欧洲文化入门1-6章复习题

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《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案

欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writingin Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culturein Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fettersofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Iri shman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story abo ut God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition,which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 t o be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West.And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was thecombination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes DonQuixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther 名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. Th e word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best repr esentative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times?答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the ma jority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to thesovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution?1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions.6. What are the characteristics of French classicism?1) In the French classical literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline.2) Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.3) French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.第六章填空题：1. ________was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment Montesquieu。

欧洲文化入门++各章+Terms+和Essay+Questions

欧洲文化入门++各章+Terms+和Essay+Questions欧洲文化入门各章T erms 和Essay QuestionsDivision One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Homer:2. Father of History3. Academy4. Idealism5. Ciceronian6. She-wolf7. What are the characters of ancient Greek society?8. What influences did Greek civilization have on English literature?9. What were ancient Greeks curious about?10. What marked European Culture reached i9ts high point in the 5th Century B.C.?11. What is the major difference between Herodotus and Thucydides?12. What did Ancient Greek economy rest on?13. What religion absorbed the ideas of Plato?14. What is Ciceronian style?15. In which literary work did Aeneas appear?16. What is the dividing range of Roman history?Division Two: The Bible And Christianity1. Historical books2. Book of Daniel3. John Wycliff4. Vulgate Edition of Bible5. King James Bible7. What are the two forceful beliefs which separateChristianity from other religions?8. What influences did Bible have on western culture?Division Three The Middle Ages1. Age of Faith2. Feudalism3. Father of the church4. City of God5. Benedictine Rule6. Crusades7. Carolingian Renaissance8. Alfred the Great9. What are the main elements of humanism?10. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?11. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?12. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modern history?Division Four Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance2. Mona Lisa3. Elegant Raphael4. Titian5. Calvinism6. Reformation7. Counter Reformation8. What are the main elements of humanism?9. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?10. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?11. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modernhistory?Division Five The Seventh Century1. Induction and deduction2. Induction and Deduction3. Leviathan4. Bill of Right5. Paradise Lost6. Cartesian Doubt7. Dualism8. French Classicism9. What were Galilio’s contributions to the modern science?10. Why we call Newton the greatest scientist that ever lived?11. What were the major difference between Locke’s concept and Hobbes’?12. What were the main features of seventeenth century?Division Six1. Age of Reason2. The Spirit of Laws3. Letter Anglaise4. Candide5. Rou sseau’s Social Contract6. Robinson Crusoe7. Sorrow of Young Werther8. Faust9. Cabal and Love10. Critique of Reason11. Nebular Hypothesis12. Why we call Enlightenment an age of reason?What is the great significance of the Industrial Revolution?Division Seven1. Romanticism2. The Lakers3. What are the main features of Romanticism?4. What are the main differences between Romantics and Realists?5. What were the conditions in western Europe in the 1840’s?6. Why Mark Twain is considered the father of American Literature?Division Eight1. Marxism2. Capital3. Utopian Socialism4. Origin of SpeciesDivision Nine1. Realism2. Balzac3. Madame Bovary4. A Hunter’s Sketches5. David Copperfield6. Middlemarch7. Vanity Fair8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin9. Impressionism10. Post ImpressionismDivision Ten1. Modernism2. Sigmund Freud3. Odepus Complex4. Waste Land5. Ulysses6. The Lost Generation7. Angry Young men in England8. Beat Generation9. Black Humor10. Fauves11. Expressionism12. Cubism13. Futurism14. Dadaism15. Surrealism。

欧洲文化入门复习题

欧洲文化入门复习题《欧洲文化入门》复习题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer. (考30题，每题1分)1.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.th century C. 146 B. C. D. The 5A. 1200 B. C. B. 700 B. C.2.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?Oedipus the King Iliad Odyssey Antigone D. B. C.A.3.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus theKing5.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras6.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius CiceroOn the Nature of things is 12.The author of the philosophical poem___________.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A. The ColosseumB. The PanthenonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”?A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. Horace15.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch19.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the officialreligion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? __________ A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar21.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? __________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. ConstantineI22.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in_________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424.When printing was invented in the 1500's, the _______ Bible was the first complete work printed.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew25.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 197927.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”28.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth29.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe?_______A. At the age of 14.B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.30.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs31.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian strongholdand won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________D. 1291A. 1270 B. 1254 C. 109637.Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King JamesOpus Maius? ________38.Who is the author of theA. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas Aquinas41.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______Decameron Canzoniers David D. C. A. B.Moses42.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione43.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD.Michelangelo44.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael45.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________ Tempesta Sacred and Profane Love B. A. Flight into Egypt The Return of the D. C. Hunters52.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, inwhich he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _______ Gargantua and Pantagruel Don Quixote B. A. The Praise of Folly Utopia D. C.53.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne's humanistideas and a style which is easy and familiar? ________Sonnets Decameron Rabelais Of Repentance D. C. A. B.54.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne55.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. RabelaisThe Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______? 58.The author ofA. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newtonth century. His 59.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17telescope magnified objects _______.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times60.Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence… was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to ?_______A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Eassays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New system of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs65. ________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66.Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? ________A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning67.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature? _______A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes68.In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree re-imposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.Andromaque Areopagitica B. A.Paradise Lost Paradise RegainedD. C.69.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited the Sovereign's power in certain important directions?________A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declaredto be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.78.Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax? ______A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini79.Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style toNorth Europe? ______A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Berninith century, who won international the 17fame and his style of 80.In painting is basically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff? _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. RubbensII. Fill in the following blanks. （考10空，每空1分）1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman elementand the Judeo-Christian element.2.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus,Sophocles, and Euripides.3.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to havetold the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from 4.In the 4Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).5.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.6.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianityis by far the most influential in the West.7.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.8.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.9.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, fromwhich the western idea of good manners developed.10.Under feudalism, people of Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.11.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating 12. from the collective efforts of oral literature.13.Loenardo da Vinci's major works: Last Supper is the most famous ofreligious pictures; Mona Lisa probably is the world's most famousportrait.14.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole ofEurope was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the RomanCatholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of theBible.15.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of Englandduring the Renaissance.16.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.17.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of the French neoclassicism in the 17th century.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（考10题，每题1分）1.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measureof all things.” F2.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. T3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. F4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commerciallaw in many Western countries. T5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. And besides being profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality. F6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppressionto a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.T7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds. T8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testamentin a popular form of Latin. F9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism.F10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as“ Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox. T11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himselfin 800. F12.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama. T13. After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. T14.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, thereforeI think: I think , therefore I am.” T15.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. F16.The designing and building of St. Paul's Cathedral is the landmark in French architecture. F17.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as the Viennese School. F18.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Verdi, Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. T th-century science with his discovery of 19.As Isaac Newton dominated 17the laws governing the bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwinth-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the dominated18evolution of man himself. F20.Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man's fate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can't do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. FIV. Explain the following terms in English. （考3个名词，每词10分）1.Humanism ---Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine element—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.2.Enlightenment ---The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectualth century. the 18in the second half of classes of Europe and North America It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or State. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.。

《欧洲文化入门》试题及重点内容归纳总结(完整版)

《欧洲文化入门》第一部分试题I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》重点归纳1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Ho mer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotu s —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

欧洲文化入门历年真题（英语本科自考）

欧洲⽂化⼊门历年真题（英语本科⾃考）2009年10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试北京市命题考试欧洲⽂化⼊门试卷(课程代码10017)第⼀部分选择题(共40分)PART ONEI. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ] , [ C ] and [ D ] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)1. The Olympic Games began in ancient Greece and was revived in __A. the 1Th centuryB. the 18th centuryC. the early 19th centuryD. the late 19th century2. Plato's philosophy is called_ _A. pragmatismB. idealismC. cynicismD. materialism3. The language used in the western half of the Roman Empire was __A. LatinB. GreekC. PersianD. Latin and Greek4. King Solomon was known for_ _A. being the son of MosesB. being a brave fighterC. his wisdomD. his devotion to God5. The first English version of whole Bible was translated and copied out by hand by a group of reformers led by_A. St. JeromeB. John WycliffeC. King JamesD. William Tyndale6. The trinity in Christianity refers to the Father, _ _ and the Holy Spirit.A. the PopeB. the Virgin MaryC. the Bible7. Dante wrote The Divine Comedy in _ _A. GreekB. ItalianC. LatinD. English8. The Act of Supremacy, passed by the British Parliament in 1534, made the king the head of _ _A. the kingdomB. the Presbyterian governmentC. the churchD. army9. Don Quixote is recognized as _ _A. the father of the modern European novelB. the best known novel of the worldC. the father of modern world literatureD. the best written prose10. The Ptolemaic system said that _ _A. the sun is the center of the universeB. the earth is the center of the universeC. each planet moves in an ellipse, with the sun at one focusD. there is gravitation between the heavenly bodies11. Leibniz considered space and time as _ _A. absoluteB. relativeC. system of relationship or orderD. tangible12. Which of the following is NOT Hobbes's view?A. Our knowledge comes from experience.B. When a thing lies still, it will lie still for ever, unless something else stirs it.C. Men are by nature equal in bodily and mental capacity.D. People need the Great Instauration.13. In Lettres Anglaise, V oltaire made a contrast between _ _ liberty and toleration and French arbitrary government.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. Italian14. The author of A Journal of the Plague Year was _ _A. DiderotB. FieldingC. SwiftD. Defoe15. There is a striking difference of style between Bach and _ _A. HaydnB. HandelC. BeethovenD. Mozart16. The slogan of the French revolution was liberty, _ _ and universal brotherhood.A. freedomB. humanityC. equality .D. democracy17. Beethoven's _ _ marked the beginning of 19th century program music.A. Symphony No. 3B. Symphony No. 5C. Symphony No. 6D. Symphony No. 918. When Napoleon invaded Moscow, his army was defeated by _ _A. the Russian armyB. shortage of supplyC. illnessD. coldness and hunger19. _ _ was considered by many to be the greatest of all American poets.A. Walt WhitmanB. Virginia WoolfC. Allen GinsbergD. Ezra Pound20. D. H. Lawrence's work was a challenge to _ _A. symbolismB. conventional moralityC. Freud's psychoanalysis第⼆部分⾮选择题(共60分)PART TWOII. In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of titles, names of organizations, works or remarks. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title, organization, work or remark in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)21. Plato (a) school of Athens22. St. Benedict (b) the first French realist23. Raphael (c) Tom Jones24. Descartes (d) German Nobel Prize winner25. Fielding (e) the Republic26. James Watt (f) representative of Cubism27. Flaubert (g) Norwegian playwright28. Ibsen (h) steam engine29. Thomas Mann (i) a great monk30. Picasso (j) Discourse on MethodIII Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points, 2 points each)31. According to Aristotle, how could people achieve happiness?32. Why do we say that the year 27 B.C. divided the history of Rome into two periods?33. What was the greatest contribution of Charlemagne?34. How will you define the Reformation in the 16th century?35. What did the Puritan principle emphasize?36. What does induction-mean to Bacon?37. What did romantic music stress?38. According to Marx and Engels, how could Socialism be realised?39. What is the novel to a naturalist?40. What are the three functional parts into which Freud divided human personality?IV. Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET in around 40 words.(20 points, 5 points each)41. Industrial Revolution42. the Cynies43. the Beat Generation44. Charles DickensV. Write between 100 - 120 words on the following topic on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points )45. What are the differences between Hobbes and Locke on "social contract" ?2010年10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试北京市命题考试欧洲⽂化⼊门试卷第⼀部分选择题(共40分2 points each)1．The Romans conquered Greece in ．A．146 B．C．B．500 B．C．C．700 B．C．D．1200 B．C．2．The playwright who contributed greatly to Greek tragic art wasA．Sophocles B．Aristophanes C．Herodotus D．Homer3．The greatest of Latin poets wasA．Horace B．Virgil C．Homer D．Cicero4．Daniel was taken prisoner to after the fall of Jerusalem.A．Egypt B．Persia C．Babylon D．Assyria5．David was ．A．a Hebrew king B．the boy who killed GoliathC．the man who made Jerusalem the capital D．all of the above6．In the formative period of feudalism, the bishops were themselvesA．scholars B．hermits C．feudal lords D．knights7．As a result of the Crusades，luxuries of the East poured into the West．They were spices．perfume．hand．woven carpets and ．A．tea B．Chinaware C．silk D．silverware8．Martin Luther held that was the supreme authority．A．the Church B．the Bible C．the Pope D．Jesus9．Ophelia is a character in Shakespeare’s ．A．Hamlet B．Othello C．Macbeth D．Merchant of Venice10．The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man．thus paving the way forA．economic development B．free thinking C．capitalism D．progress 11．Galile0，because he refused to compromise．was tried by ．A．the College of Cardinals B．the Italian courtC．the Spanish court D．the Inquisition12．To Newton，space and time are absolute，to Einstein，motion and space are ．A．relative B．unlimited C．infinite D．1imited13．“A Modest Proposal” was written by ．A．Defoe B．Swift C．Diderot D．Fielding14．Shelley called poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the world” in his ．A．Prometheus unbound B．Defence of PoetryC．1yrics D．Ode to the West Wind15．Schumann stood as the typical example of the influence of upon music．A．revolutionary ideals B．philosophy C．1iterature D．religion 16．According to Darwin，becomes a mechanism for evolutionary change．A．natural selectionB．process C．adaptation D．variation17．Zola believed almost blindlyA．Social Darwinism B．Utopian SocialismC．pragmatism D．scientific determinism18．The writer who devoted himself to the novel of social condition in England in the 19 th cen- tury was ．A．Thomas．Hardy B．William Makepeace ThackerayC．George Eliot D．Charles Dickens19．The contribution made by Pierre and Maris Curie is ．A．the discovery of atomic nucleus B．the discovery of radiumC．the discovery of X—rays D．the discovery of relativity20．To the New Novelists，plot，action，narrative，ideas and analysis of characters are A．no longer important B．still very importantC．of equal importance D．none of the above第⼆部分⾮选择题(共60分)PART TWOII．In the foliowing part there are two columns．The left hand column consists of a list of names．The right hand column consists of a list of titles，names of organizations，works or remarks．Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding ti- tie，organization，work，or remark in the right hand column and put the number aor b or e in the bracket on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points，1 point each) 21．St．Jerome (a)“The die is cast．”22．Schiller (b)Lettres Anglaise23．Keats (C)Mother24．Francois Rabelais (d)Gargantua and Pantagruel25．Walt Whitman (e)Fathers and Sons26．Thomas Hobbes (f)Ode to a Nightingale27．Corky (g)Leaves of Grass28．Turgenev (h)the Vulgate29．Julius Caesar (i)founder of modem German literature30．V oltaire (j)author of LeviathanIII．Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions．Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET．(20 points，2 points each) 31．Which are the most famous temples in ancient Greece?32．What did Horace mean when he said．“Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive．”? 33．Why were Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire?34．HOW shall we define the Catholic Church?35．What made Italy lose its supremacy in world trade in the late l5th century?36．What was Hobbes’s view of the nature of man?37．What kind of a novel is Les Miserables7 ．38．What did Kant try to reconcile in “Critique of Pure Reason”?39．Why did literature become the voice of the people in Russia in the l 9 th century?40．What are the major interests of new novelists?IV．Explain each of the following terms in English．Write your answer in the corre sponding space on the ANSWER SHEET in around 40 words．(20 points，5 pointseach)41．Plato’s and Democritus’ views of the world42．Noah’s Ark43．John Wyclif44．Mark TwainV. Write between l00—120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space onthe ANSWER SHEET(10 points)45．What is the role of Turgenev in Russian literature?2001年下半年北京市⾼等教育⾃学考试欧洲⽂化⼊门试卷I. Multiple Choice (40%)1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and eraotional upheaval.A. SophistsB. CynicsC. SkepticsD. Epicureans2 _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world."A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in_________A. 395B. 27C. 1453D. 4764. The City of God was written by __璤_____, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.A. JesusB. AugustineC. Thomas AquinasD. Martin Luther5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.A. MichelangeloB. RaphaelC. ShakespeareD. da Vinci6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don Quixote.B. HamletC. leviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe7.The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief.A. The Praise of the FollyB. As You Like ItC. Divine ComedyD. Utopia8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West.A. MachiavelliB. Dante'C. BaconD. Locke9.In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs,________ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus10. During the _________ century, the modem scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and" experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization.A. 18thB. 15 thC. 16 thD. 17 th11. _______ said, "Knowledge is power."A.. Isaac NewtonB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. Marx12. In Faust,_______ drew on an immense variety of cultural material--theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. RousseauD. Byron13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. PushkinD. Balzac14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except _________.A. the power of reasonB. individual freedomC. spontaneityD. love of nature15. "If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is the ending line of "Ode to the West Wind" by ________.A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley16. The composer of Swan Lake was ____, a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. ChopinC. BeethovenD. Mozart17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19 th century intended __A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evilsB. to give full play to the imagination of individualsC. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraintD. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific study of "a slice of life"18. Which of the following novels was not written by Tolstoy?A. ResurrectionB. War and PeaceC. Crime and PunishmentD. Anna Karenina19. In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praises of all of the following value except ________.A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man20. Modernism was characterized by ________.A. a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventionsB. the exploration of the inner life of the individual and the psychopathology of human relationsC. its intense interest in the bizarre, the mysterious, the unpredictable and the formlessD. all of the above.II. True - False (20%)1. Once every five years, ancient Greeks had a big sports festival on Mount Olympus, which marked the beginning of Olympic Games.2. The greatest names in Western philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 6 th centuryA. D.3. The body of ideas the Greek philosophers expressed, and the variety of questions they raised about the nature of the world and of human thought, knowledge and conduct, "have had an abiding interest for later generations.4. Christianity remained an object of oppression throughout the history of Roman Empire.5. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order; the only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.6. Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic church, holding that only those especially selectedby God will be saved.7. According to Locke, once a representative is chosen by majority vote, his power is absolute.8. The Declaration of the Rights of Man which was enacted by the English Parliament in 1689 established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England.9. Descartes believed that thought was the foundation of all knowledge while the senses might deceive us.10. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reason.. Explain the Following Terms. (25 % )1. Pax Romana2. The Crusades3. Gothic4. Reformation5. Social DarwinismIV. Answer the Following Question. ( 15 % )Why is Renaissance considered the departure from the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity?2004年欧洲⽂化⼊门试题Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggestedanswers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D ] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the answer card. ( 40 points ,2 points each )1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.3. The Bible has been regarded as __________.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. 'all of the above4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as__________.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization.5. The Crusades were wars between __________.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works __________.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope' s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was __________.A. What do I know?B. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who __________.A. discovered the Cape of Good HopeB. discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC. explored the mouth of the AmazonD. was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9. Which of the following laws was discovered by Newton?A. l,aw of inertia.B. Law of falting bodies.C. Law of" relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10. In Locke' s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was __________.A. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11. Which of the following is" not true about the developments of the Industrial Revolution?A. The substitution of water power for human power.B. The introduction of machine.C. The beginning of the factory system.D. The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by __________.A. V oltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13. In the works of __________.one can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14. The poem of Byron' s that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th centuryA. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15. Throughout his his, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music __________.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC. ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty16. __________. is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinC.SchubertD. Schumann17. Which of the following works was not written by Charles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18. The author of the short story The Necklace was __________.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was __________.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EliotD. William Butler Yeats20. __________.was regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. SholokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky第⼆部分⾮选择题In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of rifles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. ( 10 points, 1 point each)2l. Augustine ( ) (a) To the Lighthouse22. Aristotle ( ) (b) Ethics23. Shakespeare ( ) (c) Kubla Khan24. Mark Twain ( ) (d)A Hero of Our Time25. Titian ( ) (e) Othello26, Virginia Woolf ( ) (f) Meditations27. Newton ( ) (g) The Confession28. Coleridge ( ) (h) the Venus of Urbino29. Lermontov ( ) (i) Life on, the Mississippi30. Descartes ( ) ( j ) Mathematical Principles PhilosohyGive a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 20 points ,2 points each )31. What are the three styles in Greek architecture?32. What was Marcus Cicero noted for?33. What is the importance of the Middle Ages in terms of development of culture?34. Why was Jan Hus condemned to be burnt at stake?35. What is the theory put forward by Copernicus in his work "The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs" ?36. What is Montesquieu' s redefinition of law?37. Which composer realized the possibility of the clarinet and used it for solo effects?38. What new literary theory was put forward in the preface of "Lyrical Ballads"?39. Who was called the "father" of psychoanalysis?40. Who was the American poet that settled down in London and became a leading figure of the Imagist movement? Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet in around 40 words. ( 20 points,5 points each )41. Leonardo da Vinci42. Thomas Hobbes' s political thought43. Enlightenment44. Black HumorWrite between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10 points) 45.What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art?2007年⾃学欧洲⽂化⼊门试题2008年欧洲⽂化⼊门试卷PART ONEI. 选择题1.During the height of the development of Greek culture, Alexandria was noted for itsA. port facilitiesB. populationC. libraryD. architecture2. Which of the following is true about Plato?A. He adopted the dialectical method in argumentB. He was the author of EthicsC. He built up a comprehensive system of philosophyD. He was friend of Socrates3. gave birth to Christianity.A. PalestineB. Jewish traditionC. The BibleD. None of the above4. Abraham was told by God to lead the Hebrews to the Promised Land, which roughly corresponds to the present-dayA. EgyptB. SinaiC. JordanD. Palestine5. was made the official language of the Catholic Church.A. GreekB. LatinC. HebrewD. Italian6. Alfred the Great made the Anglo-Saxon cultural center.A. LondonB. EssexC. EdingburgD. Wessex7. In Raphael's works, there is the exquisite harmony and of the High Renaissance.A. balanceB. powerC. vigorD. knowledge8. In England, the question of reform was chiefly one of rejection of the supremacy ofA. the PopeB. the ChurchC. the ParliamentD. the Sovereign9. In the century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modem times.A. 15thB. 16thC. 17thD. 18th10. The law of inertia was discovered byA. CopernicusB. NewtonC. KeplerD. Galileo11. "Every man is enemy to every man. " is the view held byA. BaconB. HobbesC. LockeD. Newton12. One major source of primitive accumulation of capital wasA. farmingB. textileC. commerceD. slave trade13. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating inA. FranceB. SpainC. EnglandD. Italy14. was considered to be a child prodigy.A. HaydnB. BachC. MozartD. Handel15. To the conservative and reactionary forces in society, Byron's poetry was calledA. SatanicB. HeroicC. ByronicD. none of the above16. "Ruslan and Liudmila" was written byA. LermontovB. PushkinC. HugoD. Tehaikovsky17. The author of the book Evolution and Ethics isA. Yan FuB. Charles DarwinC. Thomas HuxleyD. Herbert Spencer18. The realists tended to regard as the center of the novel.A. ethicsB. imageC. plotD. characterization19. Which of the following is a social satire?A. Hard TimesB. Bleak HouseC. Vanity FairD. Jude the Obscure20. Aller Ginsberg is an American poet who best representsA. the Beat GenerationB. the Last GenerationC. the X GenerationD. the Angry Young MenPART TWOII. 选词填空21.Aristophanes (a) summary of music of the Baroque era22. Shakespeare (b) leader of slave uprising23. Charles I \ (c\) Dutch painter。

欧洲文化入门复习资料

《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture第一部分: 古希腊和古罗马文化Greek Culture古希腊文化I.填空1.more enduring持久的and they are element and Judeo-Christia犹太教与基督教所共有的element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 53.th公元前4世纪的后期, all Greece was brought under the马其顿王国4.攻克Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.奥运会由7.荷马to be the author of their epics史诗.8.The Iliad结盟，同盟of the states of the southern特洛伊9.The Odyssey奥德赛奥德赛思after the Trojan 木马war to hishome, island of Ithaca.伊萨卡poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired 赞赏by readers today:品达颂歌celebrating 庆祝the victories 胜利at the athletic games,14.Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯Agamemnon阿伽门农.15.Sophocles索福克勒斯wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王, Electra伊莱克特拉, and Antigone.安提戈涅16.Euripides women in such plays as Andromache安德洛玛克,Medea麦迪edy喜剧also flourished繁荣in the 5阿里斯托芬, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Waspsoften called ―Father of History‖. He wrote about the wars between19.Thucydides修昔底徳and between锡拉库扎, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily西西里岛.20.was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else hadarisen出现.philosophy哲学are andwas one of the earliest philosophical哲学的materialists唯物主义者and speculated推测about the atomic原子的structure结构of matter事件.25.th26.Euclid欧几里得27.To illustrate说明told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.‖给我一个支点，我可以撬动地球。

欧洲文化练习题(1-7章)

第一节希腊文化Greek Culture1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.?A.Greek CultureB.Roman CultureC.Egyptian CultureD.Chinese Culture2. In( )the Romans conquered Greece.A.1200B.C. B.700B.C. C.146B.C.D.the 5th century3. Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A.Oedipus the kingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone4. Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus5. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Aeschylus?A.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.Prometheus Bound6. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the king7. Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea8. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras9. Who ever said that "You can not step twice into the same river."?A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.DemocritusD.Aristotle10. ( )believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A.SophistsB.CynicsC.SkepticsD.Epicureans11. ( )is said to have told the king :"Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world."A.ArchimedesB.AristotleC.PlatoD.Euclid第二节罗马文化Roman Culture1. Who wrote "Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive."?A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.Horace2. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in( ) A.D..A.395B.27C.1453D.4763. Who wrote "I came ,I saw,Iconquered"?A.HoraceB.Julius CaesarC.VirgilD.Marcus Tullius Cicero4. The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things is( )A.VirgilB.Julius CaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius5. Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB.The PanthenonC.The ParthenonD.Pont du Gard True or False1. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 6th century B.C (5th)F2. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.T3. Sappho, was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.T4. Herodotus is often called …Father of History‟ and he wrote about the wars between Greeks and Romans. ( Greeks and Persians)F5. The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle ,who were active in the 5th and 4th century B.CT6. Socrates ever said “you cannot step twice into the same river”. (Heraclitus)F7. Archimedes is ever now well-now for his Elements ,a testbook of geometry.-F第二章《圣经》与基督教1. Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A.BuddismB.IslamismC.ChristianityD.Judaism2. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called( )A.ExodusmandmentsC. AmosD.Pentateuch3. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _____.A.St.PeterB.St.PaulC.John BaptistD.John Wycliff4. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? ____.A.Augustus IB.Thedosius IC.Nero ID.Constantine I5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions in 392 A.D.?A.TheodosiusB.AugustusC.Constantine ID. Nero Caesar6. By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _____languages.A.288B.974C.1202D.1547. When printing was invented in the 1500‟s, the ____Bible was the first complete work printed.A.EnglishtinC.AramaicD.Hebrew8. When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? ____A.1885B.1611C.1901D.1979第三章中世纪第一节庄园与教堂1. In the latter part of the 4th century, which of the following tribles swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes? ____A.the MongoliansB.the HunsC.the TurkishD.the Syrians2. The Middle Ages id also called the ____.A. "Age of Christianity"B. "Age of Literature"C. "Age of Holy Spirit"D. "Age of Faith"3. In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? ___A.Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St.Benedict, an Italian ruler4. According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _____A.to be loyal to his lordB. B.to fight for the churchC. to obey without question the orders of the abbotD. to respect women of noble birth5. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church? _____A.after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4766. Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe? ____A.clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC.clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs7. By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusaders and ruled all the territory in Palestine that crusaders had fought to control? _____A.1270B.1254C.1096D.1291第二节学术、科学、文学艺术与建筑8. Which of the following was crowned "Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?__A. St.Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James9. Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture? ____A.Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great10. Which country‟s epic does Song of Roland belong to? ____A.EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD.French第四章文艺复兴与宗教改革第一节意大利文艺复兴1. Where did the Renaissance start with the following of paintings, sculpture and architecture? _____A.in Greece and RomeB.in Florence and VeniceC.in Milan and FlorenceD.in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance? ____A.in the 11th centuryB.in the 15th centuryC.in the 16th centuryD.in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _____A.DecameronB.CanzoniersC.DavidD.Moses4. Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? _____A.TempestaB.Sacred and Profane LoveC.Flight into EgyptD.The Return of the Hunters5. Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ____A.GiottoB.BrunelleschiC.DonatelloD.Giorgione6. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for hisMadona(Virgin Mary)? ____A.TitianB.da VinciC.MichelangeloD.Raphael7. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _____A.RaphaelB.TitianC.da VinciD.Michelangelo第二节宗教改革与反宗教改革8. who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? _____A. Jan HusB. John WyclifC. Martine LutherD. John Calvin9. who is the author of Institutes of the Christian Religion(基督教要义)? _____A. John WyclifB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD. Erasmus第三节其他国家的宗教改革10. which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of life and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?___A. Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia11. who put down this world-famous motto “what do I know?” in his essays?_____A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD.Shakespeare12. in _____ , Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don QuixoteB. HamletC.LeviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe13. which of the following is NOT French writer or poet?_____A. CervantesB.Pierre de RonsardC.RabelaisD. Montaigne14. in 1516, who published the first Greek edition of the new Testment?_____A. BruegelB. ErasmusC.El GrecoD. Rabelais15. “ To be, or not to be, --that is the question” is from whose works?_____A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. Shakepeare16. in The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs, put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe. ____A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus17._____, author of Prince, is called “Father of political science” in the west.A. MachiavelliB. DanteC. BaconD. Locke第五章17世纪第一节科学1. The first major advance of modern science occurred in .A. anatomyB. astronomyC. printingD. geographical discoveries2. The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is .A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton3. In The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs, put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus4. Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnified objects .A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times5. which of the following about Galileo is NOT true?A. He invented the telescope and was the first to apply the telescope to the study ofthe skies.B. He discovered the law of inertiaC. He discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics.D. He was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.6. which of the following statements about Newton‟s contribution to the science is NOT true?A. He discovered the law of the universal gravitation.B. He invented calculus.C. He discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum.D. He discovered the law of relativity.7. and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler第二节英国的哲学、政治学和文学8. said, “ Knowledge is power.”A. ShakespeareB. Francis BaconC. Thomas HobbesD. John Locke9. Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon?A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning10. Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes11. Which of the following works is NOT written by John Milton?A. Paradise LostB. AreopagiticaC. Samson AgonistesD. Andromaque12. In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree reimposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best-known prose .A. AndromaqueB. AreopagiticaC. Paradise Lost13. Which of the following philosophers ever said “ I think, therefore I am”?A. Francis BaconB. Pierre GassendiC. Descartes14. Which of the following philosophers believed that knowledge of the universe andcertain principle and laws of physics is innate?A. John LockeB. Pierre Gassendi D. Descartes15. “ I walk, therefor I am” is whose slogan?A. John LockeB. Pierre Gassendi D. Francis Bacon16. Which of the following works displays the grand style of Corneille‟s work?A. Le CidB. AndromaqueC. TartuffeD. Le Misanthrope17. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravggioD. Bernini18. Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe?A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini19. In the middle of the 17th century, which country was the richest and the mostpowerful country in Europe?A. FlanderB. the NetherlandsC. EnglandD. France第六章启蒙时期1.whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution？A. John LockeB. RousseauC. MontesquieuD. V oltaire2. Which of the following works is the most famous of V oltaire‟s novels?A. CandideB. The New HeloiseC. EmileD. Laocoon3. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. ”A re whose most famous world?A. MontesquieuB. RousseauC. V oltaireD. Diderot4. Who ever said that “nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable”?A. DiderotB. V oltaireC. MontesquieuD. Rousseau5. Who is NOT famous for his theory of social contract?A. HobbesB. BaconC. LockeD. Rousseau6. Which of the following works is a classic of modern aesthetics?A. LaocoonB. FaustC. The RobberD. Wallenstein第7章浪漫主义1. Which of the following two poets called the “lakers”?A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Goethe and SchillerC. Byron and KeatsD. Pushkin and Lermontov2. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is from the ending line of “Ode to the West Wind” by .A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley3. Which of the following writers wrote Ode to a Nightingale and died very young?A. ByronB. KeatsC. ShelleyD. Wordsworth4. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel?A. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. PushkinD. Walter Scott5. which of the following works was introduced to China at the end of the 19th century through Lin Shu‟s translation, which bore the romantic title《撒克逊劫后英雄略》?A. The Heart of Mid-LothianB. Boris GodunovC. The BetrothedD. Ivanhoe6. Who is the author of Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables on which there have been many films based?A. George SandB. Daniel DefoeC. Victor HugoD. Henry Fidlding7. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women‟s freedom in love and marriage?A. George SandB. ChateaubriandC. Victor HugoD. Taylor Coleridge8. In which of the following works did Pushkin create a character, who was the first “superfluous man” in Russian literature?A. Eugene OneginC. Ruslan and LiudmilaD. A Hero of Our Time9. Which of the following is not regard as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. Pushkin10. Which of the following musicians was NOT from Germany?A. MendelssohnB. BrahmsC. Schumann11. The composer of Swan Lake was , a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. Chopin D. Mozart。

欧洲文化入门练习及参考复习资料

欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous sayingby _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in an cient Greece答：1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答：There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, theagreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答：Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential o f English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version,first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s Ea st of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors werefounded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in v ernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and le arning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ ph ilosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? 答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes inman’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.。

《欧洲文化入门》复习试题

外国语言文化学院英语系《欧洲文化入门》复习试题年级2010 班级姓名学号PART I—MULTIPLE CHOICE (50%) 考试时为50题，每题1分，共50分。

1.Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity. Which one is the exception?A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecutionB.Christianity was not the official religion of the Roman Empire until the 4th centuryC.Christianity spread in the cities of the empire, first in the east and later in the westD.It was Constantine’s toleration f or all religions that brought new life to Christianity2.Which one of the following statements is true with the leading factor that contributed to the birth of theByzantine, Islam and the west?A.The Roman Empire suffered attacks by both the Germans and the PersiansB.The emperor assimilated Germans to maintain peace and order of the empireC.The Roman Empire grew too large to control and to resist foreign invasionsD.The western half of the empire fragmented into smaller and weaker kingdoms3.The common features of the Byzantine, Islam and the west are _______.A.depopulated cities, unproductive land and fragmented powerB.one-God belief, and farming as the major means of productionC.towns as trade center, centralized power, and urban prosperityD.share of the same God, and of the same means of production4.Three of the following statements are true with the Early Middle Ages. Which one is the exception?A.The West was under the rule of the Carolingians for about 350 yearB.Farming and trade marked the major features of the economy thenC.Charlemagne’ empire was as large as the powerful Roman EmpireD.The Carolingians suffered attacks from the Muslims and the Vikings5.Three of the following statements are true with the Central Middle Ages. Which one is the exception?A.There was a religious reform in the papacy for democracyB.There was agricultural improvement with urban growthC.There were schools and universities located in city cathedralsw, medicine, and theology became the focus of education6.Three of the following statements are true with the Late Middle Ages. Which one is the exception?A.The West was under the pressure of population growthB.There was not much land available in the West any moreC.The West suffered the loss of population due to diseasesD.The West grew gradually independent of the papal control7.Three of the following statements are true with the historical significance of the Middle Ages. Which one is theexception?A.The liberal arts of the Middle Ages remain the core of the arts programs of today's collegesB.Universities that were established in the Middle Ages remain educational centers todayC.Separation of church and state remains the political practice in the western world todayD.Cities of the Middle Ages remain more commercial centers than political centers today8.Middle ages lasted___.A.about 350 yearsB.about 1450 yearsC.about 10 centuriesD.about 5 centuries9.At the beginning of the Middle ages___.A.the eastern half of the Roman Empire began to fragmentB.the western half of the Roman Empire began to fragmentC.the Roman Empire suffered Persian attack from the westD.the Roman Empire suffered German attack from the east10.In the Middle Ages, people thought they were___.A.living in the ancient timesB.living in the Middle AgesC.living in the modern timesD.living in the Dark Ages11.The term Middle Ages__.A.was invented by people during the RenaissanceB.was invented by people todayC.suggests a period of cultural changeD.suggests a period of literary change12.People in the Renaissance thought the time of Middle ages was___.A.more civilized than the time of ancient GreeceB.more advanced than their own timeC.uncivilizedD.as uncivilized as the time of ancient Rome13.The period of transformations of the Roman Empire into Middle Ages__.A.is often called Early Middle AgesB.is often called the Late Antiquitysted about 600 yearssted about 400 years14.In the transformations of the Roman Empire into Middle Ages___.A.political changes led to religious changeB.religious change led to politic changeC.political and religious change occurred at the same timeD.political changes suffered religious pressure15.The Roman pagans worshipped gods by no means connected to___.A.their ancestorsB.their homesC.various natural forcesD.Jehovah16.Christianity originated from__.A.TurkeyB.PalestineC.North AfricaD.the Western Europe17.Jesus lived in the __.A.early 1st centuryte 1st centuryC.early 2nd centuryte 2nd century18.The Palestine of Jesus' day included parts of the following except__.A. Israel todayB. Jordan todayC. Iraq todayD. Syria today19.Christianity was spread first__.A.by Jesus out of PalestineB.by Jesus' followers out of PalestineC.southwardsD.westwards20.Christians suffered persecution__.A.until the 2nd centuryB.until the 3rd centuryC.until the 4th centuryD.until the 5th century21.Constantine the Great declared __.A.Christianity as the only religionB.toleration for all religionsC.the end of paganismD.paganism illegal22.Christians considered pagan gods_.A. as demonsB. as humansC. incredibleD. supernatural23.In the Christian view, saints __.A.were only malesB.were only femalesC.were immortalD.were empowered by God24.Saints were considered as the following except___.A.models of virtueB.powerful miracle workersC.monksD.people with holy power25.Christianity focused on the__.A.events of the everyday worldB.damnation after deathC.salvationD.eternal health26.Fathers of the Church refer to__.A.some authors of Christian teachingsB.the PopesC.early churchmenD.monks in early churches27.The Germans in Late Antiquity__.A.shared with the Romans culturallyB.were always in a state of changeC.lived a farming lifeD.were skillful in agriculture28.The Germans by no means__.A.traded with the RomansB.admired the RomansC.adopted Roman habitsD.differed from the Romans biologically29.Beginning in the 4th century, army units of German were__.A.suppressed by the RomansB.eliminated by the RomansC.welcomed into the Roman Empire to defend the RomansD.driven by the Romans to settle in depopulated areas30.The Byzantine Empire lost huge portions of territory to__.A. the GermansB. the HunsC. the PersiansD. the Muslims31.By 750 the Muslims had __.A.conquered the Middle EastB.taken GreeceC.subdued TurkeyD.swept over Italy32.Which of the following is Not true about Muhammad, the Islam leader?A.He was a traderB.He used to be a paganC.He believed in one God that was different from the Jewish GodD.He was considered as a prophet who passed God's message to the Muslims33.Which of the following is Not true of Byzantium, Islam, and the West?A.belief in one GodB.belief in the separation of church and stateC.belief in the harmony between spiritual and worldly thingsD.the rural orientation of means of production34.People then by no means cared__.A.about rulers at the topB.about neighborsC.about local leadersD.about farming life35.Which of the following is common to Byzantium, Islam and the West?A.prosperous trading societyB.productive countrysideC.centralization of political powerD.local relationships among people36. The West was featured with__.A.thriving tradeB.centralization of governmentC.unproductive landD.prosperous urban society37. __kept fighting among themselves.A.Kingdoms in the WestB. MuslimsC. Rulers in ByzantiumD. The popes in Rome38. The pope and the Byzantine church shared the same__.A.understanding of the nature of GodB.God as the holy image of worshipC.view on the organization of the churchD.interpretation of Christianity39. The pope & the Byzantine church_.A.began their conflict in AD 1054B.have not healed their split yetC.split in AD 1054D.are still in conflict40. The Crusades by no means__.A.defeated the MuslimsB. weakened the MuslimsC. weakened ByzantiumD. strengthened Byzantium41. Byzantium was defeated by___.A. the TurksB. the GermansC. the PersiansD. the Huns42. The end of Byzantium marks__.A.the end of Roman EmpireB. the end of Middle AgesC. the end of ChristianityD. the end of monarchy43. The Russians by no means__.A.accepted ChristianityB. adopted Byzantine customsC. were AsiansD. were created by Germanic Vikings44. The Islamic world was unified __.A.by the MongolsB. in the 13th centuryC. by the PersiansD. by the Ottoman Turks45. The Merovingians by no means__.A.were well-civilized peopleB. were FranksC. were GermansD. served in the Roman military46. The Merovingians were infamous_.A.for being foreignersB. for being militantC. for being lazyD. for being barbaric47. The Merovingians became _.A.more civilized in the course of warB.less civilized in the course of warC.more civilized after adopting Roman institutionsD.more barbaric as they kept destroying Roman culture48. Monks in the Merovingian time__.A.lived the monasteriesB. lived in the templesC. lived in the nunneriesD. lived a secular life only49. Monks then by no means__.A.gave up material comfortB. marriedC. remain singleD. spent much of their time in prayer to God50. Monasteries were by no means__.A. elements of political lifeB. elements of religious lifeC. elements of economic lifeD. elements of moral life51.The Carolingians___.A.assimilated the MerovingiansB. were less civilizedC. came from AsiaD. subdued the Merovingians52.Charlemagne___.A.means Charles the GreatB. refers to the first monarchC. founded the royal dynastyD. was tired of war53.Charlemagne' empire was gained__.A. by personal loyaltyB. by forceC. by peaceD. by authority54.Charlemagne by no means maintained the empire___.A.through centralization of political powerB.through personal loyaltyC.through military actionsD.through centralized administrative institutions55.Charlemagne' empire was different from the Roman Empire for it was__.A.based on the Mediterranean SeaB.administered by the central powerC.ruled directly by the kingD.an empire of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea56.In the Charlemagne's empire, the royal officials do anything but__.A.carrying out royal lawsB.overseeing court casesC.getting money from the king for their servicesD.pledging faithfulness to the king57.In the Charlemagne's empire, the bishops do anything but__.A.checking up on local officialsB.giving money to the local officials for their servicesC.making sure that local officials carried out their duties wellD.attending the meetings called by the king58.Charlemagne wanted __.A.the pope to be more powerfulB.to be known as a Roman emperorC.to be known as a Christian emperorD.to be a Roman emperor59.Charlemagne preferred __.A.to be crowned by the popeB.to be a Roman emperorC.to be known as a Roman emperorD.to claim that he was crowned emperor by God60.Charlemagne set ___as his model.A. ConstantineB. the Roman EmpireC. the popeD. all the super-kings before him61.The Holy Roman Empire __.A.began in the 12th centuryB. began in the 13th centuryC. included Italy todayD. excluded Germany today62.The Holy Roman Empire lasted__.A. about 300 yearsB. about 400 yearsC. over 500 yearsD. over 600 years63.The Holy Roman emperor is __.A.viewed as a Roman emperorB. viewed as a second popeC. like a popeD. viewed as a Christian emperor64.Charlemagne converted the Saxons into Christianity__.A. by forceB. by baptismC. by building monasteriesD. by ministry65.To unify the empire Charlemagne_.A.only relied on executionB. first relied on ChristianityC. relied on personal loyaltyD. relied on the pope66.The Carolingian Renaissance was aimed at fulfilling the goal of___.A.reviving the wisdom of Roman writers onlyB.creating Christian literature onlyC.creating an orderly and unified Christian empireD.improving the works of art and literature of the time67.The Carolingian economy was__.pletely based on landB.mostly based on tradergely based on tradergely based on farming68.The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was caused by__.A.cooperative attacks from the Muslims, the Vikings and the MagyarsB.foreign invasions and internal conflictsC.the sons of CharlemagneD.the heir of Charlemagne69.Foreign invasions caused__.A. a stronger FranceB. a weaker EnglandC. a unified EnglandD.the unification of France and England70.As the Carolingian Empire split_.A.peasants were richerB.were happierC.warriors became peasantsD.warriors became equal to their lords71.From the 11th century through the 13th century, the West became__.A.an important world powerB.stronger than the Islamic worldC.more sophisticated than the Byzantine EmpireD.more prosperous than the Islamic world72.The Europeans did all the following except__ from the 11th century on.A.reviving old cities to remade their worldB.building new cities to remade their worldunching defensive wars to remade their worldD.creating universities to remade their world73.In the Central Middle Ages peasants were__.A.forced to make new landsB.encouraged to make new landsC.obliged to cut down forestsD.forced to pay more dues to landlords74.The landlords then preferred __.A. yearly dues of hensB. yearly dues of eggsC. yearly dues of farm laborD. a fixed money of rent75.Towns then acted more as___.A. trading centersB. political centersC. religious spotsD. tourist spots76.Cities then included anything but_.A. marketplaceB. cathedralsC. factoriesD. monasteries77.Guilds in the cities then were__.A.religious clubs onlyB. trade associations onlyC. controlling everythingD. communities of the craftsmen78.Fairs in towns then__.A.attracted foreign tradersB. were markets onlyC. were festivals onlyD. set up in the open air onlymunes in the 13th century as political and economic bodies__.A.were set up in northern Italy onlyB.refer to independent countriesC.reflect a strong sense of democracyD.were made up of the master craftsmen80.New schools in the 11th century__.A.were run by monasteriesB.were located in city cathedralsC.were to produce monksD.were religious81.New schools then attracted__.A.local teachers onlyB. local students onlyC. teachers all over EuropeD. wealthy merchants only82.In the 13th century, many schools_.A.were organized into universitiesB.gave way to universitiesC.were state-runD.were government-funded83.In the Carolingian time popes__.A.were the heads of churchB.were regarded as models of pietyC.opened schoolsD.were the heads of state84.The chief point of Gregorian reform was to ___.A.end the power of emperorsB.make the church completely independent from the emperorsC.force the priests to remain single throughout lifeD.allow the priests to marry85.The First Crusade was important because __.A.it conquered the land of the MuslimsB.the Pope rescued the Byzantine EmpireC.it was the first example of European expansionismD.the Byzantine Empire defeated the Muslims finally86.It was ____who unified England for the first time.A.King Edward and his successorsB.King Arthur and his successorsC.King William and his successorsD.King Alfred and his successors87.1066 marked the__.A.defeat of the VikingsB.Norman Conquer of EnglandC.death of William ID.death of Alfred the Great88.Magna Carta in 1215 in England was a document that __.A.really weakened the power of the churchB.really weakened the power of the kingC.spoke for the common peopleD.spoke for the nobles89.The Spanish monarchy was __.A.set up by the ChristiansB. overcome by the MuslimsC. set up by the MuslimsD. overcome by the Jews90.Romanesque style appeared_.A.earlier than Gothic styleB. later than Gothic styleC. higher and lighterD. more mysterious91.Monasteries were made rich by__.A.the hardworking monksB. the powerful monksC. the kingsD. the kings and nobles92.Which of the following is Not true about monasteries?A.They were self-sufficient unitsB.Monks in the monastery slept in the same dormitoryC.Monks did not have to work in the fields at allD.All monks lived according to a rule that governed their daily routine93.The Fourth Crusade in the 13th century was in fact__.A.an armed pilgrimage for Christian purposeB.turned into a siege of a Christian cityC. a war that helped defend the regions in the Holy Land conquered by EuropeansD.defeated by the Muslims94.Before the First Crusade, Jews__.A.lived in the monasteriesB. lived in the citiesC. were forced into the citiesD. were forced out of the cities95.Jews in the cities were good at__.A. doing businessB. borrowing moneyC. craftsmanshipD. farming96.Jews in the cities were__.A.converted to ChristianityB. converted to IslamC. admired by ChristiansD. persecuted by Christians97.___ were regarded as heretics.A.Those who believed in GodB.Those who did not believe in ChristianityC.Jews onlyD.Muslims only98.The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the RenaissanceB.began with the fall of ByzantiumC.ended with the RenaissanceD.ended with the disappearance of the Roman Catholic Church99.Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused __.A.the shortage of cultivated landB.the shortage of food supplyC.the new methods of agricultureD.the disastrous change of climate100.Black Death caused __.A.more harm in the countrysideB. no harm in the countryC. more harm in the citiesD. no harm in the citiesPART II – CLOZE (10%) 考试时为10题（1篇文章），每题1分，共10分。

欧洲文化练习题(1-7章)

欧洲文化入门复习题

欧洲文化入门期末考试作文题（20%）
My understanding of Renaissance My understanding of Crusades My understanding of Bible

8. Balzac ['bælzæk] 巴尔扎克 has been called “the French Dickens”
9. Zola was the founder of the naturalist school (自然主义流派）. 10. In the French realism, Maupassant ['məupə'sa:nt] 莫泊桑 was the only short story teller.

1. Both ________________________________are the best representative of Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales the middle English. 2. _______________ paved the way for the development of what is the the Middle Ages present-day European culture. 3. Renaissance started in __________ and ________with the flowering of Florence Venice paintings, sculpture and architecture. Petrarch 4. In Renaissance literature of Italy, ________ was the representative poet. 5. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of ___________________. the greatness of man 6. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Shakespeare’s literature. ____________ 7. The national religion established after reformation in England was called ____________________________________________. The church of England or The Anglican Church 8. It was under the reign of _________ that reformation was successful in Henry Ⅷ England. Cervantes 9. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was ___________ with his famous work___________, which marked European culture entry Don Quixote into a new stage. 10. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in _________________ the 17th century

欧洲文化入门复习题答案

欧洲文化入门复习题答案一、填空题1. 欧洲文化通常指的是欧洲大陆上各国的文化遗产和艺术成就，其中包括文学、艺术、音乐、哲学等多个领域。

2. 欧洲文艺复兴起源于14世纪的意大利，是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，标志着从中世纪向现代过渡。

3. 法国大革命是18世纪末至19世纪初的一场政治、社会和文化变革，对欧洲乃至世界历史产生了深远的影响。

4. 欧洲的宗教改革运动主要发生在16世纪，它导致了基督教的分裂，形成了天主教和新教两大教派。

5. 欧洲启蒙运动是18世纪的一场思想解放运动，强调理性、科学和批判精神，对现代民主政治和文化有着重要影响。

二、选择题1. 欧洲文艺复兴的中心是（C）A. 法国巴黎B. 德国柏林C. 意大利佛罗伦萨D. 英国伦敦2. 欧洲宗教改革的领导者之一是（B）A. 马丁·路德B. 约翰·加尔文C. 托马斯·阿奎那D. 但丁3. 欧洲启蒙运动的代表人物包括（D）A. 但丁B. 达芬奇C. 米开朗基罗D. 伏尔泰4. 法国大革命的标志性事件是（A）A. 巴士底狱的攻占B. 拿破仑的加冕C. 法国的君主立宪制D. 法国的共和制确立三、简答题1. 简述欧洲文艺复兴的特点。

答：欧洲文艺复兴的特点包括对古典文化的复兴，对人文主义的强调，艺术和科学领域的创新，以及对个人主义的推崇。

这一时期的艺术家和学者开始重视人的价值和能力，探索自然和人类社会的真实面貌。

2. 欧洲宗教改革对欧洲社会产生了哪些影响？答：欧洲宗教改革对欧洲社会产生了深远的影响，包括促进了宗教多元化，引发了一系列的宗教战争，推动了民族国家的形成，以及促进了教育和文化的普及。

四、论述题1. 论述欧洲启蒙运动对现代民主政治和文化的影响。

答：欧洲启蒙运动对现代民主政治和文化产生了深远的影响。

它提倡理性思考和科学方法，反对迷信和盲从，为现代民主政治的建立提供了思想基础。

同时，启蒙运动还强调个人自由和权利，推动了法律和制度的改革，促进了社会的进步和文明的发展。

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is th e first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s his torical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答：1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答：There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristop hanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答：Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in allthe English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most imp ortant and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land inexchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”. 2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also result ed in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took th e lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of hist ory, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into thevernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world ina way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Fr ancis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramaticintensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times?答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution?1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.。

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________.27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing i s on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in a ncient Greece答：1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答：There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies,Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story ab out God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the L aws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells abouta religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答：Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated fromthe Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influe ntial of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version,first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenc ed without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern OrthodoxChurch.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors werefounded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic statereaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resu lted in renewing pe ople’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was c rowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. Hismain work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to th e epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politic s, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and tr anslating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or TheAnglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves intranslating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to paya good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. T omas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. BourgeoisieRevolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? 答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics,owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There wasa prof ound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes inman’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a generalconclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power orgovernment backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution?1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.。

欧洲入门文化试题及答案)

作业1．第3题William Tyndale translated the New Testament in the 16 century from___.A.the Latin textB.the Greek textC.the Hebrew textD.the French text答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第4题Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused __.A.the shortage of cultivated landB.the shortage of food supplyC.the new methods of agricultureD.the disastrous change of climate答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第13题A myth is ___.A.an accepted narrativeB.an oral literary work traditionally acceptedC.a traditionD.a retelling答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第14题Romanesque style appeared_.A.earlier than Gothic styleter than Gothic styleC.higher and lighterD.more mysterious答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第22题In the Middle Ages, the ancient myths___.A.predominatedB.were dominantC.were interpreted allegoricallyD.were even more popular答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第23题By a complex process of violence, struggle, and sexual attraction,__built up the power.A.PandoraB.ZeusC.ChaosD.Cronus答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.07．第28题The first complete English Bible was the work of translation by John Wycliffe from___.A.the Latin textB.the Greek textC.the Hebrew textD.the French text答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.08．第38题Myths____.A.are all religiousB.all explain the interaction of divine and human worldsC.explain the origin of man and natureD.are all ture答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第39题According to Greek myths about creation, ____was the foundation of all things.A.ZeusB.JupiterC.CronusD.Chaos答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第40题The early Christians were against ___.A.Greek cultureB.Roman cultureC.Hebrew culureD.pagan culture答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.011．第50题Which is not true in the following about the disruptive deities?A.They were in fact monstersB.They were powerfulC.They were in fact mortalsD.They looked part human and part animal答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第56题The name Jesus suggests__.A.Jehovah's sonB.that God saves us from sinC.salvationD.sacrifice答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第57题The images of Cronus and Rhea reflect ___________.A.the matriarchal social system in Ancient GreeceB.the patriarchal social system in Ancient GreeceC.the communal marriage in the primitive societyD.the communal structure in the primitive society答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第58题Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the Old Testament?A.the moral lawsB.the human personsC.the Holy SpiritD.God答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.015．第59题Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the NewTestament?A.the kingdom of GodB.the human personsC.the Holy SpiritD.God答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第5题Prose is not the literary form found in the Old Testament.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.017．第6题Jupiter was not the god of fire.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.018．第7题Books of Moses focus on law of nature.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.019．第8题The books of Deuteronomy recorded Israel's whole history.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.020．第9题The Throne Succession History of David in the Old Testament comes closer to the modern understanding of history.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.021．第15题The early Romans cared about the human characters of gods.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.022．第16题The Protestant version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible only.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.023．第20题Renaissance eventually expanded into Germany, France, England, and other parts of the Mediterranean Sea.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.024．第24题According to Roman mythology, the Romans originated from Asia Minor.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.025．第25题Early Christians regarded the Old Testament as an agreement God made through Moses.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.026．第26题The ancient Romans believed a god is almighty.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：此题得分：0.027．第29题The Old Testament tells the true history of the Jews.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.028．第30题The common feature of Hebrew poetry is rhyming.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.029．第31题The Russians by no means adopted Byzantine customs.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.030．第32题In the Middle Ages, people thought they were living in the Middle Ages.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.031．第33题Renaissance classical education relied on teachings from ancient texts and emphasized a range of disciplines, including electronics, electricity, physiology, and philosophy.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.032．第34题Renaissance began in Italy.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.033．第35题Christians suffered persecution until the 4th century.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.034．第36题The major theological theme of the Old Testament is that Yahweh is the only God in the world.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：此题得分：0.035．第37题The most significant part of the Jewish Bible is that of the poems.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.036．第41题Christianity originated from the Western Europe.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.037．第42题The West featured unproductive land.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.038．第43题The Merovingians were infamous for being foreigners.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.039．第44题By 750 the Muslims had subdued Turkey.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.040．第60题The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.041．第61题Our knowledge about Roman mythology comes mostly from the works of Greek writers.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.042．第62题Early Romans began to build temples for their gods 170 years before the city was founded.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：此题得分：0.043．第63题There were schools and universities located in city cathedrals in the Central Middle Ages.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.044．第1题Unlike Christianity, Judaism___ in more gods.答案:believes标准答案：believes您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.045．第2题That women _________ in childbirth is God's punishment of man, according to the Bible.答案:suffer pain标准答案：suffer pain您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.046．第10题Favored by God, Moses eventually led his people out of the hand of the ___.答案:Egyptians标准答案：Egyptians您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.047．第11题The New Testament was edited in ________ Empire.答案:Roman标准答案：Roman您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.048．第12题Charlemagne' empire was different from the Roman Empire for it was an empire of the Atlantic Ocean and the North __.答案:Sea标准答案：Sea您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.049．第17题The Romans __________ domestic gods daily.答案:worshipped标准答案：worshipped您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.050．第18题According to the story of creation, God formed man from the dust of ___________.答案:the ground标准答案：the ground您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.051．第19题The monarchy of Israel arose in the ___.答案:1100 BC标准答案：1100 BC您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.052．第21题Charlemagne' empire was gained by __.答案:force标准答案：force您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.053．第27题King ___ established a powerful empire in Israel. 答案:David标准答案：David您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.054．第45题The idea of regarding emperors as gods __ in the first century of the Roman Empire.答案:ended标准答案：ended您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.055．第46题More and more foreign gods found their way into the Roman culture with Roman expansion because Rome became an ________.答案:international trading center标准答案：international trading center您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.056．第47题Charlemagne wanted to be known as a emperor.答案:Christian标准答案：Christian您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.057．第48题Guilds in the cities of the Central Middle Ages were communities of the __.答案:craftsmen标准答案：craftsmen您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.058．第49题Charlemagne means Charles ___.答案:the Great标准答案：the Great您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.059．第51题The New Testament consists of _____ books .答案:27标准答案：27您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.060．第52题Foreign invasions caused a England.答案:unified标准答案：unified您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.061．第53题Fairs in towns of the Central Middle Ages attracted foreign __.答案:traders标准答案：traders您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.062．第54题Charlemagne preferred to claim that he was crowned emperor by .答案:God标准答案：God您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.063．第55题The Holy Roman Empire Italy today.答案:included标准答案：included您的答案：题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.0作业总得分：26.0 作业总批注：。

欧洲入门文化试题及答案

欧洲入门文化试题及答案作业1(第7题Roman mythology is actually___.A.of Greek cultureB.not purely RomanC.from African cultureD.of Asian nature答案:B2(第8题Greek gods resembled human beings in the following aspects except___.A.formB.emotionsC.authorityD.being immortal答案:D3(第9题___ is not included in Greek mythology as one of the three principal types of figures.A.the godsB.the devilsC.the mortalsD.the heroes答案:B4(第10题The continuity of the New Testament with the Old is best shown in ___.A.its teaching about GodB.its teaching about JesusC.its instruction by ChristD. its claim of Jesus as a unique revelation of God答案:A此题得分:0.05(第11题In the 13th century, many schools _.A.were organized into universitiesB.gave way to universitiesC.were state-runD.were government-funded答案:A6(第27题Myths____.A.are all religiousB.all explain the interaction of divine and human worldsC.explain the origin of man and natureD.are all ture答案:C7(第28题The ancient Greeks___.A.learned myths from RomeB.firmly believed myths to be trueC.wrote many mythsD.learned myths from China答案:B8(第29题According to Greek mythology, Paris,___, which resulted in theTrojanwar.A.son of King of Troy, abducted Helen, a Greek beautyB.King of Troy, abducted Helen, a Greek beautyC.son of Greek king, abducted Helen, a Trojan beautyD.King of Greek, abducted Helen, a Trojan beauty 答案:A 9(第30题The original language of the New Testament was used ___. A.as aproper vehicle for the Christian faith B.as a means of worshipC.in the church onlyD.in homes and marketplaces答案:D10(第31题Magna Carta in 1215 in England was a document that __. A.really weakened the power of the churchB.really weakened the power of the kingC.spoke for the common peopleD.spoke for the nobles答案:D11(第50题Which of the following is not true about the Greeks? A.They produced their sacred written text like the Bible B.They recognized no single truthC.They believed no single codeD.They had various beliefs答案:A12(第51题In the Renaissance, the ancient myths___.A.served as sources of inspiration for artistic creationB.enjoyed new colorsC.were more poeticD.became more imaginative答案:A13(第52题Roman writers like Virgil and Ovid were famous as they ___. A.lived about three centuries before Christ was born B.created an inspiring Greco-Roman mythology C.introduced the names of Greek gods into Roman culture D.introduced the functions of Greek gods into Roman culture 答案:B14(第53题In the New Testament Jesus was portrayed as the following figure except____.A.a prophetB.the second AdamC.the Son of GodD.the almighty God答案:D15(第54题Romanesque style appeared_.A.earlier than Gothic styleter than Gothic styleC.higher and lighterD.more mysterious答案:A16(第12题According to Roman mythology, the Romans originated from Asia Minor.答案:正确17(第13题In the Jewish Bible there are 27 books in Hebrew.答案:错误18(第14题Many books in the Old Testament are narratives because they report theevents in the past.答案:正确19(第15题Books of Moses focus on law of nature.答案:错误20(第16题The Old Testament is a collection of books recording oral traditions in the Near East.答案:正确标准答案:121(第17题According to the Old Testament, death is a cruel reality.答案:错误22(第18题The Germans by no means traded with the Romans.答案:错误23(第19题People in the early Middle Ages by no means cared about local leaders.答案:错误24(第20题The Merovingians were infamous for being foreigners.答案:错误25(第21题By 750 the Muslims had subdued Turkey.答案:错误26(第32题In Virgil's Aeneid, Aeneas married the princess of a kingdom that occupied the future land of Rome, which made him the father of Romulusand Remus.答案:错误27(第33题The Old Testament is regarded as a book recording the past event of the Jewish people.答案:错误28(第36题According to the author of the apocalyptic writings, Evil powers wouldstruggle against God.答案:正确29(第37题Early Romans began to build temples for their gods 170 years before the city was founded.答案:错误30(第38题Early Christians regarded the New Testament as an agreement God made with Adam and Eve.答案:错误31(第39题According to the Old Testament, Moses was a prophet.答案:正确32(第40题Belief in the harmony between spiritual and worldly things is true ofByzantium, Islam, and the West.答案:正确33(第41题Monks in the Merovingian time lived in the temples.答案:错误34(第42题Participants in the Renaissance came to the conclusion that their owncommercial achievements rivaled those of antiquity.答案:错误35(第55题Romans adopted Jupiter from Greek culture as the focus of state religious practice.答案:错误36(第56题The most significant part of the Christian Old Testament lies in books on laws.答案:正确37(第57题The Birth of Venus, created in the Renaissance,was a painting inspired by Virgil's vivid descriptions.答案:错误38(第58题The Old Testament tells the true history of the Jews.答案:错误39(第59题The major theological theme of the Old Testament is that Yahweh is the only God in the world.答案:错误40(第60题The common features of the Byzantine, Islam and the west are depopulated cities, unproductive land and fragmented power.答案:错误41(第61题Renaissance began in Italy.答案:正确42(第62题Scholars now recognize that a number of characteristics of Renaissanceart and society had their origins in the Middle Ages.答案:正确43(第63题Christians considered pagan gods supernatural.答案:错误44(第1题By the end of the 4th century, __ became the only official religion.答案:Christianity45(第2题More and more foreign gods found their way into the Roman culture withRoman expansion because Rome became an ________. 答案:international trading center46(第3题Unlike Christianity, Judaism___ in more gods.答案:believes47(第4题Adam called his wife Eve because she was__.答案:the mother of all living48(第5题The New Testament consists of _____ books .答案:2749(第6题Fairs in towns of the Central Middle Ages attracted foreign __.答案:traders50(第22题In the Romans' __________ practice, they sacrificed any animal available to the god.答案:religious51(第23题According to the story of creation, God formed man from the dust of ___________.答案:the ground52(第24题The monarchy of Israel arose in the ___.答案:1100 BC53(第25题The Roman ruler, Julius Caesar was killed by citizens whowere _____ with his rule.答案:unhappy54(第26题Roman emperors enjoyed almost unlimited power, so they _____ holy honors eventually.答案:accepted55(第34题Charlemagne wanted to be known as a emperor.答案:Christian56(第35题The Holy Roman Empire lasted over years.答案:50057(第43题Roman religious practices reflected __________ of a farming society among the Roman people.答案:the needs58(第44题According to the Bible, Noah survived the flood due to __________.答案:God's favor59(第45题Favored by God, Moses eventually led his people out of the hand of the___.答案:Egyptians60(第46题Until the 6th century BC with the influence of the Greeks, Roman godswere _______.答案:formless61(第47题The Romans in their religious practice ___________ about the afterlife.答案:cared62(第48题New schools in the 11th century were located in city __答案:cathedrals63(第49题The Carolingians subdued the ___.答案:Merovingians。

《欧美历史与文化》复习综合题库

《欧美历史与文化》复习综合题库《欧美历史与文化》综合复习第一章西方文化的起源一、填空1 、希腊历史的第一页是____非洲____ 文明的历史。

爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化，先后形成了两大中心：____克里特岛____ 和 __迈锡尼______ ，因此又通称克里特岛—迈锡尼文化。

2 、公元前__1700-1400______ 年期间，是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。

克里特文化的中心是___克诺索斯城_____ ，传说中的米诺斯________ 国王建立了海上霸权，控制了整个爱琴海地区。

克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段，在它的繁盛期，线形文字全岛通用，这种文字又称 __线文”A”_____ ，以区别迈锡尼的 ___线文“B”_____ 。

3 、迈锡尼文化以____迈锡尼城____ 而得名，但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称，是____克里特文化____ 的继续，只不过又加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。

4 、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为 __陶艺______ ，陶器表面多用 ___几何图形_____ 来装饰，所以荷马时代的考古文化通称为_几何形_______ 风格文化。

5 、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。

随着希腊文化中心的北移，希腊文化也越来越摆脱了 ____西亚____ 和 _____北非___ 文明的巨大影响，形成了具有特色的希腊民族文化。

奠定了日后__欧洲文化______ 的根基。

二、名词解释1 、迈锡尼文化迈锡尼文化是和克里特文化密切相关的,二者共同构成了爱琴文明。

公元前15世纪至公元前12世纪,爱琴由克里特文化为主转入以迈锡尼文化为主。

迈锡尼是荷马时代一个最强大的希腊城邦。

它位于伯罗奔尼撒半岛。

2 、荷马史诗《荷马史诗》相传由古希腊盲诗人荷马创作的两部长篇史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称，是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。

两部史诗都分成24卷。

是古希腊最伟大的作品，也是西方文学中最伟大的作品。

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Division OneI.有可能出的填空，选择题及判断题的内容:.1.European Culture is composed of _____________ and_____________________ as two major elements.2.Greek culture reached its high point of development/climax in __________ (century).3.All Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, Kingof Macedon in _________(century).4.In _______, the Romans conquered Greece.5.Homer wrote __________ and _____________, twofamous epics.6.______________ is called “Father of History” in GreekCulture, who wrote the wars between ____________ and________________________.7.The famous writer who wrote comedy in Greek culture isnamed ______________.8.“The great historian that ever lived” is said to praise_____________________(name).9.The Dialectal Method is put forward by___________.10.Academy was established by ______________________,whose philosophy is called ____________________.11.Lyceum was established by _______________.12.Leader of the Cynics is ____________________, and“cynic” means _____________.13.The most important thing in life to the Stoics is_________________.14.Elements, a textbook of geometry, was written by___________.15.The famous temples in ancient Greece are____________________ and ______________.16.The Romans enjoyed two hundred years of peaceful time,known as ________________.17.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved thecapital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it ____________________(modern _____________).18.After 395, the Roman Empire was divided into_____________ and _________.19.The East Roman Empire fell to the ___________ in 1453.20.“I came, I saw, I conquered” was written by_________________.21.Two famous representatives of Roman architecture are________________ and _________________________.22.________ said, “Captive Greece took her rude conquerorcaptive”.23.Greek Culture has exerted great, positive influence on thelater-on literature, such as Shelly’s ______________ and Byron’s ___________________.24.The languages that were spoken by Greeks and Romansbelong to ___________________(哪个语系).25.The Roman Law, to some extent, protected the rights of______________.26.With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there came______________(什么时代) lasting one thousand years.27._____________’s (whose) “Prometheus Bound”is aparody adapted by _______________ (he wrote “Prometheus Unbound”).28.Freud put forward _________________ based on thework, “Oedipus the King ” written by _____________. 29.The _________ was one of the similarities shared byGreeks and Romans as far as politics is concerned.30.__________’s (whose) political speeches and discoursesare the model of Latin diction.31.The largest amphitheatre in ancient Rome is known as______________.32.________ established the atomic theory.33.________ believed fire to be the primary element of theuniverse.34.________ established the dialectical method.35.________ was the founder of scientific mathematics.36.The humanistic ideas can be traced back to ___(the nameof a philosopher).37.“The master of those who know” was written by Dante topraise ___________ (the name of a philosopher).38.Zeno的介绍II.名词解释democracy of ancient Greece Pax Romana Doric StyleIonic Style the Sophists the Cynics the Scepticsthe Epicureans the Stoics Academy LyceumIII.简答与论述题：1．三种问法：What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancientGreece?How do you understan d “Democracy” in ancientGreece?What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancientGreece and modern democracy?2.How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?3.How did the ancient Greek philosophy develop?4.How did the ancient Greek science develop?5.What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle interms of their philosophical ideas?Or What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle interms of their philosophical system?6.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on thelater-on cultural development?Or What positive influence did the Greek Culture exerton the world civilization?7.What are difference and similarity between Greekculture and Roman culture?8.How did Roman culture originate and develop?9.How was Roman Empire disintegrated?10.What styles can Greek architecture be classified into?Or How does Greek architecture take different styles?11.Explain Pax Romana.12.What contribution did the Roman make to the rule oflaw?Division TwoI.special Terms Explanation:the Hebrews the Old Testament the New TestamentPentateuch Genesis Exodus Prophets the Book ofDaniel the Historical BookII.有可能出填空，选择题及判断题的内容：1.Judaism and Christianity are closely related because__________________________________.2.The ancestors of the Jews are ________________, whichmeans ___________ in English.3.The history of the Hebrew people is recorded in__________________ of the Bible.4.The Hebrew people came to settle down in Palestine, knownas _____________ at the time.5.The Old Testament is about_____________________, and“Testament” means _______________________________.6.The New Testament is about _______________________.7.The oldest and most important part of the Old Testament iscalled _______________ or ____________.8.It was ______________ who brought Hebrew people safelyback to Palestine.9.It was ______________who united Hebrews.10.It was ______________who had Jerusalem established aspolitical and religious capital.11.The former church in 6th century B.C. is called_______________.12.Pentateuch is also called __________________.13._______________ made Christianity legal, as he issued_____________________ in 313.14.In 392, Emperor _______________made Christianity officialreligion.15.By 300, each local church is called ______________with itsfulltime leader, known as _____________________.16.Several parishes were grounded together into a large unitcalled _______________, which were headed by a_____________.17.The Last Supper is recorded in __________________, andwas put into painting by __________________.18.The Cruxifixion is recorded in _____________________.19.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament isknown as _________________.20.The most extant Latin version of the whole Bible is_______________________ which became the official Bibleof the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.21.The first English version of the whole Bible was translatedby _________________.22.The most important and influential of English Bible is_______________ or _______________________________.23._____________________ and _______________________are called two great reservoirs of Modern English.24.The development of system of landed nobles is recorded in_________________ of the Old Testament.25._________________ deals with the history of the Hebrewpeople from their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C. tillthe fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in586 B.C.26.The New Testament contains _______ (how many) accountswhich tell about the beginning of Christianity.III.论述题：1．三种问法：How did Christianity come into being and develop inEurope?How did Christianity become the official religion ofRoman Empire?How did the relations between Christians and theRoman government change?2．What are the different translation editions of the Bible?3．Why do we say the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written?4．What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature?Division ThreeI.Special Terms Explanation:Age of Faith Feudalism Manor/castle Code of ChivalryMonasticism The Crusades Carolingian RenaissanceScholasticism National Epics Vernacular LanguageGothic Architectural Style the Canterbury TalesII.有可能出选择题，填空与判断题的内容：1．The Middle Ages is also called______________________, __________________ and ____________________________.(考试中，会任选其中一种说法作为选择题来考) 2．The Middle Ages is the period in which three cultures were merged: _____________________, _________________and_____________________________, respectively referring to_____________________________, ____________________and _____________________________.3．Western Roman Empire was overthrown in __________(year).4．__________________(who) gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their services in 732.5．____________________ (who) can be vassals.6．____________________ (when) was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in western Europe.7．People in the western Europe in the Middle Ages were divided into three classes: _____________, _______________ and_________________________.8．Between ______________ century and ________________ century, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars. 9．Feudalism comes from the Latin word, ________________, which means ______________________ in Latin. 10．Knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called ____________________.11．Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of _________________, calling for _________________ and_________________.12．_____________(which tribe) swept into Europe from central Asia in the latter part of fourth century, robbing and killing alarge number of the half civilized Germanic tribes. 13．Those who devoted their lands to large-land owners in return for protection, but still had their own freedom were called________________.14．Those who came form cities or towns and devoted their freedom to large-land owners in return for protection werecalled ________________.15．Roman Catholic Church was divided into five classes: _____________, ________________, ______________,_________________ and __________________.16．Opus Maius was written by _____________________. 17．In Roman Catholic Church, “Catholic” means ____________. 18．The monk, St. Benedict founded _______________________ in about 529 A.D.19．In the Middle Ages, the Church even set up their own court called _____________________________.20．In the National Epics, vernacular languages meant _____________________________ with representative works:____________________in early English and _____________in early French.21．In the Divine Comedy, Dante expressed ________________ ideas and foreshadowed the spirit of _________________. 22．Chaucer was regarded as the first _________________ and the first _____________________ with his famous work_____________________, as the representative of______________(英语的哪个发展时期)23. In 1054, Christianity was divided into _____________and___________________________.24．The Middle Ages is a transitional period between ___________ times and ____________.25. The ceremony to grant the title “knight” is called ___________.26. ________________ translated the Old and New Testamentsfrom Hebrew and Greek originals into Latin. His translationwork, _______________, became the official Latin Bible usedby Roman Catholic Church of this day.27. “The Confession” and “the City of the God” were written by___________________.28. Since _____________ (哪个历史事件)，Arabic numerals andalgebra were introduced into Europe.29. The mock battles for knight training are known as __________.30. ___________ paved the way for Modern English.31. The language used by Chaucer was _________________.III.间答与论述题：1．Why is the Middle Ages called Age of Faith?Or Why do we say the Middle Ages is a religious age?2．How did feudalism derive and develop in the Middle Ages?Or How did feudalism establish its firm ruling position in Europe?3．What is the great power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Middle Ages?4．What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?Or What is the great significance of the Crusades?5. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?6.How did literature develop in the Middle Ages?7.What is the importance of using vernacular languages in theMedieval Time?8.What is the difference between the vernacular languagesused in the National Epics during the Middle Ages and thevernacular language used by Mark Twain?9.What was the merit shared by Charlemagne and Alfred theGreat?10.How did the English Language develop and what is therepresentation of each stage?Or What stages did the English Language undergo?11.Why do we say using of vernacular languages in the MiddleAges signifies a transition?Division FourI.Special Terms Explanation:Renaissance Renaissance Art ReformationCounter-Reformation Calvinism the JesuitsProtestantismII.有可能出填空，选择与判断题的内容：1.During Renaissance, humanist thinkers and scholarsintroduced new ideas that expressed the interests of__________________.2.Renaissance stared in ___________ and ______________with the flowering of painting, sculpture and architecture.3.At the heart of Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of_____________________which is also the core ofhumanism.4.Many of Petrarch’s ________________ are written for Laura.5.The most representative painter of humanism was________________________ with his famous painting work____________________ and _______________.6.The statesman, ____________________ of Italy in theRenaissance period has greatly influenced the politicalscience in the west, called “Father of Western PoliticalScience”.7.Under the reign of ______________________, Englishbegan to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.8.________________ is the birth place of Renaissance.9.Madonna was _______________ (什么性质的油画)，paintedby _________________.10.Man with the Glove was painted by __________________.11.Calvinism insisted on constructing a type of governmentknown as ______________________________.12.After Reformation, in England a new form of church wasestablished known as _______________ or _____________.13.During Counter-Reformation, __________________(教派名称) was devoted to defending the Roman Catholic Church with its head, _____________________(首领名字).14.______________ stressed hard work and thrifty way of life.15.Montaigne was a French humanist known for his___________.16.The representative author of Renaissance in Spain was______________________ with his famous literary work, _____________________ with which the European novel entered a new stage17.The most representative author and humanist duringRenaissance in England was ________________________, and his four great tragedies are respectively ____________________,________________________,______________________and______________________ 18.Columbus was the discoverer of ____________________in1492.19.______________ discovered the Cape of Good Hope in1487.20.______________ discovered the route to India round theCape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1498.21.America was named in ______________(whose) honor.22.__________________________put forward revolutionaryideas in astronomy during the Middle Ages, and his theorywas __________________________ proved later by_______________________and _______________________in 17th century.23.As you like it and Twelfth Night are two comedies written by________________.24.The idea that only those specially elected by God are savedwas advocated by ___________(school).25.It was during the reign of _________(whom) that the EnglishBible was adopted by the Church of England.26.The idea that the Bible was the supreme authority and manwas only bound to the law of the world of the God was putforward by _____________(whom).27.During Renaissance, __________(whom) preached in CzechLanguage.28.During Renaissance, With the reign of ___________(whom)England began to embark on the road to _____________ andforeign control.29.William Shakespeare, _________________, Thomas Moreand __________________ were humanist scholars duringRenaissance.30.David is a sculpture done by _____________.III.论述题：1．Why did Renaissance first begin in Italy?2．Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end?3.What is Renaissance Art ? What are the characteristicsand features of Renaissance Art?4.How did Reformation develop? (即：发展的四个阶段)5.How did capitalism come into being and develop?Or What are the propositions for Capitalism to rise?6.What is the great significance of Reformation?What are the great influences of Reformation?7.Why did England come later than other countries duringthe Renaissance but reach its climax in England? In whatway was English Renaissance different from that of othercountries?8.What type of culture did Renaissance create?9.What is the great significance of Reformation?10.What are the great geographical discoveries (or ofnavigation) in the Middle Ages?11.From what was the English essay derived?Division FiveI.Special Terms Explanation:Francis Bacon’s practical philosop hyDeductive methodInductive methodThe Great InstaurationThomas Hobbes’ Social ContractJohn Lock’s Social Contractthe Natural State of Warthe Laws of NatureThe English Revolution (the English Bourgeoisie Revolution)Descartes’ Theory of KnowledgeDescartes’ DualismFrench ClassicismBaroque ArtII.有可能出填空，选择题与判断题的内容：1．_______________ century was the transitional period fromthe Middle Ages to the Modern Times.2. The Modern World begins in __________(century).3. ________________ and _________________proved thatCopernicus’ heliocentric theory is t rue.4. There is the first breakthrough in __________and________________ in the 17th century.5. There was a profound change in the conception of men’splace in the universe in ___________(century).6. _________ looks at men’s position in the universe in a newway.7. Kepler was well known for his discovery of ___________.8. Newton discovered the theory of _________________, and he also invented the method called ___________________.9. ____________ distinguishes three levels of understanding: _______________, _____________________ and _______ _________________.6. ____________________ psychology and ______________ physics originated from Leibniz.7. In December, 1689, __________________________ was enacted by the English Parliament.8. After the English Revolution, _____________________(制度) was established in the Great Britain.9. The event that took place in 1688 in the Great Britain was called ________________.10.The men of the action and the leader in the English Revolution were _____________ and _____________, and the man of thought with his famous literary work _______.11. ____________________ was the representative author of French Classicism.12.The representative painter of Baroque Art was __________ with his famous painting work _______________________ and _____________________.13. ____________________ was the representative painter of Dutch Protestant Art.14. The law of falling bodies is established by __________.15.The importance of acceleration in dynamics is discoveredby ___________.16.__________ sated that there should be a common poweror a government backed by force able to punish.17. __________ believed that government was not createdby God, but by men themselves.18. _________ believed that sensation and reflection makeup experience.19. Paradise Lost was written by ____________, who wasthe man of ___________ in the English Revolution. 20. The Calling of St. Mathew and The Cardsharps werepainted by ______________, which belong to _________________(哪种艺术流派).21. “I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am.” wasput forward by ______________, which belongs to _______________________(什么理论).22. Both idealism and materialism are included in _______’_______________(谁的，什么理论).23. By the end of 16th century, _______________ had spreadto England. As a result, _______________was staredin England.III.论述题：1.Why do we say the 17th century was a transitional periodfrom the Middle Ages to the Modern World?2.How did science develop in the 17th century?3.What are the two merits shared by the Great Scientists of the17th century?What are the similarities among the 17th -century scientists?4.What is Baconian Materialism?5.What is the difference between Thomas Hobbes and JohnLock in terms of their social contract?6.How many stages did the English Revolution undergo?7.What is the great significance of the English Revolution?8.What is French Classicism? What are the characteristics?9.How did Lock justify rebellion against government?10. What are the causes of the English Revolution?Division SixI.Special Terms Explanation:EnlightenmentThe Spirit of Lawsthe separation of PowersThe Social Contract by Rousseauthe Viennese SchoolII.有可能出填空，选择题与判断题的内容：1．The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were ______________ and ____________. (还可以问：_________________ and ________________ madegreat contributions to the Enlightenment.)2．The French _____________________ was the major force of the Enlightenment.3．_______________ redefined law in his famous work, _____________________.4．_______________ put forward “Laws must be adapted to each people.”5．_______________ put forward the separation of powers, which was accepted by ____________________.6．Rousseau put forward a claim for social _________________ in The Social Contract.7．__________________is best known as the editor of Encyclopedie.8．Henry Fielding’s new art form is _________________ with his famous literary work ___________________.9．“Werther Fever” originated form _________________ by ______________(谁的什么作品).10. 罗列在the Enlightenment 时期的音乐家。