新GRE 北美范文精析 Argument 12 范文精析
新GRE分析性写作Arguement官方范文
新GRE分析性写作Arguement官方范文新GRE教辅系列 Serial Textbooks on the GRE Revised General Test Argument 官方范文 Sample Responses of Argument 适用于2022年8月后实行的机考Compatible with the Computer-based Test applied after Aug. 2022In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river's water and the river's smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is therefore sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devote more money in this year's budget to riverside recreational facilities. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.Note: All responses are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any.Essay Response – Score 6While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, this author's argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident's love of water sports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validityof that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports or would like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, asking only those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long,with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to effectively back the author's argument.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted and smelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between the resident's lack of river use and the river's current state is not effectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range of residents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the river's water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will result in increased river usage. If the river's water quality and smell result from problems which can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water quality and aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could be remedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in the water or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to thegeography of the area. This is not something likely to be afffected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impact upon river usage. Regardless of whether the river's quality is able to be improved or not, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city's property values, leads to increased tourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a better overall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author's argument is not likely significantly persuade the city goverment to allocate increased funding.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 6This insightful response identifies important assumptions and thoroughly examines their implications. The proposal to spend more on riverside recreational facilities rests on three questionable assumptions, namely:?that the survey provides a reliable basis for budget planning?that the river?s pollution and odor are the only reasons for its limited recreationaluse?that efforts to clean the water and remove the odor will be successful By showing that each assumption is highly suspect, this essay demonstrates the weakness of the entire argument. For example, paragraph 2 points out that the survey might not have used a representative sample, might have offered limited choices, and might have contained very few questions on water sports.Paragraph 3 examines the tenuous connection between complaints and limited use of the river for recreation. Complaints about water qualityand odor may be coming from only a few people and, even if such complaints are numerous, other completely different factors may be much more significant in reducing river usage. Finally, paragraph 4 explains that certain geologic features may prevent effective river clean-up. Details such as these provide compelling support.In addition, careful organization ensures that each new point builds upon the previous ones. For example, note the clear transitions at the beginning of paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the logical sequence of sentences within paragraphs (specifically paragraph 4).Although this essay does contain minor errors, it still conveys ideas fluently. Note the effective word choices (e.g., “rife with…assumptions〞 and “may have swayed residents〞). In addition, sentences are not merely varied; they also display skillful embedding of subordinate elements. For example, note the sustained parallelism in the first sentence of the concluding paragraph.Since this response offers cogent examination of the argument and conveysmeaning skillfully, it earns a score of 6.。
新GRE_Argument官方建议及范文
How to interpret numbers in ArgumentsSome arguments contain numbers, percentages or statistics that are offered as evidence in support of the argument's conclusion. For example, an argument might claim that a certain community event is less popular this year than it was last year because only 100 people attended this year as compared with 150 last year, a 33-percent decline in attendance.It is important to remember that you are not being asked to do a mathematical task with the numbers, percentages or statistics. Instead, you should evaluate these as evidence intended to support the conclusion. In the example above, the conclusion is that a community event has become less popular. You should ask yourself, "Does the difference between 100 people and 150 people support that conclusion?" In this case, there are other possible explanations, e.g., the weather might have been much worse this year, this year's event might have been held at an inconvenient time, the cost of the event might have gone up this year, or there might have been another popular event this year at the same time.Any one of these could explain the difference in attendance and weaken the conclusion that the event was "less popular." Similarly, percentages might support or weaken a conclusion depending on what actual numbers the percentages represent. Consider the claim that the drama club at a school deserves more funding because its membership has increased by 100 percent. This100-percent increase could be significant if there had been 100 members and now there are 200 members, whereas the increase would be much less significant if there had been five members and now there are 10.Remember that any numbers, percentages or statistics in Argument tasks are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion.Tips for this SectionYou are free to organize and develop your response in any way you think will effectively communicate your evaluation of the argument. Your response may, but need not, incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing. In fact, when GRE readers are trained, they review hundreds of Argument responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and analytical writing.For example, readers will see some essays at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the main points of the evaluation. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by developing several points in an evaluation or by identifying a central feature in the argument and developing that evaluation extensively. You might want to look at the sample Argument responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their responses.You should make choices about format and organization that you think support and enhance the overall effectiveness of your evaluation. This means using as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your response, e.g., create a new paragraph when your discussion shifts toa new point of evaluation. You might want to organize your evaluation around the structure of the argument itself, discussing it line by line. Or you might want to first point out a central questionable assumption and then move on to discuss related weaknesses in the argument's line of reasoning.Similarly, you might want to use examples to help illustrate an important point in your evaluation or move your discussion forward. However, remember that it is your critical thinking and analytical writing that is being assessed, not your ability to come up with examples. What matters is not the form your response takes, but how insightfully you evaluate the argument and how articulately you communicate your evaluation to academic readers within the context of the task.Sample Essay ResponsesThe sample essays that follow were written in response to the prompt that appears below. The rater commentary that follows each sample essay explains how the response meets the criteria for that score. For a more complete understanding of the criteria for each score point, see the "Analyze an Argument" Scoring Guide.In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river's water and the river's smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is therefore sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devote more money in this year's budget to riverside recreational facilities.Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.Note: All responses are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any.Essay Response — Score 6While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, this author's argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident's love of water sports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports or would like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, asking only those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long, with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to effectively back the author's argument.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted and smelly. While a polluted, smellyriver would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between the resident's lack of river use and the river's current state is not effectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range of residents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the river's water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will result in increased river usage. If the river's water quality and smell result from problems which can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water quality and aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could be remedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in the water or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to the geography of the area. This is not something likely to be afffected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impact upon river usage. Regardless of whether the river's quality is able to be improved or not, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city's property values, leads to increased tourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a better overall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author's argument is not likely significantly persuade the city goverment to allocate increased funding.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 6This insightful response identifies important assumptions and thoroughly examines their implications. The proposal to spend more on riverside recreational facilities rests on three questionable assumptions, namely:∙that the survey provides a reliable basis for budget planning∙that the river’s pollution and odor are the only reasons for its limited recreational use∙that efforts to clean the water and remove the odor will be successfulBy showing that each assumption is highly suspect, this essay demonstrates the weakness of the entire argument. For example, paragraph 2 points out that the survey might not have used a representative sample, might have offered limited choices, and might have contained very few questions on water sports.Paragraph 3 examines the tenuous connection between complaints and limited use of the river for recreation. Complaints about water quality and odor may be coming from only a few people and, even if such complaints are numerous, other completely different factors may be much more significant in reducing river usage. Finally, paragraph 4 explains that certain geologic features may prevent effective river clean-up. Details such as these provide compelling support.In addition, careful organization ensures that each new point builds upon the previous ones. For example, note the clear transitions at the beginning of paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the logical sequence of sentences within paragraphs (specifically paragraph 4).Although this essay does contain minor errors, it still conveys ideas fluently. Note the effective word choices (e.g., "rife with . . . assumptions" and "may have swayed residents"). In addition, sentences are not merely varied; they also display skillful embedding of subordinate elements. For example, note the sustained parallelism in the first sentence of the concluding paragraph.Since this response offers cogent examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully, it earns a score of 6.Essay Response — Score 5The author of this proposal to increase the budget for Mason City riverside recreational facilities offers an interesting argument but to move forward on the proposal would definitely require more information and thought. While the correlations stated are logical and probable, there may be hidden factors that prevent the City from diverting resources to this project.For example, consider the survey rankings among Mason City residents. The thought is that such high regard for water sports will translate into usage. But, survey responses can hardly be used as indicators of actual behavior. Many surveys conducted after the winter holidays reveal people who list exercise and weight loss as a top priority. Yet every profession does not equal a new gym membership. Even the wording of the survey results remain ambiguous and vague. While water sports may be among the residents' favorite activities, this allows for many other favorites. What remains unknown is the priorities of the general public. Do they favor these water sports above a softball field or soccer field? Are they willing to sacrifice the municipal golf course for better riverside facilities? Indeed the survey hardly provides enough information to discern future use of improved facilities.Closely linked to the surveys is the bold assumption that a cleaner river will result in increased usage. While it is not illogical to expect some increase, at what level will people begin to use the river? The answer to this question requires a survey to find out the reasons our residents use or do not use the river. Is river water quality the primary limiting factor to usage or the lack of docks and piers? Are people more interested in water sports than the recreational activities that they are already engaged in? These questions will help the city government forecast how much river usage will increase and to assign a proportional increase to the budget.Likewise, the author is optimistic regarding the state promise to clean the river. We need to hear the source of the voices and consider any ulterior motives. Is this a campaign year and the plans a campaign promise from the state representative? What is the timeline for the clean-up effort? Will the state fully fund this project? We can imagine the misuse of funds in renovating the riverside facilities only to watch the new buildings fall into dilapidation while the state drags the riverclean-up.Last, the author does not consider where these additional funds will be diverted from. The current budget situation must be assessed to determine if this increase can be afforded. In a sense, theCity may not be willing to draw money away from other key projects from road improvements to schools and education. The author naively assumes that the money can simply appear without forethought on where it will come from.Examining all the various angles and factors involved with improving riverside recreational facilities, the argument does not justify increasing the budget. While the proposal does highlight a possibility, more information is required to warrant any action.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 5Each paragraph in the body of this perceptive essay identifies and examines an unstated assumption that is crucial to the argument. The major assumptions discussed are:∙that a survey can accurately predict behavior∙that cleaning the river will, in itself, increase recreational usage∙that state plans to clean the river will actually be realized∙that Mason City can afford to spend more on riverside recreational facilities Support within each paragraph is both thoughtful and thorough. For example, paragraph 2 points out vagueness in the wording of the survey: Even if water sports rank among the favorite recreational activities of Mason City residents, other sports may still be much more popular. Thus, if the first assumption proves unwarranted, the argument to fund riverside facilities — rather than soccer fields or golf courses — becomes much weaker. Paragraph 4 considers several reasons why river clean-up plans may not be successful (the plans may be nothing more than campaign promises or funding may not be adequate). Thus, the weakness of the third assumption undermines the argument that river recreation will increase and riverside improvements will be needed at all.Instead of dismissing each assumption in isolation, this response places them in a logical order and considers their connections. Note the appropriate transitions between and within paragraphs, clarifying the links among the assumptions (e.g., "Closely linked to the surveys …" or "The answer to this question requires...").Along with strong development, this response also displays facility with language. Minor errors in punctuation are present, but word choices are apt and sentences suitably varied in pattern and length. The response uses a number of rhetorical questions, but the implied answers are always clear enough to support the points being made.Thus, the response satisfies all requirements for a score of 5, but its development is not thorough or compelling enough for a 6.Essay Response — Score 4The problem with the arguement is the assumption that if the Mason River were cleaned up, that people would use it for water sports and recreation. This is not necessarily true, as people may rank water sports among their favorite recreational activities, but that does not mean that those same people have the financial ability, time or equipment to pursue those interests.However, even if the writer of the arguement is correct in assuming that the Mason River will be used more by the city's residents, the arguement does not say why the recreational facilities need more money. If recreational facilities already exist along the Mason River, why should the city allot more money to fund them? If the recreational facilities already in existence will be used more in the coming years, then they will be making more money for themselves, eliminating the need for the city government to devote more money to them.According to the arguement, the reason people are not using the Mason River for water sports is because of the smell and the quality of water, not because the recreational facilities are unacceptable.If the city government alloted more money to the recreational facilities, then the budget is being cut from some other important city project. Also, if the assumptions proved unwarranted, and more people did not use the river for recreation, then much money has been wasted, not only the money for the recreational facilities, but also the money that was used to clean up the river to attract more people in the first place.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 4This competent response identifies two unstated assumptions:∙that cleaning up the Mason River will lead to increased recreational use∙that existing facilities along the river need more fundingParagraph 1 offers reasons why the first assumption is questionable (e.g., residents may not have the necessary time or money for water sports). Similarly, paragraphs 2 and 3 explain that riverside recreational facilities may already be adequate and may, in fact, produce additional income if usage increases. Thus, the response is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to show how the argument depends on questionable assumptions.However, this essay does not rise to a score of 5 because it fails to consider several other unstated assumptions (e.g., that the survey is reliable or that the efforts to clean the river will be successful). Furthermore, the final paragraph makes some extraneous, unsupported assertions of its own. Mason City may actually have a budget surplus so that cuts to other projects will not be necessary, and cleaning the river may provide other real benefits even if it is not used more for water sports.This response is generally free of errors in grammar and usage and displays sufficient control of language to support a score of 4.Essay Response — Score 3Surveys are created to speak for the people; however, surveys do not always speak for the whole community. A survey completed by Mason City residents concluded that the residents enjoy water sports as a form of recreation. If that is so evident, why has the river not been used? The blame can not be soley be placed on the city park department. The city park department can only do as much as they observe. The real issue is not the residents use of the river, but their desire for a more pleasant smell and a more pleasant sight. If the city government cleans the river, it might take years for the smell to go away. If the budget is changed to accomodate the clean up of the Mason River,other problems will arise. The residents will then begin to complain about other issues in their city that will be ignored because of the great emphasis being placed on Mason River. If more money is taken out of the budget to clean the river an assumption can be made. This assumption is that the budget for another part of cit maintenance or building will be tapped into to. In addition, to the budget being used to clean up Mason River, it will also be allocated in increasing riverside recreational facilites. The government is trying to appease its residents, and one can warrant that the role of the government is to please the people. There are many assumptions being made; however, the government can not make the assumption that people want the river to be cleaned so that they can use it for recreational water activities. The government has to realize the long term effects that their decision will have on the monetary value of their budget.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 3Even though much of this essay is tangential, it offers some relevant examination of the argument’s assumptions. The early sentences mention a questionable assumption (that the survey results are reliable) but do not explain how the survey might have been flawed. Then the response drifts to irrelevant matters — a defense of the city park department, a prediction of budget problems and the problem of pleasing city residents.Some statements even introduce unwarranted assumptions that are not part of the original argument (e.g., "The residents will then begin to complain about other issues" and "This assumption is that the budget for another part of city maintenance or building will be tapped into"). Near the end, the response does correctly note that city government should not assume that residents want to use the river for recreation. Hence, the proposal to increase funding for riverside recreational facilities may not be justified.In summary, the language in this response is reasonably clear, but its examination of unstated assumptions remains limited and therefore earns a score of 3.Essay Response — Score 2This statement looks like logical, but there are some wrong sentences in it which is not logical.First, this statement mentions raking water sports as their favorite recreational activities at the first sentence. However, it seems to have a ralation between the first sentence and the setence which mentions that increase the quality of the river's water and the river's smell. This is a wrong cause and result to solve the problem.Second, as a reponse to the complaints from residents, the state plan to clean up the river. As a result, the state expects that water sports will increase. When you look at two sentences, the result is not appropriate for the cause.Third, the last statement is the conclusion. However, even though residents rank water sports, the city government might devote the budget to another issue. This statement is also a wrong cause and result.In summary, the statement is not logical because there are some errors in it. The supporting setences are not strong enough to support this issue.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 2Although this essay appears to be carefully organized, it does not follow the directions for the assigned task. In his/her vague references to causal fallacies, the writer attempts logical analysis but never refers to any unstated assumptions. Furthermore, several errors in grammar and sentence structure interfere with meaning (e.g., "This statement looks like logical, but there are some wrong sentences in it which is not logical").Because this response "does not follow the directions for the assigned task" and contains errors in sentence structure and logical development, it earns a score of 2.Essay Response — Score 1The statement assumes that everyone in Mason City enjoys some sort of recreational activity, which may not be necessarily true. They statement also assumes that if the state cleans up the river, the use of the river for water sports will definitely increase.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 1The brevity of this two-sentence response makes it fundamentally deficient. Sentence 1 states an assumption that is actually not present in the argument, and sentence 2 correctly states an assumption but provides no discussion of its implications. Although the response may begin to address the assigned task, it offers no development. As such, it is clearly "extremely brief ... providing little evidence of an organized response" and should earn a score of 1.。
GRE的argument写作万能模板
GRE的argument写作万能模板为了帮助大家备考gre。
了解更多关于gre的知识，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来GRE 的argument写作万能模板，希望大家喜欢。
GRE 的argument写作万能模板一. 背景介绍-----万能123的诞生它的优势在于：让你用最快的时间找出攻击点，不仅解决攻击语言还解决攻击顺序，还能节省你考试时列提纲的时间我刚开始复习时也是很苦恼，但是当我对着北美范文写了十几篇并日日思索之后，发现了一个万能找茬法。
它的精髓就在于教你写一套属于自己的万能123模板，这个模板不仅解决你语言，攻击顺序，更你提高你的效率，即给你一个找茬的火眼金睛，又给你一个呼之欲出的思路。
我考前一天把我自己的模板背了又背了一遍，考的那篇文章我虽没写过，但是我在issue和argument 中场休息的1分钟之内把我的万能123找茬写在草稿纸上，题目出来后仅仅花了1分钟在万能123找茬勾出题目中题目中的错误点，这样连提纲都省了，还非常有条理。
我考之前把这个提纲发给我一同学让她好好背。
现在拿出来和大家分享，还准备发一份给那个作文老师，以提高他的教学质量。
二. 精华部分---万能123找茬1. 从整体来说：开头结尾不是最重点，中间部分才是重中之重2. 就中间部分来说：具体的语言不是最重点，攻击思路才是重中之重结论就是，攻击思路是重中之重，所以万能123找茬才是重中之重，比万能123模板(语言文字)及开头结尾给重要。
三.精华部分的注释这里是注释：(对照序号看)① 一因为此调查或研究没有提到样本sample，所以可以攻击其样本可能不具代表性，例如1。
样本太小不具代表性2。
样本特殊不具代表性二有了样本仍然可攻击样本没有代表性，例如1。
样本太小不具代表性2。
样本的倾向性问题，即某类人群比其他多数人更愿意参加调查或研究三没有论据的声称其实是很万能的，多用于攻击一些不是调查也不是研究的论据(具体可参照我的例文)② 一这个嘛虽然被某些新东方老师分为3大类，其实本质还是一样的，就是一个群体的特征推到另一个群体身上。
GRE写作ARGUMENT作文6则高分写法思路心得分享
GRE写作ARGUMENT作文6则高分写法思路心得分享GRE写作ARGUMENT作文6则高分写法思路心得共享,快来看看吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
GRE写作ARGUMENT作文6则高分写法思路心得共享GRE写作ARGUMENT写法思路：怎么分析Argument?1.首先从头至尾读一遍题，然后搞清晰题目在讲什么，避开发生理解错误。
2.找出题目的大结论，即在经过一大堆分析和延长之后，得出了什么样的结论。
3.找出题目的关键点，即为了得出这样的结论给出了几个事实例证。
4.分析用了什么样的规律推理连接了事实和结论。
大家看到结论的荒谬了吧?还有分析的不行靠，数据没有得到论证，调查时间太短，可攻击点太多了!但是，请大家看清晰以下这句话：以上这些全都不是攻击点!真正的攻击点是第4点，即“分析用了什么样的规律推理连接了事实和结论”。
当说“所以”“因此”这样的词的时候，我们肯定要提高警惕。
看看上下文，是怎么说出“所以”的，那里肯定会有问题!一般来说这样找出的攻击点也许会有2-4个，这样足够了，假如太多了反而不便于绽开。
将各个事实与小结论一一对应起来，然后化整为零，各个突破。
假如两个觉得少的话，可以略微绽开一下，这个后面再说!GRE写作ARGUMENT写法思路：攻击挨次1.大家在整理完攻击点以后肯定会有的困惑就是这个应当先说哪个呢?按挨次来说当然可以，只是这样组织出来的文章显得相当生硬。
假如有更好的方法，我们为何要用这样犹如肢解一般的写法呢。
2.在确定挨次之前，大家还记不记得前面提到的，大结论?这个时候大家可以想一想，大结论的主要关注点是什么呢?从这个方一直拎，主线一下子就很清晰了。
再把其他小结论安上去，既不会显得生硬，反而会有锦上添花详略得当之感。
3.因此，最重要的点，也即主线，肯定要放在正文第一段加以论述。
GRE写作ARGUMENT写法思路：语言1.在看范文的时候不知道大家有没有留意到，高分的作文往往并不是以一种敌对、嘲讽或者鄙夷的语气写的，他们往往站在关心者的角度，以一种温柔的态度建议原再考虑更多的可能从而得出更好的解决方案。
2024年GRE范文精讲北美GRE范文精讲
2024年GRE范文精讲：北美GRE范文精讲GRE作为北美地区研究生入学考试之一，是全球多所顶尖大学的研究生入学申请必备考试之一。
在2024年的GRE考试中，各位考生需要掌握的范围不仅包括基础的数学运算和英语语法知识，还需要对一些热门话题有深刻的了解和思考。
本篇文章将帮助各位考生精讲2024年北美GRE范文，希望能够帮助你顺利通过GRE考试。
Issue Essay2024年GRE考试的Issue Essay题目如下："Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Students should take courses such as philosophy, history and literature, regardless of their majors. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?"这个Issue Essay写作题目，主要是考察考生对高等教育的理解和对多元化知识的重视。
以下是一份优秀范文：Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. While students often enter college with a particular major in mind, they may not have a well-rounded education or the necessary skills to succeed in their future careers if they only take classes in their field. Thus, I strongly agree with the statement that a student’s education and training should encompass a range of disciplines, including such subjects as philosophy, history, and literature.First and foremost, a broad array of course work provides students with a more comprehensive worldview. In college courses, students who hold differing viewpoints are often interacting for the first time. The liberal arts classes provide a platform for them todiscuss differences in a respectful manner and gain a perspective on cultures and viewpoints from instructors and classmates who they may never have otherwise met. This will help a student broaden their perspective and will help create well-rounded individuals.Secondly, courses outside a student’s major often have a strong academic connection to that major. For example, philosophy isclosely tied to the field of computer science. In the area ofartificial intelligence, there are significant debates about the ethics of using such technology. Studying philosophy can help computer students understand the responsible ways of practice for technology. Enrolling in various classes may help build specific skills and provide a wider range of knowledge that will be useful in their future careers.Finally, courses outside the student's field of study may challenge them in ways that they had not previously experienced. When a course is introduced, students have to learn new skills and adapt to newmethods. This may increase their science skills by introducing problem-solving methods that are different from those they have been taught to use before. In this way, they are trained and equipped for tackling difficult challenges in real life situations later on.In conclusion, despite the potential of a narrower focus for a specialised major, mandatory coursework outside of the chosen field of study serves to increase the breadth of knowledge, allow for a more integrated prespective on important academic concepts and to also provide an opportunity for students to challenge themselveswith new experiences. Therefore, each student should mandatory take a variety of diverse courses outside of their declared major. Argument Essay2024年GRE考试的Argument Essay题目如下："According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise. However, Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students. Under that system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year that the honor code was in place at Groveton, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without. Thus, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students."这个Argument Essay写作题目，主要是考察考生对“荣誉制度”对于减少学生作弊的看法和理解。
Argument经典文章分析干货信息量太大建议收藏先
Argument经典文章分析干货信息量太大建议收藏先本文作者：雷哥GRE名师YangonGRE写作是考生备考阶段很重要的一个环节，抛开其在考试中的分值占比、学校考核要求等方面的原因，考生认为写作重要的更本质原因在于——不会分析，无从下笔。
尤其是Argument部分内容，同学们备考时总会有这样的疑问：为什么我就算是了解了argument的常见逻辑错误点，但是自己练习或是考试时，仍然不能分析得透彻，表达得清晰流畅、有理有据呢？与此同时，新GRE的Argument新添了四大类Direction，其对我们行文影响巨大，既是考生备考的难点，也让备考变得更加有针对性。
今天，我们就一起通过下面这道Argument的考题及范文分析，帮助大家解决“不会分析、无从下笔”的问题。
进入例题分析前，我们先了解清楚Direction分类及其重要性。
和Issue类似，新GRE的Argument新添了四大类Direction：Assumption，Evidence，Explanation和Question。
可以把Argument理解为“用论据论证结论的过程”，而每一道Argument题目就是一个论证过程。
结合Direction，我们需要做的就是从上述四大类Direction的角度出发，评价该论证过程是否完善。
然而，大多数考生备考时，仍然将写作重心放在了“逻辑错误”上，也背了不少针对每种逻辑错误的写作模板。
但是，这些语言模板基本上未能很好地照应Direction，所以即便大家能够清楚识别其中的逻辑错误并借用模板将其表达出来，最终得分可能仍然超不过3分。
究其原因，就是没有按照Direction来写。
结合Direction，一道Argument题目正确的解题步骤如下：1. 通读Argument，准确定位结论和论据2. 逻辑图梳理Argument的论证过程3. 根据Direction，分析已梳理出的逻辑图The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.“A recent s tudy rating 300 male and female advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to proper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.”“最近的一项研究根据每晚平均睡眠时间对300名广告业高管进行了评分，结果显示，高管所需的睡眠时间与他们公司的成功之间存在关联。
新GRE作文ARGUMENT官方题库+翻译
This page contains the Argument topics for the Analytical Writing section of the GRE®revised General Test. When you take the test, you will be presented with one Argument topic from this pool.Each Argument topic consists of a passage that presents an argument followed by specific task instructions that tell you how to analyze the argument. The wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here. Also, because there may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with different task instructions, it is very important to read your test topic and its specific task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1)Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a"Palean"basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.一种具有独特花纹的编织篮子以前只在史前村庄Palea的临近地区发现过，因而被认为是Palea居所独有的。
2020新GRE 北美范文精析 Argument 范文精析- 9篇
3、Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.This editorial concludes that the city should ban skateboarding from its downtown Central Plaza in order to attract visitors to that area, to return the area to its "former glory,"and to make it "a place where people can congregate for fun and relaxation." To justify this conclusion the editorial points out that skateboarders are nearly the only people one sees anymore at Central Plaza, and that the Plaza is littered and its property defaced. The editorialalso points out that the majority of downtown merchants support the skate boarding ban. This argument is flawed in several critical respects. First, the editorial's author falsely assumes that a ban on skateboarding is both necessary and sufficient to achieve the three stated objectives. Perhaps the city can achieve those objectives by other means as well--for example, by creating a new mall that incorporates an attractive new skateboard park. Even if banning skateboarders altogether is necessary to meet the city's goals, the author has not shown that this action by itself would suffice. Assuming that the Plaza's reputation is now tarnished, restoring that reputation and, in turn, enticing people back to the Plaza might require additional measures--such as removing litter and graffiti, promoting the Plaza to the public, or enticing popular restaurant or retail chains tothe Plaza. Secondly, the editorial assumes too hastily that the Plaza's decline is attributable to theskateboarders--rather than to some other phenomenon. Perhaps the Plaza's primary appeal in its glory days had to do with particular shops or eateries, which were eventually replaced by less appealing ones. Or perhaps the crime rate in surrounding areas has risen dramatically, for reasons unrelated to the skateboarders' presence at the Plaza. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for the Plaza's decline, the editorial's author cannot convince me that a skateboard ban would reverse that decline. Thirdly, the editorial's author might be confusing cause with effect--by assuming that the skateboarders caused the abandonment of the Plaza, rather than vice versa. It is entirely possible that skateboarders did not frequent the Plaza until it was largely abandoned —andbecause it had been abandoned. In fact this scenario makes good sense, since skateboarding is most enjoyable where there are few pedestrians or motorists to get in the way.that the ban would be effective in achieving the city's objectives. Admittedly, perhaps these merchants would be more likely to help dean up the Plaza area and promote their businesses were the city to act in accordance with their preference. Yet lacking any supporting evidence the author cannot convince me of this. Thus the survey amounts to scant evidence at best that the proposed ban would carry the intended result.Finally, the author recommends a course of action that might actually defeat the city's objective of providing a fun and relaxing place for people to congregate. In my experience 这个概括给满分这个部分可以删掉，没有逻辑意义be attributed to 有效地搭建了因果关系，这个词组大家可以放心使用这两段的内容有点雷同 虽然在攻击的重点上一样，但是都针对滑滑板和商场的，我们可以考虑只写一个infer可以用来 体现assumption 这类 写作要求的key words这段没有足够多的攻击细节大家在考试的时候只需要选3个逻辑错误就够了但是每个逻辑错误的点要全面，足够insightfulalike, more so than many other types of ambiance. Without considering that continuing to allow skateboarding--or even encouraging this activity--might achieve the city's goal more effectively than banning the activity, the author cannot convincingly conclude that the ban would be in the city's best interests.In sum, the argument is a specious one. To strengthen it, the editorial's author must provide dear evidence that skateboarding, and not some other factor, is responsible for the conditions marking the Plaza's decline. The author must also convince me that no alternative means of restoring the Plaza are available to the city, and that the proposed ban by itself would suffice to attract tourists and restore the Plaza to its former glory. Finally, to better assess the argument it would be useful to know the circumstances under which the downtown merchants would be willing to help the city achieve its objectives.3、Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.This editorial concludes that the city should ban skateboarding from its downtown Central Plaza in order to attract visitors to that area, to return the area to its "former glory,"and to make it "a place where people can congregate for fun and relaxation." To justify this conclusion the editorial points out that skateboarders are nearly the only people one sees anymore at Central Plaza, and that the Plaza is littered and its property defaced. The editorialalso points out that the majority of downtown merchants support the skate boarding ban. This argument is flawed in several critical respects. First, the editorial's author falsely assumes that a ban on skateboarding is both necessary and sufficient to achieve the three stated objectives. Perhaps the city can achieve those objectives by other means as well--for example, by creating a new mall that incorporates an attractive new skateboard park. Even if banning skateboarders altogether is necessary to meet the city's goals, the author has not shown that this action by itself would suffice. Assuming that the Plaza's reputation is now tarnished, restoring that reputation and, in turn, enticing people back to the Plaza might require additional measures--such as removing litter and graffiti, promoting the Plaza to the public, or enticing popular restaurant or retail chains tothe Plaza. Secondly, the editorial assumes too hastily that the Plaza's decline is attributable to theskateboarders--rather than to some other phenomenon. Perhaps the Plaza's primary appeal in its glory days had to do with particular shops or eateries, which were eventually replaced by less appealing ones. Or perhaps the crime rate in surrounding areas has risen dramatically, for reasons unrelated to the skateboarders' presence at the Plaza. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for the Plaza's decline, the editorial's author cannot convince me that a skateboard ban would reverse that decline. Thirdly, the editorial's author might be confusing cause with effect--by assuming that the skateboarders caused the abandonment of the Plaza, rather than vice versa. It is entirely possible that skateboarders did not frequent the Plaza until it was largely abandoned —andbecause it had been abandoned. In fact this scenario makes good sense, since skateboarding is most enjoyable where there are few pedestrians or motorists to get in the way.that the ban would be effective in achieving the city's objectives. Admittedly, perhaps these merchants would be more likely to help dean up the Plaza area and promote their businesses were the city to act in accordance with their preference. Yet lacking any supporting evidence the author cannot convince me of this. Thus the survey amounts to scant evidence at best that the proposed ban would carry the intended result.Finally, the author recommends a course of action that might actually defeat the city's objective of providing a fun and relaxing place for people to congregate. In my experience 这个概括给满分这个部分可以删掉，没有逻辑意义be attributed to 有效地搭建了因果关系，这个词组大家可以放心使用这两段的内容有点雷同 虽然在攻击的重点上一样，但是都针对滑滑板和商场的，我们可以考虑只写一个infer可以用来 体现assumption 这类 写作要求的key words这段没有足够多的攻击细节大家在考试的时候只需要选3个逻辑错误就够了但是每个逻辑错误的点要全面，足够insightfulalike, more so than many other types of ambiance. Without considering that continuing to allow skateboarding--or even encouraging this activity--might achieve the city's goal more effectively than banning the activity, the author cannot convincingly conclude that the ban would be in the city's best interests.In sum, the argument is a specious one. To strengthen it, the editorial's author must provide dear evidence that skateboarding, and not some other factor, is responsible for the conditions marking the Plaza's decline. The author must also convince me that no alternative means of restoring the Plaza are available to the city, and that the proposed ban by itself would suffice to attract tourists and restore the Plaza to its former glory. Finally, to better assess the argument it would be useful to know the circumstances under which the downtown merchants would be willing to help the city achieve its objectives.。
GRE作文argument参考范文
GRE作文argument参考范文第1篇：GRE作文argument参考范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingwaswrittenasapartofanapplicationforasmallbu sinessloanbyagroupofdevelopersinthecityofmonroe.ajazzmusicclubinmonroewouldbeatremendouslyprofitablee nterprise.currently,thenearestjazzclubis65milesaway;thus,ourpro posedclub,thecnote,wouldhavethelocalmarketalltoitself.plus,jazz isextremelypopularinmonroe:over100,000peopleattendedmonro esjaz*estivallastsummer,severalwell-knownjazzmusiciansliveinmonroe,andthehighest-ratedradioprograminmonroeisjazznightly,whichairseveryweekni ght.finally,anationwidest未完，继续阅读 >第2篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofabatavianews paper.thedepartmentofagricultureinbataviareportsthatthenumb erofdairyfarmsthroughoutthecountryisnow25percentgreatertha nitwas10yearsago.duringthissametimeperiod,however,thepriceo fmilkatthelocalexcellofoodmarkethasincreasedfrom$1.50toover$ 3.00pergallon.topreventfarmersfromcontinuingtoreceiveexcessiv eprofitsonanapparentlyincreasedsupplyofmilk,thebataviagovern mentshouldbegintoregulateretailmilkprices.suchregulationisnec essarytoensurebothlowerpricesanda未完，继续阅读 >第3篇：GMAT考试：Argument写作范文参考inthiseditorialtheauthorassertsthatopinionpollsarelittlebette rthanrandomguessestopredictingoutesofpresidentialelections.theauthorsbasisforthisassertionisthatopinionpollsmeasureonlythe preferencesofvotersatthetimeofthepollandthatmanyvoterschang etheirpreferencesseveraltimebeforevoting?someremainingunde cideduntilthemomenttheycasttheirvote.theauthorsreasoningisu nconvincingintwocriticalrespects.firstofaltthepredictionsbasedonrandomguessingaresuchthat thegreaterthenumberofcandidates,thelesslikelythepredictionwill becorrect.thereasonforthisisobvious:ran未完，继续阅读 >第4篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文赏析discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.inastudyofreadinghabitsofleevillecitizensconductedbytheuni versityofleeville,mostrespondentssaidtheypreferredliteraryclassi csasreadingmaterial.however,afollow-upstudyconductedbythesameresearchersfoundthatthetypeofbo okmostfrequentlycheckedoutofeachofthepubliclibrariesinleeville wasthemysterynovel.therefore,itcanbeconcludedthattherespond entsinthefirststudyhadmisrepresentedtheirreadinghabits.arecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofnortha mericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicd epre未完，继续阅读 >第5篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT真题四４４、thefollowingistakenfromanadvertisementplacedinaweeklybusine ssmagazinebythedickensacademy.wedistributedasurveytoseniormanagementatinternationalm ega-publishing,inc.theresultofthesurveyclearlyindicatesthatmanyemp loyeeswerewellpreparedinbusinessknowledgeandputerskills,butlackedinterpersonalskillstointeractgracefullywithcustomers.intern ationalmega-publishingdecidedtoimprovecustomersatisfactionbysendingthei rnewlyhiredemployeestoourone-dayseminars.sincetakingadvantageofourprogram,internationalm ega-publishinghasseenasharpincreaseinsales,anindicatio 未完，继续阅读 >第6篇：GRE作文精选：Argumentgre作文精选：argumentdiscusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinamemorandumwrittenbythevicepr esidentofnature'sway,achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandotherh ealth-relatedproducts."previousexperiencehasshownthatourstoresaremostprofitab leinareaswhereresidentsarehighlyconcernedwithleadinghealthyli ves.weshouldthereforebuildournextnewstoreinpainesville,which hasmanysuchresidents.painesvillemerchantsreportthatsalesofru nningshoesandexerciseclothingareatall-timehighs.thelocalhealthclub,whichnearlyclosedfiveyearsagodue tolackofbusiness,has未完，继续阅读 >第7篇：GMAT Argument作文备考方案范本参考不难看出，gmatargument作文主要考察的是考生的逻辑分析和判断能力，而提高此能力不妨结合cr部分；同时，考生也需要熟悉题库，力求对题目素材预先进行分析从而培养良好的判断和推论能力，并且多对行文结构和切入点有所构思甚至是设计，如此一来，便容易在考场上轻松写出一篇出*的文章了。
GREArgument讲义及例文评价分析
analysis
A: 市民都喜欢玩水。（survey shows） - survey results B: 市民现在很少到M河玩水。 （rarely used） - facts C: 市政府花在M河边娱乐设施上的钱很少（little of budget） - facts D: 市民埋怨M河水质不好。（complaints） - facts E: 州政府已经决定清洁M河流。（announced plans）facts F：到M河玩水的人会变多。（sure to increase）assumption G：市政府应该增加M河边的娱乐设施预算。(should) - claim
论证方式
例证法：for example，for instance
假设法/假想推测法：if it turns out that … then… /suppose … then…/it might well happens that … then in this case…/it is perfectly possible that …/perhaps that/chances are that… in that case…/ under such circumstances/scenario, …
结尾段：possible improvements
To make the argument more convincing, the author would have to provide more information in/with regard to ____. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that ____.
In this argument, the author concludes/makes a conclusion about ___ that ____. To support his conclusion, the author points out that ____. In addition, he infers that ____. Furthermore, the arguer cites ____ as a typical example in support of this recommendation.
北美gre范文精讲
北美gre范文精讲北美GRE范文通常是指在北美GRE考试中，考生需要写作的essay类型题目。
下面是一个关于技术对教育的影响的范文精讲，共有700字。
（原题目）In the past, education was limited to a few people who had access to traditional classrooms and libraries. Nowadays, with the rapid development of technology, information is more accessible to people who may or may not have access to traditional education. In this context, do you think that the wide availability of information online is beneficial or harmful to the education system?范文连贯结构、主题明确，其中所列举的具体例子生动有力。
下面是范文的主体结构和内容解析：Introduction:- 第一句话：背景介绍（过去的教育和技术的快速发展）- 第二句话：表达观点（技术的发展对于教育系统的影响）Body Paragraph 1:- 第一句话：观点（广泛获得信息的益处）- 第二句话：原因1（技术的发展使得信息更加普遍易得）- 第三句话：例子1（在线课程的普及，例如Coursera）- 第四句话：例子2（自学的机会，例如瑞士科技学院的MOOCs）Body Paragraph 2:- 第一句话：反面观点（广泛获得信息的危害）- 第二句话：原因1（信息的过度获取可能导致信息混乱）- 第三句话：例子1（谣言和不准确信息的传播）- 第四句话：例子2（内容过载的问题）Conclusion:- 第一句话：总结两个观点及原因- 第二句话：再次强调观点- 第三句话：表达偏向性观点并得出结论范文结构与内容的描述如下：Introduction:In the past, education was limited to a few people who had access to traditional classrooms and libraries. Nowadays, with the rapid development of technology, information is more accessible to people who may or may not have access to traditional education. In this context, the wide availability of information online has brought significant changes to the education system.Body Paragraph 1:One advantage of the wide availability of information online is that it allows individuals to access a wide range of educational resources. With the development of technology, information is no longer confined to physical spaces such as classrooms and libraries. Online platforms like Coursera have made it possible for anyone with an internet connection to enroll in courses taught by top professors from around the world. Additionally, institutions like ETH Zurich offer Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) that allow individuals to learn valuable skills in a self-paced manner.These opportunities for self-directed learning have greatly expanded access to education.Body Paragraph 2:However, the wide availability of information online also poses challenges to the education system. The ease of access to information can lead to information overload, making it difficult for individuals to distinguish between reliable sources and unreliable ones. The rapid spread of rumors and misinformation on social media platforms is a prime example of how easily false information can be disseminated. Moreover, the excessive exposure to information can be overwhelming and may hinder effective learning, as individuals may struggle to prioritize and process the vast amount of information available to them. Conclusion:In conclusion, the wide availability of information online has both benefits and drawbacks for the education system. On one hand, it has democratized access to educational resources and provides opportunities for self-directed learning. On the other hand, it has brought challenges such as information overload and the spread of unreliable information. Overall, it is important for individuals to develop critical thinking skills and information literacy in order to navigate the vast amount of information available online.。
北美范文argument-精华
Prefer, demand for, typify, on a regular basis, replace..with, experience, usually, apply, the disparity between the two…, exceed, outweigh, distort the comparison between.., effectiveness, directly influence, occupied, reasonable,1To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3) the city's schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program.Perhaps exercise apparel happens to be fashionable at the moment, or inexpensive compared to other types of clothing.Lacking such evidence it is equally possible that aside from exercising Plainesville residents have little interest in leading a healthy lifestyle. In fact, perhaps as a result of regular exercise they believe they are sufficiently fit and healthy and do not need a healthy diet.Besides, even if the club's members would patronize a NW store these members might be insufficient in number to ensure a profit for the store, especially considering that this health club is the only oneinPlainesville.Their habits and interests might change radically over time.that this interest will continue in the foreseeable futureI would also need to know what competition NW might face in Plainesville.2However, it is entirely possible that one or more other factors were instead responsible for the increase, especially since a considerable period of time has passed since Brookville adopted its restrictions. Property values are a function of supply and demand. Perhaps the demand for housing in the area has increased due to an influx of major employers.fails to consider possible differences between Brookville and3but that during the last three years MegalopoLis' large firms have had fewer and fewer job openings for these graduates.after all, a law student's vocational goals can change over a three-year period.Moreover, the goals of students at one law school do not necessarily reflect those of the overall pool of graduates that might seek employment with Megalopolis law firms.4the author cites certain statistics about the number and working hours of the firms’ agents, and the number and sales prices of homes sold by the two firms.However, the author overlooks the possibility that last year's sales volume amounted to an aberration, and that in most other years Adams has actually sold fewer properties than Fitch. Moreover, the disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality of the two firms. Perhaps Adams serves a denser geographic area, or an area where turnover in home-ownership is higher for reasons unrelated to Adams' effectiveness. Or perhaps sales volume is higher at Adams simply because it employs more agents, and each Adams agent actually sells fewer homes on average than each Fitch agent does.However, this disparity is explainable by other plausible factors, such as changing economic conditionsduring that ten-year period, or a difference in the desirability of the two properties. Without establishing that all other factors affecting the speed of a sale were essentially the same for the two homes, the author cannot rely on this limited anecdotal evidence to support her claim.We would also need more information about the comparative attractiveness of the author's two homes, and the extent to which the residential real-estate market changed during the decade between the sale of these two homes.6A lack of interest among ..residents in a local jazz clubOut-of-town visitorsBe interested in going out to hear live jazzActually pose competition for7To begin with, the argument unfairly assumes that last year's increase in the number of factories was due to the city council's decisions--rather than to some other phenomenon-and that this increase poses environmental problems for Clearview.Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that the council actually opposed the increase but lacked adequate authority to prevent it, or that the new factories do not in fact harm Clearview's environment.increasing awareness among Clearview residents of respiratory problemsthe increase might due to an influx of people with pre-existing such problems, or to more effective cigarette marketing.the editorial provides no clear evidence that Green would be effective in reversing that trend let alone more effective than Braun.The mere fact that Green is a member of the Good Earth Coalition hardly suffices to prove her willingness and ability to help solve Clearview's environmental problemsAnother candidateAdditional measures8the argument rests on the assumption that Mesa's snack foods appeal to this age grouptypify nationwide preferences among this age groupto earn a profit from its Mesa operationEven if the memo's author can substantiate the foregoing assumptions, the author overlooks the possibility that last year's 20% increase in Mesa's profits was an aberration, and that in most other years Mesa has not been profitable.I would need more information about Mesa's profitability over a longer time period, and about the extent towhich Mesa's salsa accounts for any such pofitability.9The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that those numbers are insignificant, in which case terminating the procedure is unlikely to have any effect on the grade average of Omega students or their success in getting jobs after graduation.The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure--rather than some other phenomenon. The dean ignores a host of other possible explanations forthe increase--such as a trend at Omega toward higher admission standards, or higher quality instruction or facilities.does not prepare students for the job market as effectively ascareer services are inadequateimproving its public relations or career-counseling servicesTo better assess the argument I would need to analyze 15-year trends in (l) the percentage of Omega students participating in the evaluation procedure, (2) Omega's admission standards and quality of education, and (3) Omega's emphasis on job training and career preparation. I would also need to know what other means are available to Omega for enabling its graduates to find better jobs.10to a significant degreeother prices have risen commensurablythe costs associated with producing and delivering milk have increased as well over the last ten yearsdepending on the extent to which demand increases as a result of lower milk priceswould effect both the supply of milk and the demand for milk in Batavia11the total amount of recycled materials has also declinedMoreover, the argument overlooks the strong possibility that the recycling habits of West Egg residents are not the only factor affecting how quickly the landfill will reach capacity. Other such factors might indude population and demographic shifts, the habits of people from outside West Egg whose trash also feeds the landfill, and the availability of altemative disposal methods such as burning.However, it is likely these residents have no practical choice but to send some refuse to the landfill. The greater the amount, the less likely higher trash charges would have any effect on how quickly the landffil reaches capacity.this trend will not reverse itself anytime soon12However, the author overlooks other possible causes, such as inadequate equipment maintenance or worker training, or the inherent hazards of Alta's manufacturing processes.It is entirely possible that Alta's workers would use that extra hour to engage in some other fatiguing activity. depending on the total number of workers at each company. Second, perhaps accident rates at the two companies last year were aberrations,14decreased the number of copies it stocks15are well-stocked with low-fat food productsfails to assure me that the survey results accurately reflect the desires of most consumers, or that the results accurately predict consumer behavior.future food buying habits from the surveyMoreover, common sense informs me that consumers do not necessarily make food-purchase decisions in strict accordance with their expressed desires.the fact that low-fat foods are in abundant supply in food stores does not necessarily indicate an increasing demand for low-fat dairy products or a diminishing demand for high-fat dairy products.buying other types of low-fat foodsbecause actual demand has not met the demand anticipated by the storesOD can always raise the price of its dairy products to offset declining sales, and given a sufficient demand OD might still turn a profit, despite the general consumer trend. Besides, profit is a function of not just revenue but also expenses. Perhaps OD expenses will decline by a greater amount than its revenue; if so, then OD profits will increase despite falling revenues.To better assess the soundness of this advice it would be helpful to know the following: (1) the demographic profile of the survey's respondents; (2) the extent to which consumer desires regarding food intake accord with their subsequent behavior; (3) the extent of OD loyalty among its regular retail customers who might continue to prefer OD products over low-fat products even at higher prices; and (4) the extent to which OD might be able to reduce expenses to offset any revenue loss resulting from diminishing sales of OD products.16placed a high priority on education; or perhaps Lucria has always had more funds than Impecunia to spend on its programs, including educationtake seriously the claim thatrequire a greater measure of health carehave no more discretionary income to participate in a lottery after spending $50 on other forms of gambling I would need more information comparing Lucria's level of health care and education expenditures beforeand after the lottery was established.The author must also provide clearer evidence of the willingness and ability of Impecunia residents to participate broadly in a lottery.17For that matter, perhaps EZ does not use its entire current fleet for this purposebe even more satisfied with ABC's services.must provide specific evidence that Walnut Grove would benefit from an additional trash collection each week, and that the use of additional trucks would improve service to Walnut Grove. To better assess the strength of the recommendation I would need more information about the demographic profile of the survey's respondents. It would also be helpful to obtain opinions from municipalities and individuals that have some experience with both EZ and ABC.18Perhaps not enough time has passed to determine the effectiveness of this change in reducing the accident rate--especially if the new speed limit remains untested during a season of the year in which better driving conditions prevail.Additionally, the editorial refers only to the overall accident rate countywide. Perhaps the accident rate on the county's major roads has decreased while on minor roads not subject to the speed-limit reduction it has increased.It is entirely possible that the lower speed limit does in fact serve to reduce the accident rate, while some other factor, such as unseasonably poor weather, reduced law enforcement measures, or even an influx of teenage drivers to the area, has served to increase the accident rate.It is entirely possible that the 55-mph speed limit actually serves to increase the accident rate on Butler's high ways, but that others factors, such as stricter law enforcement measures or improved driver education, have served to decrease the accident rate to a greater extent.It is possible that an increasingly large percentage of accidents are going unreported in that county.I would need more statistical information about the accident rate on Prunty's major roads, collected over alonger time period.19has far more fans in Megalopolis than any other citywould not suffice to ensure similar success elsewhere20the author assumes that all other conditions in Balmer that might affect the rate of moped-pedestrian accidents will remain unchanged after the restrictions are enactedmight purchase mopeds insteadwill necessarily have the desired effectPerhaps last year Torseau experienced unusually fair weather, during which moped accidents are less likely. Perhaps last year some of Torseau's moped rental outlets purchased new mopeds that are safer to drive. Perhaps Balmer's ability to enforce moped-rental restrictions does not meet Torseau's ability; if not, then the mere enactment of similar restrictions in Balmer is no guarantee of a similar result. Or perhaps the demand for mopeds in Torseau is always greater than in Balmer.decreased by a greater percentagecomparing the supply of and demand for moped rentals on the two islands21Perhaps the supply problems Sartorian experienced years earlier were attributable not to its supplier at the time but rather to factors beyond any supplier's control and which might render the alpaca supply unreliable today as well.Perhaps that competitor stopped making alpaca coats due to diminishing consumer demand for them. Or, perhaps other clothing manufacturers are now beginning to fill the market void by producing similar coats. Turn a profit from selling its alpaca coatsAlso, the fact that clothing prices have been steadily increasing for five years suggests that consumers might have less disposable income for purchasing items such as alpaca coats, espedally if consumers' income has not kept pace with escalating prices.is a function of revenue and expenses relating to all of Sartorian's productsand if so whether new competitors entering the alpaca coat market would thwart Sartorian's efforts to profit from any pent-up demand for these coats22One such assumption is that area demand for new housing will support additional home construction in the foreseeable future. Yet lacking finn evidence that this will be the case,it is entirely possible that the area's population will stabilize, or even decrease, and that the firm will have trouble selling its new homes at profitable levels.Perhaps the population increase has been and will continue to be the result of an influx of retired people who regardless of their income level are interested in smaller, less expensive homes and condominiums, or even rental housing.shift focus to more expensive homesHiring additional workers adds to the expense of building a home, and of course the cost of materials will no doubt increase with the value of the homes that are built. Furthermore, in all likelihood the firm would not be able to build a greater number of expensive homes than cheaper homes.it is entirely possible that the firm would have trouble selling these homes quickly and at profitable price levels.without a detailed cost-benefit analysisSteel City's demographic trends and about the income of area residents interested in buying new homes in the foreseeable future. I would also need a detailed analysis comparing the costs and revenues associated with the proposed course of action with the costs and revenues associated with the construction and sale of the firm's less expensive homes.23the actual level of consumption might nevertheless be very lowPerhaps the vast majority of these patrons would remain loyal to their favorite restaurant.Thirdly, the nationwide study showing clear trends among two-income families toward dining out and eating healthily does not necessarily apply to Bay City. It is quite possible that Bay City's two-income families do not follow these general trends.For all we know Bay City might boast a variety of health-oriented restaurants that do not specialize in seafood. For that matter, perhaps Bay City's existing restaurants are responding to the trends by providing more healthful dishes. Moreover, perhaps either or both of these trends will soon reverse themselves--at least in Bay City--for whatever reason.Thus it is entirely possible that the restaurant's costs of obtaining high-quality, healthful seafood, or of promoting the new restaurant, might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. Without weighing revenue against expenses the argument's conclusion is premature at best.and that a sufficient number of people who order fish at Bay City restaurants will be able and willing to at least try the new restaurant.that these trends will continue in the foreseeable future in Bay City.24are not skilled to work in the medical equipment industryhave difficulty finding enough suitable employees in GrandviewIt is entirely possible that this low average wage is attributable to a high percentage of jobs requiring low-level skills.However, the president ignores the possibility that other cities under consideration would be willing to make similar concessions, or provide other equally attractive financial incentives.25stimulate the town's economy and boost tax revenueshas confused cause with effect respecting the recent developments in Ocean ViewPerhaps Ocean View's construction of a new golf course and hotel was a response to previous increases in tourism and business development increases that have simply continued during the most recent two years. fails to account for other possible causes of the trends in Ocean View during the last two years. The increase in tourism might have been due to improving economic conditions nationwide, or to unusually pleasant weather in the region.The mayor has not accounted for the possibility that increased tourism will begin to drive residents away during tourist season, or that new business development will result in the town's losing its appeal as a place to visit or to live.affect the economic impact oflack the sort of natural environment that would attract more tourists and new businesses to the town--regardless of its new golf course and hotel. For that matter, perhaps Hopewell already contains several resort hotels and golf courses that are not utilized to their capacity. If so, building yet another golf course andhotel might amount to a misallocation of the town's resources--and actually harm the town's overall economy.what events prior to construction might have prompted that decisionI would also need to thoroughly compare HopeweU with Ocean View--especially in terms of their appeal totourists and businesses—to determine whether the same course of action that appears to have boosted Ocean View's economy would also boost Hopewell's economy.26his predecessor is to be creditedit was the improved quality of the band's musical instruments that should be credited for the awards.Even if Schade is to be credited for the band's awards, it is possible that the skills that Schade possesses and which resulted in the band's winning these awards are not the same skills required for the district position. If they are, then I would agree that Schade might possess valuable administrative skills that would serve the district well.the improvements were the result of another administrator's effortsEven if all the evidence shows that Schade is well-qualified, perhaps one or more other individuals would be even more suitable for the job.27those defectors might have gone to work for Sparks because the city where Sparks is located is a preferable place to live, or because Sparks offers other job incentives that Automate does not.then salary could not have been a factor in their decision to defect to Sparks.t establishes a clear causal relationship between the advertised salaries and the defection of some Automate employees to SparksPerhaps only a very small percentage of Automate's worker's have defected; if so, the president's proposed salary increases might amount to an overreaction. Or, perhaps the defectors were among Automate's least valuable employees; for that matter, perhaps Automate's most valuable employees are the ones who are most loyal and would not leave Automate even if they were offered a higher salary elsewhere.from other sources besidesOr, perhaps Sparks is advertising high salaries now simply to gain a foothold into the state's labor market, and that once Sparks is established in the state it will offer lower salaries for new jobs.because Sparks offered them higher salaries for similar work rather than for some other reason28participants' regular and punctual attendanceOr perhaps the participants are relatively healthy and therefore less likely to be absent from school than the average student.are therefore hungry for breakfast140Perhaps Thomas is a comparatively lenient grader; or perhaps the classes she teaches are requirements for every science student.Perhaps last year was an aberration, and in other years Thomas did not attract much grant money.based on this particular criterionif she is not granted the proposed raise and promotionit is entirely possible that Thomas is quite content in her current position and at her current salary level. Thomas is in fact an effective teacher--perhaps by citing student or peer evaluationslisting scientific journals that have published the results of her work.the degree to which Thomas is content in her current position and at her current salary, and whether any other University would be willing to offer her a more attractive employment package.141at least without an agreed-upon definition of that termwould carry grave environmental consequences by any reasonable definition142The author must also account for all other possible factors leading to heart disease, such as genetic propensity, amount of exercise, and so forth.The author overlooks the possibility that other foods are also high in iron, and that the study's participants ate these other foods as well as, or instead of, red meat.the size and makeup of the study's sample143many able workers have faced serious long-term economic hardship--due to their inability to find other suitable employmentare not suitable for job-seekersPerhaps the vast majority of these jobs involve food serving, clerical assistance, cleaning and maintenance, and other tasks requiring a low level of skill and experience. At the same time, perhaps most downsized job-seekers are highly educated middle-managers looking for the same type of work elsewhere. In short, lacking evidence that the newly created jobs match the skills, experience, and interests of the downsized corporate employees, the editorial's author cannot convincingly refute the article's claim.the term "many" is far too vague to allow for any meaningful conclusions; if "many" amounts to an insignificant percentage of downsized employees, then the finding is of little use in refuting the article's claim.Moreover, the workers to whom this finding refers are not necessarily downsized corporate employees.most of those job-seekers are able to fill the sorts of new jobs that have been created since 1992, and that these new positions are suitable for those job-seekers given their work experience, areas of interest, and former salaries.144as it stands the argument leaves open the possibility that the total number of donors decreased last year while the average amount given by each donor increasedsquander or misuse donated money145are statistically reliablePerhaps the study's subjects were unrepresentative of the overall population in terms of other traits and habits that might affect body weight.It is entirely possible that some other medical condition, or some other trait or habit, that causes snoring also causes weight gain.tend to gain weight as a resultThus the speaker should determine the cause of sleep apnea and modify the advice so that it targets that cause.would have considerable merit146would visit their school library more frequently and, in turn, would read moreirst, the author unfairly assumes that since the number of library visits per student is declining the amountof reading on the part of students must also be declining.It also ignores the possibility that more and more students are obtaining reading material elsewhere--for example, from public libraries or from the Internet.a variety of other factors might account for the decline. As noted above, perhaps students are becoming lessdependent on the school library for obtaining reading material and information.Perhaps increasing the number of computer terminals or the number of staff members would reverse the current trend. Or perhaps increasing the number of books and periodicals, or enhancing their variety, would be effective.these improvements alone would suffice.In fact, a more comfortable library might actually discourage students from reading by creating a social rather than work atmosphere.147the author cannot rely on it to predict the success of Whirlwind's new gamesthey are typical of video-game enthusiasts in that age groupYet it is entirely possible that the decline was due to factors such as imprudent pricing and distribution strategies or poor management, and that these problems have not been remedied.it was the agency's inability to attract interest among the key demographic group that caused the decline.Since the author has not dearly identified the cause of the declineOr perhaps Whirlwind's competitors are now introducing similar games at lower prices or with additional features that render them more attractive to video-game enthusiasts than Whirlwind's new games. Unless the author can rule out such possibilities, I simply cannot be swayed by the prediction that Whirlwind is about to experience a dramatic increase in sales.Perhaps video-game sales are highly seasonal and Whirlwind will need to wait longer than two months to see the dramatic increase it expects. If so, the author must modify the prediction accordingly.I would need to know (1) what caused the two-year sales decline to begin with, and whether Whirlwind's newstrategy eliminates that cause148The longer the time period between the collection of these statistics and the election, the greater the possibility that the tendency has changed over this time span, and the less justifiable the author's reliance on these statistics to support the claim that Monroetown residents oppose Brown's proposal.However, if the survey occurred long after the election, then the conflict can readily be explained by changing opinions and demographics over time.The national tendency149even though aircraft and auto mechanics serve similar functions, aircraft repair and maintenance is far more involved than car repair and maintenanceHowever, it is entirely possible that their performance level is already very high and that the seminar will afford little or no improvement. Perhaps Get-Away's mechanics have already attended a similar seminar, or perhaps they meet higher standards than the ones imposed on auto-racing mechanics.However, it is possible that some other factor, such as improved diagnostic technology or more stringent inspection requirements, was the reason for the improved performance.Admittedly, if a low performance level results in accidents, customer satisfaction and profits will in all probability decrease. Otherwise, however, improved mechanic performance will in all likelihood have no bearing on customer satisfaction。
新gre完整argument全翻译
1一种具有独特花纹的编织篮子以前只在史前村庄Palea的临近地区发现过，因而被认为是Palea居所独有的。
然而最近，考古学家在一个与Palea隔着一条叫做B rim河的村庄Lithos发现了一个这样的Palea篮子。
Brim河很深很宽，所以古代Palea人只能坐船穿过它，但没有证据表明Palea人拥有船只。
这表明那种所谓的Palea篮子并不是那里所独有的。
2最近一项对恒河猴的调查揭示了出生顺序对于个体刺激水平的影响。
调查显示在受到刺激的环境下（例如遇到一个不熟悉的猴子），头胎小猴的皮质醇分泌会翻倍，这样增加了它及其兄弟姐妹的身体灵活度。
人类的头胎孩子在遇到刺激（例如父母外出回家）时也会分泌出相对浓度的皮质醇。
研究同时还发现在怀孕期间，第一次为人母的猴子的皮质醇要比生过几次孩子后的猴子水平高很多。
3过去两年中，中心广场的顾客数量稳步下降与此同时滑板却急剧增加。
很多中心广场的店主认为顾客数量下滑是由于玩滑板人数的增加。
同时整个广场废弃物和公物损毁也大大增加。
因此，我们建议应该在中心广场禁止玩滑板。
如果禁止的话，我们估计中心广场的生意将会恢复到以前的水平。
4在本市的两家最大的房地产经纪公司--Adams Realty和Fitch Realty--之中，Adams显然更优秀一些。
Adams有40名房地产经纪人，而Fitch只有25个，且很多是兼职工作。
而且，Adams去年的收入是Fitch的两倍，其平均房价为$168000，而Fitch仅为$144000。
在Adams销售的房屋卖得也更快：十年前，我把我的房产交给Fitch，它用了四个多月才卖出去；去年，我在Adams卖了另一处房产，仅用一个月就售出了。
因此，要想让你的房产卖的更快更好，你应该选择Adams。
5b岛的人口在夏季达到了100000，而助力车则是岛上一种非常普遍的交通方式。
为了减少由助力车和行人引发的事故，b岛市政府应该限制岛上夏季助力车租赁公司的租车数量，从原来的每天50量减少到25量。
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Argument 1212、Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by 30 percent. Potential employers, looking at this dramatic rise in grades, believe that grades at Omega are inflated and do not accurately reflect student achievement; as a result, Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should terminate student evaluation of professors.In this memo Omega University's dean points out that Omega graduates are less successful in getting jobs than Alpha University graduates, despite the fact that during the past 15 years the overall grade average of Omega students has risen by 30%. The dean also points out that during the past 15 years Omega has encouraged its students, by way of a particular procedure, to evaluate the effectiveness of their professors. The dean reasons that this procedure explains the grade-average increase, which in turn has created a perception among employers that Omega graduates are less qualified for jobs. On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes that to enable Omega graduates to find better jobs Omega must terminate its professor-evaluation procedure. This argument contains several logical flaws, which render it unconvincing.A threshold problem with the argument involves the voluntary nature of the evaluation procedure. The dean provides no evidence about the or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that those numbers are insignificant, in which case terminating the procedure is unlikely to haveany effect on the grade average of Omega students or their success in getting jobs after graduation.The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure--rather than some other phenomenon. The dean ignores a host ofother possible explanations for the increase--such as a trend at Omega toward higher or higher quality instruction or facilities. Without ruling out all other possible explanations for the grade-average increase, the dean cannot convince me that by terminating the evaluation procedure Omega would curb its perceived grade inflation let alone help its graduates get jobs.Even if the evaluation procedure has resulted in grade inflation at Omega, the dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. The dean overlooks a myriad of other possible reasons for Omega's comparatively poor job-placement record. Perhaps Omega's career services are inadequate; or perhaps Omega's curriculum does not prepare students for the job market aseffectively as Alpha's. In short, without accounting for other factors that might contribute to Omega graduates' comparative lack of success in getting jobs, the dean cannot justify the claim that if Omega curbs its grade inflation employers will be more likely to hire Omega graduates. 这段话的内容太重复了这个描述不够清晰直接说有调查错误 就好了the survey cited by the author is not reliable. 这篇文章的数据有很多问题，比如30%和average这个因果关系的梳理很好这两个原因列举 的很好划线部分是 让步攻击部分，即使上面这个逻辑 错误不存在，那么 后面这个也有问题Finally, even if the dean can substantiate all of the foregoing assumptions, the dean's assertion that Omega must terminate its evaluation procedure to enable its graduates to find better jobs is still unwarranted, in two respects. First, the dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record--for example, by improving its publicrelations or career-counseling services. Second, the dean unfairly equates "more" jobs with "better" jobs. In other words, even if more Omega graduates are able to find jobs as a resultnot necessarily be better ones.In sum, the dean's argument is unpersuasive as it stands. To strengthen it the dean must provide better evidence that the increase in grade average is attributable to Omega's professor-evaluation procedure, and that the end result is a perception on the part of employers that Omega graduates are less qualified for jobs than Alpha graduates. To better assess the argument I would need to analyze 15-year trends in (l) the percentage of Omega students participating in the evaluation procedure, (2) Omega's admission standards and quality of education, and (3) Omega's emphasis on job training and career preparation. I would also need to know what other means are available to Omega for enabling its graduates to find better jobs. 这是一个非常不明显的偷换概念 -- 可以不做攻击结尾段有些太长了 如果时间有限，那么solutions是可以不写的。