热力学参数表
热力学参数表
Standard Thermodynamic ValuesFormula State of Matter Enthalpy(kJ/mol)Entropy (Jmol/K)Gibbs Free Energy(kJ/mol)(NH4)2O (l) -430.70096267.52496 -267.10656 (NH4)2SiF6 (s hexagonal) -2681.69296280.24432 -2365.54992 (NH4)2SO4 (s) -1180.85032220.0784 -901.90304 Ag (s) 042.55128 0 Ag (g) 284.55384172.887064 245.68448 Ag+1 (aq) 105.57905672.67608 77.123672 Ag2 (g) 409.99016257.02312 358.778 Ag2C2O4 (s) -673.2056209.2 -584.0864 Ag2CO3 (s) -505.8456167.36 -436.8096 Ag2CrO4 (s) -731.73976217.568 -641.8256 Ag2MoO4 (s) -840.5656213.384 -748.0992 Ag2O (s) -31.04528121.336 -11.21312 Ag2O2 (s) -24.2672117.152 27.6144 Ag2O3 (s) 33.8904100.416 121.336 Ag2S (s beta) -29.41352150.624 -39.45512 Ag2S (s alpha orthorhombic) -32.59336144.01328 -40.66848 Ag2Se (s) -37.656150.70768 -44.3504 Ag2SeO3 (s) -365.2632230.12 -304.1768 Ag2SeO4 (s) -420.492248.5296 -334.3016 Ag2SO3 (s) -490.7832158.1552 -411.2872 Ag2SO4 (s) -715.8824200.4136 -618.47888 Ag2Te (s) -37.2376154.808 43.0952 AgBr (s) -100.37416107.1104 -96.90144 AgBrO3 (s) -27.196152.716 54.392 AgCl (s) -127.0680896.232 -109.804896 AgClO2 (s) 8.7864134.55744 75.7304 AgCN (s) 146.0216107.19408 156.9 AgF?2H2O (s) -800.8176174.8912 -671.1136 AgI (s) -61.83952115.4784 -66.19088 AgIO3 (s) -171.1256149.3688 -93.7216 AgN3 (s) 308.7792104.1816 376.1416AgNO2 (s) -45.06168128.19776 19.07904 AgNO3 (s) -124.39032140.91712 -33.472 AgO (s) -11.4223257.78104 14.2256AgOCN (s) -95.3952121.336 -58.1576 AgReO4 (s) -736.384153.1344 -635.5496 AgSCN (s) 87.864130.9592 101.37832 Al (s) 028.32568 0 Al (l) 8.6608835.22928 6.61072 Al (g) 326.352164.4312 285.7672 Al(BH4)3 (l) -16.3176289.1144 144.7664 Al(BH4)3 (g) 12.552379.0704 146.44 Al(CH3)3 (l) -136.3984209.4092 -10.0416Al(NO3)3?6H2O (s) -2850.47552467.7712 -2203.88016 Al(NO3)3?9H2O (s) -3757.06464569.024 -2929.6368 Al(OH)3 (s) -1284.48871.128 -1305.8264 Al+3 (aq) -531.368-321.7496 -485.344 Al2(CH3)6 (g) -230.91496524.6736 -9.79056 Al2(SO4)3 (s) -3435.064239.3248 -3506.6104 Al2Br6 (g) -1020.896547.2672 -947.2576 Al2Cl6 (g) -1295.3664475.5116 -1220.8912 Al2F6 (g) -2631.736387.02 -2539.688 Al2I6 (g) -506.264584.0864 -560.656Al2O (g) -131.3776259.408 -161.084Al2O3 (l) -1581.133689.57944 -1499.25272 Al2O3 (s gamma-corundum) -1656.86459.8312 -1562.724Al2O3 (s alpha-corundum) -1675.273650.91928 -1581.9704 Al2O3?3H2O (s gibbsite) -2562.7140.20584 -2287.3928 Al2O3?H2O (s boehmite) -1974.84896.8596 -1825.4792 Al2O3?H2O (s diaspore) -1999.95270.54224 -1840.96 Al2Si2O7?2H2O (s halloysite) -4079.8184203.3424 -3759.324 Al2Si2O7?2H2O (s kaolinite) -4098.6464202.924 -3778.152 Al2SiO5 (s andalusite) -2591.98893.3032 -2444.7112 Al2SiO5 (s kyanite) -2596.17283.80552 -2443.8744 Al2SiO5 (s sillimanite) -2593.243296.19016 -2442.6192Al4C3 (s) -207.27536104.6 -238.44616 Al4C3 (g) -215.894489.1192 -203.3424 Al6BeO10 (l) -5299.4544314.88784 -5034.1888 Al6BeO10 (s) -5624.1328175.56064 -5317.4456 Al6Si2O13 (s mullite) -6819.92274.8888 -6443.36 AlBO2 (g) -541.4096269.4496 -550.6144AlBr3 (s) -511.11744180.24672 -488.31464 AlBr3 (l) -501.20136206.4804 -486.26448 AlBr3 (g) -410.8688349.07112 -438.4832 AlC (g) 689.5232223.34192 633.0392 AlCl (g) -51.4632227.86064 -77.8224 AlCl2 (g) -288.696288.2776 -299.5744 AlCl3 (g) -584.5048314.30208 -570.07 AlCl3 (s) -705.6316109.28608 -630.06856 AlCl3 (l) -674.79552172.92472 -618.186AlCl3?6H2O (s) -2691.5672376.56 -2269.4016AlF (g) -265.2656215.0576 -290.788 AlF2 (g) -732.2263.1736 -740.568 AlF3 (s) -1510.42466.48376 -1430.928 AlF3 (g) -1209.176276.7716 -1192.8584 AlF3?3H2O (s) -2297.4344209.2 -2051.8336 AlH (g) 259.24064187.77792 231.166 AlI3 (l) -297.064219.66 -301.248 AlI3 (g) -205.016363.1712 -251.04AlI3 (s) -309.616189.5352 -305.432 AlN (s) -317.98420.16688 -287.0224 AlN (g) 435.136211.7104 410.032 AlO (g) 83.68218.27928 57.7392 AlOCl (s) -793.286454.392 -737.26264 AlOCl (g) -348.1088248.82248 -350.2008 AlOF (g) -586.5968234.26216 -587.0152 AlOH (g) -179.912216.3128 -184.096AlPO4 (s berlinite) -1692.009690.7928 -1601.2168 AlS (g) 200.832230.49656 150.2056 Ar (g) 0154.732688 0 Au (g) 366.1180.39316 326.352 Au (s) 047.40472 0 Au(CN)2-1 (aq) 242.2536171.544 285.7672 AuBr4-1 (aq) -191.6272335.9752 -167.36 AuCl4-1 (aq) -322.168266.9392 -237.31648 AuH (g) 294.972211.045144 265.684B (g) 562.748153.3436 518.816 B (s) 0 5.8576 0 B(CH3)3 (l) -143.0928238.9064 -32.2168 B(CH3)3 (g) -124.2648314.6368 -35.9824 B(OH)4-1 (aq) -1344.02632102.508 -1153.3196 B2 (g) 830.524201.79432 774.04 B2Cl4 (l) -523262.3368 -464.8424 B2H6 (g) 35.564232.0028 86.6088 B2O2 (g) -454.8008242.37912 -462.332 B2O3 (g) -843.78728279.7004 -831.9884 B2O3 (s amorphous) -1254.5305677.8224 -1182.3984 B2O3 (s) -1272.772853.9736 -1193.6952 B3N3H6 (l) -540.9912199.5768 -392.79392 B4C (s) -71.12827.11232 -71.128 B5H9 (l) 42.6768184.22152 171.66952 Ba (s) 062.3416 0 Ba (g) 179.0752169.99592 146.8584 Ba (l) 4.9789666.7348 3.84928 Ba(BrO3)2 (s) -752.65976242.672 -577.392 Ba(BrO3)2?H2O (s) -1054.7864292.4616 -824.62456 Ba(ClO3)2 (s) -680.3184196.648 -531.368 Ba(ClO4)2?3H2O (s) -1691.5912393.296 -1270.6808 Ba(IO3)2 (s) -1027.172249.3664 -864.8328 Ba(IO3)2?H2O (s) -1322.144297.064 -1104.1576 Ba(N3)2?H2O (s) -308.3608188.28 -105.0184 Ba(NO3)2 (s) -992.06824213.8024 -796.71728 Ba(OH)2?8H2O (s) -3342.1792426.768 -2793.2384 Ba(ReO4)2?4H2O (s) -3368.12376.56 -2918.34 Ba+2 (aq) -537.6449.6232 -560.73968Ba2TiO4 (s) -2243.0424196.648 -2133.0032 BaBr2 (s) -757.304146.44 -736.8024BaBr2 (g) -439.32330.536 -472.792 BaBr2?2H2O (s) -1366.076225.936 -1230.5144 BaCl2 (s) -858.1384123.67904 -810.4408 BaCl2 (l) -832.44864143.5112 -790.1484 BaCl2 (g) -498.7328325.64072 -510.69904 BaCl2?2H2O (s) -1460.13232202.924 -1296.45424 BaCO3 (s witherite) -1216.2888112.1312 -1137.6296BaCrO4 (s) -1445.9904158.5736 -1345.28152 BaF2 (s) -1208.757696.39936 -1158.5496 BaF2 (l) -1171.3108121.25232 -1128.38296 BaF2 (g) -803.7464301.16432 -814.49928 BaI2 (g) -302.9216348.1088 -353.42248 BaI2 (l) -585.88552183.6776 -587.39176 BaI2 (s) -605.4248165.14248 -601.40816 BaMoO4 (s) -1548.08138.072 -1439.7144 BaO (s) -548.10472.09032 -520.40592 BaO (l) -491.6296.56672 -471.24392 BaO (g) -123.8464235.35 -144.80824 BaS (s) -460.2478.2408 -456.056 BaSeO3 (s) -1040.5608167.36 -968.1776 BaSeO4 (s) -1146.416175.728 -1044.7448 BaSiF6 (s) -2952.2304163.176 -2794.0752 BaSiO3 (s) -1623.6012109.6208 -1540.25592 BaSO4 (s) -1473.1864132.2144 -1362.3104 BaTiO3 (s) -1659.7928107.9472 -1572.3472BaZrO3 (s) -1779.4552124.6832 -1694.52 BBr (g) 238.0696224.89 195.3928 BBr3 (g) -205.6436324.13448 -232.46304 BBr3 (l) -239.7432229.7016 -238.488BCl (g) 149.49432213.13296 120.9176 BCl2F (g) -645.1728284.512 -631.3656BCl3 (g) -403.756289.99304 -388.73544 BCl3 (l) -427.1864206.2712 -387.4384 BClF2 (g) -890.3552271.96 -876.1296Be (g) 324.26136.1892 286.604 Be (l) 12.0499216.5268 9.95792 Be (s) 09.53952 0 Be(OH)2 (s beta) -905.83646.024 -816.7168 Be+2 (aq) -382.836-129.704 -379.698Be2C (s) -117.15216.3176 -87.864 Be2SiO4 (s) -2149.320864.30808 -2032.5872 Be3N2 (s cubic) -588.270434.14144 -533.0416 BeAl2O4 (s) -2300.781666.27456 -2178.6088 BeBr2 (s) -369.8656106.2736 -353.1296BeC2 (g) 564.84218.4048 506.264 BeCl2 (s beta) -496.222475.81408 -449.52896 BeF2 (a alpha) -1026.753653.346 -979.4744 BeH (g) 326.7704170.87456 298.3192 BeI2 (s) -192.464120.4992 -209.2 BeO (s alpha) -608.353613.76536 -579.0656 BeO (g) 129.704197.52664 104.1816 BeO2-2 (aq) -790.776158.992 -640.152 BeSO4 (s alpha) -1205.201277.98976 -1093.86496 BeSO4?4H2O (s) -2423.74936232.96512 -2080.66136 BeWO4 (s) -1514.60888.36608 -1405.824 BF (g) -122.1728200.37176 -149.7872 BF3 (g) -1137.002254.01064 -1120.34968 BF4-1 (aq) -1574.8576179.912 -1486.9936 BH (g) 449.61264171.7532 419.61336 BH4-1 (aq) 48.15784110.4576 114.26504 BN (g) 647.474212.17064 614.50408 BN (s) -254.387214.81136 -228.4464 BO (g) 25.104203.42608 -4.184 BO2 (g) -300.4112229.45056 -305.8504 BO2-1 (aq) -772.3664-37.2376 -678.93768 Br (g) 111.884344174.91212 82.428984 Br-1 (aq) -121.545282.4248 -103.9724 Br2 (l) 0152.230656 0 Br2 (g) 30.907208245.353944 3.142184 Br2Cl-1 (aq) -170.2888188.6984 -128.4488 Br3-1 (aq) -130.41528215.476 -107.06856 BrCl (g) 14.644239.99424 -0.96232 BrF (g) -93.84712228.8648 -109.16056 BrF3 (l) -300.8296178.2384 -240.58 BrF3 (g) -255.60056292.41976 -229.45056 BrF5 (l) -458.5664225.0992 -351.8744 BrO (g) 125.77104237.442 108.24008 BrO-1 (aq) -94.1441.84 -33.472 BrO3-1 (aq) -83.68163.176 1.6736 C (g) 716.681544157.9865848 671.289328 C (s diamond) 1.8966072 2.376512 2.899512 C (s graphite) 0 5.694424 0 C-1 (g) 587.852151.29344 550.6144 C12H22O11 (s) -2225.4696360.2424 -1544.64912 C2 (g) 837.6368199.28392 781.5712 C2-1 (g) 443.504196.48064 393.296 C3 (g) 820.064237.2328 754.3752 C3H6 (g cyclopropane) 53.30416237.442 104.3908C3O2 (l) -117.27752181.08352 -105.0184 C3O2 (g) -93.7216276.3532 -109.83C4H10CH3(CH2)2CH(g n-butane) -126.1476310.11808 -17.1544 3C4H8 (g cyclobutane) 26.65208265.39112 110.0392C4N2 (g) 533.46289.99304 510.8664C5H10 (g cyclopentane) -77.23664292.88 38.61832 C5H10 (l cyclopentane) -105.77152204.26288 36.4008 C6H12 (g cyclohexane) -123.13512298.23552 31.75656 C6H12 (l cyclohexane) -156.23056204.34656 26.65208 C6H5CH3 (l toluene) 12.00808220.95704 113.76296 C6H5CH3 (g toluene) 49.9988320.66176 122.00544 C6H5COOH (s benzoic acid) -385.05352167.5692 -245.26608 C6H5OH (g phenol) -96.35752315.59912 -32.88624 C6H5OH (s phenol) -165.01696144.01328 -50.4172 C6H6 (l benzene) 48.99464173.25944 124.34848 C6H6 (g benzene) 82.92688269.19856 129.66216 C7H14 (l cycloheptane) -156.77448242.54648 54.05728 C8H16 (l cyclooctane) -169.78672262.00208 77.8224 Ca (s) 041.4216 0 Ca (l) 10.9202450.66824 8.20064 Ca (g) 179.2844154.76616 145.51952 Ca(ClO4)2?4H2O (s) -1948.9072433.4624 -1476.82648 Ca(H2PO4)2?H2O (s) -3409.66712259.8264 -3058.42032 Ca(IO3)2 (s) -1002.4864230.12 -839.3104 Ca(IO3)2?6H2O (s) -2780.6864451.872 -2267.728 Ca(NO3)2 (s) -938.38752193.3008 -743.20392 Ca(NO3)2?2H2O (s) -1540.758269.4496 -1229.34288 Ca(NO3)2?3H2O (s) -1838.0312319.2392 -1471.9312 Ca(NO3)2?4H2O (s) -2132.33376375.3048 -1713.47352 Ca(OH)2 (s) -986.168883.38712 -898.514 Ca[Mg(CO3)2] (s dolomite) -2326.304155.18456 -2163.5464 Ca+1 (g) 775.2952160.535896 733.4552Ca+2 (aq) -542.83216-53.1368 -553.5432 Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (s hydroxyapatite) -13476.664780.7344 -12677.52 Ca10(PO4)6F2 (s fluorapatite) -13744.44775.7136 -12982.952 Ca2P2O7 (s beta) -3338.832189.24232 -3132.1424 Ca2SiO4 (s beta) -2307.476127.73752 -2192.8344 Ca2SiO4 (s gamma) -2317.936120.79208 -2201.2024 Ca3(AsO4)2 (s) -3298.6656225.936 -3063.1064 Ca3(PO4)2 (s beta) -4120.8216235.9776 -3884.844 Ca3(PO4)2 (s alpha) -4109.9432240.91472 -3875.6392 CaBr2 (g) -384.928314.6368 -420.95224 CaBr2 (s) -683.2472129.704 -664.12632 CaBr2 (l) -662.99664147.86256 -649.31496 CaBr2?6H2O (s) -2506.216410.032 -2153.0864CaC2 (s) -59.831269.95648 -64.852 CaC2O4?H2O (s) -1674.8552156.4816 -1513.9804CaCl2 (s) -795.7968104.6 -748.0992CaCl2 (l) -774.04123.8464 -732.2 CaCl2 (g) -471.5368289.9512 -479.068 CaCO3 (s aragonite) -1207.1258488.7008 -1127.7972CaCO3 (s calcite) -1206.9166492.8848 -1128.8432CaCrO4 (s) -1379.0464133.888 -1277.3752 CaF2 (g) -782.408273.6336 -794.96 CaF2 (s) -1219.63668.86864 -1167.336 CaF2 (l) -1184.07292.59192 -1142.232 CaH2 (s) -186.18841.84 -147.2768 CaHPO4 (s) -1814.3916111.37808 -1681.25672CaHPO4?2H2O (s) -2403.58248189.45152 -2154.76 CaI2 (l) -500.15536178.94968 -506.51504 CaI2 (s) -536.8072145.26848 -533.12528 CaI2 (g) -258.1528327.43984 -308.7792 CaMoO4 (s) -1541.3856122.5912 -1434.6936 CaO (s) -635.131238.19992 -603.542 CaO (l) -557.3506462.29976 -532.95792 CaO?2Al2O3 (s) -3977.7288177.82 -3770.6208 CaO?2B2O3 (s) -3360.25408134.7248 -3167.12064 CaO?Al2O3 (s) -2326.304114.2232 -2208.7336 CaO?B2O3 (s) -2030.95544104.85104 -1924.09608 CaO?Fe2O3 (s) -1520.34008145.35216 -1412.81128 CaO?MgO?2SiO2 (s diopside) -3206.1992142.92544 -3032.1448 CaO?V2O5 (s) -2329.27464179.0752 -2169.69688 CaS (s) -474.88456.484 -469.8632 CaSe (s) -368.19266.944 -363.1712 CaSeO4?2H2O (s) -1706.6536221.752 -1486.9936 CaSiO3 (s pseudowollastonite) -1628.412887.36192 -1544.7328CaSiO3 (s wollastonite) -1634.9398481.92272 -1549.71176 CaSO3?H2O (s) -1752.6776184.096 -1555.1928 CaSO4 (s anhydrite insoluble) -1434.10784106.692 -1321.85112 CaSO4 (s alpha soluble) -1425.23776108.3656 -1313.48312 CaSO4 (s beta soluble) -1420.80272108.3656 -1309.04808 CaSO4?0.5H2O (s beta micro) -1574.6484134.3064 -1435.86512 CaSO4?0.5H2O (s alpha macro) -1576.7404130.5408 -1436.82744 CaSO4?2H2O (s) -2022.62928194.1376 -1797.4464 CaTiO3 (s perovskite) -1660.629693.63792 -1575.276 CaTiSiO5 (s sphene) -2603.2848129.20192 -2461.8656 CaWO4 (s) -1645.1488126.39864 -1538.49864 CaZrO3 (s) -1766.9032100.08128 -1681.1312 CBr (g) 510.448233.4672 464.424 CCl (g) 502.08224.30424 468.608 Cd (g) 112.00568167.636144 77.44584 Cd (s gamma) 051.75608 0 Cd (s alpha) -0.5857651.75608 -0.58576Cd(CN)4-2 (aq) 428.0232322.168 507.5192 Cd(NH3)4+2 (aq) -450.1984336.3936 -226.3544 CdBr2 (s) -316.18488137.2352 -296.31088 CdBr2?4H2O (s) -1492.55832316.3104 -1248.032808CdCl2 (s) -391.49688115.2692 -343.96664 CdCl2?2.5H2O (s) -1131.93936227.1912 -944.094496CdCl3-1 (aq) -561.0744202.924 -487.0176 CdCO3 (s) -750.609692.4664 -669.44 CdF2 (s) -700.401677.404 -647.6832 CdI2 (s) -202.924161.084 -201.37592 CdI4-2 (aq) -341.8328326.352 -315.892 CdO (s) -258.152854.8104 -228.4464 CdS (s) -161.920864.852 -156.4816 CdSb (s) -14.3929692.8848 -13.01224 CdSeO3 (s) -575.3142.256 -497.896 CdSeO4 (s) -633.0392164.4312 -531.7864 CdSiO3 (s) -1189.092897.4872 -1105.4128 CdSO4 (s) -933.28304123.038888 -822.7836 CdSO4?8/3H2O (s) -1729.37272229.630472 -1465.337216 CdSO4?H2O (s) -1239.55184154.029776 -1068.84464 CdTe (s) -92.4664100.416 -92.048 CF (g) 255.224212.92376 221.752 CF+1 (g) 1149.3448201.2504 1115.036CF2 (g) -182.004240.70552 -191.6272 CF2+1 (g) 941.8184246.6468 924.2456 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH (g 2-butanol) -274.6796362.7528 -150.79136 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH (l 1-butanol) -327.10512226.3544 -162.50656 CH3(CH2)2CH3 (l n-butane) -147.65336230.9568 -15.0624 CH3(CH2)3CH3 (g pentane) -146.44348.9456 -8.368 CH3(CH2)4CH3 (g hexane) -167.19264388.40072 -0.25104CH3(CH2)4CH3 (l hexane) -198.82368296.05984 -3.80744 CH3(CH2)5CH3 (g heptane) -187.77792427.89768 7.99144CH3(CH2)5CH3 (l heptane) -224.38792326.01728 1.75728 CH3(CH2)6CH3 (l octane) -249.95216357.732 7.40568 CH3(CH2)6CH3 (g octane) -208.44688466.7252 16.40128 CH3(CH2)7CH3 (l nonane) -275.47456393.67256 11.75704CH3(CH2)7CH3 (g nonane) -229.03216505.67824 24.81112CH3(CH2)8CH3 (l decane) -301.0388425.5128 -17.53096 CH3CH2CH2OH (l 1-propanol) -304.00944194.556 -170.62352CH3CH2CH2OH (g 1-propnaol) -256.39552324.72024 -161.79528CH3CH2CH3 (g propane) -103.84688270.20272 -23.55592CH3CH2CHOHCH3 (g 2-butanol) -292.62896358.9872 -167.61104CH3CH2CHOHCH3 (l 2-butanol) -342.58592225.0992 -177.02504 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (l diethyl ether) -273.2152253.132 -116.64992 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (g diethyl ether) -252.12784342.6696 -122.34016 CH3CH2OH (l ethanol) -276.9808161.04216 -174.17992CH3CH2OH (g ethanol) -234.42952282.58736 -167.90392CH3CH3 (g ethane) -84.68416229.11584 -32.80256 CH3CHOHCH3 (g 2-propanol) -272.42024309.90888 -173.38496 CH3CHOHCH3 (l 2-propanol) -317.85848180.58144 -180.28856 CH3COCH3 (l acetone) -247.60912200.4136 -155.72848CH3COCH3 (g acetone) -216.64752294.93016 -153.05072CH3COOH (l acetic acid) -484.13064159.8288 -389.9488 CH3COOH (g acetic acid) -434.84312282.50368 -376.68552CH3OCH3 (g dimethyl ether) -184.05416267.06472 -112.92616CH3OH (g methanol) -201.08304239.70136 -162.42288CH3OH (l methanol) -239.03192127.23544 -166.81608CH4 (g methane) -74.85176186.27168 -50.8356 Cl (g) 121.29416165.0588 105.31128 Cl-1 (aq) -167.150856.484 -131.25208 Cl2 (g) 0222.96536 0 Cl2F6 (g) -339.3224489.528 -237.2328 Cl2O (g) 80.3328267.85968 97.4872 ClF (g) -54.47568217.7772 -55.94008 ClF3 (g) -158.992281.49952 -118.8256 ClF3?HF (g) -450.6168359.824 -384.0912 ClF5 (g) -238.488310.62016 -146.44 ClO (g) 101.21096226.5636 97.4872 ClO-1 (aq) -107.110441.84 -36.8192 ClO2 (g) 102.508256.77208 120.33184 ClO2-1 (aq) -66.5256101.2528 17.1544 ClO3-1 (aq) -99.1608162.3392 -3.3472 ClO3F (g) -27.15416278.8636 44.85248 ClO4-1 (aq) -129.32744182.004 -8.61904 CN (g) 435.136202.54744 405.0112 CN+1 (g) 1802.8856213.34216 1763.1376 CN-1 (aq) 150.62494.14 172.3808 CN-1 (g) 60.668195.8112 38.74384 CN2 (g) 581.576231.5844 573.208CNBr (g) 181.3764247.14888 160.62376 CNCl (g) 132.2144235.47552 125.47816 CNI (g) 225.0992256.60472 196.14592 CNI (s) 160.2472128.8672 169.36832 Co (s hexagonal) 030.04112 0 CO (g) -110.54128197.9032 -137.27704 Co (s face centered cubic) 0.4602430.71056 0.25104 Co(IO3)2?2H2O (s) -1081.9824267.776 -795.7968 Co(NH3)6+3 (aq) -584.9232146.44 -157.3184 Co(OH)2 (s pink) -539.73679.496 -454.3824 Co+2 (aq) -58.1576-112.968 -54.392 Co+3 (aq) 92.048-305.432 133.888 CO2 (g) -393.5052213.67688 -394.38384CO2 (aq undissoc) -413.7976117.5704 -386.01584 CO3-2 (aq) -677.13856-56.9024 -527.89528 Co3O4 (s) -910.02114.2232 -794.96 COBr2 (g) -96.232308.9884 -110.876 CoCl2 (s) -312.5448109.16056 -269.868 COCl2 (g) -220.9152283.75888 -206.77328 CoCl2?2H2O (s) -922.9904188.28 -764.8352CoCl2?6H2O (s) -2115.4304343.088 -1725.4816CoCl3 (g) -163.5944334.0924 -154.51512 CoF2 (s) -692.033681.96456 -647.2648 COF2 (g) -640.152258.73856 -624.58752 CoF3 (s) -790.77694.5584 -719.648 CoO (s) -237.9440852.96944 -214.2208 COS (g) -138.40672231.45888 -165.64456 CoSi (s) -100.41643.0952 -98.7424 CoSO4 (s) -888.2632117.9888 -782.408 CoSO4?6H2O (s) -2683.6176367.60624 -2235.7204 CoSO4?7H2O (s) -2979.92848406.0572 -2473.83184 Cr (g) 397.48174.22176 352.58568 Cr (l) 26.10397636.23344 22.34256 Cr (s) 023.61868 0 Cr23C6 (s) -364.8448610.0272 -373.6312 Cr2N (s) -125.5264.852 -102.21512 Cr2O3 (s) -1134.700881.1696 -1053.1128 Cr2O3 (l) -1018.3856125.60368 -950.06088 Cr2O7-2 (aq) -1490.3408261.9184 -1301.224 Cr3C2 (s) -85.353685.43728 -86.31592Cr7C3 (s) -161.9208200.832 -166.9416CrCl2 (s) -395.388115.31104 -356.0584 CrCl3 (s) -556.472123.0096 -486.1808 CrF3 (s) -1158.96893.88896 -1087.84CrN (g) 505.0088230.45472 471.91336 CrN (s) -117.15237.69784 -92.80112 CrO (g) 188.28239.15744 154.5988 CrO2 (g) -75.312269.11488 -87.36192 CrO2Cl2 (l) -579.484221.752 -510.8664 CrO2Cl2 (g) -538.0624329.6992 -501.6616 CrO3 (g) -292.88266.06056 -273.46624 CrO4-2 (aq) -881.150450.208 -727.84864 Cs (g) 76.5672175.47696 49.7896 Cs (l) 2.08781692.08984 0.025104 Cs (s) 085.1444 0 CS (g) 234.304210.4552 184.096 Cs+1 (aq) 458.5664169.72396 427.1864 CS2 (g) 117.06832237.77672 66.90216 CS2 (l) 89.70496151.33528 65.2704Cs2O (g) -92.048317.984 -104.6 CsAl(SO4)2?12H2O (s) -6064.708686.176 -5098.204 CsBr (s) -405.68064113.3864 -384.928CsCl (s) -442.83456101.181672 -414.216 CsCl (l) -434.2992101.71304 -406.2664 CsCl (g) -240.1616255.97712 -257.7344 CsF (s) -554.798488.2824 -525.5104 CsF (l) -543.8363290.08152 -515.09224 CsF (g) -356.4768243.0904 -373.2128 CsH (g) 121.336214.43 101.6712 CsI (s) -336.812125.52 -333.71584 CsOH (s) -416.726498.7424 -362.3344 CsOH (g) -259.408255.14032 -259.8264 CsOH (l) -406.01536118.44904 -365.8908 Cu (g) 338.31824166.27216 298.61208 Cu (s) 033.149832 0 Cu(C2O4)2-2 (aq) -1592.012146.44 -1335.9512 Cu(IO3)2?H2O (s) -692.0336247.2744 -468.608 Cu(NH3)+2 (aq) -38.911212.1336 15.56448 Cu(NH3)2+2 (aq) -142.256111.2944 -30.45952 Cu(NH3)3+2 (aq) -245.6008199.5768 -73.13632 Cu(NH3)4+2 (aq) -348.5272273.6336 -111.2944 Cu(OH)2 (s) -450.1984108.3656 -372.7944 Cu+1 (aq) 71.6719240.5848 49.9988 Cu+2 (aq) 64.76832-99.5792 65.52144Cu2 (g) 484.17248241.45864 431.95616 Cu2O (s) -168.615293.13584 -146.0216 Cu2S (s alpha) -79.496120.9176 -86.1904 CuBr (s) -104.696.10648 -100.8344 CuCl (s) -137.235286.1904 -119.8716 CuCl2 (s) -205.8528108.07272 -161.9208CuCl2?2H2O (s) -821.3192167.36 -656.0512CuCN (s) 94.976889.99784 108.3656 CuCO3?Cu(OH)2 (s malachite) -1051.4392186.188 -893.7024 CuF (s) -192.46464.852 -171.544 CuF2 (s) -548.940868.6176 -499.1512 CuFe2O4 (s) -965.20696141.0008 -858.80784 CuFeO2 (s) -532.623288.7008 -479.9048 CuI (s) -67.780896.6504 -69.4544 CuN3 (s) 279.0728100.416 344.7616CuO (s) -157.318442.63496 -129.704 CuS (s) -53.136866.5256 -53.5552 CuSO4 (s) -771.36224108.784 -661.9088 CuSO4?3H2O (s) -1684.31104221.3336 -1400.1756 CuSO4?5H2O (s) -2279.6524300.4112 -1880.055296 CuSO4?H2O (s) -1085.83168146.0216 -918.22064F (g) 78.99392158.65728 61.9232 F-1 (g) -255.6424145.47768 -262.3368 F2 (g) 0202.7148 0 Fe (s alpha) 027.27968 0 Fe (l) 13.12939234.28788 11.049944 Fe(CN)6-3 (aq) 561.9112270.2864 729.2712 Fe(CN)6-4 (aq) 455.637694.9768 694.92056 Fe(CO)5 (l) -774.04338.0672 -705.4224 Fe(CO)5 (g) -733.8736445.1776 -697.2636 Fe(OH)+2 (aq) -290.788-142.256 -229.40872 Fe+2 (aq) -89.1192-137.6536 -78.8684Fe+3 (aq) -48.5344-315.892 -4.6024 Fe2(SO4)3 (s) -2581.528307.524 -2263.1256 Fe2O3 (s hematite) -824.24887.40376 -742.2416 Fe2SiO4 (s fayalite) -1479.8808145.1848 -1379.0464 Fe3C (s alpha-cementite) 25.104104.6 20.0832 Fe3O4 (s magnetite) -1118.3832146.44 -1015.4568 Fe3Si (s) -93.7216103.7632 -94.5584 Fe4N (s) -10.46156.0632 3.7656 Fe7S8 (s pyrrhotite) -736.384485.7624 -748.5176FeAl2O4 (s) -1966.48106.2736 -1849.328 FeAsS (s) -41.84121.336 -50.208 FeBr2 (s) -249.7848140.66608 -237.2328 FeCl2 (s) -341.79096117.94696 -302.33584 FeCl3 (s) -399.48832142.256 -334.05056 FeCO3 (s siderite) -740.56892.8848 -666.7204 FeCr2O4 (s) -1444.7352146.0216 -1343.9008 FeF2 (s) -702.91286.98536 -661.072FeF3 (s) -1041.81698.324 -970.688FeI2 (s) -104.6167.36 -112.968 FeMoO4 (s) -1075.288129.2856 -974.872 FeO (s) -271.9660.75168 -251.4584 FeOH+1 (aq) -324.6784-29.288 -277.3992 FePO4?2H2O (s strengite) -1888.2392171.25112 -1657.7008 FeS (s pyrrhotite) -99.997660.29144 -100.416 FeS2 (s pyrite) -178.238452.9276 -166.9416 FeSi (s) -73.638446.024 -73.6384 FeSi2 (s beta-lebanite) -81.169655.6472 -78.2408 FeSO4 (s) -928.4296120.9176 -825.0848 FeSO4?7H2O (s) -3014.572409.1952 -2510.27448 FeWO4 (s) -1154.784131.796 -1054.368 FNO3 (g) 10.46292.88 73.6384 Fr (s) 094.14 0 Fr (g) 72.8016181.92032 46.6516 Fr2O (s) -338.904156.9 -299.156H+1 (aq) 00 0H2 (g) 0130.586824 0 H2AsO4-1 (aq) -909.55976117.152 -753.28736 H2CS3 (l) 25.104223.0072 27.8236 H2MoO4 (g) -851.0256355.64 -787.4288 H2O (g) -241.818464188.715136 -228.588656 H2O (l) -285.8299669.91464 -237.178408 H2O2 (g) -136.10552232.88144 -105.47864 H2O2 (l) -187.77792109.6208 -120.41552 H2PO4-1 (aq) -1296.2868890.3744 -1130.39128 H2S (g) -20.16688205.76912 -33.0536 H2Se (g) 29.7064218.90688 15.8992 H2Se (g) 29.7064218.90688 15.8992 H2SiO3 (s) -1188.6744133.888 -1092.4424H2SO4 (l) -813.9972156.9 -690.06712 H2SO4 (g) -740.568289.1144 -656.0512 H2VO4-1 (aq) -1174.0304121.336 -1020.896 H2WO4 (s) -1131.772146.44 -1004.16 H2WO4 (g) -905.4176351.456 -839.7288 H3BO3 (s) -1094.325288.82632 -969.0144 H3PO4 (l) -1254.3632150.624 -1111.6888H3PO4 (s) -1266.9152110.54128 -1112.5256H4SiO4 (s) -1481.136192.464 -1333.0224HAsO4-2 (aq) -906.33808-1.6736 -714.71088 HBO2 (s orthorhombic) -788.7676850.208 -721.74 HBO2 (s monoclinic) -794.2487237.656 -723.4136 HBr (g) -36.44264198.61448 -53.51336 HCl (g) -92.29904186.77376 -95.31152 HClO (g) -92.048236.6052 -79.496 HCN (g) 135.1432201.6688 124.6832 HCN (l) 108.86768112.84248 124.93424 HCO3-1 (aq) -691.9917691.2112 -586.84784 HCrO4-1 (aq) -878.2216184.096 -764.8352 He (g) 0126.038816 0 HF (g) -271.1232173.67784 -273.2152 Hg (l) 076.02328 0 Hg (g) 61.31652174.84936 31.852792 Hg(CH3)2 (l) 59.8312209.2 140.164 Hg(CH3)2 (g) 94.39104305.432 146.0216 Hg2(N3)2 (s) 594.128205.016 746.4256 Hg2Br2 (s) -206.8988218.73952 -181.075152 Hg2Cl2 (s) -265.22376192.464 -210.777368 Hg2CO3 (s) -553.5432179.912 -468.1896 Hg2F2 (s) -485.344158.992 -426.768 Hg2I2 (s) -121.336242.672 -111.00152 Hg2SO4 (s) -743.12024200.66464 -625.880376 HgBr2 (s) -170.7072170.33064 -153.1344HgCl (g) 84.0984259.78456 62.76 HgCl2 (s) -224.2624146.0216 -178.6568HgF2 (s) -422.584116.3152 -372.376 HgH (g) 239.99424219.49264 216.01992 HgI (g) 132.38176281.41584 88.44976 HgI2 (g) -17.1544336.01704 -59.8312 HgI2 (s red) -105.4368181.1672 -101.6712 HgO (s yellow) -90.4580871.128 -58.425376 HgO (s red hexagonal) -89.537671.128 -58.24128 HgO (s red orthorhombic) -90.8346470.2912 -58.55508 HgS (s red) -58.157682.4248 -50.6264 HgS (s black) -53.555288.2824 -47.6976 HgSe (g) 75.7304267.02288 31.38 HgSe (s) -46.02494.14 -38.0744 HgTe (s) -33.8904106.692 -28.0328HI (g) 26.48472206.4804 1.71544 HN2O2-1 (aq) -39.3296142.256 76.1488 HN3 (g) 294.1352238.86456 328.0256 HNCO (g) -116.7336238.11144 -107.36144 HNCS (g) 127.612247.6928 112.968 HNO2 (g cis) -76.5672249.32456 -41.84 HNO2 (g trans) -78.6592249.1572 -43.932 HNO3 (l) -173.2176155.60296 -79.9144 HNO3 (g) -135.05952266.26976 -74.76808HOF (g) -98.324226.64728 -85.64648 HPO4-2 (aq) -1292.14472-33.472 -1089.26256 HReO4 (s) -762.3248158.1552 -664.8376 HS-1 (aq) -17.572862.76 12.04992 HSe-1 (aq) 15.899279.496 43.932 HSeO3-1 (aq) -514.54832135.1432 -411.53824 HSeO3-1 (aq) -514.54832135.1432 -411.53824 HSeO4-1 (aq) -581.576149.3688 -452.2904 HSeO4-1 (aq) -581.576149.3688 -452.2904 HSO3-1 (aq) -626.21928139.7456 -527.8116 HSO3F (g) -753.12297.064 -690.36 HVO4-2 (aq) -1158.96816.736 -974.872 I (g) 106.83844180.681856 70.282832 I-1 (aq) -55.18696111.2944 -51.58872 I2 (s) 0116.135288 0 I2 (g) 62.437832260.57952 19.359368 IBr (g) 40.83584258.663248 3.72376 ICl (l) -23.89064135.1432 -13.598 ICl (g) 17.782247.44176 -5.4392 ICl3 (s) -89.5376167.36 -22.34256 IF (g) -95.64624236.06128 -118.49088 IF5 (g) -840.1472334.72 -771.5296IF7 (g) -943.9104346.4352 -818.3904 IO (g) 175.05856245.3916 149.7872 IO-1 (aq) -107.5288-5.4392 -38.4928 IO3-1 (aq) -221.3336118.4072 -128.0304 K (g) 89.119290.03968 60.668 K (l) 2.28446471.46272 0.263592 K (s) 064.68464 0 K2B4O7 (s) -3334.2296208.3632 -3136.7448 K2CO3 (s) -1150.1816155.51928 -1064.4096 K2O (s) -363.171294.14 -322.168 K2O2 (s) -495.804112.968 -429.6968 K2SiO3 (s) -1548.08146.14712 -1455.6136K2SO4 (s) -1433.68944175.728 -1316.37008 K3AlCl6 (s) -2092376.56 -1938.4472 KAl(SO4)2 (s) -2465.38016204.5976 -2235.46936 KAl(SO4)2?12H2O (s) -6057.34416687.4312 -5137.1152 KAlCl4 (s) -1196.624196.648 -1096.208 KBF4 (s) -1886.984133.888 -1784.8944 KBH4 (s) -226.7728106.60832 -159.8288 KBO2 (s) -994.955279.99808 -978.6376 KBr (s) -392.1663296.4412 -379.19592 KBrO3 (s) -332.2096149.1596 -243.5088 KCl (s) -435.8891282.67584 -408.31656 KCl (g) -215.8944239.49216 -235.1408 KClO3 (s) -391.204142.96728 -289.90936 KClO4 (s) -430.1152151.0424 -300.4112 KCN (s) -113.47008127.77936 -102.04776 KF (s) -568.605666.56744 -538.8992 KF?2H2O (s) -1158.968150.624 -1015.4568 KH (s) -57.8228850.208 -34.05776 KH2AsO4 (s) -1135.956155.14272 -991.608 KHF2 (s) -931.3584104.26528 -863.1592 KI (s) -327.64904106.39912 -322.29352 KIO3 (s) -508.356151.4608 -425.5128 KMnO4 (s) -813.3696171.71136 -713.7904 KNO3 (s) -492.70784132.92568 -393.12864 KO2 (s) -284.512122.5912 -240.58 KOH (s) -425.8475278.8684 -379.0704 Kr (g) 0163.975144 0 Li (g) 160.6656138.65776 128.0304 Li (l) 2.38069633.93224 0.933032 Li (s) 0160.6656 0 Li2B4O7 (s) -3363.936155.6448 -3171.472 Li2BeF4 (s) -2273.5856130.5408 -2171.496 Li2CO3 (s) -1216.0377690.1652 -1132.1904Li2O (s) -598.730437.90704 -561.9112Li2O2 (s) -632.620856.484 -571.116 Li2Si2O5 (s) -2561.0264125.52 -2417.0968 Li2SiO3 (s) -1649.332880.3328 -1558.9584 Li2TiO3 (s) -1670.671291.75512 -1579.8784Li3AlF6 (s) -3383.6008187.8616 -3223.772 Li3N (s) -197.484837.656 -153.9712 LiAlF4 (g) -1853.512326.352 -1811.672LiAlH4 (s) -117.15287.864 -48.5344 LiAlO2 (s) -1189.511253.346 -1127.1696 LiBeF3 (s) -1651.843289.1192 -1576.1128 LiBH4 (s) -190.4556875.81408 -124.76688 LiBO2 (s) -1019.222451.71424 -963.1568LiBr (s) -350.9120874.0568 -341.6236 LiCl (s) -408.2747259.28728 -384.04936 LiCl?H2O (s) -712.57704103.7632 -632.6208 LiClO4 (s) -380.744125.52 -253.9688 LiF (s) -616.930835.64768 -588.6888 LiH (s) -90.6254420.04136 -68.45024 LiI (s) -270.077285.772 -269.6588 LiO (g) 83.68210.8736 60.4588 LiOH (s) -484.925642.80232 -438.9016 LiOH?H2O (s) -789.8136892.048 -689.5232 Mg (s) 032.693776 0 Mg (l) 9.0374442.50944 6.10864 Mg (g) 147.61152148.532 113.09352 Mg(ClO4)2?6H2O (s) -2445.548520.908 -1863.1352 Mg(NO3)2 (s) -790.65048164.0128 -589.5256 Mg(NO3)2?6H2O (s) -2613.28456451.872 -2080.7032 Mg(OH)2 (s) -924.66463.1784 -833.8712 Mg(VO3)2 (s) -2201.57896160.6656 -2039.40712 Mg+1 (g) 891.6104154.30592 848.9336Mg+2 (aq) -466.85072-138.072 -454.8008 Mg2Al4Si5O19 (s cordierite) -9108.568407.1032 -8598.12 Mg2Ge (s) -108.78486.48328 -105.8552 Mg2Si (s) -77.822466.944 -75.312 Mg2SiO4 (s forsterite) -2174.006495.14416 -2055.1808 Mg2TiO4 (s) -2164.3832109.32792 -2047.6496 Mg2V2O7 (s) -2835.9152200.4136 -2645.29216 Mg3(PO4)2 (s) -3780.6624189.20048 -3538.8272 Mg3N2 (s) -460.658487.864 -400.8272 Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 (s chrysotile) -4365.5856221.3336 -4037.9784 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 (s talc) -5922.452260.6632 -5542.9632MgAl2O4 (s) -2312.915288.7008 -2190.324 MgBr2 (s) -524.2552117.152 -503.7536MgBr2?6H2O (s) -2409.984397.48 -2056.0176 MgCl2 (s) -641.616489.62128 -592.11968。
第四章热力学参数状态图详解
相连，所连直线与 G=A+BT/K线相交，交点温度即为还原温度。
(3)在给定温度及CO/CO2比值条件下，判断气氛对金属的性质 方法是：先求出指定温度下的平衡CO/CO2比，然后将指定的CO/CO2 比值与CO/CO2的平衡值相比较，若前者大于后者，则气氛对金属讲是还 原性的，即发生金属氧化物被CO还原的反应，反之发生金属被CO2氧化的 反应。
4.2 理查森(Richardson)-杰弗斯(Jeffes)图
1. 自由能标尺： (1)直线的斜率
表明图中直线的斜率即为氧化物的 标准熵变。当反应物质发生相变时，直 线斜率也发生变化，表现在直线中出现 拐点。 (2)直线的位置
不同元素的氧化物标准吉布斯自由 能变化与T的关系构成位置高低不同的 直线，由此可得出：
碳热还原法是利用碳还原金属氧化物制取纯 金属的一种方法。在工艺过程中，金属易与 碳生成碳化物，且在一定范围内，生成的CO 可 按 布 氏 （ Boudouard ） 反 应 进 行 分 解 ， 即 2CO = C(S) +CO2，从而使还原反应变得复杂 化。若将各还原反应的反应吉布斯自由能的 变化对T的关系绘制成图，则可直观地看出还 原反应的顺序，并可以从图上直接读出各反 应进行的温度及压力条件。
E—pH图分析 (1) 水的稳定性
右图为 Fe—H2O系E—pH图，图中，a线以下， 电位比氢的电位值负，发生H2的析出，表明水不稳 定。a线以上，电位比H2的电位正，发生氢的氧化， 水是稳定的。同理b线以上析出O2，水不稳定，b线 以下，氧还原为OH－，水是稳定的。 (2) 图中点、线、面的意义
热力学参数
q 622e p 0.378e
式中 p ， e 仍以 hPa 为单位。
（4.1.7）
8．饱和比湿 qs 饱和湿空气中含有的水汽与湿空气质量之比。
qs 0.622es 克 / 克 p 0.378es
622es 克 / 千克 p 0.378es
0.622 e 克 / 克 Pe
622
P
e
克 e
/
千克
（4.1.9）
M v , M d 分别为湿空气中的水汽和干空气的质量 v , d 分别为水汽和干空气的的密度 P 为气压， e 为水汽压，均以 hPa 为单位。
10．相对湿度 RH 实际水汽压与同温下饱和水汽压之比。
RH e 100% es
一般情况下，
q
4
102
克/克，所以
R Cp
的值总在
0.288
和 0.285 之间变化，变化范围很小，日常计算中选取
R 0.286 较为适合，因此
Cp
T
P0
0.286
P
上式是常用的位温计算公式。
（4.3.2）
位温是一个重要的温度参量，在干绝热过程中位温 是守恒的。
可以用它来比较不同气压情况下空气质块的热力 差异，来分析大气的稳定度状况;
常用的参量有：
露点 Td ， 温度露点差 T Td ，
水气压 e ，
绝对湿度 a （也称为水汽密度 v ），
比湿 q ， 混合比 W ， 相对温度 RH 饱和差 d 等等
1．露点（或称露点温度） Td 空气在定压冷却过程中，发生凝结现象时的温度。
这在日常工作中最容易从地面天气报告、气压表、高空 压温湿记录月报表等资料来源中获得的温度特征参量。
常见矿物和流体组分的热力学参数
常见矿物和流体组分的热力学参数本附录收入了Holland 和Powell （1990）报导的123种常见造岩矿物和流体端员组分的热力学参数。
这些资料与Berman(1988)发表的67种常见造岩矿物端员组分的热力学参数相比，不仅端员组分的数量增加了将近一倍，而且两套热力学参数之间相当一致；在应用这两套参数进行相平衡计算时，也可获得非常近似的精度（Holland & Powell, 1990)。
1．热力学符号 ΔH ° 在1bar 和298K 下由元素生成化合物的生成焓（kJ ⋅mol -1) S ° 在1bar 和298K 下的熵（kJ ⋅K -1mol -1) V ° 在1bar 和298K 下的体积（kJ ⋅kbar -1mol -1) Cp 摩尔热容：Cp = a + bT + cT -2+ dT-1/2(kJ ⋅K -1mol -1)α 热膨胀系数（通常表示为αV ）（K -1） β 等热压缩系数（通常表示为βV ）（kbar -1）ΔG °在某一温压条件下纯端员组分之间反应的摩尔Gibbs 自由能改变量 （kJ ⋅mol -1)R 气体常数（0.0083143 kJ ⋅K -1mol -1) T 绝对温度（K ）p 压力（kbar)（1bar=105Pa, 1kbar=108Pa) K平衡常数2．热力学方程对于任一化学反应，其平衡关系可表示为：0 = ΔG °+ RT ln K任一端员组分矿物相对于反应的摩尔Gibbs 自由能改变量ΔG °的贡献为：[]⎰⎰--++-+-∆TTp V p T V V T T Cp T T Cp TS H 29829820002)298(d d βα对于流体端员组分，上式中的体积-压力积分项应由RT ln f 项来代替。
其中f 为气体端员组分的逸度，可以由CORK 方程来计算（Holland & Powell, 1991；马鸿文，1993a ）。
热力学参数状态图
相图：将一定压力下，温度与组成的关系图，称为相图。
第二章 热力学参数状态图
2.1 埃林汉姆（Ellingham）图及其应用 2.1.1 氧势图的形成原理；
2.1.2 氧势图的热力学特征；（特殊的线；直
线斜率；直线位臵）
2.1.3 氧势图的应用（氧气标尺；Jeffes图学
生自学）
2.1 埃林汉姆（Ellingham）图及其应用 2.1.1 氧势图的形成原理
2.1.3 氧势 图的应用－ 氧气标尺
1、Po2标尺的画法
设1mol O2从1标准大压等温膨胀到压力为Po2
O2 (101325 ) O2 ( P Po2 ) Pa
D rG 0
θ
Po2 / P D r G D r G RT ln( ) 101325 / P Pa RT ln(Po2 / P ) [ R ln(Po2 / P )] T
为了直观地分析和考虑各种元素与氧的亲和能力，了解不同 元素之间的氧化和还原关系，比较各种氧化物的稳定顺序， 埃林汉曾将氧化物的标准生成吉布斯自由能数值折合成元素 与1mol氧气反应的标准吉布斯自由能变化即，将反应：
2x 2 M 2＋O 2＝ M xO y y y
把上式的DrGθ与温度T的二项式关系绘制成图。该图又称为氧 势图，或称为埃林汉姆图，或称为氧化物标准生成自由能与 温度的关系图。
若PO2平< PO2，则金属易于氧化。
证明：
对于反应M+O2=MO2
1 D r G D r G RT ln( ) Po2
RT ln(1 / Po2 平 ) RT ln(1 / Po2 ) RT ln(Po2 平 / Po2 )
若PO2平> PO2时，DG>0，则反应向生成金属的方向进 行，即氧化物易于分解。 若PO2平< PO2时，DG<0，则反应向生成氧化物的方向 进行，即金属易于氧化。
热力学基本状态全参数
热力学基本状态参数功和热量1-1 工质和热力系一、工质、热机、热源与冷源1、热机（热力发动机）：实现热能转换为机械能的设备。
如:电厂中的汽轮机、燃气轮机和燃机、航空发动机等。
2、工质:实现热能转换为机械能的媒介物质。
对工质的要求:1）良好的膨胀性; 2）流动性好；3）热力性质稳定,热容量大；4）安全对环境友善；5）价廉，易大量获取。
如电厂中的水蒸汽；制冷中的氨气等。
问题：为什么电厂采用水蒸汽作工质？3、高温热源：不断向工质提供热能的物体（热源）。
如电厂中的炉膛中的高温烟气4、低温热源：不断接收工质排放热的物体（冷源）如凝汽器中的冷却水二、热力系统1、热力系统和外界概念热力系:人为划分的热力学研究对象(简称热力系）。
外界:系统外与之相关的一切其他物质。
边界:分割系统与外界的界面。
在边界上可以判断系统与外界间所传递的能量和质量的形式和数量。
边界可以是实际的、假想的、固定的，或活动的。
注意:热力系的划分，完全取决于分析问题的需要及分析方法的方便。
它可以是一个设备（物体），也可以是多个设备组成的系统。
如：可以取汽轮机的空间作为一个系统，也可取整个电厂的作为系统。
2、热力系统分类按系统与外界的能量交换情况分1）绝热系统：与外界无热量交换。
2）孤立系统：与外界既无能量（功量、热量）交换，又无质量交换的系统。
注意：实际中，绝对的绝热系和孤立系统是不存在的，但在某些理想情况下可简化为这两种理想模型。
这种科学的抽象给热力学的研究带来很大的方便。
如：在计算电厂中的汽轮机作功时，通常忽略汽缸壁的散热损失，可近似看作绝热系统。
状态及基本状态参数状态参数特点u状态参数仅决定于状态，即对应某确定的状态，就有一组状态参数。
反之，一组确定的状态参数就可以确定一个状态。
状态参数的变化量仅决定于过程的初终状态，而与达到该状态的途径无关。
因此，状态参数的变化量可表示为（以压力p为例）：二、基本状态参数1.表压与真空表压力：当气体的压力高于大气压力时（称为正压），压力表的读数（pg），如锅炉汽包、主蒸汽的压力等。
dsc 热力学参数
dsc 热力学参数DSC（Differential Scanning Calorimetry，差示扫描量热法）是一种广泛应用于材料研究的热分析技术。
通过测量样品在温度变化过程中的热效应，DSC可以获取一系列热力学参数，为研究材料的性质和性能提供重要依据。
本文将对DSC热力学参数进行概述，并探讨其在材料研究中的应用。
DSC原理及热力学参数分类：DSC基于热力学原理，通过测量样品在升温或降温过程中热流率的差异，获得样品的热力学参数。
热力学参数主要包括以下几类：1.熔融热（Enthalpy，ΔH）：指样品在熔融过程中吸收或释放的热量。
2.结晶热（Crystallization Entropy，ΔS）：反映样品在结晶过程中熵的变化。
3.玻璃化转变温度（Glass Transition Temperature，Tg）：材料由高弹性状态向玻璃态转变的温度。
4.熔点（Melting Point，Tm）：材料由固态向液态转变的温度。
5.热稳定性（Thermal Stability）：材料在高温下的稳定性。
常见DSC热力学参数及其意义：1.熔融热（ΔH）：可用于判断材料的相变类型，如共晶、包晶等；还可以用于分析材料成分和生成过程。
2.结晶热（ΔS）：反映材料的有序程度，可用于研究晶体结构和分子排列。
3.玻璃化转变温度（Tg）：表征材料在不同温度下的状态，对材料的使用性能和加工性能有重要影响。
4.熔点（Tm）：影响材料的加工和成型性能，如焊接、铸造等。
5.热稳定性：评估材料在高温环境下的性能，对材料的应用领域有指导意义。
DSC热力学参数在材料研究中的应用：1.材料相图的研究：通过测量不同成分材料的热力学参数，构建相图，分析成分对材料性能的影响。
2.材料结晶性能研究：测量结晶热和熔点等参数，了解结晶过程和晶体结构。
3.材料热稳定性研究：评估材料在不同温度下的性能，为材料的应用提供依据。
4.材料加工性能研究：通过测量玻璃化转变温度等热力学参数，指导材料加工和成型工艺。
09冶金物理化学-第二章-热力学参数状态图
MOCOM CO2
当反应平衡时，其反应的平衡常数与CO和CO2的关系如下：
K p CO 2 p CO %CO2 %CO
%CO2 100 K 1 K %CO 100 1 K
根据标准自由能的温度表达式，可以得到％CO或 ％CO2对应的温度值。进而给出了%CO还原铁的 平衡图，即著名的叉字图。
在仅作膨胀功的条件下△Go为负值，平衡时△G=0，
G RT ln
p'O2 P
( Rln
p'O2 P
)T ( Rln p'O2)T
10 可以得到经过0点斜率为RTlnPO2的直线，即PO2标尺
11
PO2标尺的用途： －利用 PO2 标尺可以直接求出某一温度下金属氧化物的 平衡时的分解压强；
2．连续原理 当决定体系状态的参数连续变化时，若相数不变， 则相的性质及整个体系的性质也连续变化；若相数 变化，自由度变了，则体系各相性质及整个体系的 性质都要发生跃变。 3．相应原理 对给定的热力学体系，互成平衡的相或相组在相图 中有相应的几何元素（点、线、面、体）与之对应。
27
2.3.1 二元系相图基本类型
在埃林汉图的基础上，理查森和杰佛斯又增加了一 些相关的辅助坐标，给出了PO2标尺和PCO/PCO2标尺。 从而使埃林汉图使用更加方便。 需要注意：在上述3种不同的情况纵坐标的物理量是
不同的。
利用金属与氧反应的平衡氧分压，可以得到埃林汉 图，即氧势图。同理金属与硫和氯反应也可以得到硫势 图和氯势图。 在氧势图上也可以得到PH2/PH2O标尺，其与PCO/PCO2
冶金物理化学
第一部分 冶金热力学 胡 晓 军
3.5 热力学性质图、表
V −V sl 1000 −1.0121 x = sv = = 0.0803 sl 12032 −1.0121 V −V
性 质M s P / MPa 3 V / cm .g-1 U / J g-1 H / J.g-1 S / J g-1 K-1
饱 液相 Msl 和 ， 饱和 相 Msv 汽 ， 0.01235 1.0121 12032 209.32 2443.5 209.33 2382.7 0.7038 8.0763
热力学图、 3.5.5 热力学图、表的应用
例题3-15（陈新志P56例3-8） 已知50℃时测得某湿水蒸汽的质量体积为1000cm3 g-1，问其 （陈新志 例题 例 ） 压力多大？单位质量的内能、焓、熵、吉氏函数和亥氏函数各是多少？
50℃ 水 饱 汽、 相性 时 的 和 液 质
V = V (1− x) +V x
H =U + PV = 0 + 611.2×0.00100022×10−3 = 0.000614kJ / kg
22:48:23
水的性质表[饱和区（附录C-1）和过热蒸汽区（附录C-2）]
22:48:23
例3-12 1MPa,573K的水蒸气可逆绝热膨胀到 0.1MPa,求蒸汽的干度。 T1=299.85℃ P1=1MPa T 280 320 S 7.0465 7.1962
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22:48:24
3.5.3 水蒸气表
国际上规定，以液体水的三相点为计算基准。 国际上规定，以液体水的三相点为计算基准。 水的三相点参数为： 水的三相点参数为：
T = 273.16K P = 611.2P a V = 0.00100022m3 / kg
规定三相点时液体水内能和熵值为零。 规定三相点时液体水内能和熵值为零。
气体热力学性质表
一、制冷用图形符号(JB/T7965-95)1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了制冷用阀门及管路附件、制冷机组、辅助设备、控制元件等的图形符号。
本标准适用于绘制制冷系统的流程图、示意图和编制相应的技术文件。
2 引用标准GB4270 热工图形符号和文字代号GB4457.4 机械制图图线GB4458.5 机械制图尺寸注法GB1114 采暖、通风与空气调节制图标准3 一般规定3.1 本标准中的图形符号一般用粗实线绘制，线宽b应符号GB4457.4的规定，对管路、管件、阀及控制元件等，允许用细实线(线宽为b/3)绘制。
在同一图样上，图形符号的各类线型宽度应分别保持一致。
3.2 文字代号应按直体书写，笔划宽度约为文字高度的1/10。
3.3 图形符号允许由一基本符号与其他符号组合，图形符号的位置允许转动。
3.4 绘制图形符号时，可按本标准所示图例，按比例适当放大或缩小。
3.5 在不违反本标准的前提下，各单位可作出补充规定。
4 介质代号介质代号见表1。
表 15 图形符号5.1 管道管道的图形符号见表2。
5.2 管接头管接头的图形符号见表4。
5.3 管路弯头及三通管路弯头及三通的图形符号见表5。
表 2表 3表 4表 5(续表)5.4 阀门阀门的图形符号见表6。
5.5 控制元件和测量用表控制零件和测量用表的图形符号见表7。
5.6 管路附件管路附件的图形符号见表8。
5.7 动力机械动力机械的图形符号见表9。
5.8 辅助设备辅助设备的图形符号见表10。
5.9 制冷机组制冷机组的图形符号见表11。
5.10 空调系统空调系统的符号应符合GBJ 114的规定。
表 6(续表)表 7(续表)表 8(续表)表 9(续表)表 10(续表)表 11二、制冷空调电气技术资料表2-1 电气技术中项目种类的字母代码表(续表)注:因为一个项目可能有几种名称,故可能有几个字母代码,使用时应选较确切的代码。
表2-2 我国电气设备常用文字符号新旧对照表(续表)表2-3 常用电器图符号及与国外对比(续表)(续表)(续表)表2-4 我国某些常用电器图形符号(续表)表2-5 日本空调器电路器件名称的图示符号表2-6 进口空调器电路图中的配线及元器件表示法表2-7 日本三菱公司制冷设备电气元器件符号表2-8 进口空调电器装置及元器件文字符号(续表)表2-9 电路图中导线颜色中英文对照表表2-10 手动按钮开关接点状态表2-11 电磁接触器的接点种类及动作状态表2-12 电磁接触器的接点图示标记表2-13 时间继电器的动作情况表表2-14 空调器的基本电路举例表(续表)(续表)表2-15 空调器专供导线选用表表2-16 空调器制冷量与导线长度和直径的关系(日立推荐) 表2-17 常用低电压铅锑合金熔断丝规格表2-18 铅锡熔断丝规格三、制冷剂和润滑油主要性能资料表3-1 制冷剂按沸腾温度分类表3-2 无机化合物制冷剂表3-3 碳氢化合物制冷剂表3-4 不饱和有机化合物制冷剂表3-5 指利昂制冷剂(续表)表3-6 共沸混合物制冷剂(a)甲烷族氟利昂物质(b)乙烷族氟利昂物质图3-1 氟利昂编号和分子结构图解表3-7 制冷剂毒性等级标准表3-8 制冷剂的燃点和爆炸极限表3-9 制冷剂的安全等级划分(美国标准)毒性增加—→注:对制冷剂的安全性,认为主要考虑毒性和可燃性两项,为此,分为六个等级:A1、A2、A3和B1、B2、B3。
09冶金物理化学-第二章-热力学参数状态图
在仅作膨胀功的条件下△Go为负值，平衡时△G=0，
G RT ln
p'O2 P
( Rln
p'O2 P
)T ( Rln p'O2)T
10 可以得到经过0点斜率为RTlnPO2的直线，即PO2标尺
11
PO2标尺的用途： －利用 PO2 标尺可以直接求出某一温度下金属氧化物的 平衡时的分解压强；
29
2．化合类 （1）包晶反应－体系在冷却时，液相与先结晶出的固相或固 溶体化合为另一固相（共 6 类）。
（2）包析反应－体系冷却时，两个固相纯物质、化合物或固 溶体生成另外一个固相化合物或固溶体（共 12 类）。
30
2.3.1 二元系相图基本类型
从相图基本结构分，可分为： 1．简单共晶（低共熔）型二元系相图 2．含有中间化合物的二元系相图 3．含固溶体的二元系相图
在埃林汉图的基础上，理查森和杰佛斯又增加了一 些相关的辅助坐标，给出了PO2标尺和PCO/PCO2标尺。 从而使埃林汉图使用更加方便。 需要注意：在上述3种不同的情况纵坐标的物理量是
不同的。
利用金属与氧反应的平衡氧分压，可以得到埃林汉 图，即氧势图。同理金属与硫和氯反应也可以得到硫势 图和氯势图。 在氧势图上也可以得到PH2/PH2O标尺，其与PCO/PCO2
CO 2
p
2
Pco RT ln pO2 558150 (167.78 2 R ln )T Pco2
14 同理可以得到经过RTlnPO2~T的直线，即PCO/PCO2标尺
15
PCO/PCO2标尺的用途： －利用PCO/PCO2标尺可以直接得到某一温度金属氧化物 被CO还原的平衡PCO/PCO2
热力学基本状态全参数
热力学基本状态参数功和热量1-1 工质和热力系一、工质、热机、热源与冷源1、热机（热力发动机）：实现热能转换为机械能的设备。
如:电厂中的汽轮机、燃气轮机和燃机、航空发动机等。
2、工质:实现热能转换为机械能的媒介物质。
对工质的要求:1）良好的膨胀性; 2）流动性好；3）热力性质稳定,热容量大；4）安全对环境友善；5）价廉，易大量获取。
如电厂中的水蒸汽；制冷中的氨气等。
问题：为什么电厂采用水蒸汽作工质？3、高温热源：不断向工质提供热能的物体（热源）。
如电厂中的炉膛中的高温烟气4、低温热源：不断接收工质排放热的物体（冷源）如凝汽器中的冷却水二、热力系统1、热力系统和外界概念热力系:人为划分的热力学研究对象(简称热力系）。
外界:系统外与之相关的一切其他物质。
边界:分割系统与外界的界面。
在边界上可以判断系统与外界间所传递的能量和质量的形式和数量。
边界可以是实际的、假想的、固定的，或活动的。
注意:热力系的划分，完全取决于分析问题的需要及分析方法的方便。
它可以是一个设备（物体），也可以是多个设备组成的系统。
如：可以取汽轮机的空间作为一个系统，也可取整个电厂的作为系统。
2、热力系统分类按系统与外界的能量交换情况分1）绝热系统：与外界无热量交换。
2）孤立系统：与外界既无能量（功量、热量）交换，又无质量交换的系统。
注意：实际中，绝对的绝热系和孤立系统是不存在的，但在某些理想情况下可简化为这两种理想模型。
这种科学的抽象给热力学的研究带来很大的方便。
如：在计算电厂中的汽轮机作功时，通常忽略汽缸壁的散热损失，可近似看作绝热系统。
状态及基本状态参数状态参数特点u状态参数仅决定于状态，即对应某确定的状态，就有一组状态参数。
反之，一组确定的状态参数就可以确定一个状态。
状态参数的变化量仅决定于过程的初终状态，而与达到该状态的途径无关。
因此，状态参数的变化量可表示为（以压力p为例）：二、基本状态参数1.表压与真空表压力：当气体的压力高于大气压力时（称为正压），压力表的读数（pg），如锅炉汽包、主蒸汽的压力等。
热力学参数表
Standard Thermodynamic ValuesFormula State of Matter Enthalpy(kJ/mol)Entropy (Jmol/K)Gibbs Free Energy(kJ/mol)(NH4)2O (l) -430.70096267.52496 -267.10656 (NH4)2SiF6 (shexagonal) -2681.69296280.24432 -2365.54992 (NH4)2SO4 (s) -1180.85032220.0784 -901.90304 Ag (s) 042.55128 0 Ag (g) 284.55384172.887064245.68448 Ag+1 (aq) 105.57905672.67608 77.123672 Ag2 (g) 409.99016257.02312 358.778 Ag2C2O4 (s) -673.2056209.2 -584.0864 Ag2CO3 (s) -505.8456167.36 -436.8096 Ag2CrO4 (s) -731.73976217.568 -641.8256 Ag2MoO4 (s) -840.5656213.384 -748.0992 Ag2O (s) -31.04528121.336 -11.21312 Ag2O2 (s) -24.2672117.152 27.6144 Ag2O3 (s) 33.8904100.416 121.336 Ag2S (sbeta) -29.41352150.624 -39.45512 Ag2S (s alpha orthorhombic) -32.59336144.01328 -40.66848 Ag2Se (s) -37.656150.70768 -44.3504 Ag2SeO3 (s) -365.2632230.12 -304.1768 Ag2SeO4 (s) -420.492248.5296 -334.3016 Ag2SO3 (s) -490.7832158.1552 -411.2872 Ag2SO4 (s) -715.8824200.4136 -618.47888 Ag2Te (s) -37.2376154.808 43.0952 AgBr (s) -100.37416107.1104 -96.90144 AgBrO3 (s) -27.196152.716 54.392 AgCl (s) -127.0680896.232-109.804896 AgClO2 (s) 8.7864134.55744 75.7304 AgCN (s) 146.0216107.19408 156.9 AgF•2H2O (s) -800.8176174.8912 -671.1136 AgI (s) -61.83952115.4784-66.19088 AgIO3 (s) -171.1256149.3688 -93.7216 AgN3 (s) 308.7792104.1816 376.1416 AgNO2 (s) -45.06168128.19776 19.07904 AgNO3 (s) -124.39032140.91712 -33.472 AgO (s) -11.4223257.78104 14.2256 AgOCN (s) -95.3952121.336 -58.1576 AgReO4 (s) -736.384153.1344 -635.5496 AgSCN (s) 87.864130.9592 101.37832 Al (s) 028.32568 0 Al (l) 8.6608835.229286.61072 Al (g) 326.352164.4312285.7672 Al(BH4)3 (l) -16.3176289.1144 144.7664 Al(BH4)3 (g) 12.552379.0704 146.44 Al(CH3)3 (l) -136.3984209.4092 -10.0416Al(NO3)3•6H2O (s) -2850.47552467.7712 -2203.88016 Al(NO3)3•9H2O (s) -3757.06464569.024 -2929.6368 Al(OH)3 (s) -1284.48871.128 -1305.8264 Al+3 (aq) -531.368-321.7496 -485.344 Al2(CH3)6 (g) -230.91496524.6736 -9.79056 Al2(SO4)3 (s) -3435.064239.3248 -3506.6104 Al2Br6 (g) -1020.896547.2672 -947.2576 Al2Cl6 (g) -1295.3664475.5116 -1220.8912 Al2F6 (g) -2631.736387.02 -2539.688 Al2I6 (g) -506.264584.0864 -560.656 Al2O (g) -131.3776259.408 -161.084 Al2O3 (l) -1581.133689.57944-1499.25272-1656.86459.8312 -1562.724 gamma-corundum)Al2O3 (salpha-corundum)-1675.273650.91928 -1581.9704 Al2O3 (sgibbsite) -2562.7140.20584 -2287.3928 Al2O3•3H2O (sboehmite) -1974.84896.8596 -1825.4792 Al2O3•H2O (sAl2O3•H2O (sdiaspore) -1999.95270.54224 -1840.96halloysite) -4079.8184203.3424 -3759.324 Al2Si2O7•2H2O (skaolinite) -4098.6464202.924 -3778.152 Al2Si2O7•2H2O (sandalusite) -2591.98893.3032 -2444.7112 Al2SiO5 (skyanite) -2596.17283.80552 -2443.8744 Al2SiO5 (ssillimanite) -2593.243296.19016 -2442.6192 Al2SiO5 (sAl4C3 (s) -207.27536104.6 -238.44616 Al4C3 (g) -215.894489.1192 -203.3424 Al6BeO10 (l) -5299.4544314.88784 -5034.1888 Al6BeO10 (s) -5624.1328175.56064 -5317.4456 mullite) -6819.92274.8888 -6443.36 Al6Si2O13 (sAlBO2 (g) -541.4096269.4496 -550.6144 AlBr3 (s) -511.11744180.24672 -488.31464 AlBr3 (l) -501.20136206.4804 -486.26448 AlBr3 (g) -410.8688349.07112 -438.4832 AlC (g) 689.5232223.34192 633.0392 AlCl (g) -51.4632227.86064 -77.8224 AlCl2 (g) -288.696288.2776 -299.5744 AlCl3 (g) -584.5048314.30208 -570.07 AlCl3 (s) -705.6316109.28608 -630.06856 AlCl3 (l) -674.79552172.92472 -618.186 AlCl3•6H2O (s) -2691.5672376.56 -2269.4016 AlF (g) -265.2656215.0576 -290.788 AlF2 (g) -732.2263.1736 -740.568 AlF3 (s) -1510.42466.48376 -1430.928-1192.8584 AlF3 (g) -1209.176276.7716AlF3•3H2O (s) -2297.4344209.2 -2051.8336 AlH (g) 259.24064187.77792 231.166 AlI3 (l) -297.064219.66 -301.248 AlI3 (g) -205.016363.1712 -251.04AlI3 (s) -309.616189.5352 -305.432-287.0224 AlN (s) -317.98420.16688AlN (g) 435.136211.7104 410.032 AlO (g) 83.68218.27928 57.7392 AlOCl (s) -793.286454.392 -737.26264 AlOCl (g) -348.1088248.82248 -350.2008 AlOF (g) -586.5968234.26216 -587.0152 AlOH (g) -179.912216.3128 -184.096 AlPO4 (sberlinite) -1692.009690.7928 -1601.2168 AlS (g) 200.832230.49656 150.2056 Ar (g) 0154.732688 0 Au (g) 366.1180.39316 326.352 Au (s) 047.40472 0 Au(CN)2-1 (aq) 242.2536171.544 285.7672 AuBr4-1 (aq) -191.6272335.9752 -167.36 AuCl4-1 (aq) -322.168266.9392 -237.31648 AuH (g) 294.972211.045144 265.684518.816 B (g) 562.748153.3436B (s) 0 5.8576 0 B(CH3)3 (l) -143.0928238.9064 -32.2168 B(CH3)3 (g) -124.2648314.6368 -35.9824 B(OH)4-1 (aq) -1344.02632102.508 -1153.3196 B2 (g) 830.524201.79432 774.04 B2Cl4 (l) -523262.3368 -464.8424 B2H6 (g) 35.564232.0028 86.6088 B2O2 (g) -454.8008242.37912 -462.332 B2O3 (g) -843.78728279.7004 -831.9884 amorphous) -1254.5305677.8224 -1182.3984 B2O3 (sB2O3 (s) -1272.772853.9736 -1193.6952 B3N3H6 (l) -540.9912199.5768 -392.79392 B4C (s) -71.12827.11232 -71.128 B5H9 (l) 42.6768184.22152 171.66952 Ba (s) 062.3416 0146.8584 Ba (g) 179.0752169.99592Ba (l) 4.9789666.7348 3.84928 Ba(BrO3)2 (s) -752.65976242.672 -577.392 Ba(BrO3)2•H2O (s) -1054.7864292.4616 -824.62456 Ba(ClO3)2 (s) -680.3184196.648 -531.368 Ba(ClO4)2•3H2O (s) -1691.5912393.296 -1270.6808 Ba(IO3)2 (s) -1027.172249.3664 -864.8328 Ba(IO3)2•H2O (s) -1322.144297.064 -1104.1576 Ba(N3)2•H2O (s) -308.3608188.28 -105.0184 Ba(NO3)2 (s) -992.06824213.8024 -796.71728 Ba(OH)2•8H2O (s) -3342.1792426.768 -2793.2384 Ba(ReO4)2•4H2O (s) -3368.12376.56 -2918.34 Ba+2 (aq) -537.6449.6232 -560.73968Ba2TiO4 (s) -2243.0424196.648 -2133.0032BaBr2 (s) -757.304146.44 -736.8024BaBr2 (g) -439.32330.536 -472.792BaBr2•2H2O (s) -1366.076225.936 -1230.5144BaCl2 (s) -858.1384123.67904 -810.4408BaCl2 (l) -832.44864143.5112 -790.1484BaCl2 (g) -498.7328325.64072 -510.69904BaCl2•2H2O (s) -1460.13232202.924 -1296.45424witherite) -1216.2888112.1312 -1137.6296 BaCO3 (sBaCrO4 (s) -1445.9904158.5736 -1345.28152BaF2 (s) -1208.757696.39936 -1158.5496-1128.38296 BaF2 (l) -1171.3108121.25232BaF2 (g) -803.7464301.16432 -814.49928-353.42248 BaI2 (g) -302.9216348.1088-587.39176 BaI2 (l) -585.88552183.6776-601.40816 BaI2 (s) -605.4248165.14248 BaMoO4 (s) -1548.08138.072 -1439.7144-520.40592 BaO (s) -548.10472.09032-471.24392 BaO (l) -491.6296.56672-144.80824 BaO (g) -123.8464235.35BaS (s) -460.2478.2408 -456.056BaSeO3 (s) -1040.5608167.36 -968.1776BaSeO4 (s) -1146.416175.728 -1044.7448BaSiF6 (s) -2952.2304163.176 -2794.0752BaSiO3 (s) -1623.6012109.6208 -1540.25592BaSO4 (s) -1473.1864132.2144 -1362.3104BaTiO3 (s) -1659.7928107.9472 -1572.3472BaZrO3 (s) -1779.4552124.6832 -1694.52BBr (g) 238.0696224.89 195.3928-232.46304 BBr3 (g) -205.6436324.13448BBr3 (l) -239.7432229.7016 -238.488BCl (g) 149.49432213.13296 120.9176BCl2F (g) -645.1728284.512 -631.3656-388.73544 BCl3 (g) -403.756289.99304BCl3 (l) -427.1864206.2712 -387.4384BClF2 (g) -890.3552271.96 -876.1296Be (g) 324.26136.1892 286.604Be (l) 12.0499216.5268 9.95792Be (s) 09.53952 0beta) -905.83646.024 -816.7168 Be(OH)2 (sBe+2 (aq) -382.836-129.704 -379.698Be2C (s) -117.15216.3176 -87.864Be2SiO4 (s) -2149.320864.30808 -2032.5872Be3N2 (scubic) -588.270434.14144 -533.0416BeAl2O4 (s) -2300.781666.27456 -2178.6088BeBr2 (s) -369.8656106.2736 -353.1296BeC2 (g) 564.84218.4048 506.264 beta) -496.222475.81408 -449.52896 BeCl2 (salpha) -1026.753653.346 -979.4744 BeF2 (aBeH (g) 326.7704170.87456 298.3192 BeI2 (s) -192.464120.4992 -209.2 alpha) -608.353613.76536 -579.0656 BeO (sBeO (g) 129.704197.52664 104.1816 BeO2-2 (aq) -790.776158.992 -640.152 alpha) -1205.201277.98976 -1093.86496 BeSO4 (sBeSO4•4H2O (s) -2423.74936232.96512 -2080.66136 BeWO4 (s) -1514.60888.36608 -1405.824-149.7872 BF (g) -122.1728200.37176-1120.34968 BF3 (g) -1137.002254.01064BF4-1 (aq) -1574.8576179.912 -1486.9936 BH (g) 449.61264171.7532419.61336 BH4-1 (aq) 48.15784110.4576 114.26504614.50408 BN (g) 647.474212.17064-228.4464 BN (s) -254.387214.81136BO (g) 25.104203.42608 -4.184 BO2 (g) -300.4112229.45056 -305.8504 BO2-1 (aq) -772.3664-37.2376 -678.9376882.428984 Br (g) 111.884344174.91212Br-1 (aq) -121.545282.4248 -103.9724 Br2 (l) 0152.230656 0 Br2 (g) 30.907208245.353944 3.142184 Br2Cl-1 (aq) -170.2888188.6984 -128.4488 Br3-1 (aq) -130.41528215.476 -107.06856 BrCl (g) 14.644239.99424 -0.96232-109.16056 BrF (g) -93.84712228.8648BrF3 (l) -300.8296178.2384 -240.58 BrF3 (g) -255.60056292.41976-229.45056 BrF5 (l) -458.5664225.0992 -351.8744108.24008 BrO (g) 125.77104237.442BrO-1 (aq) -94.1441.84 -33.472 BrO3-1 (aq) -83.68163.176 1.6736671.289328C (g) 716.681544157.98658482.899512diamond) 1.8966072 2.376512C (sgraphite) 0 5.694424 0 C (sC-1 (g) 587.852151.29344 550.6144 C12H22O11 (s) -2225.4696360.2424 -1544.64912781.5712 C2 (g) 837.6368199.28392C2-1 (g) 443.504196.48064 393.296754.3752 C3 (g) 820.064237.2328cyclopropane) 53.30416237.442 104.3908 C3H6 (gC3O2 (l) -117.27752181.08352 -105.0184 C3O2 (g) -93.7216276.3532 -109.83C4H10CH3(CH2)2CH(g n-butane) -126.1476310.11808 -17.1544 3cyclobutane) 26.65208265.39112 110.0392 C4H8 (gC4N2 (g) 533.46289.99304 510.8664cyclopentane) -77.23664292.88 38.61832 C5H10 (gcyclopentane) -105.77152204.26288 36.4008 C5H10 (lcyclohexane) -123.13512298.23552 31.75656 C6H12 (gcyclohexane) -156.23056204.34656 26.65208 C6H12 (ltoluene) 12.00808220.95704 113.76296 C6H5CH3 (ltoluene) 49.9988320.66176 122.00544 C6H5CH3 (gC6H5COOH (s benzoic acid) -385.05352167.5692 -245.26608phenol) -96.35752315.59912 -32.88624 C6H5OH (gphenol) -165.01696144.01328 -50.4172 C6H5OH (sC6H6 (lbenzene) 48.99464173.25944 124.34848benzene) 82.92688269.19856 129.66216 C6H6 (gC7H14 (lcycloheptane) -156.77448242.54648 54.05728cyclooctane) -169.78672262.00208 77.8224 C8H16 (lCa (s) 041.4216 0Ca (l) 10.9202450.66824 8.20064145.51952 Ca (g) 179.2844154.76616Ca(ClO4)2•4H2O (s) -1948.9072433.4624 -1476.82648Ca(H2PO4)2•H2O (s) -3409.66712259.8264 -3058.42032Ca(IO3)2 (s) -1002.4864230.12 -839.3104Ca(IO3)2•6H2O (s) -2780.6864451.872 -2267.728Ca(NO3)2 (s) -938.38752193.3008 -743.20392Ca(NO3)2•2H2O (s) -1540.758269.4496 -1229.34288Ca(NO3)2•3H2O (s) -1838.0312319.2392 -1471.9312Ca(NO3)2•4H2O (s) -2132.33376375.3048 -1713.47352Ca(OH)2 (s) -986.168883.38712 -898.514dolomite) -2326.304155.18456 -2163.5464 Ca[Mg(CO3)2] (sCa+1 (g) 775.2952160.535896 733.4552Ca+2 (aq) -542.83216-53.1368 -553.5432hydroxyapatite) -13476.664780.7344 -12677.52 Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (sfluorapatite) -13744.44775.7136 -12982.952 Ca10(PO4)6F2 (sbeta) -3338.832189.24232 -3132.1424 Ca2P2O7 (sbeta) -2307.476127.73752 -2192.8344 Ca2SiO4 (sgamma) -2317.936120.79208 -2201.2024 Ca2SiO4 (sCa3(AsO4)2 (s) -3298.6656225.936 -3063.1064beta) -4120.8216235.9776 -3884.844 Ca3(PO4)2 (sCa3(PO4)2 (salpha) -4109.9432240.91472 -3875.6392CaBr2 (g) -384.928314.6368 -420.95224CaBr2 (s) -683.2472129.704 -664.12632CaBr2 (l) -662.99664147.86256 -649.31496CaBr2•6H2O (s) -2506.216410.032 -2153.0864CaC2 (s) -59.831269.95648 -64.852CaC2O4•H2O (s) -1674.8552156.4816 -1513.9804CaCl2 (s) -795.7968104.6 -748.0992CaCl2 (l) -774.04123.8464 -732.2CaCl2 (g) -471.5368289.9512 -479.068aragonite) -1207.1258488.7008 -1127.7972 CaCO3 (scalcite) -1206.9166492.8848 -1128.8432 CaCO3 (sCaCrO4 (s) -1379.0464133.888 -1277.3752CaF2 (g) -782.408273.6336 -794.96CaF2 (s) -1219.63668.86864 -1167.336CaF2 (l) -1184.07292.59192 -1142.232CaH2 (s) -186.18841.84 -147.2768CaHPO4 (s) -1814.3916111.37808 -1681.25672CaHPO4•2H2O (s) -2403.58248189.45152 -2154.76CaI2 (l) -500.15536178.94968-506.51504-533.12528 CaI2 (s) -536.8072145.26848CaI2 (g) -258.1528327.43984 -308.7792CaMoO4 (s) -1541.3856122.5912 -1434.6936CaO (s) -635.131238.19992 -603.542CaO (l) -557.3506462.29976-532.95792CaO•2Al2O3 (s) -3977.7288177.82 -3770.6208CaO•2B2O3 (s) -3360.25408134.7248 -3167.12064CaO•Al2O3 (s) -2326.304114.2232 -2208.7336CaO•B2O3 (s) -2030.95544104.85104 -1924.09608CaO•Fe2O3 (s) -1520.34008145.35216 -1412.81128diopside) -3206.1992142.92544 -3032.1448 CaO•MgO•2SiO2 (sCaO•V2O5 (s) -2329.27464179.0752 -2169.69688CaS (s) -474.88456.484 -469.8632CaSe (s) -368.19266.944 -363.1712CaSeO4•2H2O (s) -1706.6536221.752 -1486.9936pseudowollastonite)-1628.412887.36192 -1544.7328 CaSiO3 (swollastonite) -1634.9398481.92272 -1549.71176 CaSiO3 (sCaSO3•H2O (s) -1752.6776184.096 -1555.1928CaSO4 (s anhydrite insoluble) -1434.10784106.692 -1321.85112CaSO4 (s alpha soluble) -1425.23776108.3656 -1313.48312CaSO4 (s beta soluble) -1420.80272108.3656 -1309.04808CaSO4•0.5H2O (s beta micro) -1574.6484134.3064 -1435.86512CaSO4•0.5H2O (s alpha macro) -1576.7404130.5408 -1436.82744CaSO4•2H2O (s) -2022.62928194.1376 -1797.4464perovskite) -1660.629693.63792 -1575.276 CaTiO3 (ssphene) -2603.2848129.20192 -2461.8656 CaTiSiO5 (sCaWO4 (s) -1645.1488126.39864 -1538.49864CaZrO3 (s) -1766.9032100.08128 -1681.1312CBr (g) 510.448233.4672 464.424CCl (g) 502.08224.30424 468.60877.44584 Cd (g) 112.00568167.636144gamma) 051.75608 0 Cd (salpha) -0.5857651.75608 -0.58576 Cd (sCd(CN)4-2 (aq) 428.0232322.168 507.5192 Cd(NH3)4+2 (aq) -450.1984336.3936 -226.3544 CdBr2 (s) -316.18488137.2352 -296.31088 CdBr2•4H2O (s) -1492.55832316.3104 -1248.032808 CdCl2 (s) -391.49688115.2692 -343.96664 CdCl2•2.5H2O (s) -1131.93936227.1912 -944.094496 CdCl3-1 (aq) -561.0744202.924 -487.0176 CdCO3 (s) -750.609692.4664 -669.44 CdF2 (s) -700.401677.404 -647.6832-201.37592 CdI2 (s) -202.924161.084CdI4-2 (aq) -341.8328326.352 -315.892 CdO (s) -258.152854.8104 -228.4464 CdS (s) -161.920864.852 -156.4816 CdSb (s) -14.3929692.8848 -13.01224 CdSeO3 (s) -575.3142.256 -497.896 CdSeO4 (s) -633.0392164.4312 -531.7864 CdSiO3 (s) -1189.092897.4872 -1105.4128 CdSO4 (s) -933.28304123.038888 -822.7836 CdSO4•8/3H2O (s) -1729.37272229.630472 -1465.337216 CdSO4•H2O (s) -1239.55184154.029776 -1068.84464 CdTe (s) -92.4664100.416 -92.048 CF (g) 255.224212.92376 221.752 CF+1 (g) 1149.3448201.2504 1115.036 CF2 (g) -182.004240.70552 -191.6272 CF2+1 (g) 941.8184246.6468 924.2456 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH (g 2-butanol) -274.6796362.7528 -150.79136 1-butanol) -327.10512226.3544-162.50656 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH (l-15.0624 n-butane) -147.65336230.9568CH3(CH2)2CH3 (lpentane) -146.44348.9456-8.368 CH3(CH2)3CH3 (ghexane) -167.19264388.40072 -0.25104 CH3(CH2)4CH3 (gCH3(CH2)4CH3 (l hexane) -198.82368296.05984 -3.80744 CH3(CH2)5CH3 (gheptane) -187.77792427.89768 7.99144heptane) -224.38792326.017281.75728 CH3(CH2)5CH3 (l7.40568octane) -249.95216357.732CH3(CH2)6CH3 (l16.40128 CH3(CH2)6CH3 (goctane) -208.44688466.7252nonane) -275.47456393.67256 11.75704 CH3(CH2)7CH3 (lnonane) -229.03216505.67824 24.81112 CH3(CH2)7CH3 (gCH3(CH2)8CH3 (l decane) -301.0388425.5128 -17.53096 1-propanol) -304.00944194.556 -170.62352 CH3CH2CH2OH (l1-propnaol) -256.39552324.72024 -161.79528 CH3CH2CH2OH (gpropane) -103.84688270.20272 -23.55592 CH3CH2CH3 (g2-butanol) -292.62896358.9872 -167.61104 CH3CH2CHOHCH3 (g-177.02504 2-butanol) -342.58592225.0992CH3CH2CHOHCH3 (ldiethyl ether) -273.2152253.132 -116.64992 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (lCH3CH2OCH2CH3 (gdiethyl ether) -252.12784342.6696 -122.34016ethanol) -276.9808161.04216 -174.17992 CH3CH2OH (lCH3CH2OH (gethanol) -234.42952282.58736 -167.90392ethane) -84.68416229.11584 -32.80256 CH3CH3 (g2-propanol) -272.42024309.90888 -173.38496 CH3CHOHCH3 (g2-propanol) -317.85848180.58144 -180.28856 CH3CHOHCH3 (lacetone) -247.60912200.4136 -155.72848 CH3COCH3 (lacetone) -216.64752294.93016 -153.05072 CH3COCH3 (gCH3COOH (l acetic acid) -484.13064159.8288 -389.9488 CH3COOH (g acetic acid) -434.84312282.50368 -376.68552 CH3OCH3 (g dimethyl ether) -184.05416267.06472 -112.92616 methanol) -201.08304239.70136 -162.42288 CH3OH (gmethanol) -239.03192127.23544 -166.81608 CH3OH (lmethane) -74.85176186.27168 -50.8356 CH4 (g105.31128 Cl (g) 121.29416165.0588-131.25208 Cl-1 (aq) -167.150856.484Cl2 (g) 0222.96536 0 Cl2F6 (g) -339.3224489.528 -237.2328 Cl2O (g) 80.3328267.85968 97.4872 ClF (g) -54.47568217.7772-55.94008 ClF3 (g) -158.992281.49952 -118.8256 ClF3•HF (g) -450.6168359.824 -384.0912 ClF5 (g) -238.488310.62016 -146.44 ClO (g) 101.21096226.5636 97.4872 ClO-1 (aq) -107.110441.84 -36.8192 ClO2 (g) 102.508256.77208 120.33184 ClO2-1 (aq) -66.5256101.2528 17.1544 ClO3-1 (aq) -99.1608162.3392 -3.3472 ClO3F (g) -27.15416278.8636 44.85248 ClO4-1 (aq) -129.32744182.004 -8.61904 CN (g) 435.136202.54744 405.0112 CN+1 (g) 1802.8856213.34216 1763.1376 CN-1 (aq) 150.62494.14 172.3808 CN-1 (g) 60.668195.8112 38.74384 CN2 (g) 581.576231.5844 573.208 CNBr (g) 181.3764247.14888 160.62376 CNCl (g) 132.2144235.47552 125.47816196.14592 CNI (g) 225.0992256.60472169.36832 CNI (s) 160.2472128.8672hexagonal) 030.04112 0 Co (s-137.27704 CO (g) -110.54128197.9032Co (s face centered cubic) 0.4602430.71056 0.25104 Co(IO3)2•2H2O (s) -1081.9824267.776 -795.7968 Co(NH3)6+3 (aq) -584.9232146.44 -157.3184 pink) -539.73679.496 -454.3824 Co(OH)2 (sCo+2 (aq) -58.1576-112.968 -54.392 Co+3 (aq) 92.048-305.432 133.888-394.38384 CO2 (g) -393.5052213.67688CO2 (aq-386.01584 undissoc) -413.7976117.5704CO3-2 (aq) -677.13856-56.9024 -527.89528 Co3O4 (s) -910.02114.2232 -794.96 COBr2 (g) -96.232308.9884 -110.876 CoCl2 (s) -312.5448109.16056 -269.868 COCl2 (g) -220.9152283.75888 -206.77328 CoCl2•2H2O (s) -922.9904188.28 -764.8352 CoCl2•6H2O (s) -2115.4304343.088 -1725.4816 CoCl3 (g) -163.5944334.0924 -154.51512 CoF2 (s) -692.033681.96456 -647.2648 COF2 (g) -640.152258.73856 -624.58752 CoF3 (s) -790.77694.5584 -719.648 CoO (s) -237.9440852.96944 -214.2208-165.64456 COS (g) -138.40672231.45888CoSi (s) -100.41643.0952 -98.7424 CoSO4 (s) -888.2632117.9888 -782.408 CoSO4•6H2O (s) -2683.6176367.60624 -2235.7204 CoSO4•7H2O (s) -2979.92848406.0572 -2473.83184352.58568 Cr (g) 397.48174.2217622.34256 Cr (l) 26.10397636.23344Cr (s) 023.61868 0 Cr23C6 (s) -364.8448610.0272 -373.6312-102.21512 Cr2N (s) -125.5264.852Cr2O3 (s) -1134.700881.1696 -1053.1128 Cr2O3 (l) -1018.3856125.60368 -950.06088 Cr2O7-2 (aq) -1490.3408261.9184 -1301.224 Cr3C2 (s) -85.353685.43728 -86.31592 Cr7C3 (s) -161.9208200.832 -166.9416 CrCl2 (s) -395.388115.31104 -356.0584 CrCl3 (s) -556.472123.0096 -486.1808 CrF3 (s) -1158.96893.88896 -1087.84 CrN (g) 505.0088230.45472471.91336 CrN (s) -117.15237.69784 -92.80112 CrO (g) 188.28239.15744 154.5988 CrO2 (g) -75.312269.11488 -87.36192 CrO2Cl2 (l) -579.484221.752 -510.8664 CrO2Cl2 (g) -538.0624329.6992 -501.6616 CrO3 (g) -292.88266.06056 -273.46624 CrO4-2 (aq) -881.150450.208 -727.84864 Cs (g) 76.5672175.47696 49.78960.025104 Cs (l) 2.08781692.08984Cs (s) 085.1444 0 CS (g) 234.304210.4552 184.096 Cs+1 (aq) 458.5664169.72396 427.1864 CS2 (g) 117.06832237.77672 66.90216 CS2 (l) 89.70496151.33528 65.2704Cs2O (g) -92.048317.984 -104.6CsAl(SO4)2•12H2O (s) -6064.708686.176 -5098.204CsBr (s) -405.68064113.3864 -384.928CsCl (s) -442.83456101.181672 -414.216CsCl (l) -434.2992101.71304 -406.2664CsCl (g) -240.1616255.97712 -257.7344CsF (s) -554.798488.2824 -525.5104-515.09224 CsF (l) -543.8363290.08152CsF (g) -356.4768243.0904 -373.2128CsH (g) 121.336214.43 101.6712-333.71584 CsI (s) -336.812125.52CsOH (s) -416.726498.7424 -362.3344CsOH (g) -259.408255.14032 -259.8264CsOH (l) -406.01536118.44904 -365.8908298.61208 Cu (g) 338.31824166.27216Cu (s) 033.149832 0Cu(C2O4)2-2 (aq) -1592.012146.44 -1335.9512Cu(IO3)2•H2O (s) -692.0336247.2744 -468.608Cu(NH3)+2 (aq) -38.911212.1336 15.56448Cu(NH3)2+2 (aq) -142.256111.2944 -30.45952Cu(NH3)3+2 (aq) -245.6008199.5768 -73.13632Cu(NH3)4+2 (aq) -348.5272273.6336 -111.2944Cu(OH)2 (s) -450.1984108.3656 -372.7944Cu+1 (aq) 71.6719240.5848 49.9988Cu+2 (aq) 64.76832-99.5792 65.52144431.95616 Cu2 (g) 484.17248241.45864Cu2O (s) -168.615293.13584 -146.0216alpha) -79.496120.9176 -86.1904 Cu2S (sCuBr (s) -104.696.10648 -100.8344CuCl (s) -137.235286.1904 -119.8716CuCl2 (s) -205.8528108.07272 -161.9208CuCl2•2H2O (s) -821.3192167.36 -656.0512CuCN (s) 94.976889.99784 108.3656malachite) -1051.4392186.188 -893.7024 CuCO3•Cu(OH)2 (sCuF (s) -192.46464.852 -171.544CuF2 (s) -548.940868.6176 -499.1512CuFe2O4 (s) -965.20696141.0008 -858.80784CuFeO2 (s) -532.623288.7008 -479.9048CuI (s) -67.780896.6504 -69.4544CuN3 (s) 279.0728100.416 344.7616CuO (s) -157.318442.63496 -129.704CuS (s) -53.136866.5256 -53.5552CuSO4 (s) -771.36224108.784 -661.9088CuSO4•3H2O (s) -1684.31104221.3336 -1400.1756CuSO4•5H2O (s) -2279.6524300.4112 -1880.055296CuSO4•H2O (s) -1085.83168146.0216 -918.22064F (g) 78.99392158.6572861.9232-262.3368 F-1 (g) -255.6424145.47768F2 (g) 0202.7148 0alpha) 027.27968 0 Fe (s11.049944 Fe (l) 13.12939234.28788Fe(CN)6-3 (aq) 561.9112270.2864 729.2712Fe(CN)6-4 (aq) 455.637694.9768 694.92056Fe(CO)5 (l) -774.04338.0672 -705.4224Fe(CO)5 (g) -733.8736445.1776 -697.2636Fe(OH)+2 (aq) -290.788-142.256 -229.40872Fe+2 (aq) -89.1192-137.6536 -78.8684Fe+3 (aq) -48.5344-315.892 -4.6024Fe2(SO4)3 (s) -2581.528307.524 -2263.1256hematite) -824.24887.40376 -742.2416 Fe2O3 (sfayalite) -1479.8808145.1848 -1379.0464 Fe2SiO4 (salpha-cementite) 25.104104.6 20.0832 Fe3C (smagnetite) -1118.3832146.44 -1015.4568 Fe3O4 (sFe3Si (s) -93.7216103.7632 -94.5584Fe4N (s) -10.46156.0632 3.7656pyrrhotite) -736.384485.7624 -748.5176 Fe7S8 (sFeAl2O4 (s) -1966.48106.2736 -1849.328FeAsS (s) -41.84121.336 -50.208FeBr2 (s) -249.7848140.66608 -237.2328FeCl2 (s) -341.79096117.94696 -302.33584FeCl3 (s) -399.48832142.256 -334.05056siderite) -740.56892.8848 -666.7204 FeCO3 (sFeCr2O4 (s) -1444.7352146.0216 -1343.9008FeF2 (s) -702.91286.98536 -661.072FeF3 (s) -1041.81698.324 -970.688FeI2 (s) -104.6167.36 -112.968FeMoO4 (s) -1075.288129.2856 -974.872FeO (s) -271.9660.75168 -251.4584FeOH+1 (aq) -324.6784-29.288 -277.3992strengite) -1888.2392171.25112 -1657.7008 FePO4•2H2O (spyrrhotite) -99.997660.29144 -100.416 FeS (spyrite) -178.238452.9276 -166.9416 FeS2 (sFeSi (s) -73.638446.024 -73.6384beta-lebanite) -81.169655.6472 -78.2408 FeSi2 (sFeSO4 (s) -928.4296120.9176 -825.0848FeSO4•7H2O (s) -3014.572409.1952 -2510.27448FeWO4 (s) -1154.784131.796 -1054.368FNO3 (g) 10.46292.88 73.6384Fr (s) 094.14 0Fr (g) 72.8016181.92032 46.6516Fr2O (s) -338.904156.9 -299.156H+1 (aq) 00 0H2 (g) 0130.586824 0 H2AsO4-1 (aq) -909.55976117.152 -753.28736 H2CS3 (l) 25.104223.0072 27.8236 H2MoO4 (g) -851.0256355.64 -787.4288-228.588656 H2O (g) -241.818464188.715136-237.178408 H2O (l) -285.8299669.91464H2O2 (g) -136.10552232.88144 -105.47864 H2O2 (l) -187.77792109.6208 -120.41552 H2PO4-1 (aq) -1296.2868890.3744 -1130.39128 H2S (g) -20.16688205.76912 -33.0536 H2Se (g) 29.7064218.90688 15.8992 H2Se (g) 29.7064218.90688 15.8992 H2SiO3 (s) -1188.6744133.888 -1092.4424 H2SO4 (l) -813.9972156.9 -690.06712 H2SO4 (g) -740.568289.1144 -656.0512 H2VO4-1 (aq) -1174.0304121.336 -1020.896 H2WO4 (s) -1131.772146.44 -1004.16 H2WO4 (g) -905.4176351.456 -839.7288 H3BO3 (s) -1094.325288.82632 -969.0144 H3PO4 (l) -1254.3632150.624 -1111.6888 H3PO4 (s) -1266.9152110.54128 -1112.5256 H4SiO4 (s) -1481.136192.464 -1333.0224 HAsO4-2 (aq) -906.33808-1.6736 -714.71088 orthorhombic) -788.7676850.208 -721.74 HBO2 (smonoclinic) -794.2487237.656 -723.4136 HBO2 (s-53.51336 HBr (g) -36.44264198.61448-95.31152 HCl (g) -92.29904186.77376HClO (g) -92.048236.6052 -79.496 HCN (g) 135.1432201.6688 124.6832 HCN (l) 108.86768112.84248 124.93424 HCO3-1 (aq) -691.9917691.2112 -586.84784 HCrO4-1 (aq) -878.2216184.096 -764.8352 He (g) 0126.038816 0-273.2152 HF (g) -271.1232173.67784Hg (l) 076.02328 031.852792 Hg (g) 61.31652174.84936Hg(CH3)2 (l) 59.8312209.2 140.164 Hg(CH3)2 (g) 94.39104305.432 146.0216 Hg2(N3)2 (s) 594.128205.016 746.4256 Hg2Br2 (s) -206.8988218.73952 -181.075152 Hg2Cl2 (s) -265.22376192.464 -210.777368 Hg2CO3 (s) -553.5432179.912 -468.1896 Hg2F2 (s) -485.344158.992 -426.768 Hg2I2 (s) -121.336242.672 -111.00152 Hg2SO4 (s) -743.12024200.66464 -625.880376 HgBr2 (s) -170.7072170.33064 -153.1344HgCl (g) 84.0984259.78456 62.76 HgCl2 (s) -224.2624146.0216 -178.6568 HgF2 (s) -422.584116.3152 -372.376 HgH (g) 239.99424219.49264216.01992 HgI (g) 132.38176281.41584 88.44976 HgI2 (g) -17.1544336.01704 -59.8312 HgI2 (sred) -105.4368181.1672 -101.6712-58.425376 HgO (syellow) -90.4580871.128HgO (s red hexagonal) -89.537671.128 -58.24128 HgO (s red orthorhombic) -90.8346470.2912 -58.55508 HgS (sred) -58.157682.4248 -50.6264black) -53.555288.2824 -47.6976 HgS (sHgSe (g) 75.7304267.02288 31.38 HgSe (s) -46.02494.14 -38.0744 HgTe (s) -33.8904106.692 -28.0328 HI (g) 26.48472206.4804 1.71544 HN2O2-1 (aq) -39.3296142.256 76.1488 HN3 (g) 294.1352238.86456 328.0256 HNCO (g) -116.7336238.11144 -107.36144 HNCS (g) 127.612247.6928 112.968 cis) -76.5672249.32456 -41.84 HNO2 (gtrans) -78.6592249.1572 -43.932 HNO2 (gHNO3 (l) -173.2176155.60296 -79.9144 HNO3 (g) -135.05952266.26976 -74.76808 HOF (g) -98.324226.64728 -85.64648 HPO4-2 (aq) -1292.14472-33.472 -1089.26256 HReO4 (s) -762.3248158.1552 -664.8376 HS-1 (aq) -17.572862.76 12.04992 HSe-1 (aq) 15.899279.496 43.932 HSeO3-1 (aq) -514.54832135.1432 -411.53824 HSeO3-1 (aq) -514.54832135.1432 -411.53824 HSeO4-1 (aq) -581.576149.3688 -452.2904 HSeO4-1 (aq) -581.576149.3688 -452.2904 HSO3-1 (aq) -626.21928139.7456 -527.8116 HSO3F (g) -753.12297.064 -690.36 HVO4-2 (aq) -1158.96816.736 -974.87270.282832I (g) 106.83844180.681856-51.58872 I-1 (aq) -55.18696111.2944I2 (s) 0116.135288 0 I2 (g) 62.437832260.5795219.359368 IBr (g) 40.83584258.663248 3.72376 ICl (l) -23.89064135.1432 -13.598 ICl (g) 17.782247.44176 -5.4392-22.34256 ICl3 (s) -89.5376167.36-118.49088 IF (g) -95.64624236.06128-771.5296 IF5 (g) -840.1472334.72IF7 (g) -943.9104346.4352-818.3904149.7872 IO (g) 175.05856245.3916IO-1 (aq) -107.5288-5.4392 -38.4928 IO3-1 (aq) -221.3336118.4072 -128.0304 K (g) 89.119290.03968 60.668 K (l) 2.28446471.462720.263592 K (s) 064.68464 0 K2B4O7 (s) -3334.2296208.3632 -3136.7448 K2CO3 (s) -1150.1816155.51928 -1064.4096 K2O (s) -363.171294.14 -322.168 K2O2 (s) -495.804112.968 -429.6968 K2SiO3 (s) -1548.08146.14712 -1455.6136 K2SO4 (s) -1433.68944175.728 -1316.37008 K3AlCl6 (s) -2092376.56 -1938.4472 KAl(SO4)2 (s) -2465.38016204.5976 -2235.46936 KAl(SO4)2•12H2O (s) -6057.34416687.4312 -5137.1152 KAlCl4 (s) -1196.624196.648 -1096.208 KBF4 (s) -1886.984133.888 -1784.8944 KBH4 (s) -226.7728106.60832 -159.8288 KBO2 (s) -994.955279.99808 -978.6376-379.19592 KBr (s) -392.1663296.4412KBrO3 (s) -332.2096149.1596 -243.5088 KCl (s) -435.8891282.67584-408.31656-235.1408 KCl (g) -215.8944239.49216KClO3 (s) -391.204142.96728 -289.90936 KClO4 (s) -430.1152151.0424 -300.4112-102.04776 KCN (s) -113.47008127.77936-538.8992 KF (s) -568.605666.56744 KF•2H2O (s) -1158.968150.624 -1015.4568-34.05776 KH (s) -57.8228850.208KH2AsO4 (s) -1135.956155.14272 -991.608 KHF2 (s) -931.3584104.26528 -863.1592-322.29352 KI (s) -327.64904106.39912KIO3 (s) -508.356151.4608 -425.5128 KMnO4 (s) -813.3696171.71136 -713.7904 KNO3 (s) -492.70784132.92568 -393.12864 KO2 (s) -284.512122.5912 -240.58 KOH (s) -425.8475278.8684 -379.0704 Kr (g) 0163.975144 0128.0304 Li (g) 160.6656138.657760.933032 Li (l) 2.38069633.93224Li (s) 0160.6656 0 Li2B4O7 (s) -3363.936155.6448 -3171.472 Li2BeF4 (s) -2273.5856130.5408 -2171.496 Li2CO3 (s) -1216.0377690.1652 -1132.1904 Li2O (s) -598.730437.90704 -561.9112。
1 热力学三个基本参数
1 热力学三个基本参数：压力pressure 体积specific volume 温度temperature2 制冷的四个部件：压缩机compressor 冷凝器condenser 膨胀阀expansion valve 蒸发器evaporator3 传热的三种方式：传导conduction 对流convection 辐射radiation4 流体的分类：可压缩和不可压缩compressible and incompressible 牛顿和非牛顿Newtonian and non-Newtonian 有旋和无旋rotational or inrotational 粘性和非粘性viscous and nonviscous5 工业炉的分类按照工艺原理分：熔炼炉Melting furnaces 加热炉Heating furnaces6 电炉的分类(Electric furnaces) 电弧炉arc furnaces 电阻炉resistance furnaces 感应炉induction furnaces7 按燃料分类：燃料炉fuel-fired furnaces (火焰炉竖炉shaft furnaces )均热炉soaking pits furnaces 连续炉continuous furnaces 间隙炉batch-type furnaces 室内加热炉in-and-out furnaces 推钢式加热炉pusher-type furnaces 转底炉rotary hearth furnaces8 所学课程名流体力学Fluid Mechanics 工程热力学Thermodynamic Engineering 传热学Heat Transfer Science 燃烧学Combustion Theory 锅炉Boiler 制冷与低温技术原理Refrigeration and Cryogenic technical principles 自动控制原理Principles of Automatic Control热工检测仪表Thermal instrumentation工业炉Industrial furnaces 第一篇A fluid is……. two plates isa fluid 一种流体连续变形时，受到的剪切应力，不管多么小，剪切应力可能是一种物质。
热力学基本状态全参数
热力学基本状态参数功和热量1-1 工质和热力系一、工质、热机、热源与冷源1、热机（热力发动机）：实现热能转换为机械能的设备。
如:电厂中的汽轮机、燃气轮机和燃机、航空发动机等。
2、工质:实现热能转换为机械能的媒介物质。
对工质的要求:1）良好的膨胀性; 2）流动性好；3）热力性质稳定,热容量大；4）安全对环境友善；5）价廉，易大量获取。
如电厂中的水蒸汽；制冷中的氨气等。
问题：为什么电厂采用水蒸汽作工质？3、高温热源：不断向工质提供热能的物体（热源）。
如电厂中的炉膛中的高温烟气4、低温热源：不断接收工质排放热的物体（冷源）如凝汽器中的冷却水二、热力系统1、热力系统和外界概念热力系:人为划分的热力学研究对象(简称热力系）。
外界:系统外与之相关的一切其他物质。
边界:分割系统与外界的界面。
在边界上可以判断系统与外界间所传递的能量和质量的形式和数量。
边界可以是实际的、假想的、固定的，或活动的。
注意:热力系的划分，完全取决于分析问题的需要及分析方法的方便。
它可以是一个设备（物体），也可以是多个设备组成的系统。
如：可以取汽轮机的空间作为一个系统，也可取整个电厂的作为系统。
2、热力系统分类按系统与外界的能量交换情况分1）绝热系统：与外界无热量交换。
2）孤立系统：与外界既无能量（功量、热量）交换，又无质量交换的系统。
注意：实际中，绝对的绝热系和孤立系统是不存在的，但在某些理想情况下可简化为这两种理想模型。
这种科学的抽象给热力学的研究带来很大的方便。
如：在计算电厂中的汽轮机作功时，通常忽略汽缸壁的散热损失，可近似看作绝热系统。
状态及基本状态参数状态参数特点u状态参数仅决定于状态，即对应某确定的状态，就有一组状态参数。
反之，一组确定的状态参数就可以确定一个状态。
状态参数的变化量仅决定于过程的初终状态，而与达到该状态的途径无关。
因此，状态参数的变化量可表示为（以压力p为例）：二、基本状态参数1.表压与真空表压力：当气体的压力高于大气压力时（称为正压），压力表的读数（pg），如锅炉汽包、主蒸汽的压力等。
化学反应中的热力学参数
化学反应中的热力学参数当我们研究化学反应时，除了关注反应的速率和催化剂的作用外，我们还可以从热力学角度来考虑反应的过程。
热力学是研究能量转化和传递的学科，热力学参数可以帮助我们理解并预测化学反应的趋势和结果。
本文将从热力学参数的角度分析化学反应过程。
I. 热力学参数的概念热力学参数包括焓变、熵变、自由能变等。
焓是表示系统内能与外界的热传递的一种物理量，通常表示为ΔH。
当反应放出热量时，ΔH为负值，反之为正值。
熵是表示系统的混乱程度的物理量，通常表示为ΔS。
当反应的产物比反应物更随机无序时，ΔS为正值，反之为负值。
自由能是表示系统能否发生反应的重要参数，通常表示为ΔG。
当ΔG为负值时，反应为自发反应，反之则为非自发反应。
II. 热力学参数与反应进程的关系热力学参数可以揭示反应进程中发生的能量转化和气体混乱程度的变化。
通过测量焓、熵和自由能变，我们可以预测反应的趋势和结果。
例如，当我们燃烧一支蜡烛时，焓变为负值，计算时需要固定一定的条件，例如温度和压力。
当蜡烛燃烧时，蜡烛的物质与氧气反应所释放出的热量（焓变）会使蜡烛熔化并产生烟雾，这个反应的ΔS为正值，表明产物比反应物更随机无序。
这样的反应所释放的热量和气体的混乱程度可以用热力学参数来描述。
III. 热力学参数和反应速率的关系虽然焓、熵和自由能变可以用来描述反应进程的能量转化和气体混乱程度的变化，但它们不能描述反应的速率。
反应速率是反应在单位时间内进行的程度，取决于反应物的浓度、温度和反应物之间的相互作用等因素。
但是，在热力学参数的影响下，反应速率也会发生变化。
例如，在反应自由能变为负值时，反应速率会增加，因为此时反应变得更容易，反应物之间的相互作用也会增强。
而当反应自由能变为正值时，反应速率会变慢，因为反应变得困难，反应物之间的相互作用也会降低。
IV. 热力学参数和化学平衡的关系热力学参数还可以用来描述反应达到化学平衡时的条件。
化学平衡是指反应物和产物浓度不再发生变化的状态。
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Standard Thermodynamic ValuesFormula State of Matter Enthalpy(kJ/mol)Entropy (Jmol/K)Gibbs Free Energy(kJ/mol)(NH4)2O (l) -430.70096267.52496 -267.10656 (NH4)2SiF6 (shexagonal) -2681.69296280.24432 -2365.54992 (NH4)2SO4 (s) -1180.85032220.0784 -901.90304 Ag (s) 042.55128 0 Ag (g) 284.55384172.887064245.68448 Ag+1 (aq) 105.57905672.67608 77.123672 Ag2 (g) 409.99016257.02312 358.778 Ag2C2O4 (s) -673.2056209.2 -584.0864 Ag2CO3 (s) -505.8456167.36 -436.8096 Ag2CrO4 (s) -731.73976217.568 -641.8256 Ag2MoO4 (s) -840.5656213.384 -748.0992 Ag2O (s) -31.04528121.336 -11.21312 Ag2O2 (s) -24.2672117.152 27.6144 Ag2O3 (s) 33.8904100.416 121.336 Ag2S (sbeta) -29.41352150.624 -39.45512 Ag2S (s alpha orthorhombic) -32.59336144.01328 -40.66848 Ag2Se (s) -37.656150.70768 -44.3504 Ag2SeO3 (s) -365.2632230.12 -304.1768 Ag2SeO4 (s) -420.492248.5296 -334.3016 Ag2SO3 (s) -490.7832158.1552 -411.2872 Ag2SO4 (s) -715.8824200.4136 -618.47888 Ag2Te (s) -37.2376154.808 43.0952 AgBr (s) -100.37416107.1104 -96.90144 AgBrO3 (s) -27.196152.716 54.392 AgCl (s) -127.0680896.232-109.804896 AgClO2 (s) 8.7864134.55744 75.7304 AgCN (s) 146.0216107.19408 156.9 AgF•2H2O (s) -800.8176174.8912 -671.1136 AgI (s) -61.83952115.4784-66.19088 AgIO3 (s) -171.1256149.3688 -93.7216 AgN3 (s) 308.7792104.1816 376.1416 AgNO2 (s) -45.06168128.19776 19.07904 AgNO3 (s) -124.39032140.91712 -33.472 AgO (s) -11.4223257.78104 14.2256 AgOCN (s) -95.3952121.336 -58.1576 AgReO4 (s) -736.384153.1344 -635.5496 AgSCN (s) 87.864130.9592 101.37832 Al (s) 028.32568 0 Al (l) 8.6608835.229286.61072 Al (g) 326.352164.4312285.7672 Al(BH4)3 (l) -16.3176289.1144 144.7664 Al(BH4)3 (g) 12.552379.0704 146.44 Al(CH3)3 (l) -136.3984209.4092 -10.0416Al(NO3)3•6H2O (s) -2850.47552467.7712 -2203.88016 Al(NO3)3•9H2O (s) -3757.06464569.024 -2929.6368 Al(OH)3 (s) -1284.48871.128 -1305.8264 Al+3 (aq) -531.368-321.7496 -485.344 Al2(CH3)6 (g) -230.91496524.6736 -9.79056 Al2(SO4)3 (s) -3435.064239.3248 -3506.6104 Al2Br6 (g) -1020.896547.2672 -947.2576 Al2Cl6 (g) -1295.3664475.5116 -1220.8912 Al2F6 (g) -2631.736387.02 -2539.688 Al2I6 (g) -506.264584.0864 -560.656 Al2O (g) -131.3776259.408 -161.084 Al2O3 (l) -1581.133689.57944-1499.25272-1656.86459.8312 -1562.724 gamma-corundum)Al2O3 (salpha-corundum)-1675.273650.91928 -1581.9704 Al2O3 (sgibbsite) -2562.7140.20584 -2287.3928 Al2O3•3H2O (sboehmite) -1974.84896.8596 -1825.4792 Al2O3•H2O (sAl2O3•H2O (sdiaspore) -1999.95270.54224 -1840.96halloysite) -4079.8184203.3424 -3759.324 Al2Si2O7•2H2O (skaolinite) -4098.6464202.924 -3778.152 Al2Si2O7•2H2O (sandalusite) -2591.98893.3032 -2444.7112 Al2SiO5 (skyanite) -2596.17283.80552 -2443.8744 Al2SiO5 (ssillimanite) -2593.243296.19016 -2442.6192 Al2SiO5 (sAl4C3 (s) -207.27536104.6 -238.44616 Al4C3 (g) -215.894489.1192 -203.3424 Al6BeO10 (l) -5299.4544314.88784 -5034.1888 Al6BeO10 (s) -5624.1328175.56064 -5317.4456 mullite) -6819.92274.8888 -6443.36 Al6Si2O13 (sAlBO2 (g) -541.4096269.4496 -550.6144 AlBr3 (s) -511.11744180.24672 -488.31464 AlBr3 (l) -501.20136206.4804 -486.26448 AlBr3 (g) -410.8688349.07112 -438.4832 AlC (g) 689.5232223.34192 633.0392 AlCl (g) -51.4632227.86064 -77.8224 AlCl2 (g) -288.696288.2776 -299.5744 AlCl3 (g) -584.5048314.30208 -570.07 AlCl3 (s) -705.6316109.28608 -630.06856 AlCl3 (l) -674.79552172.92472 -618.186 AlCl3•6H2O (s) -2691.5672376.56 -2269.4016 AlF (g) -265.2656215.0576 -290.788 AlF2 (g) -732.2263.1736 -740.568 AlF3 (s) -1510.42466.48376 -1430.928-1192.8584 AlF3 (g) -1209.176276.7716AlF3•3H2O (s) -2297.4344209.2 -2051.8336 AlH (g) 259.24064187.77792 231.166 AlI3 (l) -297.064219.66 -301.248 AlI3 (g) -205.016363.1712 -251.04AlI3 (s) -309.616189.5352 -305.432-287.0224 AlN (s) -317.98420.16688AlN (g) 435.136211.7104 410.032 AlO (g) 83.68218.27928 57.7392 AlOCl (s) -793.286454.392 -737.26264 AlOCl (g) -348.1088248.82248 -350.2008 AlOF (g) -586.5968234.26216 -587.0152 AlOH (g) -179.912216.3128 -184.096 AlPO4 (sberlinite) -1692.009690.7928 -1601.2168 AlS (g) 200.832230.49656 150.2056 Ar (g) 0154.732688 0 Au (g) 366.1180.39316 326.352 Au (s) 047.40472 0 Au(CN)2-1 (aq) 242.2536171.544 285.7672 AuBr4-1 (aq) -191.6272335.9752 -167.36 AuCl4-1 (aq) -322.168266.9392 -237.31648 AuH (g) 294.972211.045144 265.684518.816 B (g) 562.748153.3436B (s) 0 5.8576 0 B(CH3)3 (l) -143.0928238.9064 -32.2168 B(CH3)3 (g) -124.2648314.6368 -35.9824 B(OH)4-1 (aq) -1344.02632102.508 -1153.3196 B2 (g) 830.524201.79432 774.04 B2Cl4 (l) -523262.3368 -464.8424 B2H6 (g) 35.564232.0028 86.6088 B2O2 (g) -454.8008242.37912 -462.332 B2O3 (g) -843.78728279.7004 -831.9884 amorphous) -1254.5305677.8224 -1182.3984 B2O3 (sB2O3 (s) -1272.772853.9736 -1193.6952 B3N3H6 (l) -540.9912199.5768 -392.79392 B4C (s) -71.12827.11232 -71.128 B5H9 (l) 42.6768184.22152 171.66952 Ba (s) 062.3416 0146.8584 Ba (g) 179.0752169.99592Ba (l) 4.9789666.7348 3.84928 Ba(BrO3)2 (s) -752.65976242.672 -577.392 Ba(BrO3)2•H2O (s) -1054.7864292.4616 -824.62456 Ba(ClO3)2 (s) -680.3184196.648 -531.368 Ba(ClO4)2•3H2O (s) -1691.5912393.296 -1270.6808 Ba(IO3)2 (s) -1027.172249.3664 -864.8328 Ba(IO3)2•H2O (s) -1322.144297.064 -1104.1576 Ba(N3)2•H2O (s) -308.3608188.28 -105.0184 Ba(NO3)2 (s) -992.06824213.8024 -796.71728 Ba(OH)2•8H2O (s) -3342.1792426.768 -2793.2384 Ba(ReO4)2•4H2O (s) -3368.12376.56 -2918.34 Ba+2 (aq) -537.6449.6232 -560.73968Ba2TiO4 (s) -2243.0424196.648 -2133.0032BaBr2 (s) -757.304146.44 -736.8024BaBr2 (g) -439.32330.536 -472.792BaBr2•2H2O (s) -1366.076225.936 -1230.5144BaCl2 (s) -858.1384123.67904 -810.4408BaCl2 (l) -832.44864143.5112 -790.1484BaCl2 (g) -498.7328325.64072 -510.69904BaCl2•2H2O (s) -1460.13232202.924 -1296.45424witherite) -1216.2888112.1312 -1137.6296 BaCO3 (sBaCrO4 (s) -1445.9904158.5736 -1345.28152BaF2 (s) -1208.757696.39936 -1158.5496-1128.38296 BaF2 (l) -1171.3108121.25232BaF2 (g) -803.7464301.16432 -814.49928-353.42248 BaI2 (g) -302.9216348.1088-587.39176 BaI2 (l) -585.88552183.6776-601.40816 BaI2 (s) -605.4248165.14248 BaMoO4 (s) -1548.08138.072 -1439.7144-520.40592 BaO (s) -548.10472.09032-471.24392 BaO (l) -491.6296.56672-144.80824 BaO (g) -123.8464235.35BaS (s) -460.2478.2408 -456.056BaSeO3 (s) -1040.5608167.36 -968.1776BaSeO4 (s) -1146.416175.728 -1044.7448BaSiF6 (s) -2952.2304163.176 -2794.0752BaSiO3 (s) -1623.6012109.6208 -1540.25592BaSO4 (s) -1473.1864132.2144 -1362.3104BaTiO3 (s) -1659.7928107.9472 -1572.3472BaZrO3 (s) -1779.4552124.6832 -1694.52BBr (g) 238.0696224.89 195.3928-232.46304 BBr3 (g) -205.6436324.13448BBr3 (l) -239.7432229.7016 -238.488BCl (g) 149.49432213.13296 120.9176BCl2F (g) -645.1728284.512 -631.3656-388.73544 BCl3 (g) -403.756289.99304BCl3 (l) -427.1864206.2712 -387.4384BClF2 (g) -890.3552271.96 -876.1296Be (g) 324.26136.1892 286.604Be (l) 12.0499216.5268 9.95792Be (s) 09.53952 0beta) -905.83646.024 -816.7168 Be(OH)2 (sBe+2 (aq) -382.836-129.704 -379.698Be2C (s) -117.15216.3176 -87.864Be2SiO4 (s) -2149.320864.30808 -2032.5872Be3N2 (scubic) -588.270434.14144 -533.0416BeAl2O4 (s) -2300.781666.27456 -2178.6088BeBr2 (s) -369.8656106.2736 -353.1296BeC2 (g) 564.84218.4048 506.264 beta) -496.222475.81408 -449.52896 BeCl2 (salpha) -1026.753653.346 -979.4744 BeF2 (aBeH (g) 326.7704170.87456 298.3192 BeI2 (s) -192.464120.4992 -209.2 alpha) -608.353613.76536 -579.0656 BeO (sBeO (g) 129.704197.52664 104.1816 BeO2-2 (aq) -790.776158.992 -640.152 alpha) -1205.201277.98976 -1093.86496 BeSO4 (sBeSO4•4H2O (s) -2423.74936232.96512 -2080.66136 BeWO4 (s) -1514.60888.36608 -1405.824-149.7872 BF (g) -122.1728200.37176-1120.34968 BF3 (g) -1137.002254.01064BF4-1 (aq) -1574.8576179.912 -1486.9936 BH (g) 449.61264171.7532419.61336 BH4-1 (aq) 48.15784110.4576 114.26504614.50408 BN (g) 647.474212.17064-228.4464 BN (s) -254.387214.81136BO (g) 25.104203.42608 -4.184 BO2 (g) -300.4112229.45056 -305.8504 BO2-1 (aq) -772.3664-37.2376 -678.9376882.428984 Br (g) 111.884344174.91212Br-1 (aq) -121.545282.4248 -103.9724 Br2 (l) 0152.230656 0 Br2 (g) 30.907208245.353944 3.142184 Br2Cl-1 (aq) -170.2888188.6984 -128.4488 Br3-1 (aq) -130.41528215.476 -107.06856 BrCl (g) 14.644239.99424 -0.96232-109.16056 BrF (g) -93.84712228.8648BrF3 (l) -300.8296178.2384 -240.58 BrF3 (g) -255.60056292.41976-229.45056 BrF5 (l) -458.5664225.0992 -351.8744108.24008 BrO (g) 125.77104237.442BrO-1 (aq) -94.1441.84 -33.472 BrO3-1 (aq) -83.68163.176 1.6736671.289328C (g) 716.681544157.98658482.899512diamond) 1.8966072 2.376512C (sgraphite) 0 5.694424 0 C (sC-1 (g) 587.852151.29344 550.6144 C12H22O11 (s) -2225.4696360.2424 -1544.64912781.5712 C2 (g) 837.6368199.28392C2-1 (g) 443.504196.48064 393.296754.3752 C3 (g) 820.064237.2328cyclopropane) 53.30416237.442 104.3908 C3H6 (gC3O2 (l) -117.27752181.08352 -105.0184 C3O2 (g) -93.7216276.3532 -109.83C4H10CH3(CH2)2CH(g n-butane) -126.1476310.11808 -17.1544 3cyclobutane) 26.65208265.39112 110.0392 C4H8 (gC4N2 (g) 533.46289.99304 510.8664cyclopentane) -77.23664292.88 38.61832 C5H10 (gcyclopentane) -105.77152204.26288 36.4008 C5H10 (lcyclohexane) -123.13512298.23552 31.75656 C6H12 (gcyclohexane) -156.23056204.34656 26.65208 C6H12 (ltoluene) 12.00808220.95704 113.76296 C6H5CH3 (ltoluene) 49.9988320.66176 122.00544 C6H5CH3 (gC6H5COOH (s benzoic acid) -385.05352167.5692 -245.26608phenol) -96.35752315.59912 -32.88624 C6H5OH (gphenol) -165.01696144.01328 -50.4172 C6H5OH (sC6H6 (lbenzene) 48.99464173.25944 124.34848benzene) 82.92688269.19856 129.66216 C6H6 (gC7H14 (lcycloheptane) -156.77448242.54648 54.05728cyclooctane) -169.78672262.00208 77.8224 C8H16 (lCa (s) 041.4216 0Ca (l) 10.9202450.66824 8.20064145.51952 Ca (g) 179.2844154.76616Ca(ClO4)2•4H2O (s) -1948.9072433.4624 -1476.82648Ca(H2PO4)2•H2O (s) -3409.66712259.8264 -3058.42032Ca(IO3)2 (s) -1002.4864230.12 -839.3104Ca(IO3)2•6H2O (s) -2780.6864451.872 -2267.728Ca(NO3)2 (s) -938.38752193.3008 -743.20392Ca(NO3)2•2H2O (s) -1540.758269.4496 -1229.34288Ca(NO3)2•3H2O (s) -1838.0312319.2392 -1471.9312Ca(NO3)2•4H2O (s) -2132.33376375.3048 -1713.47352Ca(OH)2 (s) -986.168883.38712 -898.514dolomite) -2326.304155.18456 -2163.5464 Ca[Mg(CO3)2] (sCa+1 (g) 775.2952160.535896 733.4552Ca+2 (aq) -542.83216-53.1368 -553.5432hydroxyapatite) -13476.664780.7344 -12677.52 Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (sfluorapatite) -13744.44775.7136 -12982.952 Ca10(PO4)6F2 (sbeta) -3338.832189.24232 -3132.1424 Ca2P2O7 (sbeta) -2307.476127.73752 -2192.8344 Ca2SiO4 (sgamma) -2317.936120.79208 -2201.2024 Ca2SiO4 (sCa3(AsO4)2 (s) -3298.6656225.936 -3063.1064beta) -4120.8216235.9776 -3884.844 Ca3(PO4)2 (sCa3(PO4)2 (salpha) -4109.9432240.91472 -3875.6392CaBr2 (g) -384.928314.6368 -420.95224CaBr2 (s) -683.2472129.704 -664.12632CaBr2 (l) -662.99664147.86256 -649.31496CaBr2•6H2O (s) -2506.216410.032 -2153.0864CaC2 (s) -59.831269.95648 -64.852CaC2O4•H2O (s) -1674.8552156.4816 -1513.9804CaCl2 (s) -795.7968104.6 -748.0992CaCl2 (l) -774.04123.8464 -732.2CaCl2 (g) -471.5368289.9512 -479.068aragonite) -1207.1258488.7008 -1127.7972 CaCO3 (scalcite) -1206.9166492.8848 -1128.8432 CaCO3 (sCaCrO4 (s) -1379.0464133.888 -1277.3752CaF2 (g) -782.408273.6336 -794.96CaF2 (s) -1219.63668.86864 -1167.336CaF2 (l) -1184.07292.59192 -1142.232CaH2 (s) -186.18841.84 -147.2768CaHPO4 (s) -1814.3916111.37808 -1681.25672CaHPO4•2H2O (s) -2403.58248189.45152 -2154.76CaI2 (l) -500.15536178.94968-506.51504-533.12528 CaI2 (s) -536.8072145.26848CaI2 (g) -258.1528327.43984 -308.7792CaMoO4 (s) -1541.3856122.5912 -1434.6936CaO (s) -635.131238.19992 -603.542CaO (l) -557.3506462.29976-532.95792CaO•2Al2O3 (s) -3977.7288177.82 -3770.6208CaO•2B2O3 (s) -3360.25408134.7248 -3167.12064CaO•Al2O3 (s) -2326.304114.2232 -2208.7336CaO•B2O3 (s) -2030.95544104.85104 -1924.09608CaO•Fe2O3 (s) -1520.34008145.35216 -1412.81128diopside) -3206.1992142.92544 -3032.1448 CaO•MgO•2SiO2 (sCaO•V2O5 (s) -2329.27464179.0752 -2169.69688CaS (s) -474.88456.484 -469.8632CaSe (s) -368.19266.944 -363.1712CaSeO4•2H2O (s) -1706.6536221.752 -1486.9936pseudowollastonite)-1628.412887.36192 -1544.7328 CaSiO3 (swollastonite) -1634.9398481.92272 -1549.71176 CaSiO3 (sCaSO3•H2O (s) -1752.6776184.096 -1555.1928CaSO4 (s anhydrite insoluble) -1434.10784106.692 -1321.85112CaSO4 (s alpha soluble) -1425.23776108.3656 -1313.48312CaSO4 (s beta soluble) -1420.80272108.3656 -1309.04808CaSO4•0.5H2O (s beta micro) -1574.6484134.3064 -1435.86512CaSO4•0.5H2O (s alpha macro) -1576.7404130.5408 -1436.82744CaSO4•2H2O (s) -2022.62928194.1376 -1797.4464perovskite) -1660.629693.63792 -1575.276 CaTiO3 (ssphene) -2603.2848129.20192 -2461.8656 CaTiSiO5 (sCaWO4 (s) -1645.1488126.39864 -1538.49864CaZrO3 (s) -1766.9032100.08128 -1681.1312CBr (g) 510.448233.4672 464.424CCl (g) 502.08224.30424 468.60877.44584 Cd (g) 112.00568167.636144gamma) 051.75608 0 Cd (salpha) -0.5857651.75608 -0.58576 Cd (sCd(CN)4-2 (aq) 428.0232322.168 507.5192 Cd(NH3)4+2 (aq) -450.1984336.3936 -226.3544 CdBr2 (s) -316.18488137.2352 -296.31088 CdBr2•4H2O (s) -1492.55832316.3104 -1248.032808 CdCl2 (s) -391.49688115.2692 -343.96664 CdCl2•2.5H2O (s) -1131.93936227.1912 -944.094496 CdCl3-1 (aq) -561.0744202.924 -487.0176 CdCO3 (s) -750.609692.4664 -669.44 CdF2 (s) -700.401677.404 -647.6832-201.37592 CdI2 (s) -202.924161.084CdI4-2 (aq) -341.8328326.352 -315.892 CdO (s) -258.152854.8104 -228.4464 CdS (s) -161.920864.852 -156.4816 CdSb (s) -14.3929692.8848 -13.01224 CdSeO3 (s) -575.3142.256 -497.896 CdSeO4 (s) -633.0392164.4312 -531.7864 CdSiO3 (s) -1189.092897.4872 -1105.4128 CdSO4 (s) -933.28304123.038888 -822.7836 CdSO4•8/3H2O (s) -1729.37272229.630472 -1465.337216 CdSO4•H2O (s) -1239.55184154.029776 -1068.84464 CdTe (s) -92.4664100.416 -92.048 CF (g) 255.224212.92376 221.752 CF+1 (g) 1149.3448201.2504 1115.036 CF2 (g) -182.004240.70552 -191.6272 CF2+1 (g) 941.8184246.6468 924.2456 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH (g 2-butanol) -274.6796362.7528 -150.79136 1-butanol) -327.10512226.3544-162.50656 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH (l-15.0624 n-butane) -147.65336230.9568CH3(CH2)2CH3 (lpentane) -146.44348.9456-8.368 CH3(CH2)3CH3 (ghexane) -167.19264388.40072 -0.25104 CH3(CH2)4CH3 (gCH3(CH2)4CH3 (l hexane) -198.82368296.05984 -3.80744 CH3(CH2)5CH3 (gheptane) -187.77792427.89768 7.99144heptane) -224.38792326.017281.75728 CH3(CH2)5CH3 (l7.40568octane) -249.95216357.732CH3(CH2)6CH3 (l16.40128 CH3(CH2)6CH3 (goctane) -208.44688466.7252nonane) -275.47456393.67256 11.75704 CH3(CH2)7CH3 (lnonane) -229.03216505.67824 24.81112 CH3(CH2)7CH3 (gCH3(CH2)8CH3 (l decane) -301.0388425.5128 -17.53096 1-propanol) -304.00944194.556 -170.62352 CH3CH2CH2OH (l1-propnaol) -256.39552324.72024 -161.79528 CH3CH2CH2OH (gpropane) -103.84688270.20272 -23.55592 CH3CH2CH3 (g2-butanol) -292.62896358.9872 -167.61104 CH3CH2CHOHCH3 (g-177.02504 2-butanol) -342.58592225.0992CH3CH2CHOHCH3 (ldiethyl ether) -273.2152253.132 -116.64992 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (lCH3CH2OCH2CH3 (gdiethyl ether) -252.12784342.6696 -122.34016ethanol) -276.9808161.04216 -174.17992 CH3CH2OH (lCH3CH2OH (gethanol) -234.42952282.58736 -167.90392ethane) -84.68416229.11584 -32.80256 CH3CH3 (g2-propanol) -272.42024309.90888 -173.38496 CH3CHOHCH3 (g2-propanol) -317.85848180.58144 -180.28856 CH3CHOHCH3 (lacetone) -247.60912200.4136 -155.72848 CH3COCH3 (lacetone) -216.64752294.93016 -153.05072 CH3COCH3 (gCH3COOH (l acetic acid) -484.13064159.8288 -389.9488 CH3COOH (g acetic acid) -434.84312282.50368 -376.68552 CH3OCH3 (g dimethyl ether) -184.05416267.06472 -112.92616 methanol) -201.08304239.70136 -162.42288 CH3OH (gmethanol) -239.03192127.23544 -166.81608 CH3OH (lmethane) -74.85176186.27168 -50.8356 CH4 (g105.31128 Cl (g) 121.29416165.0588-131.25208 Cl-1 (aq) -167.150856.484Cl2 (g) 0222.96536 0 Cl2F6 (g) -339.3224489.528 -237.2328 Cl2O (g) 80.3328267.85968 97.4872 ClF (g) -54.47568217.7772-55.94008 ClF3 (g) -158.992281.49952 -118.8256 ClF3•HF (g) -450.6168359.824 -384.0912 ClF5 (g) -238.488310.62016 -146.44 ClO (g) 101.21096226.5636 97.4872 ClO-1 (aq) -107.110441.84 -36.8192 ClO2 (g) 102.508256.77208 120.33184 ClO2-1 (aq) -66.5256101.2528 17.1544 ClO3-1 (aq) -99.1608162.3392 -3.3472 ClO3F (g) -27.15416278.8636 44.85248 ClO4-1 (aq) -129.32744182.004 -8.61904 CN (g) 435.136202.54744 405.0112 CN+1 (g) 1802.8856213.34216 1763.1376 CN-1 (aq) 150.62494.14 172.3808 CN-1 (g) 60.668195.8112 38.74384 CN2 (g) 581.576231.5844 573.208 CNBr (g) 181.3764247.14888 160.62376 CNCl (g) 132.2144235.47552 125.47816196.14592 CNI (g) 225.0992256.60472169.36832 CNI (s) 160.2472128.8672hexagonal) 030.04112 0 Co (s-137.27704 CO (g) -110.54128197.9032Co (s face centered cubic) 0.4602430.71056 0.25104 Co(IO3)2•2H2O (s) -1081.9824267.776 -795.7968 Co(NH3)6+3 (aq) -584.9232146.44 -157.3184 pink) -539.73679.496 -454.3824 Co(OH)2 (sCo+2 (aq) -58.1576-112.968 -54.392 Co+3 (aq) 92.048-305.432 133.888-394.38384 CO2 (g) -393.5052213.67688CO2 (aq-386.01584 undissoc) -413.7976117.5704CO3-2 (aq) -677.13856-56.9024 -527.89528 Co3O4 (s) -910.02114.2232 -794.96 COBr2 (g) -96.232308.9884 -110.876 CoCl2 (s) -312.5448109.16056 -269.868 COCl2 (g) -220.9152283.75888 -206.77328 CoCl2•2H2O (s) -922.9904188.28 -764.8352 CoCl2•6H2O (s) -2115.4304343.088 -1725.4816 CoCl3 (g) -163.5944334.0924 -154.51512 CoF2 (s) -692.033681.96456 -647.2648 COF2 (g) -640.152258.73856 -624.58752 CoF3 (s) -790.77694.5584 -719.648 CoO (s) -237.9440852.96944 -214.2208-165.64456 COS (g) -138.40672231.45888CoSi (s) -100.41643.0952 -98.7424 CoSO4 (s) -888.2632117.9888 -782.408 CoSO4•6H2O (s) -2683.6176367.60624 -2235.7204 CoSO4•7H2O (s) -2979.92848406.0572 -2473.83184352.58568 Cr (g) 397.48174.2217622.34256 Cr (l) 26.10397636.23344Cr (s) 023.61868 0 Cr23C6 (s) -364.8448610.0272 -373.6312-102.21512 Cr2N (s) -125.5264.852Cr2O3 (s) -1134.700881.1696 -1053.1128 Cr2O3 (l) -1018.3856125.60368 -950.06088 Cr2O7-2 (aq) -1490.3408261.9184 -1301.224 Cr3C2 (s) -85.353685.43728 -86.31592 Cr7C3 (s) -161.9208200.832 -166.9416 CrCl2 (s) -395.388115.31104 -356.0584 CrCl3 (s) -556.472123.0096 -486.1808 CrF3 (s) -1158.96893.88896 -1087.84 CrN (g) 505.0088230.45472471.91336 CrN (s) -117.15237.69784 -92.80112 CrO (g) 188.28239.15744 154.5988 CrO2 (g) -75.312269.11488 -87.36192 CrO2Cl2 (l) -579.484221.752 -510.8664 CrO2Cl2 (g) -538.0624329.6992 -501.6616 CrO3 (g) -292.88266.06056 -273.46624 CrO4-2 (aq) -881.150450.208 -727.84864 Cs (g) 76.5672175.47696 49.78960.025104 Cs (l) 2.08781692.08984Cs (s) 085.1444 0 CS (g) 234.304210.4552 184.096 Cs+1 (aq) 458.5664169.72396 427.1864 CS2 (g) 117.06832237.77672 66.90216 CS2 (l) 89.70496151.33528 65.2704Cs2O (g) -92.048317.984 -104.6CsAl(SO4)2•12H2O (s) -6064.708686.176 -5098.204CsBr (s) -405.68064113.3864 -384.928CsCl (s) -442.83456101.181672 -414.216CsCl (l) -434.2992101.71304 -406.2664CsCl (g) -240.1616255.97712 -257.7344CsF (s) -554.798488.2824 -525.5104-515.09224 CsF (l) -543.8363290.08152CsF (g) -356.4768243.0904 -373.2128CsH (g) 121.336214.43 101.6712-333.71584 CsI (s) -336.812125.52CsOH (s) -416.726498.7424 -362.3344CsOH (g) -259.408255.14032 -259.8264CsOH (l) -406.01536118.44904 -365.8908298.61208 Cu (g) 338.31824166.27216Cu (s) 033.149832 0Cu(C2O4)2-2 (aq) -1592.012146.44 -1335.9512Cu(IO3)2•H2O (s) -692.0336247.2744 -468.608Cu(NH3)+2 (aq) -38.911212.1336 15.56448Cu(NH3)2+2 (aq) -142.256111.2944 -30.45952Cu(NH3)3+2 (aq) -245.6008199.5768 -73.13632Cu(NH3)4+2 (aq) -348.5272273.6336 -111.2944Cu(OH)2 (s) -450.1984108.3656 -372.7944Cu+1 (aq) 71.6719240.5848 49.9988Cu+2 (aq) 64.76832-99.5792 65.52144431.95616 Cu2 (g) 484.17248241.45864Cu2O (s) -168.615293.13584 -146.0216alpha) -79.496120.9176 -86.1904 Cu2S (sCuBr (s) -104.696.10648 -100.8344CuCl (s) -137.235286.1904 -119.8716CuCl2 (s) -205.8528108.07272 -161.9208CuCl2•2H2O (s) -821.3192167.36 -656.0512CuCN (s) 94.976889.99784 108.3656malachite) -1051.4392186.188 -893.7024 CuCO3•Cu(OH)2 (sCuF (s) -192.46464.852 -171.544CuF2 (s) -548.940868.6176 -499.1512CuFe2O4 (s) -965.20696141.0008 -858.80784CuFeO2 (s) -532.623288.7008 -479.9048CuI (s) -67.780896.6504 -69.4544CuN3 (s) 279.0728100.416 344.7616CuO (s) -157.318442.63496 -129.704CuS (s) -53.136866.5256 -53.5552CuSO4 (s) -771.36224108.784 -661.9088CuSO4•3H2O (s) -1684.31104221.3336 -1400.1756CuSO4•5H2O (s) -2279.6524300.4112 -1880.055296CuSO4•H2O (s) -1085.83168146.0216 -918.22064F (g) 78.99392158.6572861.9232-262.3368 F-1 (g) -255.6424145.47768F2 (g) 0202.7148 0alpha) 027.27968 0 Fe (s11.049944 Fe (l) 13.12939234.28788Fe(CN)6-3 (aq) 561.9112270.2864 729.2712Fe(CN)6-4 (aq) 455.637694.9768 694.92056Fe(CO)5 (l) -774.04338.0672 -705.4224Fe(CO)5 (g) -733.8736445.1776 -697.2636Fe(OH)+2 (aq) -290.788-142.256 -229.40872Fe+2 (aq) -89.1192-137.6536 -78.8684Fe+3 (aq) -48.5344-315.892 -4.6024Fe2(SO4)3 (s) -2581.528307.524 -2263.1256hematite) -824.24887.40376 -742.2416 Fe2O3 (sfayalite) -1479.8808145.1848 -1379.0464 Fe2SiO4 (salpha-cementite) 25.104104.6 20.0832 Fe3C (smagnetite) -1118.3832146.44 -1015.4568 Fe3O4 (sFe3Si (s) -93.7216103.7632 -94.5584Fe4N (s) -10.46156.0632 3.7656pyrrhotite) -736.384485.7624 -748.5176 Fe7S8 (sFeAl2O4 (s) -1966.48106.2736 -1849.328FeAsS (s) -41.84121.336 -50.208FeBr2 (s) -249.7848140.66608 -237.2328FeCl2 (s) -341.79096117.94696 -302.33584FeCl3 (s) -399.48832142.256 -334.05056siderite) -740.56892.8848 -666.7204 FeCO3 (sFeCr2O4 (s) -1444.7352146.0216 -1343.9008FeF2 (s) -702.91286.98536 -661.072FeF3 (s) -1041.81698.324 -970.688FeI2 (s) -104.6167.36 -112.968FeMoO4 (s) -1075.288129.2856 -974.872FeO (s) -271.9660.75168 -251.4584FeOH+1 (aq) -324.6784-29.288 -277.3992strengite) -1888.2392171.25112 -1657.7008 FePO4•2H2O (spyrrhotite) -99.997660.29144 -100.416 FeS (spyrite) -178.238452.9276 -166.9416 FeS2 (sFeSi (s) -73.638446.024 -73.6384beta-lebanite) -81.169655.6472 -78.2408 FeSi2 (sFeSO4 (s) -928.4296120.9176 -825.0848FeSO4•7H2O (s) -3014.572409.1952 -2510.27448FeWO4 (s) -1154.784131.796 -1054.368FNO3 (g) 10.46292.88 73.6384Fr (s) 094.14 0Fr (g) 72.8016181.92032 46.6516Fr2O (s) -338.904156.9 -299.156H+1 (aq) 00 0H2 (g) 0130.586824 0 H2AsO4-1 (aq) -909.55976117.152 -753.28736 H2CS3 (l) 25.104223.0072 27.8236 H2MoO4 (g) -851.0256355.64 -787.4288-228.588656 H2O (g) -241.818464188.715136-237.178408 H2O (l) -285.8299669.91464H2O2 (g) -136.10552232.88144 -105.47864 H2O2 (l) -187.77792109.6208 -120.41552 H2PO4-1 (aq) -1296.2868890.3744 -1130.39128 H2S (g) -20.16688205.76912 -33.0536 H2Se (g) 29.7064218.90688 15.8992 H2Se (g) 29.7064218.90688 15.8992 H2SiO3 (s) -1188.6744133.888 -1092.4424 H2SO4 (l) -813.9972156.9 -690.06712 H2SO4 (g) -740.568289.1144 -656.0512 H2VO4-1 (aq) -1174.0304121.336 -1020.896 H2WO4 (s) -1131.772146.44 -1004.16 H2WO4 (g) -905.4176351.456 -839.7288 H3BO3 (s) -1094.325288.82632 -969.0144 H3PO4 (l) -1254.3632150.624 -1111.6888 H3PO4 (s) -1266.9152110.54128 -1112.5256 H4SiO4 (s) -1481.136192.464 -1333.0224 HAsO4-2 (aq) -906.33808-1.6736 -714.71088 orthorhombic) -788.7676850.208 -721.74 HBO2 (smonoclinic) -794.2487237.656 -723.4136 HBO2 (s-53.51336 HBr (g) -36.44264198.61448-95.31152 HCl (g) -92.29904186.77376HClO (g) -92.048236.6052 -79.496 HCN (g) 135.1432201.6688 124.6832 HCN (l) 108.86768112.84248 124.93424 HCO3-1 (aq) -691.9917691.2112 -586.84784 HCrO4-1 (aq) -878.2216184.096 -764.8352 He (g) 0126.038816 0-273.2152 HF (g) -271.1232173.67784Hg (l) 076.02328 031.852792 Hg (g) 61.31652174.84936Hg(CH3)2 (l) 59.8312209.2 140.164 Hg(CH3)2 (g) 94.39104305.432 146.0216 Hg2(N3)2 (s) 594.128205.016 746.4256 Hg2Br2 (s) -206.8988218.73952 -181.075152 Hg2Cl2 (s) -265.22376192.464 -210.777368 Hg2CO3 (s) -553.5432179.912 -468.1896 Hg2F2 (s) -485.344158.992 -426.768 Hg2I2 (s) -121.336242.672 -111.00152 Hg2SO4 (s) -743.12024200.66464 -625.880376 HgBr2 (s) -170.7072170.33064 -153.1344HgCl (g) 84.0984259.78456 62.76 HgCl2 (s) -224.2624146.0216 -178.6568 HgF2 (s) -422.584116.3152 -372.376 HgH (g) 239.99424219.49264216.01992 HgI (g) 132.38176281.41584 88.44976 HgI2 (g) -17.1544336.01704 -59.8312 HgI2 (sred) -105.4368181.1672 -101.6712-58.425376 HgO (syellow) -90.4580871.128HgO (s red hexagonal) -89.537671.128 -58.24128 HgO (s red orthorhombic) -90.8346470.2912 -58.55508 HgS (sred) -58.157682.4248 -50.6264black) -53.555288.2824 -47.6976 HgS (sHgSe (g) 75.7304267.02288 31.38 HgSe (s) -46.02494.14 -38.0744 HgTe (s) -33.8904106.692 -28.0328 HI (g) 26.48472206.4804 1.71544 HN2O2-1 (aq) -39.3296142.256 76.1488 HN3 (g) 294.1352238.86456 328.0256 HNCO (g) -116.7336238.11144 -107.36144 HNCS (g) 127.612247.6928 112.968 cis) -76.5672249.32456 -41.84 HNO2 (gtrans) -78.6592249.1572 -43.932 HNO2 (gHNO3 (l) -173.2176155.60296 -79.9144 HNO3 (g) -135.05952266.26976 -74.76808 HOF (g) -98.324226.64728 -85.64648 HPO4-2 (aq) -1292.14472-33.472 -1089.26256 HReO4 (s) -762.3248158.1552 -664.8376 HS-1 (aq) -17.572862.76 12.04992 HSe-1 (aq) 15.899279.496 43.932 HSeO3-1 (aq) -514.54832135.1432 -411.53824 HSeO3-1 (aq) -514.54832135.1432 -411.53824 HSeO4-1 (aq) -581.576149.3688 -452.2904 HSeO4-1 (aq) -581.576149.3688 -452.2904 HSO3-1 (aq) -626.21928139.7456 -527.8116 HSO3F (g) -753.12297.064 -690.36 HVO4-2 (aq) -1158.96816.736 -974.87270.282832I (g) 106.83844180.681856-51.58872 I-1 (aq) -55.18696111.2944I2 (s) 0116.135288 0 I2 (g) 62.437832260.5795219.359368 IBr (g) 40.83584258.663248 3.72376 ICl (l) -23.89064135.1432 -13.598 ICl (g) 17.782247.44176 -5.4392-22.34256 ICl3 (s) -89.5376167.36-118.49088 IF (g) -95.64624236.06128-771.5296 IF5 (g) -840.1472334.72IF7 (g) -943.9104346.4352-818.3904149.7872 IO (g) 175.05856245.3916IO-1 (aq) -107.5288-5.4392 -38.4928 IO3-1 (aq) -221.3336118.4072 -128.0304 K (g) 89.119290.03968 60.668 K (l) 2.28446471.462720.263592 K (s) 064.68464 0 K2B4O7 (s) -3334.2296208.3632 -3136.7448 K2CO3 (s) -1150.1816155.51928 -1064.4096 K2O (s) -363.171294.14 -322.168 K2O2 (s) -495.804112.968 -429.6968 K2SiO3 (s) -1548.08146.14712 -1455.6136 K2SO4 (s) -1433.68944175.728 -1316.37008 K3AlCl6 (s) -2092376.56 -1938.4472 KAl(SO4)2 (s) -2465.38016204.5976 -2235.46936 KAl(SO4)2•12H2O (s) -6057.34416687.4312 -5137.1152 KAlCl4 (s) -1196.624196.648 -1096.208 KBF4 (s) -1886.984133.888 -1784.8944 KBH4 (s) -226.7728106.60832 -159.8288 KBO2 (s) -994.955279.99808 -978.6376-379.19592 KBr (s) -392.1663296.4412KBrO3 (s) -332.2096149.1596 -243.5088 KCl (s) -435.8891282.67584-408.31656-235.1408 KCl (g) -215.8944239.49216KClO3 (s) -391.204142.96728 -289.90936 KClO4 (s) -430.1152151.0424 -300.4112-102.04776 KCN (s) -113.47008127.77936-538.8992 KF (s) -568.605666.56744 KF•2H2O (s) -1158.968150.624 -1015.4568-34.05776 KH (s) -57.8228850.208KH2AsO4 (s) -1135.956155.14272 -991.608 KHF2 (s) -931.3584104.26528 -863.1592-322.29352 KI (s) -327.64904106.39912KIO3 (s) -508.356151.4608 -425.5128 KMnO4 (s) -813.3696171.71136 -713.7904 KNO3 (s) -492.70784132.92568 -393.12864 KO2 (s) -284.512122.5912 -240.58 KOH (s) -425.8475278.8684 -379.0704 Kr (g) 0163.975144 0128.0304 Li (g) 160.6656138.657760.933032 Li (l) 2.38069633.93224Li (s) 0160.6656 0 Li2B4O7 (s) -3363.936155.6448 -3171.472 Li2BeF4 (s) -2273.5856130.5408 -2171.496 Li2CO3 (s) -1216.0377690.1652 -1132.1904 Li2O (s) -598.730437.90704 -561.9112。