英美文学作品选读期末复习资料
《英美文学选读》复习资料
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一． 课程介绍：课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、文学史部分从英美两国历史、文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、语言、语言、文化发文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
戏剧、小说、散文等。
二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
Part 1 English Literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf 3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance 4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献的文学贡献二．练习：二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______. A . Old----Renaissance A. Old----Renaissance B. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of England C . Middle ---- Renaissance C. Middle ---- Renaissance D. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England 2).. 2).. The The The Medieval Medieval Medieval period period period in in in English English English literature literature literature extends extends extends from from from 1066 1066 1066 up up up to to to the the ______ century. A . mid-13th A. mid-13th B. mid-14th C. mid-15th D. mid-16th 3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons. A . sonnet A. sonnet B. essay C. epic D. novel 4). 4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us us a comprehensive realistic a comprehensive realistic picture picture of of of the the the English English English society society society of of of his his his time time time and and and created created created a a a whole whole whole gallery gallery gallery of of of vivid vivid characters from all walks of life. A. A. Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer B. B. William Shakespeare Shakespeare C. C. Francis Bacon D. William Langland 5). 5). For For For the the the Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, ______ ______ ______ was was was regarded regarded regarded as as as the the the English English English Homer. Homer. His reputation reputation has has has been been been securely securely securely established established established as as as one one one of of of the the the best best best English English English poets poets poets for for for his his wisdom, humor and ______. A . Geoffrey Chaucer----wits A. Geoffrey Chaucer----wits B. William Shakespeare----wits C . Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity C. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity D. William Shakespeare----humanity 6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______. A . Old English, Greek, Latin A. Old English, Greek, Latin B. Old English, French, Latin C . Old English, Greek, French C. Old English, Greek, French D. English, Greek, French 7). 7). Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer is is is the the the greatest greatest greatest writer writer writer of of of the the the Medieval Medieval Medieval period period period in in in English English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______. A . couplet A. couplet B. blank verse C. heroic couplet D. epic 8). 8). Thematically Thematically Thematically the the the poem poem poem “Beowulf” “Beowulf” “Beowulf” presents presents presents a a a vivid vivid vivid picture picture picture of of of how how how the the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______. A. A. spiritual----hero B . B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster 9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come. A . man A. man B. theory C. doctrine D. era 10). 10). Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer introduced introduced introduced from from from France France France the the the rhymed rhymed rhymed stanzas stanzas stanzas of of of various various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse. A . rhymed A. rhymed B. alliterative C. social D. visionary 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). Romance 2). Heroic Couplet 3). Epic 3. Answer the following questions. 1). How many groups do the Old English poetry poetry divided into? What divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why? 2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature? Chapter1. The The Renaissance Period一．重点一．重点前言部分前言部分1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：练习：Renaissance Period 1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). 1). The The The Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, in in in essence, essence, essence, is is is a a a historical historical historical period period period in in in which which which the the the European European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval medieval Europe, Europe, Europe, to to to introduce introduce introduce new new new ideas ideas ideas that that that expressed expressed expressed the the the interests interests interests of of of the the the rising rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. A . Greek and Roman A. Greek and Roman B. humanist C. religious D. loyal 2). 2). Generally, Generally, Generally, the the the ______ ______ ______ refers refers refers to to to the the the period period period between between between the the the 14th 14th 14th and and and mid-17th mid-17th centuries. centuries. It It It first first first started started started in in in Italy, Italy, with with the the the flowering flowering flowering of of of painting, painting, painting, sculpture sculpture sculpture and and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. A. Medieval Period B . B. Renaissance C. Old English Period D . D. Romantic Period 3). ______ is is the the the essence essence of of the the the Renaissance. Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists. A. Humanity---- William Shakespeare B. Humanism-----Francis Bacon C. Humanity---- Geoffrey Chaucer D. Humanism----William Shakespeare 4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The The most most most famous famous famous dramatists dramatists dramatists in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance England England England are are are Christopher Christopher Christopher Marlowe, Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______. A . novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer A. novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer B. poetry----Francis Bacon C . drama----Ben Jonson C. drama----Ben Jonson D. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer 5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique antique authors authors authors and and and is is is frequently frequently frequently taken taken taken as as as the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance on on on its its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things. A . Roman ---- moral A. Roman ---- moral B. French---- reason C. Roman---- man D. French---- God 6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand. A. Latin B. French C. Greek D. Anglo-Saxon 7). 7). Wyatt, Wyatt, Wyatt, in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance period, period, period, introduced introduced introduced the the the Petrarchan Petrarchan Petrarchan ______ ______ ______ into into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse. A. drama----free B . B. sonnet----blank C . C. terzarima----blank D. couplet----free 8). 8). In In In the the the early early early stage stage stage of of of the the the English English English Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, poetry poetry poetry and and and ______ ______ ______ were were were the the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. A. fiction B. dramatic fiction C. poetic drama D. novel 9). 9). By By By emphasizing emphasizing emphasizing the the the dignity dignity dignity of of of human human human beings beings beings and and and the the the importance importance importance of of of the the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. A. humanists B. Protestants C. Catholics D. playwrights 10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science in England. A . A. A. Edmund Edmund Edmund Spenser Spenser B. B. Christopher Christopher Christopher Marlowe Marlowe C. C. Francis Francis Francis Bacon Bacon D. Ben Jonson 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). the Renaissance Period 2). blank verse 3). Humanism 3. Answer the following questions. 1). 1). Make Make Make a a a comment comment comment on on on the the the influence influence influence of of of Italian Italian Italian literary literary literary works works works upon upon upon the the literature in the Renaissance England. 2). Make a comment on humanism 3). 3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England? 文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
自考英美文学选读复习资料
1.…I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby's house, making the night fine as before, and surviving the laughter and the sound of his still glowing garden. A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell.A.Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyB.The passage describes the end of an event. What is it?It is a description of the end of a big partyC.What implied meaning can you get from reading this passage?The passage hints at the meaninglessness, spiritual emptiness and vanity of such a life of pleasure-seeking. There is a tragic sense that the “party” will be over.2. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.A.Identify the poet and the title of the poem.Whitman, Song of MyselfB.What do "soil" and "air" represent in the first line?America, his country, his native landC.What does the poet try to say in the above four lines?I was born and nurtured by this land and shall from now on devote my whole life to the country.3. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.”(From Walt Whitman‟s “Song of Myself”)A. Who does“myself”refer to ?The poet himself and the American people.B. How do you understand the line“I loafe and invite my soul?”The line indicates a separation of the body and the soul.C. What does“a spear of summer grass”symbolize?The phrase indicates Whitman‟s optimism and experience.4. "And the native hue of resolution/Is sicklied o‟er with the pale cast of thought." (Shakespeare, Humlet)A. What does the "native hue of resolution" mean?determination (determinedness, action, activity, ...)B. What does the "pale cast of thought" stand for?consideration (indecision, inactivity, hesitation, ...)C. What idea do the two lines express?Too much thinking (consideration,...) made (makes) activity (action) impossible.5. "Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; /Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!"A. Identify the poem and the poet.Shelley‟s O de to the West WindB. What is the "Wild Spirit"?The West Wind; "breath of Autumn‟s being"C. What does the "Wild Spirit" destroy and preserve?It destroys things that are dead, it preserves new life.6. "When the minister spoke from the pulpit, with power and fervid eloquence, and, with his hands on the open bible, ofthe sacred truths of our religion, and of saint-like lives and triumphant deaths, and of future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading, lest the roof should thunder down upon the gray blasphemer and his hearers.A. Identify the title of the short story from which this part is taken.Hawthorne‟s Young Goodman BrownB. What had happened in the story before this church scene?Brown had attended a witc hes‟ party where he saw many prominent people of the village, the minister included.C. Why was Goodman Brown afraid the roof might thunder down?Brown was shocked by the minister, secretly a member of the evil club, who could talk about sacred truths of the religion openly and unashamedly. He thought God would punish such hypocrites down on them.7. (A lot of common objects have been enumerated before, and here are the last two lines of There Was a Child Went Forth :)The horizon‟s edge, the fly ing sea-crow, the fragrance of salt marsh and shore mud.These became part of that child who went forth every day, and who now goes, and will always go forth every day.A. Who is the author of this poem? What is the title of the poem?Whitman. There was a Child Went ForthB. What does the "Child" stand for in the poem?The young growing America.C. In one or two sentences, interpret the implied meaning of the two lines.The poet uses his childhood experience of growing up and learning about the world around him to imply that young America will grow and develop like that.D. How do you understand “These became part of the child”?It is interesting to reexamine the sequence of the items list in this poem which “became part of the child”. They re flect the natural process of a boy‟s growth. At first, his world was limited within the barnyard. Later, he sought into fields and streets. Then, he became interested in something more mysterious—his fellow human beings. Finally, he was on the symbolic threshold of the outside world, the sea. He had grown into a young man from a boy.8.“And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall.Then how should beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways.”A.Identify the poem and the poet.T.S. Eliot‟s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.B.What does the phrase “butt-ends” mean?The ends of cigarettes, meaning trivial things here.C.What idea does the quoted passage express?He re, Prufrock‟s inability to do anything against the society he is in is made him strikingly clear by using a sharp comparison. Prufrock imagines himself as a kind of insect pinned on the wall and struggling in vain to get free. This image vividly shows Pru frock‟s current predicament.9.“I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.”A.Idenfity the poem and the poet.Robert Lee Frost‟s The Road Not Taken.B.What does the phrase “ages and ages hence” mean?Many many years later.C.What idea does the quoted passage express?The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads. But he is conscious of the fact that his choice will have made all the difference in his life. He seems to be giving a suggestion to the reader “make good choice of your life”.D. What additional meaning do the two roads have?Life is here compared to a journey. The two roads stand for the choice one has to make at a critical moment in his life.E. What dilemma is the speaker facing?Since where the road leads to is uncertain, one has to wait to see the result of the choice until one‟s life is coming to an end. Then it will be too late. The speaker acknowledges the limits of life, yet he indulges himself in the notion that we could be really different from what we have become, because life is unpredictable.10. “A violet by a moss y stoneHalf hidden from the eye!－Fair as a star, when only oneIs shining in the sky.”A. Identify the author and the title of the poem from which this stanza is taken.William Wordsworth, “She Dwelt Among the U ntrodden Ways”B. Pick out the metaphor used in this stanza.The flower (violet) is used as a metaphor.C. What quality does the author intend to show by using the metaphor?By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the author intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtues which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.11. “We passed The School, where Children stroveAt Recess－in the Ring－We passed The Fields of Gazing GrainWe passed The Setting Sun－”A. Who is the author and the poemEmily Dickinson “Because I could not stop for Death－”B. What do the underlined parts symbolize?It stands for three stage of life: “the school” --youth, “the Fields of Gazing Grain”—mature period, “the setting sun”—end of lifeC. Where were “we” heading toward?“We” are riding in a carriage, heading towards Eternity.D. What figure of speech is used in the poem?SymbolismE. What are Dicki nson‟s unique writing features in relation to the quoted lines?Dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis.12. “Never did sun more beautifully steepIn his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill;Ne‟er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!The river glideth at his own sweet will:Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(William Wordsworth‟s sonnet: “Composed upon Westminster Bridge” September 3, 1802)Questions:A. What does the word “glideth” in the fourth line mean?The word “glideth” means “flows”B. What kind of figure of speech is used by wordsworth to describe the “river”?Wordsworth uses personification to describe the “river”.C. What idea does the fourth line express?The 4th line expresses the idea that the river is flowing happily as a living things, which implies the beauty of the nature.D. What does this sonnet describe?It describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London.E. What does the word “mighty heart” refer to?LondonF. The sonnet follows strictly the Italian form. What is the feature of the Italian form of sonnet?It follows strictly the Italian form, with a clear division between the octave and the sestet, the rhyme scheme is abbaabba, cdcdcd..13. “The river glideth at his own sweet will：Dear God! the very houses seem asleep；And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(from William Wordsworth‟s “Composed upon Westminster Bridge”)A. What figure of speech is used in the quoted lines?Italian formB. What does “that mighty heart‟‟ refer to?LondonC. What does the poem describe?—It describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London14. “With Blue—uncertain stumbling Buzz—Between the light—and me—And then the Windows failed—and thenI could not see to see—”A. Identify the poem and the poet.I heard a Fly buzz-when I died by Emily Dickinson.B. What do “Windows” symbolically stand for?Eyes, for they are considered as the window of human soul. .C. What idea does the quoted passage express?The last thing the dying person saw and heard was the flying and its buzz. When the eyes failed, the human soul was closed and the person died. (The speaker could not see any of the afterlife or God or angels she expected to see.) 15. “…Is dying hard, Daddy?‟…No, I think it‟s pretty easy, Nick, It all depends.”‟A. Identify the work and the author.Earnest Hemingway, Indian CampB. What was Nick preoccupied with when he asked the question?Nick was preoccupied with the pain and the violence of death./life and deathC. Why did the father add “It all depends” after he answered his son‟s question?By adding “It all depends” the father meant that death means differently to diffe rent people. To such weak persons like the husband of the Indian woman it‟s a pretty easy, while strong-willed person will not easily commit suicide.16.“…Faith! Faith!‟cried the husband. …Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One.‟”A.Identify the work and the author.Hawthorne, Young Goodman BrownB.What idea does the quoted sentence express?Goodman Brown here is obviously addressing the image of his wife, urging her to resist the devil. At the same time he is exhorting himself to have faith, to look heavenward, to withstand the infernal eloquence of the Wicked one.17.“Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew,Thou mak‟st thy knife keen; but no metal can,No, not the hangman‟s axe, bear half the keennessOf thy sharp envy.”A. Identify the author and the title of the play from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice.B. What figure of speech is used in this quoted passage?PunC. What idea does the passage express?18.“The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.”A. Identify the poem and the poet.Robert Lee Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningB. What does the word“sleep”mean?dieC. What idea do the four lines express?When facing the still and lovely forest, the speaker cannot stay, because of his obligation and responsibilities. 19. “Not lose possession of that fair thou ow‟st:Nor shall Death brag thou wander‟st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow‟st;So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”A. Identify the author and the title of the poem.Shakespeare‟s Sonnet 18B. What does the word “this” in the last line refer to?“This” refer s to the poem.C. What idea do the quoted lines express?When you are in my eternal poetry, you are even with time. A nice summer‟s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.20．“Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer‟s lease hath all too short a date:”A．Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.Shakespeare‟s Sonnet 18B．Name the figure of speech employed in the poem.PersonificationC．What is the theme of the poem?A nice summer‟s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.21. “…only Miss Emily‟s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish deca y above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps—an eyesore among eyesores.”A. Identify the author and the work.William Faulkner‟s A Rose for Emily.B. What is the meaning of “an eyesore among eyesores”?The meaning of “an eyesore among eyesores” is the most unpleasant thing to look at.C.What does this quoted passage indicate?The house is a perfect mirror image of the owner who is stubborn and coquettish and deliberately detaches herselffrom the communal life in this small town.22. “To be, or not to be—that is the question;Whether‟ tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?”A. Identify the author and the title of the passage from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare, HamletB. Explain the meaning of “To be, or not to be”To live on in this world or to die, to suffer or to take action.C. How you understand the last lines?To take up arms against troubles that sweep upon us like a sea.23．“For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,they flash upon that inward eye”A．Identify the author and the title.William Wordsworth, I wandered Lonely as a CloudB．What does the phrase “inward eye” m ean?Human soulC．Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.The poet expressed his love for the daffodils.24．“There was music from my neighbor‟s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor—boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On week—ends his Rolls—Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing—brushes and hammers and garden—shears, repairing the ravages of the night before.”A．Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyB．What can you imply by reading this passage?It describes Gatsby‟s extravagance.C．What do the “moths ” symbolize?Moths are used metaphorically to refer to those people who are drawn to the party simply for its glamour, for the wealth of Gatsby.25．“Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? —You think wrong!… And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you…—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God‟s feet, equal—as we are!”A．Identify the author and the novel from which the quoted part is taken.Charlotte Bronte, Jane EyreB．To whom is the speaker speaking?Jane Eyre is speaking to Rochester.C．What does the quoted part imply about the speaker?Jane Eyre loves Rochester but she values her basic rights and equality as a human being.26. “When the stars threw down their spears,And water‟d heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?”A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken—William Blake‟s “The Tyger”B. Whom does the “he‟‟ refer to?—the GodC. What does the “Lamb” symbolize?—The “Lamb” symbol of peace and purity.27. “I cannot rub the strangeness from my sightI got from looking through a pane of glassI skimmed this morning from the drinking troughAnd held against the world of hoary grass.”A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.—Robert Lee Frost, After Apple-PickingB.what do es the word “strangeness‟‟ refer to?—the “essence of winter sleep” ????????C. What do the quoted lines imply?。
英美文学选读复习资料
英国文学选读复习资料一.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)人文主义先驱，the father of English poetry..第一个用英语写作的诗人。
二. William Shakespeare1.The four great tragedies by William Shakespeare are _Hamlet_, _Othello_, _King Lear_, Macbeth. 四大喜剧是A Midsummer Night's Dream ;As you like it ;Twelfth Night ;The merchant of Venice .the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物：1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩The founder of the“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物代表作:Love lyrics:Songs and sonnets.The Flea.A Valediction: forbidding morning作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)② novelty of subject matter an d point(新颖的题材和视角)③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（ poem 诗歌 blank verse ）was a _radical puritan in politics and religion. 激进清教徒分子。
英美文学期末考试复习
第一章殖民主义时期的文学1、American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.American Puritanism influences on American literature:a. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义b. Symbolism 象征主义c. Simplicity. 简洁清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
英美文学作品选读期末复习资料
英美文学作品选读期末复习资料I.Multiple Choice：1.A(n) ____is a piece of writing which is often written from an author'spersonal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author.A.poemB. novelC. essayD. drama2.Which is written by Jane Austen?A.PersuasionB.Waiting for GodotC.NatureD.The Old Man and the Sea3.The following sentences are taken from_______“Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. To a man laboring under calamity, the heat of his own fire hath sadness in it.”A. NatureB. The Self-relianceC. The Sun Also RisesD. The American Scholar4.Samuel Beckett’s work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on____,often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour.A.human natureB.loveC.deathD.life5.The following is taken from_______“Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wi t, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.”A. “My Heart’s in Highlands”B. “Mending Wall”C. “Of Study”D. “The Sun Rising”6.The following sentence is taken from_______“It is a truth universall y acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.”A. NatureB. The Old Man and the SeaC. Waiting for GodotD. Pride and Prejudice7.The following is taken from_______“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”A.“The Road Not Taken”B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. “Of Study”D. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”8.The following is taken from_______“So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.”A. “Of Study”B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. NatureD. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”9.The following is taken from_______“Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.”A. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”B. “Mending Wall”C. “Of Study”D. “The Sun Rising”10.The following sentences are taken from_______“Santiago,”the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. “I could go with you again. We’ve made some money.”A.The Old Man and the SeaB. The American ScholarC. The Sun Also RisesD. Emma11.Which is written by Hemingway?A.Pride and PrejudiceB. A Farewell to ArmsC.Oedipus the KingD.Sense and Sensibility12.Which is written by Francis Bacon?A.Advancement of LearningB. The Self-relianceC.“Mending Wall”D.“A Red Red Rose”13.First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently beenJane Austen's most popular novel.A. 1813B. 1820C. 1913D. 193014.Which is written by Francis Bacon?A.“ of Wisdom”B.NatureC.“The Road Not Taken”D.“A Red Red Rose”15.The following sentence is taken from_______“Nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece.”A. Pride and PrejudiceB. A Farewell to ArmsC. NatureD. Emma16.The following sentences are taken from_______“Mr. Bingley was good looking and gentlemanlike; he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners. His sisters were fine women, with an air of decided fashion.”A. NatureB. The Old Man and the SeaC. Waiting for GodotD. Pride and Prejudice17.Which is written by Emerson?A.The Old Man and the SeaB.Mansfield ParkC.Self-relianceD.Persuasion18.The following are ______’s writing features:His peasant origin and environment added him in capturing the happy simplicity, humor, directness and optimism, which are characteristic of all old Scottish songs.A.Robert FrostB.Robert BurnsC.BaconD.Emerson19.The following sentence is taken from_______“Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight, does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both.”A. NatureB. The Self-relianceC. EmmaD. The Sun Also Rises20.The following sentence is taken from_______“To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society.”A. NatureB. “Of Study”C. Pride and PrejudiceD. The Old Man and the Sea21.In Pride and Prejudice, none of the Bennet’s daughters can inheritthe estate of the family for it has been entailed upon the nearest male heir,______.A.DarcyB.William CollinsC.WickhamD.Santiago22.Which is written by Emerson?A.The Old Man and the SeaB.The American ScholarC.Mansfield ParkD.Persuasion23.Which is written by Shakespeare?A.Waiting for GodotB. Oedipus the KingC. OthelloD. The Women of Trachis24.The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the waysin which Elizabeth and _____ first view each other.A. CollinsB. SantiagoC.WickhamD. Darcy25.Which is written by Francis Bacon?A.Sense and sensibilityB.“of Friendship”C.“Mending Wall”D．“A Red Red Rose”26.The following are taken from_______“And I will luve thee still, my dear, / Till a’ the seas gang dry:”A.“Mending Wall”B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. “The Road Not Taken”D. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”27.The following are taken from_______“I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference.”A. “Mending Wall”B. “My Heart’s in Highlands”C. “A Red, Red Rose”D. “The Road Not Taken”28.The following is taken from_______“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.”A. “Mending Wall”B. “The Road Not Taken”C. “My Heart’s in Highlands”D. “Of Study”29. _______, Hemingway’s first novel, was published in 1926.A.A Farewell To ArmsB.The Old Man and the SeaC.Moby-DickD.The Sun Also Rises30.The following are taken from_______“O my Luve’s like the melodie / That’s sweetly played in tune.”A.“The Road Not Taken”B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. “My Heart’s in Highlands”D. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”II. T——F Statements1. Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature. T2. “My Heart’s in Highlands” is written by Robert Frost. F3. Mansfield Park is written by Jane Austen. T4. If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind is taken from "The Road N ot Taken”.5. Robert Frost shows the England scenery. He is closely concerned about farmers’ life and nature. F6.Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist,and author. T7. “And be one traveler, long I stood / And looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;”are taken from“The Road Not Taken”. T8.Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, precision and powerfulness. T9. Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the 18th century. F10. The Old Man and the Sea centers upon Santiago, an aging fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream. T11. Hemingway’s novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.F12. Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. T13. The theme of “A Red Red Rose” is life. F14．Hemingway’s wartime experiences in the World War II formed the basisfor his novel A Farewell to Arms. F15. Beckett is widely regarded as among the most influential writers ofthe 20th century. Strongly influenced by James Joyce, he is consideredone of the last modernists. T16．From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility(1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), Jane Austen achieved success as a published writer. T17. Beckett is one of the key writers in what Martin Esslin called the "Theatre of the Absurd". T18. “Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them” reveals the three attitudes towards study. T19．A(n) essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. T20. “Nature is a setti ng that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece.” is taken from A Farewell to Arms. F21. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the waysin which Elizabeth and Collins first view each other. F22. “My Heart’s in Highlands” is n ot written by Robert Frost. T23. Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. T24. “Mr. Darcy danced only once with Mrs. Hurst and once with Miss Bingley, declined being introduced to any other lady,and spent the rest of the evening in walking about the room, speaking occasionally to one of his own party. His character was decided. He was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world, and everybody hoped that he would never come there again.” are taken from Pride and Prejudice T25. “But he th ought, I keep them with precision. Only I have no luck any more. But who knows? Maybe today. Every day is a new day. It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready.” are taken from The Old Man and the Sea. T1.Define the term, essay.An essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short story. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays.2. Find out the three abuses of study in Of Study.To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.3. Please enumerate three works of Robert Frost.“Mending Wall”“The Road Not Taken”“Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”4．C omment on Hemingway’s writing features.He always tries his best to avoid using kinds of ways to depict things or piling big words and gorgeous adjectives. On thecontrary, he always adopts direct description and short sentences which are precise, laconic,bright and vivid. His writing style only serves his particular characters and theme.His unique writing style, “Iceberg Principle”: there is seven -eighths of the iceberg which is beneath the surface of the water in which it floats. He believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action; the one –eighth that is presented will suggest all other meanings of the story.。
英美文学期末复习
第一课1.这段时间的历史背景：（1）The early inhabitants on the island we now called England were Britons (a tribe of Celts).（2）三次主要的侵略：a. The Roman Conquest .(In 55 B. C., Britain was invaded by the Roman general Julius Caesar. In 410, the Romans abandoned the island, which marks the end of “Roman Conquest” (55 B.C.—410 A.D.)b. the English (Anglo-Saxons) Conquest around 449. (England was invaded by three Germanic (Teutonic) tribes: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, who came from the Northeast of Europe. The Anglo-Saxon invaders established some small kingdoms in Britain which by the 7th century were combined into a United Kingdom called England (the land of Angles). Its people were called the English. The three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English. 古英语到Norman Conquest结束，it is the ancestor of the Modern English)c. the Norman Conquest in 1066(3) The Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from a tribal society to feudalism.2.术语：（1）epic：It’s a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, majestic in theme and style. （史诗的例子：Homer’s Epics: Iliad and Odyssey）（2）Alliteration (头韵)The repetition of similar sounds, usually consonant or consonant clusters, in a group of words. Sometimes the term is limited to the repetition of initial consonant sounds. (When alliteration occurs at the beginning of words, it is called initial alliteration; when it occurs within words, it is called internal or hidden alliteration. It usually occurs on stressed syllables.)3. 这一时期的文学：（1）The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions---pagan and Christian.Two major genres: poetry and prose（2）the pagan represented by Beowulf and the Christian poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf（Caedmon is the first known religious poet of England. He is known as the father of English song.He wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible）（3）Anglo-Saxon literature, or the Old English literature is almost exclusively a verse literature in oral form. It could be passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation.4. 关于Beowulf的一些信息：（1）The Song of Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The poem consists of 3182 lines. It is considered as the highest achievement of Old English literature and the earliest European vernacular (using the native language of a region, especially as distinct from the literary language) epic. It has achieved national epic status in Britain.(2). It tells the story of the Scandinavian hero Beowulf, , who gains fame as a young man by vanquishing the monster Grendel and Grendel's mother; later, as an aging king, he kills a dragon but dies soon after, honored and lamented.(3). The whole epic is to be divide into two parts with an interpolation (添写;插补) between the two. The whole song is pagan in spirit and matter, while the interpolation is obviously anaddition made by the Christian who copied the song.(因此带有一点基督教的特点)（4）. The Song of Beowulf的一些重要的特点：a. The use of alliteration is one of its most striking features.b. The use of compound-words (kennings隐喻表达法) to serve as metaphors.c. The use of understatements.(5). The Song of Beowulf 的主题或意义：Thematically, the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.第二课1.历史背景：（1）Norman Conquest的定义：The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. It was called the Norman Conquest.（Duke William也被称作William the Conqueror征服者威廉）（2）The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.（3）Norman Conquest的影响：The three chief effects of the conquest were：(a) the bringing of Roman civilization to England;(b) the growth of nationality, i.e. a strong centralized government, instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes;(c) the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in Chaucer.注：语言方面的变化----Great changes took place in languages: after the conquest, three languages co-existed in England. The Normans spoke French, the lower class spoke English, and the scholars and clergymen used Latin.（There almost no written literature in English for a time. Romances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman Period, were at first all in French.）（4）在这一段历史时期内的重要事件：Important historical eventsa. the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)b. the Black Death (1348-49/50)c. the Rising of 13812.术语:(1).Romance: it is the literature for the upper class, which is a long composition in the narrative verse or prose form, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. It generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous (各种各样的)adventures.Features of a Romancea. in the narrative verse or prose form;b. central character: knightc. subjects: knightly adventures; chivalry loyalty; faith; courtesy; …courtly love;d. Romances had a lot to do with the noble, but nothing with the common folks;(2).Legend(民间传说): A song or narrative handed down from the past. Legends differ from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain.3. The prevailing form of literature in the feudal England was the Romance.Romance (罗曼司;骑士传奇) was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. From France it wasintroduced into England in the second half of the 13th and 14th centuries.(是从法国引入的)4.Romance的主要分类：In subject matters (题材), romance naturally falls into three categories:(a) the Matter of France: tales about Charlemagne the Great and Roland, a French national hero in the 8th century. The most well-known piece is Chanson de Roland;(b) Matter of Greece and Rome: an endless series of fabulous tales about Alexander the Great, and about the fall of Troy;(c) Matter of Britain: tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.5. 有关亚瑟王的一些信息：King Arthur is one of the great mythic figures of English literature, a legendary king and champion of the Britons against the Anglo-Saxon invaders.6.在关于亚瑟王的Romance中，its culmination(巅峰) is in “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”对“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”的一些评价：1). The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.2). Its theme is a series of tests on faith, courage, purity and human weakness for self-preservation.3). By placing self-protection before honor, Gawain has sinned and fallen and become an image of Adam. Human excellence (美德) is marked by original sin, and the girdle itself remains a perpetual reminder of his weakness.第三课乔叟一．乔叟的一些荣誉以及生平：1. Father of the English poetry2. “the father of English literature”3.forerunner of humanism,4.one of the greatest English poets (Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton)5.the first English poet to use heroic couplet dexterously in his writing6.he maintained contacts ranged from the highest to the lowest.7.he died on Oct. 25, 1340. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, and his tomb became the nucleus of what is now known as Poets' Corner.二．乔叟的文学创作阶段：translation----adaptation----writing（先翻译别人的，再改写别人的，最后再写自己的）(1) Early WorksThe first period includes his early work (to 1370), which is based largely on French models,The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》a translation, popular in Middle agesThe Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》the best work of the time(2)Italian PeriodChaucer's second period (up to c.1387) is called his Italian period because during this time his works were modeled primarily on Dante and Boccaccio (薄伽丘).Troilus and Criseyde《特罗伊洛斯和克瑞西德》a poem of a love story(3)The Canterbury TalesTo Chaucer's final period, in which he achieved his fullest artistic power, belongs his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales (written mostly after 1387).关于The Canterbury Tales 的一些信息：The Canterbury Tales -------His masterpiece and a representative works of the Middle Ages.Written sometime in the 1380s, The Canterbury Tales -- the first selection of short stories in English-- - is about a group of pilgrims who agree to tell stories while they travel together to Canterbury, the seat of the English Church (still Catholic) and the site of the shrine dedicated to Thomas a Beckett, who was martyred for his faith.Originally, he proposed 124 stories; he actually wrote 24.The Canterbury Tales is the imitatio n of Boccaccio’s Decameron（模仿伯伽丘的十日谈。
英美文学~~复习资料范文
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一．课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
二．《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
Part 1 English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______.A. Old----RenaissanceB. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of EnglandC. Middle ---- RenaissanceD. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the ______ century.A. mid-13thB. mid-14thC. mid-15thD. mid-16th3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.A. sonnetB. essayC. epicD. novel4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Francis BaconD. William Langland5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______.A. Geoffrey Chaucer----witsB. William Shakespeare----witsC. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanityD. William Shakespeare----humanity6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.A. Old English, Greek, LatinB. Old English, French, LatinC. Old English, Greek, FrenchD. English, Greek, French7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.A. coupletB. blank verseC. heroic coupletD. epic8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.A. spiritual----heroB. natural----leaderC. spiritual----godD. natural----monster9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.A. manB. theoryC. doctrineD. era10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.A. rhymedB. alliterativeC. socialD. visionary2. Explain the following literal terms.1). Romance2). Heroic Couplet3). Epic3. Answer the following questions.1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why?2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?Chapter1. The Renaissance Period一．重点前言部分1．文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2．人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3．文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：Renaissance Period1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers andscholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.A. Greek and RomanB. humanistC. religiousD. loyal2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.A. Medieval PeriodB. RenaissanceC. Old English PeriodD. Romantic Period3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.A. Humanity---- William ShakespeareB. Humanism-----Francis BaconC. Humanity---- Geoffrey ChaucerD. Humanism----William Shakespeare4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and______.A. novel--- Geoffrey ChaucerB. poetry----Francis BaconC. drama----Ben JonsonD. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.A. Roman ---- moralB. French---- reasonC. Roman---- manD. French---- God6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that peoplecould understand.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Anglo-Saxon7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.A. drama----freeB. sonnet----blankC. terzarima----blankD. couplet----free8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstandingforms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.A. fictionB. dramatic fictionC. poetic dramaD. novel9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.A. humanistsB. ProtestantsC. CatholicsD. playwrights10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science inEngland.A. Edmund SpenserB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. Ben Jonson2. Explain the following literal terms.1). the Renaissance Period2). blank verse3). Humanism3. Answer the following questions.1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England.2). Make a comment on humanism3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England?文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
英美文学考试复习点重点整理
英美文学考试复习点重点整理1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是？5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？12.最著名作家：乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of theupper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity./doc/0d16361832.html,ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a schoolof poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结（作者、人物角色、情节、后果）和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let the re be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。
英美文学期末复习资料汇总
Chiristopher Marlowe is the most prominent pastoral poet in the Elizabethan age. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love is one of Marlowe's most famous works, which influenced many generations. The narrator expressed his innocent, deep love to his admired girl through musical beauty and magnificent images in the poem and called her to live with him and be his love. Sound and image count a lot in this outstanding poem.When read this poem, we can strong feel the musical beauty. It is in regular iambic tetrameter with rhyme scheme aabb. Out of 24 lines, only 7 lines are not iambic. It makes the whole poem a beautiful folk song, sometime high, sometime low, reflecting the intensive emotion of the shepherd. At the beginning, the narrator called out directly" come live with me and be my love", showing his aspiration. The repetition of the sentence promotes the emotion, and perfects the structure. In the poem, out of 8 vowels, half are long vowels and half are short or diphthongs. They are set in the order of short, long, short,long ,with long vowels stressed and short vowels unstressed.The long vowels that gentle, quietexpress the shepherd's bosoming love to the girl. While the short vowels that are jumping, lively reveals the shepherd's athrill emotion. This juxtaposition of vowels makes the poem smooth but not slow,relaxed but not loose, and finally becomes a delightful, melodious love song.A good song must have good lyrics. The narrator used various beautiful things that to be seen, heard, touched, smelled to fulfill this love song. In the first stanza, the shepherd depicted us a harmonious rustic life picture. The valleys, groves, hills,fields, woods and mountains are typical pastoral images, which construct an fresh atmosphere at the beginning. Then the narrator used rivers, bird -sings, rose bed, ivy bus, etc from different aspects showed his love to the girl. The rustic images are clear and fresh, symboling the innocent love without any dirty purposes. Girls are all found of romance, so rose bed, gown, ivy buds appeared to persuade the girl to be his love. If she agree, all these niceness will be in her hand. What's more, various colours appear to readers' eyes. Green hill, white river, golden, red rose bed are full of passion and romance, which showed that the narrators was enthusiastic and even a little nervous. From it, we can feel he is quite serious and zealous to his affection. Beside, myrtle and ivy bus belongs to Venus who was supposed to be the most beautiful woman in the world. They implicated that the girl was the most beautiful one in his eyes. No woman can't be unmoved by such a passionate, romantic man.At last, the narrator used if to ask whether the girl would accept his love, showing his respect to his admired girl.Immersed in the musical beauty and nice images, readers fully feel the shepherd's passionate, innocent love to his girl. So, it's no wonder that it still be intoned by many people around the world now.论读书Comment on Francis Bacon’s Of StudiesOf Studies is one of famous works written by Francis Bacon’s, an English philosopher, statesman, and essayist of Elizabethan age. Francis Bacon comments forcefully on the value of reading and learning throughout this concise, one-paragraph essay. He strives to persuade us to study, andtells us how to study efficiently.Of Studies is an essay written to inform us of the benefits of studying, which tells us that natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study. It can be divided into three levels. In the first level, the writer tells the purposes or uses of studies: Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. The second level is to tell us the methods of reading books: Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. The last level introduces the effect of studies: Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing and exact man.Bacon applies many figures of speech to this essay, such as parallelism, ellipsis, simile and analogy. Those figures of speech contribute to express the author’s thought and make the essay infectious and persuasive.⑴parallelism and ellipsisParallelism is also called parallel structure. Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound or meaning. It appears throughout the whole essay. For example:① Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.② Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.③ Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.The orders are always from light to heavy, and usually from bottom to climax. This kind of arrangement simplifies the language structure and creates visual beauty of symmetry. From the stylistic functions, it is advantageous for expressing strong feelings, outstanding the emphasized contents, and enhancing the strength of language. In this essay, he uses a large amount of parallelism combined with ellipsis, making the essay more concise and the key information more prominent. Just like the first examples I mentioned above, the author omit “maketh”in the second and third parts to avoid repetition, which makes the sentence brief and concise.⑵Analogy and simile①“They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.”②“Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.”Analogy, a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance, is another important rhetorical device in Of Studies. In first sentence, the author compares the natural abilities to natural plants in order to make the sentence easy to understand. As we all know, if the natural plants are not to be pruned, they will grow out of shape. Thel analogy between the natural plants and natural abilities is vivid and let the readers know that experience can make up the deficiency of abilities. Simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. It is just used once in this essay. It shows in the second sentence. Bacon compares the “distilled books”to common “distilled waters”to criticize those whostudy books mainly depending on the extracts other readers made.Of Studies is an extremely outstanding work because of both its thoughts the writer wants to express and its languang style which affects mang people.“Ozymandias” is a sonnet, a fourteen-line poem metered in iambic pentameter: x / x / x / x / x / I met a traveller from an antique landx / x / x / x / x / Who said: "Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneThe rhyme scheme is ABABACDCEDEFEF.。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料英美文学I. 本期讲过的所有名家名作II．名词术语:Ode——in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.Alliteration——It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme.It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.e.g. He came on under the clouds, clearly saw at lastRage-inflamed, wreckage-bent, be ripped openKenning——a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. It is a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object.e.g. Helmet bearer—— warriorSwan road——the seaThe world candle—— the sunRepetition &Variatione.g. Grendel / The spoiler / warlike creature /the foe / horrible monsterA host of young soldiers / a company ofKinsmen / a whole warrior-bandCaesura——every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which is a pause, called caesura.e.g. Grendel stalking; God’s brand was on him.the gold-hall of men, the mead-drinking placenailed with gold plates. That was not the first visitBallad——is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.Epic——is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. One such epic is the Old English story Beowulf. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Milton’s Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics.The six main characteristics:1. The hero is outstanding. He might be important, and historically or legendarily significant.2. The setting is large. It covers many nations, or the known world.3. The action is made of deeds of great valor or requiringsuperhuman courage.4. Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—insert themselves in the action.5. It is written in a very special style.6. The poet tries to remain objective.Sonnet (Italian Sonnet, Shakespearean Sonnet, Spenserian Sonnet, Miltonic Sonnet)①Italian sonnetcreated by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School.Petrarch (1304-1374) most famous early sonneteerIt falls into two main parts:an octave rhyming “abbaabba” (set up a problem ) + volta followed by a sestet rhyming “cdecde” or some variant, such as “cdccdc” (answer)②English / Shakespearean sonnetThe greatest practitioner: William Shakespearethree quatrains followed by a coupletoften presents a repetition-with-variation of a statement in each of the three quatrains ?The final couplet in the English sonnet usually imposes an epigrammatic turn at the end.——a fourteen-line poem of iambic pentameters. This form is made up of 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming：ababcdcdefefgg③Spenserian sonnetA variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenserthree quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet ?the rhyme scheme is abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee——has the rhyme scheme ababbcbccdcdee and no breakbetween the octave (an eight line stanza) and the sestet( a six line stanza). It is named after the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.④Miltonic SonnetConceit——in literature, a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison. Extended conceits in English are part of the poetic idiom of Mannerism, during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century. Simile—is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements ha ving at least one quality or characteristic in common.Simile is almost always introduced bythe following words:like,as,as…as,as it were,as if,as though,be something of,similar to, etc.Metaphor—is a figure of speech where comparison is implied.It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality.But unlike a simile,this comparison is implied,n ot expressed with the word"as"or"like".Symbol——In literary usage, a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image: that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it.Types of SymbolsI. Universal or cultural symbols/traditional symbolsare those whose associations are the common property of asociety or culture and are so widely recognized and accepted that they can be said to be almost universal.e.g. water—lifeSerpent—the DevilLamb—Jesus ChristII. Contextual, Authorial, or Private symbolsare those whose associations are neither immediate nor traditional; instead, they derive their meaning, largely if not exclusively, from the context of the work in which they are used.e.g. the albatross in Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”Synecdoche——a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part e.g.My baby woke for a bottle.[提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.]Oxymoron——is a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory.Oxymora appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot") and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective–noun combination of two words. For example, the following line from Tennyson's Idylls of the King contains two oxymora: And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.e.g. painful pleasure a thunderous silencePun——The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intendedhumorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. Puns have long been used by comedy writers, such as William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, and George Carlin.Puns can be classified in various ways:①The homophonic pun, a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.②A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds.③Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.④A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.⑤A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.⑥Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture.Personification——a figure of speech which represents abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities, including physical, emotional, and spiritual; the application of human attributes or abilities to nonhuman entities.ExaggerationDramatic monologue—— a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audienceIrony——in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device,literarytechnique, or event characterized by an incongruity, or contrast, between what the expectations of a situation are and what is really the case.——A subtly humorous perception of inconsistency, in which an apparently straightforward statement or event is undermined by its context so as to give it a very different significance.Allusion——is a figure of speech, in which one refers covertly or indirectly to an object or circumstance from an external context. It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection; where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference". Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche, which are also "text-linking" literary devices. A type of literature has grown round explorations of the allusions in such works as Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock or T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. James JoyceRomanticism——Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.Modernism——Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II. The term includes various trends or schools, such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism. It means a departure from theconventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.The basic themes of modernism:1. Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. In the eyes of modernist writers, the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible.2. Although modern society is materially rich, it is spiritually barren. It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility.3. Human beings are helpless before an incomprehensible world and no longer able to do things their forefathers once did.The characteristics of modernism：1. Complexity and obscurity: (juxtaposition, no limitation of space)2. The use of symbols: (symbol: a means to express their inexpressible selves)3. Allusion: (Allusion is an indirect reference to another work of literature, art, history, or religion.)4. Irony: (an expression of one’s meaning by using words that mean the direct opposite of what one really intends to convey.)Rhyme scheme——the pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are arranged in a poem or stanza. Head rhyme: As busy as a bee End rhymeCrossed rhymeWill ye bridle the deep sea with reins, will ye chasten the high sea with rods?Will ye take her to chain her with chains, who is older than all ye Gods?Internal rhyme:“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary" Iambic meter/ trochaicmeter/anapestic meterIamb is a metrical unit (foot) of verseabout [?'ba?t] =?+'ba?t[?'ba?t]an unstressed syllable(?) +a stressed syllable(?)=one iambic foot/meterAbout about about about about=iambic pentameter抑扬格(iambic):如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb, iambic.）。
英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结
一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and ____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.●242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.●Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.●Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.●Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.●the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.●Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.●Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.●Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.●Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____●1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.●Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.●The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.●Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.●prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..●Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.●The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.●Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.●Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.●Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.●Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.●Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.●simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.●Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.●John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.●personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of ______.●Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and _____character of critical realism.●Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.●London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.●Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”●lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.●Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.●Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.●James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.●To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.●Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.●Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.●Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.●Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.●Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.●Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.●Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.●Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.●Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.●An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.●Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.●The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.●The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.●The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.●William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.●F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.●F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature StyleChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体Romance of the Roseschiefly under the influenceof French poetry of theMiddle AgesThe House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》under the spell of the greatliterary geniuses of earlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Produced his works ofmaturity free from anyforeign influence.WilliamLanglandPiers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Humanism人文主义Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as EuphuismThomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特first introduced the sonnet into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵created blank verse Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞The Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blank verseJohn Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》1.Extraordinary frankness,penetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point of view.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blank verse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works such as《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》1.Written in theold-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language is chieflyplain,colloquial,and quitemodern.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satiristJonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者Joseph Addison＆Richard Steele；their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Alexander pope the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel Richardson塞缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)the only important Englishdramatist of the18thcenturyOliver Goldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷Sentimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in a CountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismSongs of Innocence天真之歌Songs ofExperience经验之歌Poetical Sketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of English romanticpoetry2.See this world freshly and naturally.3.Changed the course of English poetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomy egoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into the revolutionPercy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Idealism（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas and revolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politics andconservative valuesJohn Keats济慈Romanticism（浪漫主义）《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂《To a Nightingale》致夜莺Ode on Melancholy（忧郁颂）Isabella（伊莎贝拉）1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name waswritten in water（此地长眠者，声名水上书）2.Early death from tuberculosis at theage of253.He is characterized by sensual imageryWalter Scott沃特.斯科特Famous HistoricalNovelistIvanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well as playwrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge and legaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.奥斯丁Female Novelist《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through the treatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"the mostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯Essayist（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplation andimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world and toescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）Charles Dickens狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记1.expose and criticize the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness2.show a highly consciouse modernartist3.humor and wit seem inexhaustible4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱1.great work of genius in Englishfiction2.focus on the female topic3.lyric writing style4.simple realismEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title wasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说1.rich knowledge of social life andheart,the picture in the novels areaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is caustic and hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morilityGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特《Adam Bede》亚当贝德The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》1.show superb conception andexecution and include much favoralfeminist criticism2.describe various inner world anddepict people’s live with cinematicprecision3.moral teaching and psychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。
(完整word版)英美文学选读考前总复习
一.What is the theme of Beowulf?Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader。
The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二。
William Shakespeare （i）Name his four greatest tragedies。
（2)What are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common？（3）Briefly summarize each hero’s weakness of nature。
1.Shakespeare'sfourgreatest tragediesare：Hamlet，Othello,Kinglear,and Macbeth.2。
Eachportrays some noble hero，who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3.Each hero has his weakness of nature;the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power;and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三. try to discuss William Shakespeare ‘s art of creations。
英美文学期末复习
1.Climax is the point at which one opposing force overcomes the other and conflict is resolved.高潮在这一点上,一个反对力量克服了其他和冲突解决。
2. round character and flat character: flat character is cartoon like, usu. exaggerated. Roundcharacter is lifelike, who has both advantages and disadvantages, grows as the plot develops andusu. undergoes some change.一样和平板字符:平淡的角色动画,usu.夸大。
圆形人物栩栩如生,谁都有各自的优势和劣势,随着情节发展,usu.经历一些变化。
3. Journey story is also called Picaresque novel, in which there is always a trip, and charactersgrow and develop along the journey, such as A Journey to the West, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.In this kind of story, there are lots of interesting episodes instead ofall-unifying plot旅程的故事也被称为流浪汉小说,总有一个旅行,和人物沿途的成长和发展,比《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
在这样的故事,有很多有趣的情节,而不是all-unifying 如《西游记》、阴谋4. Gothic novel is an old genre since 18th century, from which detective story, fantasy story,mystery story derive. 哥特式小说是一个古老的风格自18世纪以来,侦探小说,幻想故事,神秘的故事中。
英美文学选读复习资料 4. 维多利亚时期
一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景。
2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。
3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。
4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色。
（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。
（3）"我逝去的公爵夫?quot;中的戏剧独白。
（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。
A. Introduction to the Victorian Period1. 识记(1) Definition: the Victorian PeriodChronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.(2) Political, Economical & Cultural BackgroundThe early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science& technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.2. 领会(1) Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.(2) Features of Victorian novelsIn this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.3. 应用 Definitions of several terms1) The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2) UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.3) Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrumentof human progress.4) Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In " listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess" is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.>> 点击下载资料/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-83743-php-1B. Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens1．一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a shoe-blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentary reporter for newspapers. From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz (1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished.2. 识记His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, & his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)3. 领会 Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.4. 领会 His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos.5. 应用 Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver TwistThe novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that "impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.II. The Bronte Sisters1. 一般识记 Their lives & literary CareerCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily Bronte (1818-1848), & their gifted sister Anne Bronte (1820-1849), came from a large family of Irish origin. Their father was a clergyman at Haworth, Yorkshire. When they were young, the Bronte sisters were sent to a school for clergymen's daughters. The oldest two died there due to the poor & unhealthy conditions. This experience inspired the later portrayal of Lowood School in the novel Jane Eyre (1847). After the death of the elder sisters, Charlotte & Emily were brought home to be educated by their father. For some time, they worked in a boarding school & were subsequently governesses in rich families.Charlotte & her two younger sisters had a great fondness for literature. In 1845 appeared a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Carrer, Ellis & Acton Bell (the pseudonyms of Charlotte, Emily & Anne), but received little attention. Then the three sisters turned to novel writing. Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher. But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily's single & unique work Wuthering Heights & Anne's Agnes Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848).After the death of Emily & Anne, Charlotte continued writing. Her next important novel Shirley, a work about the industrial troubles between the mill-owners & machine-breakers in Yorkshire in 1811-1812 came out in 1849. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853. This is her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience in Brussels. In 1854, charlotte married her father's curate. She died a few months later in pregnancy. The Professor, her first written work, was published posthumously in 1857.2. 识记 Charlotte's Literary CreationCharlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization, about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. All her heroines' highest joy comes from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On the one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy & other evils of the upper classes & by showing the misery & suffering of the poor. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by intensity of vision & of passion. By writing from an individual point of view, by creating characters who are possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & some extraordinary personalities, by using some elements of horror, mystery & prophesy, she is able to recreate life in a very romantic way. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization, especially those heroines who are totally contrary to the public expectations & the most truthful presentation of the economical, moral, social life of the time -all this earns her works a never dying popularity.3. 应用 Selected ReadingsExcerpt One: from Chapter XXIII of Jane Eyre by charlotte BronteThe work is one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions, the social discrimination & the false social convention as concerning love & marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical & moral tests to grow up & achieve her final happiness. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre is a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Jane Eyre's character:Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit & a longing to love & be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, & even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love. Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience. The selected part is taken from Chapter XXIII, not long after Jane is back from her aunt's funeral. Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine. Excerpt Two: from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1) Emily's subject matterAs far as Emily's literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet Her 193 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature with its mysterious workings & its unaccountable influence upon people's life, are works of strange sublimity & beauty. They are ample proof for the poetic genius of this young, reclusive woman. But, to the common readers, she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.2) The theme of the novelThe novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff & Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.3) The structure of the novelThe novel has a unique structure: the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author, whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine's old nurse, to Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained, the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing & genuine.The excerpt taken here is from ChapterXV, the death scene of Catherine, narrated by Nelly to Mr. Lockwood. When Edgar is away at church, Heathcliff seizes the chance to see the dying Catherine. The intense love between the two is fully shown in this agonizing scene.III. Alfred Tennyson1.一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892) is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith, the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes. He was born at Somersby, Linconshire, the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827, he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College, Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830) there. In 1832, one year after he left Cambridge, he published Poems, which contained a variety of poems, beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842, his next issue of Poems came out, collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses", the epic narrative " Morte d'Arthur," the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener's Daughter," etc. In 1847, The Princess was published. Written in blank verse, it deals with the theme of women's rights & position. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson's life was comfortable & peaceful, but he never stopped writing. In 1855, Tennyson published a monodrama Maud, a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period, "Rizpah," "Enoch Arden," " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note.2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme1) In MemoriamPresumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam, yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet's philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul & the afterlife, & his faith in the power of love & the soul's instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries, though to most readers today, the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature.2) Idylls of the Kin g (1842-1885)It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend, though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing, the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another, the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which , in Tennyson's mind , is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction.3.领会Artistic Features of His PoetryTennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, & a sensitive ear, an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language, & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England's great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge, the melody of Keats & Shelley, & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron, --- all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson's poetry.4. 应用 Selected Readings(1) Break, Break, Break (1)This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson's best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here, the poet's own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b.(2) Crossing the Bar (1)This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson's life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his long creative career, this poem appears, at his request, as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes: sunset & the evening star, the twilight and the evening bell, & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life, & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place, he hopes then to see his "Pilot," God, face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem, we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife.(3) Ulysses(1)In Greek mythology, Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer's Odessey (the Greek name for Ulysses), Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year's adventures at sea. However, according to Dante, Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca, but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem, Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland, reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus, & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue, the poem not only expresses, through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses, Tennyson's own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age.IV. Robert Browning1.一般识记His life &Literary CareerRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing's masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.2.识记His major worksDramatic Lyrics (1842), Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845), Bells & Pomegranates (1846), Men & Women (1855), Dramatic Personae (1864), The Ring & the Book (1868-1869) & Dramatic Idylls (1880)3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book: Dramatic M onologueIn this poem, Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened.4.领会Robert Browning's artistic characteristics(1) The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection.(2) Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical(3) The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer, bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.5. 应用 Selected Readings:1) My Last Duchess (1)"My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.2) Meeting at Night (1)Meeting at Night, together with Parting at Morning, appeared originally under the single title Night & Morning. Browning made them separate poems in a late edition of his work. The speaker。
英美文学选读复习资料(时期作家作品)
福赛特世家
有产业的人
骑虎
出租
现代喜剧
William Butler Yeats
威廉.伯特勒.业芝
The Lake Isle of Innisfree
The Man Who Dreamed of Fairyland
Easter Rising of 1916
Sailing to Byzantian
Leda and The Swan
华特.斯哥特
Waverley
Ivanhoe
威弗利
艾凡赫
Victorian
1870-1914
Charles Dickens
查尔斯.狄更斯
Oliver Twist
The
雾都孤儿
The Bronte Sister
夏治特.布郎帝
Jane Eyre
Wuthering Heights
简爱
呼啸山庄
Alfred Tennyson
Nathaniel Hawthorne
纳萨尼尔.霍桑
The Scarlet Letter
The House of the Seven Gables
Young Goodman Brown
红字
七个尖角阁的房子
Macbeth
Romeo and Juliet
JuliusCaesar
The Winter’s Tale
The Tempest
ASonnet(154)
Henry Ⅳ、Ⅴ
Venus and Adonis
The Rape of Lucrece
Richard III
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
Isabella
自考英美文学选读复习资料
1. ⋯ I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby's house, making thenight fine as before, and surviving the laughter and the sound of his still glowing garden. A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell.A.Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyB.The passage describes the end of an event. What is it?It is a description of the end of a big partyC.What implied meaning can you get from reading this passage?The passage hints at the meaninglessness, spiritual emptiness and vanity of such a lifeof pleasure- seeking. There is a tragic sense that the“ party” will be over.2. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.A.Identify the poet and the title of the poem.Whitman, Song of MyselfB.What do "soil" and "air" represent in the first line?America, his country, his native landC.What does the poet try to say in the above four lines?I was born and nurtured by this land and shall from now on devote my whole life to the country.3.“ I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.”(From Walt Whitman?s“ Song of Myself”)A. Who does“ myself” refer to ?The poet himself and the American people.B. How do you understand the line“ I loafe and invite my soul?”The line indicates a separation of the body and the soul.C. What does“ a spear of summer grass” symbolize?The phrase indicates Whitman?s optimism and experience.4."And the native hue of resolution/Is sicklied o?er with the pale cast of thought." (Shakespeare,Humlet)A. What does the "native hue of resolution" mean?determination (determinedness, action, activity, ...)B. What does the "pale cast of thought" stand for?consideration (indecision, inactivity, hesitation, ...)C. What idea do the two lines express?Too much thinking (consideration,...) made (makes) activity (action) impossible. 5."Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; /Destroyer and Preserver; hear, Ohear!" A. Identify the poem and the poet.Shelley?s Ode to the West WindB. What is the "Wild Spirit"?The West Wind; "breath of Autumn?s being"C. What does the "Wild Spirit" destroy and preserve?It destroys things that are dead, it preserves new life.6."When the minister spoke from the pulpit, with power and fervid eloquence, and, with his hands on the open bible, of the sacred truths of our religion, and of saint-like lives and triumphant deaths, and of future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading,lest the roof should thunder down upon the gray blasphemer and his hearers.A. Identify the title of the short story from which this part is taken.Hawthorne?s Young Goodman BrownB. What had happened in the story before this church scene?Brown had attended a witc hes? party where he saw many prominent people of the village, the minister included.C. Why was Goodman Brown afraid the roof might thunder down?Brown was shocked by the minister, secretly a member of the evil club, who couldtalk about sacred truths of the religion openly and unashamedly. He thought God would punish such hypocrites down on them.7. (A lot of common objects have been enumerated before, and here are the last two lines ofThere Was a Child Went Forth :)The horizon?s edge, the fly ing sea-crow, the fragrance of salt marsh and shore mud.These became part of that child who went forth every day, and who now goes, and will always go forth every day.A. Who is the author of this poem? What is the title of the poem?Whitman. There was a Child Went ForthB. What does the "Child" stand for in the poem?The young growing America.C. In one or two sentences, interpret the implied meaning of the two lines.The poet uses his childhood experience of growing up and learning about the worldaround him to imply that young America will grow and develop like that.D. How do you understand“ These became part of the child”?It is interesting to reexamine the sequence of the items list in this poem which“ became part of the child ” . They reflect the natural process of a boy?s growth. At first, his world was limited within the barnyard. Later, he sought into fields and streets. Then, he became interested in something more mysterious — his fellow human beings. Finally, he wason the symbolic threshold of the outside world, the sea. He had grown into a young man from a boy.8.“ And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall.Then how should beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways . ”A.Identify the poem and the poet.T.S. Eliot?s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.B.What does the phrase“-endsbutt” mean?The ends of cigarettes, meaning trivial things here.C.What idea does the quoted passage express?Here, Prufrock?s inability to do anything against the society he is in is made himstrikingly clear by using a sharp comparison. Prufrock imagines himself as a kind of insect pinned on the wall and struggling in vain to get free. This image vividly shows Pru frock?s current predicament.9. “ I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.”A.Idenfity the poem and the poet.Robert Lee Frost?s The Road Not Taken.B.What does the phrase“ ages and ages hence” mean?Many many years later.C.What idea does the quoted passage express?The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads. But he is conscious of the fact that his choice will have made all the difference in his life. He seems tobe giving a suggestion to the reader“ make good choice of your life”.D. What additional meaning do the two roads have?Life is here compared to a journey. The two roads stand for the choice one has to make at a critical moment in his life.E. What dilemma is the speaker facing?Since where the road leads to is uncertain, one has to wait to see the result of thechoice until one?s life is coming to an end. Then it will be too late. The speaker acknowledges the limits of life, yet he indulges himself in the notion that we could be really different from what we have become, because life is unpredictable.10.“ A violet by a mossy stoneHalf hidden from the eye!－Fair as a star, when only oneIs shining in the sky.”A. Identify the author and the title of the poem from which this stanza is taken.William Wordsworth,“ She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”B. Pick out the metaphor used in this stanza.The flower (violet) is used as a metaphor.C. What quality does the author intend to show by using the metaphor?By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the author intends to show her qualityof beauty and her virtues which are often neglected by the common people just like a wildflower blooming by an untrodden road.11.“ We passedThe School, where Childrenstrove At Recess － in the Ring －We passed The Fields of Gazing GrainWe passed The Setting Sun －”A. Who is the author and the poemEmily Dickinson“ Because I could not stop for Death－”B. What do the underlined parts symbolize?It stands for three stage of life:“ the school”-- youth,“ the Fieldsof GazingGrain ”— mature period,“ the setting sunend of life”—C. Where we re“ we” heading toward?“ We” are riding in a carriage, heading towards Eternity.D.What figure of speech is used in the poem?SymbolismE. What are Dicki nson?s unique writing features in relation to the quoted lines?Dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a meansof emphasis.12.“ Never did sun more beautifullysteep In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill;Ne?er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! Theriver glideth at his own sweet will:Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(William Wordsworth?s sonnet:“ Composed upon Westminster Bridge” September 3, 1802) Questions:A. What does the word“ glideth” in the fourth line mean?The word“ glideth” means“ flows”B. What kind of figure of speech is used by wordsworth to describe the“ river”?Wordsworth uses personification to describe the“ river”.C. What idea does the fourth line express?The 4th line expresses the idea that the river is flowing happily as a living things,which implies the beauty of the nature.D. What does this sonnet describe?It describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London.E. What does the word“ mighty heart” refer to?LondonF. The sonnet follows strictly the Italian form. What is the feature of the Italian form ofsonnet?It follows strictly the Italian form, with a clear division between the octave and the sestet, the rhyme scheme is abbaabba, cdcdcd..13.“ The river glideth at his own sweet will：Dear God! the very houses seem asleep ；And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(from William Wordsworth?s“ Composed upon Westminster Bridge”)A. What figure of speech is used in the quoted lines?Italian formB. What does“ that mighty heart?? refer to?LondonC. What does the poem describe? —It describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London14.“ With Blue uncertain—stumbling Buzz—Between the light — and me —And then the Windows failed—and thenI could not see to see —”A. Identify the poem and the poet.I heard a Fly buzz-when I died by Emily Dickinson.B. What do“ Windows” symbolically stand for?Eyes, for they are considered as the window of human soul. .C. What idea does the quoted passage express?The last thing the dying person saw and heard was the flying and its buzz. When theeyes failed, the human soul was closed and the person died. (The speaker could not see anyof the afterlife or God or angels she expected to see.)15.“ ,Is dying hard, Daddy??,No, I think it?s pretty easy, Nick, It all depends.”?A. Identify the work and the author.Earnest Hemingway, Indian CampB. What was Nick preoccupied with when he asked the question?Nick was preoccupied with the pain and the violence of death./life and deathC. Why di d the father add“ It all depends” after he answered his son?s question?By adding “ Itall depends ”the father meant that death means differently to different people. To such weak persons like the husband of the Indian woman it?s a pretty easy, while strong-willed person will not easily commit suicide.16.“ ,Faith! Faith!?cried the husband. ,Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One.?A.Identify the work and the author.Hawthorne, Young Goodman BrownB.What idea does the quoted sentence express?Goodman Brown here is obviously addressing the image of his wife, urging her to resist the devil. At the same time he is exhorting himself to have faith, to look heavenward,to withstand the infernal eloquence of the Wicked one.17.“ Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew,Thou mak?st thy knife keen; but no metal can,No, not the hangman?s axe, bear half the keennessOf thy sharp envy.”A. Identify the author and the title of the play from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice.B. What figure of speech is used in this quoted passage?PunC. What idea does the passage express?18.“ The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.”A. Identify the poem and the poet.Robert Lee Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningB. What does the word“ sleep” mean?dieC. What idea do the four lines express?When facing the still and lovely forest, the speaker cannot stay, because of his obligation and responsibilities.19.“ Not lose possession of that fair thou ow?st:Nor shall Death brag thou wander?st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow?st; So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”A. Identify the author and the title of the poem.Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18B. What does the word“ this” in the last line refer to?“ This ” refers to the poem.C.What idea do the quoted lines express?When you are in my eternal poetry, you are even with time. A nice summer?s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.20 ．“ Shall I compare thee to a summer?s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer?s lease hath all too short a date:”A ． Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18B． Name” the figure of speech employed in the poem.PersonificationC． What is the theme of the poem?A nice su mmer?s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.21.“⋯ only Miss Emily?s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above thecotton wagons and the gasoline pumps — an eyesore among eyesores.”A. Identify the author and the work.William Faulkner?s A Rose for Emily.B. What is the meaning of“ an eyesore among eyesores”?The meaning of“ an eyesore among eyesores” is the most unpleasant thing to look at.C.What does this quoted passage indicate?The house is a perfect mirror image of the owner who is stubborn and coquettish and deliberately detaches herself from the communal life in this small town.22.“ To be, or not to be that is —the question;Whether? tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?”A. Identify the author and the title of the passage from which this part is taken.William Shakespeare, HamletB. Explain the meaning of“ To be, or not to be”To live on in this world or to die, to suffer or to take action.C. How you understand the last lines?To take up arms against troubles that sweep upon us like a sea.23 ．“ For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,they flash upo n that inward eye”A． Identify the author and the title.William Wordsworth, I wandered Lonely as a CloudB． What does the phrase“ inward eye” mean?Human soulC． Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.The poet expressed his love for the daffodils.24．“ Therewas music from my neighbor?s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of hisraft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor — boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam.On week — ends his Rolls — Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bugto meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all daywith mops and scrubbing—brushes and hammers and garden—shears, repairing the ravages of the night before.”A ． Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyB ．What can you imply by reading this passage?It describes Gatsby ?s extravagance.C ．What do the“ moths” symbolize?Moths are used metaphorically to refer to those people who are drawn to the party simply for its glamour, for the wealth of Gatsby.25．“ Do you think, because I am poor, obscur e, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?— You think wrong! ⋯ And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, Ishould have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God?s feet, equal—as we are!”A ． Identify the author and the novel from which the quoted part is taken.Charlotte Bronte, Jane EyreB ．To whom is the speaker speaking?Jane Eyre is speaking to Rochester.C ．What does the quoted part imply about the speaker?Jane Eyre loves Rochester but she values her basic rights and equality as a human being.26.“ When the stars threw down their spears,And water?d heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?”A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken—William Blake?s“ The Tyger”B. Whom does the“ he?? refer to?—the GodC. What does the“ Lamb” symbolize?—The “ Lamb” mbolsy of peace and purity.27.“ I cannot rub the strangeness from my sightI got from looking through a pane of glassI skimmed this morning from the drinking troughAnd held against the world of hoary grass.”A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.—Robert Lee Frost, After Apple-PickingB.what do es the word“ strangeness?? refer to?—the“ essence of winter sleep????????”C. What do the quoted lines imply?⋯—。
英美文学期末复习资料1
英美文学期末复习资料1Terms:Romance：it is alliterative and metrical and sings of knightly adventures or other deeds, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love of the Middle Ages in Europe.Epic is an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. It deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance.A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. There are two basic types of sonnets, the Italian and t he English Sonnet. Shakespeare’s sonnet consists of three quatrains with a rhyming scheme abab cdcd efef and ends with a couplet rhyming gg. In the three quatrains the theme is put forward and developed, and in the couplet the sonnet ends with a surprise conclusion or a shift of ideas.Heroic couplet: a pair of iambic pentameter linesFoot is the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed sounds in a poem.Rhyme：the repetition of sounds of importantly positioned words in a poem.The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1)It refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as theams.2)Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work.ImagismIt is poetic movement that flourished in the united sates and Britain between 1909 and 1917. the outstanding leader of the movement is the American poet Ezra Pound who laid down 3 principles for imagism with some other imagist poets. They are: 1. direct treatment of poetic subjects, 2. elimination of ornamental or superfluous words, and 3. the use of musical phrases for the effect of rhythm. These poems should be short. They are composed for cadence rather than metrical regulation.Jazz age refers to the 1920s. In that period, young men and women indulged in themselves in crazy social excitement or dissipation caused by the collapse of moral standards during and following World War I. The term was established by Fitzgerald in his Tales of the Jazz Age.Lost generation: it is used to describe the American artists after WWI. It described the Americans in Paris as a colony of expatriates or exiles. After WWI, the young American writers, such as Hemingway, Pound and Fitzgerald, choose Paris as their place of exile. Most of them had been wounded in the war. An American woman writer named Gertrude Stein, welcomed these young writers to her apartment which as famous as a literary salon. She called them the lost generation. They had cut themselves off from the past in America in order to create new types of writing.The Canterbury Tales1. It is the general prologue and separate prologues to assemble a rather large group of tales into a single work.2. They want to seek the holy blissful martyr and express their gratitude to the martyr. Their pilgrimage means to a journey of repentance, so that when they reach Canterbury, they could repent their vices and dirty secrets and hope to be cleansed of allsins.The season-springtime and the nature play very important roles in symbolism. The pilgrim begins in the April-springtime; it is the beginning of the poem. So the springtime here is the symbol of the fresh beginning of life. In spring, all the things begin to recover-------sweet showers, budding flowers, and signing birds and so on. All these images are the symbol of new life.3. According to the prio ress’s portrait, we know that she is depicted by Chaucer into beautiful, well -educated and elegant woman with a gentle and warm heart. Moreover, the author seldom mentions how she prays and helps the poor people. In the end of the prologue, the authors describes his golden brooch inscribed ambiguously Amor vincit omnia (Virgil's "Love conquers all"). This is very important for explaining her reason why she undertakes this pilgrimage. Although she is a nun, she longs for sweet and noble love hoping that she could go back to lead a secular life with her beloved man one day. She hopes to worship the saint and realize her wish.4. The narrator uses looks, speeches and actions to describe the prioress in space order from top to bottom.5. The Wife of Bath is the only woman, beside the Prioress and her companion Nun, on this pilgrimage. She has traveled all over the world on pilgrimages, so Canterbury is a jaunt compared to other perilous journeys she has endured. Not only has she seen many lands, she has lived with five husbands apart from other loves she has in her youth. Her elaborate dress is a sign of her character as well as her wealth, but she is still unhappy about her marriage; we can see from the 2nd line from the end “and knew the remedies for love’s mischance.”She hopes to confessher sins and get the forgiveness of the saint and beautiful love through the pilgrimage to Canterbury.6. Compared with the depiction of the prioress, the wife of Bath is not affirmed by Chaucer. From her the interaction with other women, we see that she easily lose temper. Moreover, her luxury clothing--- her red stockings symbolize her lustful nature, and her gap-teeth implies she has great desire for much more love and sex. The last line of the excerpt indicates that she is good at all the old tricks of the art. No matter in ancient or modern time, all her behaviors are not accepted to be a elegant lady by people.The three ravens1.what happens in this ballad？"The Three Ravens" is an English folk ballad. The ballad takes the form of three scavenger birds conversing about where and what they should eat. One mentions a recently slain knight, but they find he is guarded by his loyal hawks and hounds. Furthermore, a "fallow doe", an obvious metaphor for the knight's pregnant ("as great with young as she might go") lover or mistress comes to his body, kisses his wounds, bears him away, and buries him, leaving the ravens without an apparent meal. The narrator, however, gradually departs from the ravens' point of view, ending with “G od send euery gentleman/Such haukes, such hounds, and such a Leman” - the comment of the narrator on the action, rather than the ravens whose discussion he earlier describes.2.What is the mood of this ballad?The mood of this ballad is tragic. The knight died in battle, the ravens wanted to eat his corpse. Although the hero was gone, his hounds and hawks were accompanying him, protecting hisdead body. His mistress-doe got him up on her back and buried him near a lake; she died for love in the end, staying together with her lover. People are moved to shed tear by the love of constancy, which reflects people’s desire for persistent love.3.What is the theme?The theme is loyalty, love of constancy and eternity.The Merchant of Venice1.Portia is a very witty and clever young woman in the renaissance period. Beforeshe comes to the court of justice of V enice, she has known the case very well and got an elaborate plan for setting up the Jew-shylock. She is very clear about the flaw of the bond between shylock and Antonio. So she has to make the Jew state clearly in the public that the bond must be adhered to, he could not take back what he said in the end and but to carry on the bond. If he can not cut off a pound of flesh without a drop of blood, he must be a loser in the case.2.In the end of the act, shylock can not get back his principle. According to the lawsof V enice, if an alien tries to contrive the life of any citizen in a direct or indirect way, one half of his property will be given to the victim-Antonio, another half will be confiscated into the state of V enice, and the life of the offender’s lies in the mercy of the Duke. However,the kind duke pardons shylock before he asks it, Antonio appeal to the duke to quit the fine of one half of Jew’s goods , and his another half given to Antonio will be rendered to his daughter and son-in-law after shylock passes away. So we can see the Christians show a very generous spirit toward the Jew, and the story has a very happy ending on the surface.3.Y es, we have to say Shylock is a sympathetic character insome aspects.Shylock is a Jew, but he is still a human being who has blood and flesh just as every Christian has. He is strong-minded and respected by his own people; he is persistent in his belief. He loves his daughter though he loved money more. But he lives is in a world where his Jewish belief can not be tolerated and his people is regarded as a lower people, where he is contempted and abused often because of his Jewish religion, where he can neither own the land nor earn money freely because of his religious difference. Hence, he just can make a living as a usurer. Moreover, his rival-Antonio in business often lends money to others at very low interest rate. It is very natural for shylock to have a strong resentful feeling toward Antonio and to take a revenge on him. On the other hand, his friends-Lorenzo and Bassano frame a plot：they pretend to invite shylock to attend a party they hold, but Lorenzo elopes with shylock’s daughter-Jessica at the party, which intensifies the decision of his revenge on Antonio.So, we have to say shylock is sympathetic figure in the aspects of religious discrimination and the losing of his beloved daughter.4.It is not just and proper to force shylock to convert to Christianity.Yes, this kind of religious arrogance still exists today, such as the war between Israel-Judaism and the Arabic countries-Islamism. Jerusalem is their common holy place.The chimney sweeper3. Why was Tom happy and warm after the dream?In the dream, the angel tell Tom that he is a good boy because of T om’s hard work and obedience, and will have Godfor his father and be happy for ever. Tom is greatly inspired by angel’s words, believing that God would free him from the hardships. Someday, he would not be an orphan and possess love, joy and warmth a child should have enjoyed at that age.4. What role does religion play towards the boys according to the poem?Religion plays a very important role towards the boys; it is their spiritual pillar to live through the miserable and inhumane life. They worship and believe that God would bless and bring them happiness and warmth.1.In the two poems, the author skillfully employs the light and dark imagery to helpconvey his themes.In the first one, the poet uses the child’s name "Dacre", "white hair", "black coffins"and "naked and white body" to put his ideas. "Dacre" is a homophone for the word "dark". I think the author has some implication here. It indicates the darkness of chimney sweepers' working and livin g condition. While Tom’s "white hair" and "naked and white body” symbolize the boys’naivety and pureness. And the black coffins represent the soot world they are living in and the doomed early death.In the second one, the poet emphasizes the children’s innocence and tragic fate by comparing the black clothes the boys wear with the snow.1.William writes the poem to protest the living conditions, working conditions, andthe overall treatment of young chimney sweeps in the cities of England, and make a harsh attack on the ignorance and indifference of the chimney sweepers’ parents and thecorruption and degeneration of the English church in the late 18th century.2.In the first one, we can see that the chimney sweepers are suffering frommisfortune and misery but they do not lose hope and confidence toward religious belief and have a positive attitude life.In the second one, they are very disappointed at their parents, the church and society. They just could weep, weep, looking so helpless and hopeless in the cold winter’s snow.Pride and Prejudice1．“It is a truth universally acknowledged ,that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”The opening sentence means that everybody knows that a rich single man wants to marry a wife. The narrator reveals that the reverse is also true: a single woman, whose socially prescribed options are quite limited, is in want of a husband desperately. In this novel, it suggests that the foundation of the marriage at that time is not emotion but possession, and the marriage is not the result of love but the result of the economic needs.2.In this novel, the couple Bennet does not have any son but five daughters.under the law of the time, if Mr. Bennet dies one day, the family estate will pass on to his nearest male relation, a clergyman called Mr. Collins. None of their daughters can inherit the property of their farther; the only way to ensure the comfortable and rich lives of their daughter is to let them marry men in possession of a large fortune. Thus, we can see that getting married is a way to keep their lives and become wealthier,especially for a woman without any possession. When a single man appears with a large fortune; four or five thousand a year, that will be good news for their girls. So Mrs. Bennet insists that her husband call on the new arrival immediately.Mr. Bennet has married a sexually attractive woman, later he finds she is an unintelligent, irritable, excitable and ill-bred woman. He is going to be driven crazy by his nervous, gossipy饶舌的and garrulous 唠叨的wife after marriage. It is obvious that they have no common interest in books and social and political views, it is a failing marriage. However, Mr. Bennet is a very amiable and somewhat eccentric man with a sense of sarcastic humour, and he can only derive amusement by teasing his "nervous" wife and three "silly" daughters--Mary, Kitty and Lydia. Although he has visited Mr. Bingley, he pretends to have no interest in doing so, tormenting his nervous wife.3. All of them are astonished by the good news Mr. Bennet brings, they are overjoyedand excited. Mr. Bennet speaks highly of her good husband, all of her daughters are talking about the young rich Mr. Bingley and the coming party.4. We can see that it is an unsuccessful marriage. Mr. Bennet can not put up with thenervousness, ignorance and chatter of his wife; he just isolates himself from hisfamily and finds refuge in his library and in mocking his wife. Austen shows that it is necessary to use good judgment to select a spouse; otherwise the two people will lose respect for each other. Hasty marriages acting on impulse, and based on superficial qualities will not survive and will lead to inevitable unhappiness.1. Humor refers to a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughterThese humors suggest that the tone of the novel is light, satirical, and vivid.2. Irony is a method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense. Jane Austen always used irony in her works to express her opinions about some phenomena and people.Mr. Bennett’s conversation is quite ironic and very satirical, because of his extreme politeness and playful innocence, which in result upsets Mrs. Bennet. That provides humor for the reader as a result of his dramatic character. Mrs. Bennett’s character is not ironic in the least, but it is the blending of both characters that bring about the irony. Such foils point out to the readers the ridiculousness of human nature.3. Dialogue plays a very important role to character development. It is one of the ways of direct emotional expression of characters’ personality and the basic means of character development in literature.In pride and prejudice, the author seldom describes the appearance of the characters and highlights the distinct personality of the characters by the means of dialogues between people. For instance, the first two chapters are almost made up of dialogues; the author makes the dialogues between Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Bennett displays their personalities fully. By employing the dialogues, Austen shows us Mr. Bennet is a man of intricate character and quick wit. His teasing tone and sarcastic humor are just beyond his wife’s u nderstanding. While Mrs.Bennet, an empty-headed woman, is simple and na?ve,eager to talk with any slight encouragement.The characters come alive through dialogue for their true nature reveals itself in the way the characters speak. Besides, the conversations are interesting and amusing, and immediately bring the characters to life.4. Pride and Prejudice is Jane Austen’s great masterpiece, a sharp and witty comedy of manners in early 19th century English society. The women in Austen’s age, lived in a patri archal society, a world in which women were strictly limited, but men held all the advantages. And under such a society, women forfeited their personal personalities and own integrities. They could not entail their fathers’ estate, which was a quite affair to the daughters in the Bennets. They could do nothing to change unchangeable social rule. In this novel, for a woman, generally the only way to her is to get married besides being spinsterhood or governess. To marry a rich and high status man, is a path for the young women to gain financial security and social status. Here Austen shows the power of love and happiness to overcome class boundaries and prejudice, thereby implying that women should strive for their own love and happiness, but not accord with the social will.。
英美文学期末复习
English poetry’s basic elements:Meter(格律), rhyme（韵律）, alliteration（头韵）, stanza（诗节）iambic tetrameter 四步抑扬格anapestic trimester 三步抑抑扬dactylic dimeter 两步扬抑抑Male rhymes（阳韵）单词带有单音节Female rhymes（阴韵）带有多音节forms of English poetry：ballad（歌谣）, sonnet（十四行诗）and blank verse（无韵诗）Italian sonne意大利十四行诗前octave(八行) 韵律abbaabba后sestet(六行) 韵律cdcece or cdecde.English sonnet 也叫Shakespearean abab cdcd efef gg1. Shakespeare 莎士比亚的Sonnet 18（criticized religious persecution（宗教迫害），insatiable lust for money(对金钱的贪求) bourgeois egoism（利己主义），Eulogized youth, love, friendship power of human life, worldly happiness ）In this poet, Shakespeare believes that his beloved beauty is unparalleled(无双的) and everlasting because he is represented in the poetry.在诗的couplet 处的conclusion是：So long as human beings exist in the world, people will appreciate the poet’s beloved’s beauty described in this poem and then his beauty will be everlastingWhat does the poem reveal about beauty?All beautiful and nice things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.The poem reveals Shakespeare’s faith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting power of human art and the creative power of human beings.2 William Wordsworth 华兹华斯的She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways属于ballad，narrative poem（in four-lined stanzas with iambic tetrameter抑扬四音部in odd numbered lines and iambic trimeter抑扬三音部in even numbered lines）在这首诗中，Wordsworth用metaphor暗喻的手法先to compare the young lady to a violet紫罗兰，美得modest and obscure谦逊。
英美文学期末考试
名词解释1、英国浪漫主义（ England Romanticism）A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art inthcentury, beginning as revolt against western culture during most of the 19classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion emotion, and natural beauty. The English Romantic Period is an age of poetry.2. 英雄双行体（ Heroic Couplet）Heroic couplet is a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often containing a complete though. There is a fairly heavy at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or anantithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.3. 超验主义（ Transcendentalism）In New England, an intellectual movement known transcendentalismdeveloped as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set authors based in Concord, Massachusetts, andwas led Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism,transcendentalismrejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalistsmeant the Puritan tradition inparticular. Instead, the transcendentalists celebrated the power of thehuman imagination to commune with the universe and transcend thelimitations of the material world. The transcendentalists found their chief source of aspiration in nature.4.迷茫的一代（ Lost Generation）The Lost Generation refers to the disillusioned intellectuals and artists of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or cynical hedonism.5.启蒙运动（ Enlightenment Movement）The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement, which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the time. It was ath thfurtherance of the Renaissance from the 14 to the 17century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment Movement.7.无韵体 blank verseThis term , which was first brought into England by Surrey , is used toname the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry.8.三一律 The Three UnitiesThe Three Unities , formulated by Renaissance dramatists, are the unities of time, place and action. A play should have no scenesirrelevant to the action, should not cover more than twenty-four hours, and should not cover more than one locale.6.自由体 free verseIt is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention toconventional rules of meter.9.现代主义ModernismModernism was a complex and diverse international, movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatestrenaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facts, such as symbolism surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.10.英国文艺复兴RenaissanceThe term refers to a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began th thin the 14 century and continued to the mid-17 century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe.英国文学1.Beowulf : a national epic2.The Renaissance(原因 )：(1)rediscoveries of ancient Greek and Roman culture.(2)discoveries in geography and astrology.(3)Religious reformation and economic expansion.3.William Shakespeare四大悲剧：《Hamlet》《Othello》《Macbeth》《KingLear 》喜剧：《The Merchant of Venice》: It is a comedy dramatic ironic to Christian. 17世纪：4.John Milton( 约翰弥尔顿 )《 Paradise Lost》 blank verse(无韵体诗 )5.John Bunyan(约翰班扬 )《The Pilgrim’s Progress》（天路历程）：让人遵守宗教条例并且通过不断与自己薄弱意识和恶势力作斗争来自我拯救。
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I.Multiple Choice：1.A(n) ____is a piece of writing which is often written from an author'spersonal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author.A.poemB. novelC. essayD. drama2.Which is written by Jane Austen?A.PersuasionB.Waiting for GodotC.NatureD.The Old Man and the Sea3.The following sentences are taken from_______“Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. To a man laboring under calamity, the heat of his own fire hath sadness in it.”A. NatureB. The Self-relianceC. The Sun Also RisesD. The American Scholar4.Samuel Beckett’s work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on____,often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour.A.human natureB.loveC.deathD.life5.The following is taken from_______“Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.”A. “My Heart’s in Highlands”B. “Mending Wall”C. “Of Study”D. “The Sun Rising”6.The following sentence is taken from_______“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.”A. NatureB. The Old Man and the SeaC. Waiting for GodotD. Pride and Prejudice7.The following is taken from_______“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”A.“The Road Not Taken”B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. “Of Study”D. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”8.The following is taken from_______“So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.”A. “Of Study”B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. NatureD. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”9.The following is taken from_______“Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.”A. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”B. “Mending Wall”C. “Of Study”D. “The Sun Rising”10.The following sentences are taken from_______“Santiago,”the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. “I could go with you again. We’ve made some money.”A.The Old Man and the SeaB. The American ScholarC. The Sun Also RisesD. Emma11.Which is written by Hemingway?A.Pride and PrejudiceB. A Farewell to ArmsC.Oedipus the KingD.Sense and Sensibility12.Which is written by Francis Bacon?A.Advancement of LearningB. The Self-relianceC.“Mending Wall”D.“A Red Red Rose”13.First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently beenJane Austen's most popular novel.A. 1813B. 1820C. 1913D. 193014.Which is written by Francis Bacon?A.“ of Wisdom”B.NatureC.“The Road Not Taken”D.“A Red Red Rose”15.The following sentence is taken from_______“Nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece.”A. Pride and PrejudiceB. A Farewell to ArmsC. NatureD. Emma16.The following sentences are taken from_______“Mr. Bingley was good looking and gentlemanlike; he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners. His sisters were fine women, with an air of decided fashion.”A. NatureB. The Old Man and the SeaC. Waiting for GodotD. Pride and Prejudice17.Which is written by Emerson?A.The Old Man and the SeaB.Mansfield ParkC.Self-relianceD.Persuasion18.The following are ______’s writing features:His peasant origin and environment added him in capturing the happy simplicity, humor, directness and optimism, which are characteristic of all old Scottish songs.A.Robert FrostB.Robert BurnsC.BaconD.Emerson19.The following sentence is taken from_______“Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight, does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both.”A. NatureB. The Self-relianceC. EmmaD. The Sun Also Rises20.The following sentence is taken from_______“To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society.”A. NatureB. “Of Study”C. Pride and PrejudiceD. The Old Man and the Sea21.In Pride and Prejudice, none of the Bennet’s daughters can inheritthe estate of the family for it has been entailed upon the nearest male heir,______.A.DarcyB.William CollinsC.WickhamD.Santiago22.Which is written by Emerson?A.The Old Man and the SeaB.The American ScholarC.Mansfield ParkD.Persuasion23.Which is written by Shakespeare?A.Waiting for GodotB. Oedipus the KingC. OthelloD. The Women of Trachis24.The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the waysin which Elizabeth and _____ first view each other.A. CollinsB. SantiagoC.WickhamD. Darcy25.Which is written by Francis Bacon?A.Sense and sensibilityB.“of Friendship”C.“Mending Wall”D．“A Red Red Rose”26.The following are taken from_______“And I will luve thee still, my dear, / Till a’ the seas gang dry:”A.“Mending Wall”B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. “The Road Not Taken”D. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”27.The following are taken from_______“I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference.”A. “Mending Wall”B. “My Heart’s in Highlands”C. “A Red, Red Rose”D. “The Road Not Taken”28.The following is taken from_______“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.”A. “Mending Wall”B. “The Road Not Taken”C. “My Heart’s in Highlands”D. “Of Study”29. _______, Hemingway’s first novel, was published in 1926.A.A Farewell To ArmsB.The Old Man and the SeaC.Moby-DickD.The Sun Also Rises30.The following are taken from_______“O my Luve’s like the melodie / That’s sweetly played in tune.”A.“The Road Not Taken”B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. “My Heart’s in Highlands”D. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”II. T——F Statements1. Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature. T2. “My Heart’s in Highlands” is written by Robert Frost. F3. Mansfield Park is written by Jane Austen. T4. If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind is taken from "The Road Not Taken”.5. Robert Frost shows the England scenery. He is closely concerned about farmers’ life and nature. F6.Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist,and author. T7. “And be one traveler, long I stood / And looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;”are taken from“The Road Not Taken”. T8.Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, precision and powerfulness. T9. Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the 18th century. F10. The Old Man and the Sea centers upon Santiago, an aging fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream. T11. Hemingway’s novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.F12. Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. T13. The theme of “A Red Red Rose” is life. F14．Hemingway’s wartime experiences in the World War II formed the basisfor his novel A Farewell to Arms. F15. Beckett is widely regarded as among the most influential writers ofthe 20th century. Strongly influenced by James Joyce, he is consideredone of the last modernists. T16．From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility(1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), Jane Austen achieved success as a published writer. T17. Beckett is one of the key writers in what Martin Esslin called the "Theatre of the Absurd". T18. “Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them” reveals the three attitudes towards study. T19．A(n) essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. T20. “Nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece.” is taken from A Farewell to Arms. F21. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the waysin which Elizabeth and Collins first view each other. F22. “My Heart’s in Highlands” is not written by Robert Frost. T23. Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. T24. “Mr. Darcy danced only once with Mrs. Hurst and once with Miss Bingley, declined being introduced to any other lady, and spent the rest of the evening in walking about the room, speaking occasionally to one of his own party. His character was decided. He was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world, and everybody hoped that he would never come there again.” are taken from Pride and Prejudice T25. “But he thought, I keep them with precision. Only I have no luck any more. But who knows? Maybe today. Every day is a new day. It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready.” are taken from The Old Man and the Sea. T1.Define the term, essay.An essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short story. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays.2. Find out the three abuses of study in Of Study.To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.3. Please enumerate three works of Robert Frost.“Mending Wall”“The Road Not Taken”“Stopping by Woods on a Snowing Evening”4．C omment on Hemingway’s writing features.He always tries his best to avoid using kinds of ways to depict things or piling big words and gorgeous adjectives. On the contrary, he always adopts direct description and short sentences which are precise, laconic,bright and vivid. His writing style only serves his particular characters and theme.His unique writing style, “Iceberg Principle”: there is seven -eighths of the iceberg which is beneath the surface of the water in which it floats. He believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action; the one –eighth that is presented will suggest all other meanings of the story.。