研究生学术英语翻译
研究生学术综合英语上册Unit1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋教程文件
研究生学术综合英语上册U n i t1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋Unit1Presenting a SpeechStephen Lucas Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief,language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any otherprofession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately is to an accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words thatare precise and accurate.Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this by using familiar words that are known to the average person and require no specialized background; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter.Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way to make your language more vivid is through imagery, or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common; it always contains the words “like”or “as.”Metaphor is an implicitcomparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as.”Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial consonant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone else’s. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed.Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view. In fact, the skillfuluse of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony.In the course of a speech you may use brief examples —specific instances referred to in passing — and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples —often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes —are longer and more detailed. Hypotheticalexamples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas.To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience. Above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted. Make sure that your figures are representative of what they claim to measure, that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics only from reliable sources.Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom recognized as experts on their speech topics. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony. Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.The impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a good speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough. You must also know how to say it. Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and withoutdistracting the audience.There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these － speaking extemporaneously －is the method you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom. When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. Speaking with PowerPoint is widely used now andvery effective indeed.Certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye contact, volume, pauses and so on. By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.第一单元如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。
研究生学术英语教材 翻译答案
寻找适当的均衡亚当斯密在1776年描述了“无形的手”是怎样驱动公司追逐利益的，同时这只手也令公司们做出了有益于社会的决定。
我们可以将斯密的观点总结为：商业的目标就是利益最大化和自由企业制度才是对社会最好的制度。
但是，1776年之后的世界发生了变化。
如今的公司具有更大的规模，它们经营变得更全球化，拥有成千上万的员工，被上百万的股东共同持有。
这不禁使我们怀疑，“无形的手”是否还能提供可靠的指导。
这些公司是应该继续追求利益最大化还是应该拓宽眼界，采取更多的手段去平衡顾客、员工、商品和社会之间关系？当今的许多学者任然支持以下三条被完善后的亚当斯密的观点：·一个公司的原则目标应该是将股东的财富最大化，那就意味着要将公司股票的价值最大化。
·自由企业制度整体来说，仍然是对于一个国家最好的经济制度。
在自由企业制度的框架下，公司会开发人们所需要的产品和服务从而能满足社会的需求。
·不论怎样，有些束缚还是必要的——公司应该不允许排放污水和污浊的空气，不允许参加不正当的就业实践活动，不允许制造剥削消费者的垄断。
这些禁令有各种各样的形式。
为了防止企业参加伤害社会的活动，政府通过社会进程，施行了大范围的规则。
另一套约束即是如果企业做出了伤害社会的事情，他们将为此付出大量的金钱。
正确的实施会使得这些罚金在很大程度上转化为受害方的赔偿，同时也抑制了在未来再发生相同的事情。
最近的两个例子很好的证实了以上观点。
首先是在2007年和2008年，华尔街许多公司参加的极度具有风险的商业活动将金融系统推向了崩溃的边缘。
要救活金融系统需要银行和其他公司的财政援助，而这个财政援助为了筹集资金就会将对纳税人产生重压，需要他们交付一大笔资金，这会将经济推入到一个更深的衰退路程。
除了失败的公司压在社会上的重担，这些金融公司自身也付出了巨大的代价——不少领头公司的股票市值暴跌，有一些甚至无法经营最终破产，还有很多的华尔街执行官丢掉了他们的工作。
研究生学位英语考试 翻译
一、A Working Community1. I have a friend who is a member of the medical community. It does not say that, of course, on the stationery that bears her home address.This membership comes f rom her hospital work.我有一个朋友,她是医学界的一员。
当然，这在有她家庭住址的信笺上是找不到的。
她的这个成员身份来自她的医院工作。
2. I have another friend who is a member of the computer community. This is a fairl y new subdivision of our economy, and yet he finds his sense of place in it.我有另一个朋友，他是电脑圈的一员。
这是我们的经济的一个相当新的分支，但是他在这里找到了自己的归属感。
3. Other friends and acquaintances of mine are members of the academic communi ty, or the business community, or the journalistic community.我的其他朋友和熟人是学术界，商界，或新闻社区的成员。
4. Though you cannot find these on any map, we know where we belong。
虽然在任何地图上找不到这些，我们却知道自己的归属。
5、None of us, mind you, was born into these communities. Nor did we move into them, U-Hauling our possessions along with us. None has papers to prove we are card-carrying members of one such group or another. Yet it seems that more and more of us are identified by work these days, rather than by street.值得一提的是，我们没有谁一出生就属于这些社区，也不是后来我们搬了进来。
研究生学术英语高原第九单元课文翻译
如果谦逊的人能成为最好的领导者，为什么我们会爱上有魅力的自恋者?1.研究很清楚:当我们选择谦逊、不摆架子的人作为我们的领导者，我们周围的世界就会变得更好。
2.从长远来看，谦逊的领导者能提高公司的业绩，因为他们创造了更多的协作环境。
他们对自己的优点和缺点都有一个平衡的看法，并对他人的优点和贡献有强烈的欣赏，同时对新的想法和反馈持开放的态度。
这些“无名英雄”帮助他们的信任者们建立自尊，胜过他们的期望，并创建一个归属感，把个人的努力引导成一个有组织的团体，为集体的利益而工作。
3.例如，联合研究中心的一项研究调查了计算机软件和硬件行业的105家中小型公司。
研究结果显示，当一位谦逊的CEO执掌一家公司时，其高层管理团队更有可能合作和分享信息，最大限度地利用公司的人才。
4.另一项研究表明，领导者的谦逊具有传染性:当领导者表现谦逊时，追随者就会效仿他们谦逊的态度和行为。
对161个研究团队的一项研究发现，追随谦逊领导的员工更有可能承认自己的错误和局限性，通过将赞扬转移到他人身上来分享聚光灯，并对新想法、建议和反馈持开放态度。
5.然而，我们并没有追随这些无名英雄的脚步，而是似乎天生就在寻找超级英雄:那些过分赞美且散发着魅力的领袖。
6.在希腊语中，Kharisma的意思是“神圣的礼物”，而魅力是指具有非凡魅力、吸引力和存在感的品质，使一个人能够以热情和奉献精神激励他人。
德国社会学家马克斯•韦伯(Max Weber)将魅力定义为“神圣的起源或模范，在此基础上，相关的个人被视为领导者。
”关于魅力型领导的研究证据表明，魅力型的人更有可能被认可为领导者，因为他们精力充沛、非常规行为和英雄事迹。
7.虽然魅力有助于促成积极的大规模转变，但魅力型领导也可能有“黑暗面”。
杰伊·康格(Jay Conger)和拉宾德拉·卡农戈(Rabindra Kanungo)在他们的著作中这样描述:“有魅力的领导者可能倾向于极端自恋，这导致他们推动高度利己和宏伟的目标。
研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译精编版
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
研究生学位英语课文及翻译-Unit Four
Textual Selection1、When, at the beginning of The Iliad/伊利亚特/-and Western literature-King Agamemnon steals Achilles' slave-girl/奴隶女人/, Briseis, the king tells the world's greatest warrior/战士勇士/ that he is doing so "to let you know that I am more powerful than you, and to teach others not to bandy words with me/跟我犟嘴/ openly defy/不服从，公然反抗/ their king"'. But literary scholar/文学家/ Jonathan Gottschall believes that the true focus of Homer's epic is not royal authority/皇家权威/, but royal genes/皇家基因，皇家遗传/.2、Gottschall is one of a group of researchers/研究团队/, calling themselves literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, devoted to studying literature/文学/ using the concepts/概念/ of evolutionary/演化，进化/ biology and the empirical/以实验为依据的/, quantitative/量化的/ methods of the sciences. "Women in Homer/荷马史诗/ are not a proxy/代理人/ for status/显赫的地位/ and honour; says Gottschall. "At bottom/事实上/, the men in the stories are motivated/驱使/ by reproductive concerns/繁衍后代/. Every Homeric raid involves/荷马式的袭击/ killing the men and abducting/抢夺/ the women:' The violent world of the epics史诗中的残暴世界/, he says, reflects a society where men fought for scarce mates/少数的配偶/ and chieftains/首领/ had access to as many women as slaves/奴隶/ and concubines/宫女/. And he thinks that everything written/文学撰述/ since Homer is open to similar analysis.3、Literary Darwinism is a mode of analysis; it's also a bit of/一些，少许/ a crusade/运动/, an attempt/试图/ to shake up/撼动/ literary criticism/文学评论/. "Literary theory requires a theory of human nature/人性本质/, because literature is shaped/形状/ by human motives/动机/ and cognitive biases/认知偏见/; says Joseph Carroll of the University of Missour/密苏里/, St Louis. The problem, say the literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, is that for the past few decades/过去几十年/ the humanities/人类，人性/ have, in the case of/如果发生/ critics/评论，批评/ deconstructing texts/解构文本时/, denied/否定了/ the need for a theory of human nature, asserting/坚持/ that the study of texts can be concerned/不安的/ with nothing outside those texts. Or else/要不/ they have been stuck on theories of human nature that are rooted in/使根深蒂固/ the subjective/主观的/ and the social.4、Those influenced by Freudianism/洛伊德主义/, for example, might read a novel looking for hints/暗示提示/ of a child's sexual desire/性欲/ for its parent. A Marxist/马克思主义者/ would seek out economic and class/阶级/ conflicts/冲突/. Carroll has no truck with/不理/ this: "The theories up to/胜任/ this point have all had a little bit of the truth, but have also all been fundamentally/基本/ flawed/瑕疵/; he says. "None comes to terms with/对某事妥协/ the fundamental facts/基本事实/ of human evolution."5、Literary darwinists believe that literature/文学/ reflects a universal/普遍一般/ human nature shaped by natural selection, and as a result/作为结果/, read texts in terms of /依据/animal concerns/关系/ such as mate choice/配偶选择/, relations between kin/亲属关系/, and social hierarchies/社会阶级/. Such a scientistic approach/方法，途径/ can meet with hostility/敌对/. "At one meeting of the Modern Languages Association/协会/, someone stood up and called me a proto-fascist/原始的法西斯/; says Nancy Easterlin, an expert in Romantic literature/罗马语系专家/ at the University of New Orleans/新奥尔良/, Louisiana.///伊丝特琳利用认知学的一些观点来分析华尔华滋（William Wordsworth ）《前奏》（the Prelude ）的母子关系。
研究生学术综合英语课文翻译unit1-4
第一单元?如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。
通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。
确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。
和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。
????? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。
语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。
作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。
?如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。
在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。
碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。
当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。
?如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。
鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。
?准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。
有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。
通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。
明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。
暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。
?另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。
有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。
排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。
2018版研究生英语专用教材【精读教程】全文翻译.学术英语.
Unit 2 Energy in Transition能源转型The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end.A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
John P. HoldrenUnderstanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy －including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts －detract from well-being.１．要了解这一转变，首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。
能源为人类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费效劳的同时，也为经济生产活动提供必要投入，从这个意义上讲，能源为人类幸福做出了积极奉献。
然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
研究生学术英语高原第六单元课文翻译
巧合杀手1.在17世纪末，荷兰科学家安东尼·范·列文虎克发明了一种新的显微镜镜头，把微小生物的整个世界成为了焦点，观察他自己的牙菌斑，他写道：当时，人们总是惊奇地看到，在这上述物质里有许多非常小的微生物，这些都很有趣，但似乎并不重要，很少有人从范列文虎克手中接过指挥棒。
这一点在本世纪发生了变化，当时路易斯·巴斯德和罗伯特·科赫证明了其中一些微生物是重要疾病的幕后黑手。
2.这种框架是停滞不前的。
微生物无处不在，我们把它们在手机，键盘，马桶座圈的存在视为一种肮脏的标志。
但是它们也充满我们的身体，帮助我们消化食物，保护我们的身体，而我们把它们视为敌人，需要被麻醉和征服。
3.这种对立的想法是可以理解的。
除了我们这些能够使用显微镜的人，大多数人永远不会用自己的眼睛看到微生物。
所以我们倾向于去证明只有极少数携带病菌的微生物在微生物总数中，这些小混蛋引发了打喷嚏的雾和在光滑皮肤上面脓包。
我们开始担忧他们的存在由于他们威胁着我们的生命，在我们人类的大多数历史上这种威胁是显然的，天花，霍乱，结核病，瘟疫这些传染病使我们人类精神受到创伤，这种对疾病的恐惧腐蚀了我们整个人类的文明，从我们的宗教仪式到好莱坞的电影等比比皆是。
4.当微生物没有杀死我们时，我们基本上未察觉到它们。
因此，我们构建了寄主和病原体、英雄和恶棍、我们和他们的叙述。
那些导致疾病的生物以我们为寄主繁殖，我们需要新的方法来抵抗它们。
因此，我们研究它们是如何进化来战胜我们的免疫系统，或者更容易从一个人传播到另一个人。
我们识别了使它们致病的基因，并将这些基因标记为毒力因子。
我们把自己置于世界的中心。
所有的一切都是为了我们自己。
5.但越来越多的研究表明，我们以人为中心论的观点有时是不合理的。
让细菌、真菌和其他病原体对我们造成伤害的适应很容易在人类疾病的背景之外进化。
它们是影响我们的微生物叙事的一部分，并且甚至能够杀死我们，但这与我们无关。
研究生学术英语读写教程1-4单元翻译
笛卡尔错了：“他人在，故我在”乌班图哲学起源于古代非洲。
按照它的说法，新生儿尚不能称为“人”。
初生时，人没有自我。
随着时间的推移，在互动和经验中才能习得它。
因此，西方哲学中自我/他者之间清晰的分界在乌班图哲学中变得模糊起来。
出生于肯尼亚的哲学家约翰·姆比蒂（John Mbiti在著作《非洲的宗教与哲学》（African Religions and Philosophy）中如是说：我在，因为我们在；因为我们在，所以我在。
日常经验告诉我们，一个人一部分从社会的历练中锻造出来。
社会关系赋予我们自我认知。
我是谁，这个问题的答案依赖于众多他者：家庭、朋友、文化背景、同事等等。
在杂货店购物的我和与博士导师交谈的我不是同一个自我。
即便是最私人化、最个性化的自我印象也无法摆脱他人的意见和印象：赞同我的人，批评我的人，以及那些称赞我的人。
但是，自我的摇摆不定和充满歧义让人不安。
很大程度上，我们可以把这份不安归因于笛卡尔。
这位十七世纪的法国哲学家相信，人本质上是独立自给的，是一个内在理性的存在应该用怀疑主义的态度来面对他头脑以外的世界。
尽管笛卡尔没有单独创造出现代思维，但他在定义其框架上起到了很大的推动作用。
笛卡尔给自己提出了一个特别的谜团。
他想不倚靠上帝赐予的智慧，另外找到一个稳固的观点来观察世界，使得他能观察到自然界的白云苍狗之下的永恒规则。
笛卡尔坚信，在确定和世俗的富足之间，存在权衡。
你唯一能确定的，就是“我思故我在”——即，你思考的状态。
其他人和其他事物是不稳定且难以预测的存在。
因此，它们和认识自己的基本律条毫无关系。
认识自我从来都是独自进行的，需要不断的深思在认识到精神和身体是完全独立存在的基础上，很少有备受尊敬的哲学家和心理学家被认为是个彻底的笛卡尔式的二元论者。
但笛卡尔式的我思故我在目之所及，已遍布每一个角落。
记忆测试的实验设计趋于从一个假说出发，即自我和世界之间是可能存在明确界限的如果记忆仅仅存在于我们的头颅中，那么，将一个人从他的日常生活的环境和社会关系中剥离出来，并在人造的封闭实验室中使用卡片或荧幕来检测他的记忆是百分百可行的。
研究生学术综合英语上册Unit1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋教程文件
研究生学术综合英语上册U n i t1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋Unit1Presenting a SpeechStephen Lucas Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief,language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any otherprofession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately is to an accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words thatare precise and accurate.Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this by using familiar words that are known to the average person and require no specialized background; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter.Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way to make your language more vivid is through imagery, or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common; it always contains the words “like”or “as.”Metaphor is an implicitcomparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as.”Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial consonant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone else’s. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed.Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view. In fact, the skillfuluse of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony.In the course of a speech you may use brief examples —specific instances referred to in passing — and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples —often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes —are longer and more detailed. Hypotheticalexamples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas.To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience. Above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted. Make sure that your figures are representative of what they claim to measure, that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics only from reliable sources.Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom recognized as experts on their speech topics. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony. Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.The impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a good speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough. You must also know how to say it. Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and withoutdistracting the audience.There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these － speaking extemporaneously －is the method you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom. When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. Speaking with PowerPoint is widely used now andvery effective indeed.Certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye contact, volume, pauses and so on. By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.第一单元如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。
新时代研究生学术英语2-Man and Nature-译文
B2U1Man and NatureReading Text Two>Text TwoMan and Nature: A Powerful Connection, Now FracturedBlake SkylarCulture Notes1 I recently went on a hike in the Ned Brown Forest Preserve, in Elk Grove Village, Illinois. Justa half-hour bus ride outside of Chicago, it is the closest I can get to nature right now. I don’t have a car, and the full commute to this preserve is roughly two hours — two trains and a bus, to be specific. As someone who grew up with a deep appreciation for nature, wildlife, and conservation, it is important to me not only to maintain that sense of oneness with the Earth, but also to make it a permanent facet of my life. Where living in a city lays heaps of stress upon me, getting away into the woods — even for a day — lets it all drain away like water through a sieve.最近，我去了趟伊利诺伊州的埃尔克格罗夫村，到内德布朗森林保护区徒步旅行。
研究生学术综合英语16课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
研究生学术英语翻译1
Deciding on a topic决定一个主题As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic.作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。
不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。
因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。
A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles:主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。
研究生学术英语教材翻译答案
感谢“无形的手”自从普利茅斯的清教徒赚得了他们的第一次大丰收，感谢全能的神就成为了感恩节的主旋律。
如今，全国各地的上百万家庭都在感谢上帝为他们带来的种种礼物——餐桌上的盛宴和爱人的陪伴，过去岁月的健康和好运，在战争时代中的家庭和平，从出生的那一刻起直到成为一个美国人所享受的数不清的特权。
但是我们当中的许多人大概都想不起来感激当地的超市，为这个星期到来囤积了的大量火鸡的事实。
即使是最虔诚的人也不会想到去感谢准时的航班，在感恩节之际载回他们的亲人们与自己团聚。
不会想到去感谢在周末当地电影院准时播出的大片《怒海争锋：极地远征》。
不会想到去感谢报纸美食版面上超级棒的蔓越莓派的食谱。
对于食品商店在感恩节前就储存了大量的火鸡和为什么好莱坞能在盛大节日时准时播出他的大片，我们很难用奇迹去解释。
我们多多少少都会认为这是理所当然的。
那就是他们应该做的。
上帝又在这其中起了什么作用？你有没有想过，可能是许多你不认识的人花费了大量的技术与劳动力，完成了这些神奇的甚至是超出理解的事情并给与了你一个完美的感恩节呢？举个例子，要将一只火鸡带到餐桌上就需要成千上万人的努力——需要家禽养殖者将其养大，当然也需要食品配货商提供饲料然后需要卡车司机将其运载到养殖场，更不用提孵化场的建筑者，建造它的工人和保持其运作的技师了。
这些家禽长成以后还要被屠宰、褪毛、检查、运送、卸货、包装、标价和展售。
而这些人能做到如上还需要另一群人工作的支持，包括提纯卡车燃烧所需要的汽油，生产包装肉类的塑料。
这些数不清的男男女女在离我们很遥远的地方，从事着历时几个月时间的活动是被精细的策划过和精确的时间规划过的，这样你才能在感恩节只等几分钟就可以买到一只新鲜的火鸡。
成功的完成这件事情需要你难以想象的协商与合作。
而出乎意料的是：根本就没有人在策划这一切。
事实上并不存在一个坐在指挥所里面，查阅蓝图并发号施令的火鸡沙皇。
没有人在监督，强迫他们为了你而去团结协作。
但他们确实在合作，因为当你走到超市时，火鸡已经在那了。
【Selected】研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译.doc
Presentingaspeech（做演讲）Ofallhumancreations,languagemaRbethemostremarAable.Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言languageweshareeRperience,formulatevalues,eRchangeideas,transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，Anowledge,andsustainculture.Indeed,languageisvitaltothinAitself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[ContrarRtopopularbelief],language|doesnotsimplRmirrorrealitRbut alsohelpstocreateoursenseofrealitR[bRgivingmeaningtoevents].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
GoodspeaAershaverespectforlanguageandAnowhowitworAs.Wordsareth etoolsofaspeaA er’s craft.TheRhavespecialuses,justliAethetoolsofanRoth erprofession.AsaspeaAer,RoushouldbeawareofthemeaningofwordsandA nowhowtouselanguageaccuratelR,clearlR,vividlR,andappropriatelR.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。
作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。
研究生学术综合英语课后翻译答案
Outlines are essential to effective speeches. By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches—the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub-points using a consistent pattern, the speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster you memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline, keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.演讲要有效，提纲很重要。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Deciding on a topic决定一个主题As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic.作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。
不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。
因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。
A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles:主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。
为你的文献综述或研究论文选择一个主题需要仔细考虑。
一个太专业或太宽泛的主题可能带来的诸多问题，影响你花费在研究或与主题相关的信息资源上的时间。
你怎么选择一种可能的研究课题？有四个原则：1)Interesting.If a topic holds your interest,you will most likely working on it.However,you should also be aware of the interest of your readers.For example,if your readers are from different disciplines or academic backgrounds,your topic should not be too specific.1)有趣.如果一个话题引起了你的兴趣，你将很有可能在它上工作.但是，你也应该知道你的读者的兴趣.例如，如果你的读者是来自不同的学科或学术背景的，你的主题不应该太具体。
2)Important.You also have to consider the value of the topic you are likely to choose,both academic and social.And essay without practical or theoretical value will probably not attract readers.2)重要.你也需要考虑你可能选择的课题研究的价值,包括学术的和社会的。
没有实践或理论价值的论文可能不会吸引读者。
3)Manageable.Narrow down your topic to make your paper manageable.For example,if you want to discuss the history of a disease,it may not be possible for you to cover all the important ideas in a 1500-word essay.3)可控的.缩小你的主题，使你的论文易于管理。
例如，如果你想讨论一种疾病的历史，你或许不可能用一篇1500字的文章来涵盖所有重要的想法。
4)Adequate.You have to ask the question:Can the topic I have chosen be researched?One criterion is that you mast make sure that there are adequate source materials available on the topic.Avoid a topic that has very limited information about it,for it is difficult to carry out your research without previous studies.4）足够的。
你必须问这个问题：我选择的话题能被研究吗？一个标准是，你必须确保这个主题有足够的可用的源材料，避免一个仅有非常有限的信息得主题，因为没有以前的研究，你是很难进行你的研究的。
Formulating a research question制定一个研究问题A research question is a statement that identifies the focus of your topic.It is the question that your study or your paper wants to answer.For example,you may develop it into the following research questions if your topic is “Electronic Threats of a Computer”.一个研究问题是一个确定你的主题的焦点的声明。
这是你的研究或你的论文想要回答的问题。
例如，你可以把它发展成以下的研究问题，如果你的主题是“计算机的电子威胁”。
1)What kind of electronic threats may our computer face?2)What are the major characteristics of those threats?3)How can we cope with those threats?1）我们的电脑面临什么样的电子威胁？2）这些威胁的主要特征是什么？3）我们如何应对这些威胁？A research question,therefore,serves two purposes:因此，一个研究的问题，有两个目的：1)It identifies the specific objectives your research or your paper will address.You can check whether your answer it completely when you finish your study or your paper.1）它确定了你的研究或你的论文将解决的具体目标。
你可以检查你是否完全回答了它当你完成你的研究或你的论文。
2)It determines the size of your research or the length of your paper.Obviously your paper will be shorter if you answer the third question only(How can we cope with those threats?).2）它决定了你的研究量的大小或你的论文的长度。
如果你只回答第三个问题（我们如何应对这些威胁？），显然你的论文将更短。
Hence raising research questions will make your topic more specific,more tangible and more focused.因此，提高研究问题将使你的主题更具体，更确定，更集中。
Writing a working title写一个标题A working title refers to the title you think of initially for the essay which you are going to write,which may be changed as you read more articles and become more involved in the research.一个标题是指你想象的你要写的文章的标题的最初的样子。
随着你阅读更多的文章，研究的更多，这可能会改变。
A good title must briefly but accurately reflect the main ideas of the essay or indicates the topic you will be discussing in the essay.It is important,therefore,to decide which type of essay you intend to produce before you begin to think about a title.Two things influence the type of essay:method and content.The former will use key words like compare,analyze,contrast,discuss,evaluate,study and assess,and the latter will include the key words like causes,effects,advantages,benefits,effectiveness and so on apart from the words reflecting the subject matter like computer hackers,lung cancer,nuclear power plant,energy and so on.Hence a typical title is composed of :1)subject matter+2）key words of the method+3)key words of the content一个好的标题必须简明扼要地反映出文章的主要观点或表明你将在文章中讨论的主题。