to the symbols received.11.Source 发送信息的人The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.12.Encoding 编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.13.Message 信息The term message identifies the encoded thought.Encoding is the process, the verb： the message is the resulting object.14.Channel 渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium,then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.15.Noise 噪音The term noise technically refers to anything that distortsthe message the source encodes.16.Receiver 接的人The receiver is the person who attends to the message.17.Decoding 解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.18.Receiver response JS.1S The receiver is the person who attends tothe message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.19.Feedback Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.20.Context 语境The final component of communication is context.Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.精讲案例Case 1 (p. 1) case 2 (p. 2)思考题1、what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? P8-9+简要说明convenient transportation systemsinnovative communication systemseconomic globalizationwidespread migrations2. What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)Behavior(what they do)Concept(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg? P7The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught.The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.4.What are the characteristic of culture?Shared , learned, dynamic, ethnocentric (文化中心主义)，5.What are the characteristic of communication?Dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional, contextualUnit 2-411. Pragmatics：语用学the study of the effect that language has on humanperceptions and behavior.12.Semantics:inthe study of the meaning of words.13.Denotation：字面总思the literal meaning or definition of a word-- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.14. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C onnotation：弦夕卜之音the suggestive meaning of a word ----------------------- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical andassociative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.15.Taboo：禁忌语some objects, words or actions that are avoided bya particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.social reasons. 16. Euphemism：委婉语the act of substituting a mild, 精讲案例Case 1, case 2 (p. 17) case 4 (p. 19) Case 2 (p 43) case 3 (p. 45) Case 1 (p. 67) case 3 (p. 69)思考题6.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(p. 33)The Americans tend to address only with given names while theChinese may use the full name. Even when the full names are used in some formal occasions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.7.What are the social functions of compliments? (p. 60)(答案p50 第一段）Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks orcongratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment. Unit 517. Chronemics：时间学The study of how people perceive and use time.18. Monochronic time:一元时间概念paying attention to and doing only one thingat a time.Polychronic time：多元时间概念being involved with many things at 19.once.20. Proxemics：空间学the perception and use of space.21. Kinetics：身势学the study of body language22. P ar a language: W involving sounds but not words and lying betweenverbal and nonverbal communication.精讲案例case 1 (p. 85) case 3 (p. 87) case 5, 6 (p. 90) case 7 (p. 91) 思考题8. What are the different features of M-time and P-time? (p97)M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness. It features one event at a time. Time is perceived as alinear structure and something concrete tangible.P-time means being involved with many things at once.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activitiesat the same time. It is more flexible and human-centered.9.what is the meaning of common gestures in English? P114 (答案P233-234)Unit 6精讲案例case 1 (p. 115) case 2 (p. 116) p. 124-126 中的小案例思考题9. How is gender d 辻 f er ent from sex? (p. 129)(答案P. 119/120)10.What has influenced the gender socialization?There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.11.What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication? (p. 129)(答案127-128)Suspend judgement, recognize the validity of different communication styles, provide translation cues, enlarge your own communication style, suspend judgement. 12. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively?P123Unit 7精讲案例case 1 (p. 137) case 3 (p. 139)13.Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture(pl53)(结合最后一个单元中ppt 的讲解，了解high-context culture 和low-context culture 两个概念）A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded,explicitly transmitted part of the message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.（沉默是金;一切尽在不言中；心有灵犀一点通）A low context communication is the just the opposite： i. e. the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.High-context culture low-context cultureJapanese Chinese Korean American• • German German-SwissUnit 923. A planetary culture：行星文化 a culture that integrates eastern mysticism withwestern science and rationalism.24. Intercultural person：跨文化的人represents someone whose cognitive, affective,and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.思考题13. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms ofCultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? (ppt 中的补充内容）s far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but Aperfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature.They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past- oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.14.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede^ s cultural dimensions and use themto analyze the cases （案例分析）。
跨文化交际重点归纳
跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’sprivacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons who identify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc. Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode ofcommunication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation. Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one. Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs gettheir own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information. Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteinsand so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist? Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivistone?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译of greetings上哪去？Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦？Where have you been?吃过了吗？Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀？吃饭去？回来了？忙着呢？忙什么呢？在洗车呀？这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧？你看起来气色不错。
跨文化交际 知识点整理
第一章.跨文化交际概论1跨文化交际汉语国际教育本质上是一种跨文化的活动。
新世纪如此广泛而深入的跨文化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.人口的流动4.广泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际既是一种人类的社会活动，也是指一门研究跨文化交际活动的学科。
根据几个定义归纳出跨文化交际的重要特点：1.跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交流；2.跨文化交际是通过象征符号来实现的；3.跨文化交际是一种动态的过程4.跨文化交际是一种双向的互动；5.跨文化交际的目标是创建共享的意义跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际，这里的跨文化交际实际上包含着两个层面一个层面是指不同国家和不同民族的人们之间的交际，例如中国人与美国人等另一个层面是指同一个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际，例如男性和女性之间的交往就可以被看做是一种跨文化的交往跨文化交际的特点1.跨文化交际主要指人与人之间面对面的交流面对面的交流既包括了语言交际也包括了非语言交际，而且是一种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性（陈国明）差异可以是文化传统、价值观、信仰等方面的差异，也涉及行为方式和习俗方面，如手势、衣着、语言使用的差异，同时也涉及个人文化身份和社会角色方面的差异。
这些存在差异的因素相互作用，影响了跨文化交流的过程和结果3.跨文化交际容易引起冲突由于语言、交际风格、非语言行为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等方面的差异，跨文化交际很容易产生误解和冲突4.跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于人们恶意的动机，而是来源于人们良好的愿望。
在自己文化中得体而礼貌的行为到了另一种文化中却成了无礼的举动，善良的意图却产生了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨文化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成心理紧张，人们经常提到的“文化休克”就是形容在跨文化交际中产生的心理反应。
跨文化交际英语知识点归纳
跨文化交际英语知识点归纳1. 礼仪（Etiquette）礼仪是不同文化交往中最基本的要素之一。
在跨文化交际中，礼仪的重要性不言而喻。
例如，不同国家、不同文化的人在相互交往时，他们的相互礼仪的表达方式都是有所不同的。
2. 规范和价值观（Norms and Values）规范是一种文化内部形成的行为结构，是一种文化共同遵守的行为方式。
在跨文化交际中，了解对方所遵循的规范是非常重要的，这有助于避免在交流中出现不必要的误解和冲突。
3. 语言和文化（Language and Culture）语言是人类进行交流的最基本手段。
语言和文化是紧密相关的。
例如，美国英语和英国英语在用词和发音上有所不同，这也反映出两个国家的文化差异。
4. 非语言交际（Non-Verbal Communication）除了语言外，身体语言、肢体动作、面部表情、姿势等非语言交际也是跨文化交际中不可忽视的因素。
这些非语言交际动作在不同文化间也存在差异。
5. 社会组织形态和社会关系（Social Organization and Relationships）不同文化的社会组织形态和社会关系也是非常不同的。
例如，中国传统文化中注重家庭、亲情和社会关系，而西方文化则注重个性、自由和独立性。
6. 时间观念（Time）不同国家和文化对时间观念的重视程度也存在差异。
例如，在日本文化中，迟到被看作是不尊重别人的行为，而在西方文化中，稍微迟到几分钟不会被认为是什么大问题。
7. 社会礼仪和礼节（Social Etiquette and Formalities）在跨文化交际中，了解对方的社会礼仪和礼节也是非常重要的。
例如，上司和下属之间的交往在不同文化中有着不同的礼节和规范。
8. 语言表达方式和文化复杂性（Language Expression and Cultural Complexity）语言表达方式和文化的复杂性也是跨文化交际中重要的要素之一。
不同文化的语言表达方式有着不同的复杂度和难度，了解这些差异有助于更好地理解对方文化的复杂度。
跨文化交际考试重点
第三单元Definitions of Culture☐Culture is the holistic interrelationship of a group’s identity, beliefs, values, activities, rules, customs, communication patterns, and institutions.—Carley H. Dodd 《跨文化交际动力》2006:36☐文化是“一个复杂的整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的任何能力和习惯”。
—泰勒（Edward Tyler）《原始文化》1871☐文化是一个群体共享的思想、信仰、行为和情感方式，它既是该群体认识世界的依据，也是该群体的行为模式和生活方式，还是该群体的意义系统。
—张红玲《跨文化外语教学》2005：157☐A negotiated set of shared symbolic systems that guide individuals behaviors and incline them to function as a group. 一个经过协商的、用于指导个人行为并使他们成为一个整体的共有符号系统。
—陈国明William J.Starosta 《跨文化交际学基础》☐文化是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。
一般分为物态、制度、行为、心态四个层次。
第四单元Stress in Cultural Encounters☐Why is interacting with foreigners sometimes stressful?☐What is “culture shock”?☐What do you need to learn to become a more effective communicator?Stress in Cultural Encounters☐Foreign language as a source of stress☐Uncertainty, stress, and intercultural encounters☐On risk, stress, and intercultural encounters☐Unpredictability as a source of stress☐Expectations and intercultural communication☐Expectations and adapting to a new culture☐Unfamiliarity as a source of stressCulture Shock☐It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture.☐It is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.☐These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: how to give orders, how to make purchases, when and where not to respond.☐Now these cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we are not consciously aware.Causes of cultural shock☐Loss of control☐Being deprived of familiar and loved things and people☐Physical, mental, and emotional fatigue (culture fatigue)☐Discrepant expectations, lack of social support and in sufficient social skillsSymptoms of culture shock☐Homesickness☐Boredom☐Withdrawal☐Need for excessive amount of sleep☐Compulsive eating and/ or drinking☐Irritability☐Exaggerated cleaniness☐Marital stress, family tension and conflict☐Chauvinistic excesses第五六单元Projected Cultural Similarity☐The tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more or less the same way we do.☐There are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to make communication easy.☐Once you get used to their different (dress, manners, style) they are just like us. ☐Denial, defense, minimization, acceptance, adaptation, and integration. (Ethnocentrism)Projected Cultural Similarity☐The Golden Rule: Do unto others what you would have them do unto you./ Do as you would be done by.☐Do not unto others what you would not be done by. 己所不欲勿施于人☐Expecting others to be the same as we are/do the same as we do☐Culture shock☐Frustration☐Wince☐Other Obstacles: Stereotype, ethnocentrismEthnocentrism☐Assuming that the world-view of one’s own culture is central to all reality, the idea that your own race, nation, group etc is better than any other☐Obstacle that leads to distrust, conflict, even hostilityEthnorelativism☐Maintaining that cultures can only be understood relative to one another; there is no absolute standard of rightness or goodness that can be applied to culturalbehavior; cultural difference is neither good nor bad; it is just different. Accepting and allowing difference to be difference.Comparing Communication styles☐Direct – indirect☐Linear – circular☐Self-enhancement – self-effacement☐Talk – silence☐Succinct –elaborate☐Person- and task- oriented – relation- and status-orientedHigh context communication☐Collectivists are expected to “read the other’s mind” during communication, so the message is quite indirect, dependent on hints, the use of the eyes, distance between bodies, and so on.☐In speech, collectivists employ ‘we’ more often and they depend on context (tone of voice, gesture, posture, etc.) to convey meaning.Low context communication☐In speech, individualists tend to use ‘I’ and emphasize content.☐Individualists say what is on their minds, even if it risks damaging the relationship.☐Americans, valuating pragmatic action, are quick to come to the point in conversations.☐The responsibility for meaning falls mainly to the speakers, whose job it is to formulate ideas into clear language. The more lucid speakers are the more highly regarded they are as communicators.Looseness vs. Tightness☐“Loose” cultures do not demand a high degree of conformity.☐“Tight” cultures exp ect a relatively high degree of conformity.☐Individualist cultures tend to be “looser” than collectivist cultures.☐The Middle of the road/Golden mean/Happy medium/via mediaEthnocentrism and Projected Cultural Similarity☐They are closely related, but describe somewhat different phenomena.☐Ethnocentrism is taking one’s own cultural norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures.☐Projected cultural similarity is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way we do.第七单元In-groups and out-groupsWe generally have more positive feelings toward members of our in-groups than we do toward outsiders.We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders than to outsiders.We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards.For better communication, we need to find ways to counter-balance our natural tendency to judge out-groups more harshly.第八单元Dealing with conflict☐Collectivists and preservation of harmony: Collectivists want their in-groups to be monolithic and homogeneous—with everyone thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way; they think that in such groups, there will be harmony. They feel more comfortable than individualists in the presence of like-minded others. Individualists emphasize harmony less and often think that an argument clears the air.Dealing with conflict☐Honesty vs. tact: collectivists often find themselves in a dilemma when they have to communicate an unpleasant message. Although they value honesty, theyvalue even more keeping relationships. If telling the truth means damaging a relationship, they would rather tell a white lie.Lying is an acceptable behavior in collectivist cultures, especially if it saves face or benefits the ingroup. In contrast, individualists see lying as breaking the contract, and since contracts are very important, this is a serious offense.Dealing with conflict☐American directness:When faced with a problem, Americans like to get to its source. This means facing the facts, meeting the problem heed on, putting the cards on the table, and getting information “straight from the horse’s mouth.” Consistent with these tendencies, it is also desirable to face people directly —to confront them. Confrontation is not necessarily rancorous, but it does involv e reporting one’s feelings honestly, expecting reciprocal honesty, and dealing with the person involved in the problem.Dealing with conflict☐American directness:There is also, however, a strong need to preserve “surface cordiality.” In communication, Americans (especially white middle-class) tend not to express strong emotions. Americans also abide by a strong convention to preserve surface cordiality in social interactions. Kind words and pleasant smiles are natural and expected; sharp opinions and critical positions in face-to-face encounters are avoided for fear of disrupting social conviviality.Dealing with conflict☐American views of conflict:At the root of the American confrontation style is the concept that adversaries can compete against each other and at the same time cooperate under the rules for interpersonal conflict.☐Chinese and harmony:Harmony is the foundation of Chinese culture.Dealing with conflict☐Chinese provisional responses that allow avoidance of a direct “no”:⏹It’s not conve nient.⏹There may be some difficulties.⏹The problem isn’t too big.⏹We should study this.⏹We should think about this.第十单元Advice forcommunicating with westerners☐Try not to read too much into North Americans’ words or be oversensitive to nonverbal nuances. Focus on what North Americans actually say; what they say is often what they really mean.☐Be aware that self-affirmation and individuality are important to North Americans.☐Be aware that everyone should be treated equally. One should use polite speech with family members and intimate friends, and also with strangers (including store clerks, waiters, and so forth).Advice forcommunicating with westerners☐Accept that North Americans consider it good to speak directly and that requests are often stated directly and explicitly.☐Recognize that being assertive is valued in North American culture, and that “no” is accepted as an assertive — not necessarily rude — response.☐Understand that what Chinese consider modesty may be viewed by NorthAmericans as low self-confidence. Speak positively about oneself and one’s abilities is expected.Advice forcommunicating with westerners☐Be cautious about asking personal questions, because North Americans may consider them offensive and insulting. North Americans may also feel that what Chinese consider guan xin (concern) is meddling and intrusive.☐Accept that North Americans like to express their opinions openly.Usage☐to read into : to think that a situation, action etc, has a meaning or importance that it does not really have. 理解时加进（原本没有的意思）⏹You read love into her casual friendliness.⏹Don’t read more into her letter than she intend ed.⏹Just because he is so nice to you doesn’t necessarily mean he is in love with you. He is really nice to every woman he meets, so don’t read too much into it.⏹It was only a casual remark, I think you’re reading too much into it.Usage☐to read into →to read sth. into sth.; to read much into sth. 理解时加进（原本没有的意思）⏹Although it was a comedy, you could read biting social comment into the actors lines.⏹Too much should not be read into the minister’s statement: we can’t expect a sudden easing of the situation.⏹Try not to read too much into North American’s words or be oversensitive to nonverbal nuances.Things collectivists need to learn for interacting with individualists☐Tend to give priority to individual goals.☐Often base behavior on “internal attributes”.☐Are more likely to ask questions in class.☐Less willing to maintain relationships at a cost.☐May want to spend time alone, consider privacy important.☐Tend to attribute behavior to internal (personal) causes.☐Try to change social situations into which they do not fit.Things collectivists need to learn for interacting with individualists☐Are able to interact in relatively superficial social relationships, moving in and out of them.☐Need to compliment in-group members more.☐Expect competition.☐Tend to get to the point during meetings.☐Generally take contracts seriously.☐Don’t expect in-group membership to confer too many special privileges.Things East Asians should learn about (individualistic) Westerners☐Tend to have high self-esteem and need to express this.☐Are relatively enthusiastic and expressive.☐Stress pleasure, fun, and happiness.☐Decide quickly, but implement decisions more slowly because relatively few people are included in the decision making process.☐Place value on consistency between attitu des and behavior. Dislike “hypocrisy”.☐Don’t make sharp distinctions between public and private behavior.Things East Asians should learn about (individualistic) Westerners☐More likely do something because they want to than out of obligation.☐Expect clear definition of relationships. Like to use contracts.☐Expect most relationships to last a relatively short time.Strategies for Chinese☐Treating one another as equals.（平等相待）☐Mutual respect for privacy. （相互尊重私人权）☐Seeking the common ground. （求同存异）☐Placing one’s self in the other’s shoes. （换位思维）☐When negotiating with Westerners or trying to make arrangements with them, a “multiple choice” strategy should be adopted to give Westerners many options to choose from. This plays to Westerners’ individualistic tendenc ies.。
跨文化交际概论复习资料
跨⽂化交际概论复习资料⼀．基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收，⼀⽅发出信息，另⼀⽅接受信息，这⼀过程就是传播。
2、亚⽂化：⼜称集体⽂化或副⽂化，指与主⽂化相对应的那些⾮主流的、局部的⽂化现象，指在主⽂化或综合⽂化的背景下，属于某⼀区域或某个集体所特有的观念和⽣活⽅式，⼀种亚⽂化不仅包含着与主⽂化相通的价值与观念，也有属于⾃⼰的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚⽂化等都是这种亚⽂化。
亚⽂化是⼀个相对的概念。
是总体⽂化的次属⽂化。
3、1948年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》⼀⽂中，提出了传播过程的"5w"模式，即：（who）谁、(say what)说什么、（in what channel）通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。
4、传播的构成要素：⼀是基本要素：信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。
⼆是隐含要素：时空环境、⼼理因素、⽂化背景和信息质量。
5、线性传播模式的缺陷：：单⼀，静⽌。
6、语⾔是⽂化的载体，是⽂化的主要表现形式，就像⼀⾯镜⼦，折射出它所在的社会的思想，习俗和⾏为举⽌。
词汇作为语⾔的重要组成部分，不可避免的带有民族⽂化的积淀，不同国家民族之间的⽂化差异，必然在此上体现出来。
7、概念意义：词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。
即，⼀个词语的字⾯意义中所包含的最基本的，最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。
8、以英汉语⾔对⽐为例，词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平⾏、词义空缺、词义冲突。
9、语⽤规则就是特定⽂化群体关于语⾔交际的规范与约定，包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的⽅式、说话的多少以及⾔语⾏为与⾮⾔语⾏为的配合等诸多⽅⾯。
10、交际风格是⾔语⾏为和⾮⾔语⾏为由于受使⽤中不同交际环境的影响或制约⽽形成的⼀系列交际特点的综合表现。
恰当的交际风格的运⽤对交际过程起着积极的促进作⽤，对交际能⼒的培养也起到重要作⽤。
跨文化交际重点归纳
跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻 of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’s privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another siteA. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”A. What’s the matterB. YesC. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you replyA. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication？“Intercultural communication is contact between persons whoidentify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To furt her understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese studentsLanguage problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc.Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians What cultural values underlie itAsian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shapedby Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners What cultural values underlie itWesterners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation. Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.Lee misunders tood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one.Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride. Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information.Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink. Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist onefind out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics: What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist onefind out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译 of greetings上哪去Where are you goingIt’s none of your business!去哪啦 Where have you been吃过了吗Have you had your mealAre you going to invite me to dinnerAcceptable Greetings 中文出去呀吃饭去回来了忙着呢忙什么呢在洗车呀这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧你看起来气色不错。
跨文化交际考点
第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域,通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化.2 文化的特征:交际的符号性、民族的选择性、观念的整合性和动态的可变性.3 交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4 除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际情境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：①交际双方必须来自不同的文化背景②交际双方必须使用同一种语言交际③交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际④交际双方进行的是直接的言语交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6 从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）7 态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8 态度具有四个功能：功利实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和客体认知功能9 直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性与和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10 什么是民族中心主义？请联系跨文化交际的实例加以说明。
民族中心主义是指某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
古代中国，有相当长一段时间内，有很强的民族中心主义，这是过于强烈的民族自尊心的产物。
美国人的心态就是以自己的价值评判作为依据，所以老是要“管闲事”，充当“国际警察“。
美国国名除了United States，还有America,美国人被称之为Americans，这是典型的民族中心主义的表现。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11 有效的交际不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上就是广义的“交际情景“。
跨文化交际学知识点
跨文化交际学知识点1.文化差异：不同文化之间存在着巨大的差异，如价值观、信仰、礼节和行为规范等。
了解和尊重不同文化的差异是跨文化交际的关键。
2.语言差异：不同文化拥有不同的语言系统和语言习惯，而语言是人们交流的重要手段。
了解并尊重不同文化的语言差异可以避免语言交流的误解和困惑。
3.非语言交际：非语言交际指的是除语言以外的一切交流手段，如肢体语言、面部表情、眼神接触等。
不同文化对非语言交际的解读和运用也存在差异，这需要我们学会观察和理解他人的非语言行为。
4.礼仪与礼节：不同文化对于社交礼仪和礼节有不同的要求和范围。
了解并遵循不同文化的礼仪和礼节可以帮助我们在跨文化交际中表现得更加得体和尊重。
5.文化认知：文化认知是指通过学习和体验来认识和理解自己所处的文化和其他文化。
只有了解自己的文化，才能更好地理解他人的文化，并与他人进行有效的跨文化交流。
6.价值观冲突：不同文化的价值观可能存在冲突和矛盾，这可能引发误解和冲突。
了解和尊重他人的价值观是健康跨文化关系的基础。
7.文化适应能力：文化适应能力是指在跨文化环境中适应和融入当地文化的能力。
这包括了解当地的历史、风俗习惯、社会制度等，以便更好地适应和理解当地人的思维方式和行为方式。
8.文化敏感度：文化敏感度是指对他人文化背景和差异的敏锐和尊重。
具备文化敏感度可以使我们更好地倾听和理解他人，并能够避免跨文化交流中的误解和歧视。
9.文化智商：文化智商是指在跨文化交际中应对挑战和解决问题的能力。
具备文化智商可以帮助我们处理跨文化交际中的困难和冲突，并能够建立有效的合作和关系。
10.跨文化沟通技巧：跨文化交际需要一定的沟通技巧，如倾听、提问、反馈和整合信息等。
掌握跨文化沟通技巧可以帮助我们更好地与他人交流和理解，以达到共同的目标。
总之，跨文化交际学的知识点涵盖了文化差异、语言差异、非语言交际、礼仪与礼节、文化认知、文化适应能力、文化敏感度、文化智商等方面。
掌握这些知识点可以帮助我们在跨文化交际中更好地理解他人，避免误解和冲突，建立良好的跨文化关系。
跨文化交际重点
Definition of cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Characteristics of culture(10)1、Culture is sharedCulture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.It is not property of any individual.2、culture is cumulativeHuman beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.Every generations can discover the new things.The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.3、culture is learnedCulture is not inherent with any people.Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from previous generations.And it should be taught and learned by people.4、culture is adaptiveCulture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive5、culture is dynamicAt the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.6、culture is symbolicSymbols generally serve as communicative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.7 、culture is relationalCulture is an organic whole. All the components of culture are interlinked.8 、culture is implicit and explicitSome layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating , dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.9、culture is universal10 、culture is diversified。
跨文化交际基础知识
跨文化交际基础知识【复习指南】这部分内容主要涉及跨文化交际的基本理论及较为常见的日常交际礼仪，在选择题、填空题、判断题中所占比例较少，但与案例分析部分紧密结合；建议考生复习此块内容时，注意相关理论概念在实际案例中的运用。
考生可重点看胡文仲《跨文化交际学》或吴为善的《跨文化概论》，这两本书对于跨文化交际的基本概念、基础理论等都有全面介绍。
【知识点归纳】1.重点概念：（1）文化：culture，涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义。
广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。
狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。
英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。
总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。
可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。
其特性是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。
（2）交际：就是人与人之间的往来交际活动，文化在交际中得到发展与传播。
跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。
（3）编码与解码交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。
（4）言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介；非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介，例如：文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。
（5）跨文化交际广义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。
狭义：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。
影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段；阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。
英语跨文化交际知识点归纳
“跨文化交际”知识点归纳
跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行沟通和交流的过程。
以下是一些跨文化交际的知识点归纳：
文化意识：了解并尊重不同文化的差异，包括价值观、信仰、习俗、礼仪等。
意识到自己的文化背景对交际的影响，以及可能存在的误解和偏见。
礼仪与行为准则：了解并尊重不同文化的礼仪和行为准则，包括身体语言、礼节、用语等。
避免冒犯他人或引起误解。
语言交流：了解不同语言之间的差异和障碍，包括语音、语法、词汇和语境。
避免使用难以理解或具有歧义的语言表达。
价值观与信仰：了解并尊重不同文化对于价值观和信仰的重视。
避免对他人的信仰和价值观进行歧视或贬低。
时间观念：了解不同文化对时间的看法和处理方式。
有些文化注重准时，有些文化更加灵活。
尊重对方的时间观念，避免迟到或过早离开。
社交礼节：了解不同文化的社交礼仪和规范，包括问候、交谈、礼物赠送等。
避免冒犯他人或造成尴尬。
跨文化沟通技巧：学会倾听和观察，尊重对方的观点和意见。
避免偏见和刻板印象，尽量以开放和包容的心态进行交流。
文化敏感性：培养对不同文化的敏感性和包容心态。
尊重他人的文化背景，尽量避免对他人的文化进行评判或批判。
跨文化冲突解决：学会处理跨文化冲突和误解，以合作和妥协的方式解决问题。
避免以自己的文化标准来评判他人。
学习和适应能力：持续学习和适应不同文化的能力，包括语言、习俗、价值观等。
发展开放的心态和灵活的思维方式。
这些知识点可以帮助人们更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的挑战，促进文化之间的理解和和谐。
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跨文化交际考试重点归纳work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR题型：part I, True or False,30% （提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A，错的画B）15x2 （除第八章）part II. Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1.(2,4,5细节)Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% (与课后习题中的cultrual puzzles 类似，不过是四个选项，范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles 和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例）5X2.Part IV. Term Matching 15%（名词解释，从备选的terms 中选择与其对应的definitions，要考到的terms 都已经发给大家） 15x1.Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% (简答题，范围在我们划过的重点内） 5X3. Part VI. Case Study 10% (课外案例分析，阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题，题目不会超出课内讲解的内容）10 x1.要补充的重点为p114, （E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English), p129, (B. What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)另外让学生深入研究unit 5 和Unit 2，Unit 4(culturally-loaded words)，以及每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A, B(划过的问答题）,C (Euphemism Understanding), 以及E (cultural puzzles)TermsUnit 11. Economic globalization:经济全球化 the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Global village:地球村 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.3. Melting pot:大熔炉a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.4. Cultural Diversity:文化多样性the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.5. Intercultural communication:跨文化交际communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.6. Culture:文化 a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.7. Enculturation:文化适应all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.8. Acculturation:文化传入 the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.9. Ethnocentrism:民族优越感the belief that your own cultural background is superior.munication:交际to share with or to make common, as in giving to anothera part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.（以下为components of communication)PS: what is the difference between encoding & decodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to the symbols received.11. Source发送信息的人The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.12.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.13.Message信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.14.Channel渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication. 15.Noise噪音The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.16.Receiver接的人The receiver is the person who attends to the message.17.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.18.Receiver response反馈The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.19.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning. 20.Context语境The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.精讲案例Case 1 (p.1) case 2 (p.2)思考题1、what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global villageP8-9+简要说明convenient transportation systemsinnovative communication systemseconomic globalizationwidespread migrations2.What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)Behavior(what they do)Concept(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg? P7The aspects of culture that are explicit,visible,taught.The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.4.What are the characteristic of culture?Shared ,learned,dynamic,ethnocentric(文化中心主义），5.What are the characteristic of communication?Dynamic,irreversible,symbolic,systematic,transactional,contextualUnit 2-411. Pragmatics:语用学the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.12. Semantics:语意 the study of the meaning of words.13. Denotation:字面意思 the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.14. Connotation:弦外之音the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.15. Taboo:禁忌语 some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.16. Euphemism:委婉语 the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.精讲案例Case 1, case 2(p.17) case 4 (p. 19) Case 2 (p 43) case 3 (p.45) Case 1 (p.67) case 3 (p.69)思考题6. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (p.33)The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names are used in some formal occasions by the Americans,the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.7. What are the social functions of compliments (p.60) (答案p50 第一段)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment. Unit 517. Chronemics:时间学 The study of how people perceive and use time.18. Monochronic time:一元时间概念paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.19. Polychronic time:多元时间概念being involved with many things at once.20. Proxemics:空间学the perception and use of space.21. Kinetics:身势学the study of body language22. Paralanguage:辅助语言involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.精讲案例case 1 (p. 85) case 3 (p.87) case 5, 6 (p.90) case 7 (p.91)思考题8. What are the different features of M-time and P-time? (p97)M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness. It features one event at a time. Time is perceived as a linear structure and something concrete tangible.P-time means being involved with many things at once.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time. It is more flexible and human-centered.9. what is the meaning of common gestures in English P114 (答案P233-234)Unit 6精讲案例 case 1 (p.115) case 2 (p.116) p.124-126中的小案例思考题9. How is gender different from sex? （p.129） (答案P.119/120)10. What has influenced the gender socialization?There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.11.What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication (p. 129) (答案127-128)Suspend judgement, recognize the validity of different communication styles, provide translation cues, enlarge your own communication style, suspend judgement.12.what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively?P123Unit 7精讲案例case 1 (p.137) case 3 (p.139)13.Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (p153) (结合最后一个单元中ppt的讲解，了解high-context culture 和low-context culture 两个概念)A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all thepeople engaged in communication. (沉默是金；一切尽在不言中；心有灵犀一点通)A low context communication is the just the opposite; i.e. the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.High-context culture low-context cultureJapanese Chinese Korean American ………….. German German-SwissUnit 923. A planetary culture:行星文化a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.24. Intercultural person:跨文化的人 represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.思考题13. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?（ppt中的补充内容）As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group. 14. Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases (案例分析)。